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Identification of critical infection parameters to control helper-dependent adenoviral vector production. J Biotechnol 2009; 142:142-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2009.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2008] [Revised: 03/07/2009] [Accepted: 03/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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52
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Walkiewicz MP, Morral N, Engel DA. Accurate single-day titration of adenovirus vectors based on equivalence of protein VII nuclear dots and infectious particles. J Virol Methods 2009; 159:251-8. [PMID: 19406166 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2008] [Revised: 04/07/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Protein VII is an abundant component of adenovirus particles and is tightly associated with the viral DNA. It enters the nucleus along with the infecting viral genome and remains bound throughout early phase. Protein VII can be visualized by immunofluorescent staining as discrete dots in the infected cell nucleus. Comparison between protein VII staining and expression of the 72kDa DNA-binding protein revealed a one-to-one correspondence between protein VII dots and infectious viral genomes. A similar relationship was observed for a helper-dependent adenovirus vector expressing green fluorescent protein. This relationship allowed accurate titration of adenovirus preparations, including wild-type and helper-dependent vectors, using a 1-day immunofluorescence method. The method can be applied to any adenovirus vector and gives results equivalent to the standard plaque assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin P Walkiewicz
- Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia Health System, P.O. Box 800734, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0734, USA.
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53
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Dormond E, Meneses-Acosta A, Jacob D, Durocher Y, Gilbert R, Perrier M, Kamen A. An efficient and scalable process for helper-dependent adenoviral vector production using polyethylenimine-adenofection. Biotechnol Bioeng 2009; 102:800-10. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.22113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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54
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Prion expression is activated by Adenovirus 5 infection and affects the adenoviral cycle in human cells. Virology 2009; 385:343-50. [PMID: 19138779 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2008] [Revised: 10/29/2008] [Accepted: 12/04/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The prion protein is a cell surface glycoprotein whose physiological role remains elusive, while its implication in transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) has been demonstrated. Multiple interactions between the prion protein and viruses have been described: viruses can act as co-factors in TSEs and life cycles of different viruses have been found to be controlled by prion modulation. We present data showing that human Adenovirus 5 induces prion expression. Inactivated Adenovirus did not alter prion transcription, while variants encoding for early products did, suggesting that the prion is stimulated by an early adenoviral function. Down-regulation of the prion through RNA interference showed that the prion controls adenovirus replication and expression. These data suggest that the prion protein could play a role in the defense strategy mounted by the host during viral infection, in a cell autonomous manner. These results have implications for the study of the prion protein and of associated TSEs.
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From the first to the third generation adenoviral vector: what parameters are governing the production yield? Biotechnol Adv 2008; 27:133-44. [PMID: 19013226 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2008.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2008] [Revised: 10/13/2008] [Accepted: 10/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Human adenoviral viral vector serotype 5 (AdV) is presently the primary viral vector used in gene therapy trials. Advancements in AdV process development directly contribute to the clinical application and commercialization of the AdV gene delivery technology. Notably, the development of AdV production in suspension culture has driven the increase in AdV volumetric and specific productivity, therefore providing large quantities of AdV required for clinical studies. This review focuses on detailing the viral, cell and cell culture parameters governing the productivity of the three generations of AdV vectors.
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Crettaz J, Olague C, Vales A, Aurrekoetxea I, Berraondo P, Otano I, Kochanek S, Prieto J, González-Aseguinolaza G. Characterization of high-capacity adenovirus production by the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction: a comparative study of different titration methods. J Gene Med 2008; 10:1092-101. [DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Sova P, Wang H, Bomsztyk K, Stamatoyannopoulos G, Lieber A. Role of chromatin structure in integration of helper-dependent adenoviral vectors containing the beta-globin locus control region. Hum Gene Ther 2008; 19:153-66. [PMID: 18177253 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2007.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We constructed helper-dependent, fiber-chimeric adenoviral vectors that efficiently transduce human hematopoietic stem cells. We found that vectors carrying a 23-kb fragment of the beta-globin locus control region (LCR) flanked by adeno-associated virus inverted terminal repeats (Ad.LCR) preferentially integrated into the chromosomal beta-globin LCR of human erythroid Mo7e cells. We hypothesized that this targeted integration involves beta-globin LCR-specific chromatin structures. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays of the beta-globin LCR revealed active chromatin within, and immediately downstream of, DNase hypersensitivity region 2 (HS2) in erythroid Mo7e cells, but not in nonerythroid cells. Importantly, most of the Ad.LCR integrations in Mo7e cells were found within this area. We provide further data indicating tethering of incoming Ad.LCR genomes to the chromosomal LCR. We also provide data that suggest a role for active chromatin in AAV Rep78-mediated Ad.LCR integration. Our findings support a new strategy for achieving targeted integration through chromatin tethering of vector DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Sova
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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58
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Han HX, Tang H. Application of adenoviral vector in biotherapy for hepatitis B virus infection. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2008; 16:1649-1654. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v16.i15.1649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a worldwide public health problem. Especially in China about 120 million are estimated to be HBV chronic carriers. For those infected with HBV, there has been no curable treatment. However, biotherapy provides a new clue for future treatment. An appropriate vector is the essential factor in determining efficiency of biotherapy. Owe to its own properties, Adenoviral vector has gained increasing interest in the biotherapy of HBV infection resently. This review focused on the progress in the biotherapy of HBV infection using adenoviral vector.
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Meneses-Acosta A, Dormond E, Jacob D, Tom R, Bernier A, Perret S, St-Laurent G, Durocher Y, Gilbert R, Kamen A. Development of a suspension serum-free helper-dependent adenovirus production system and assessment of co-infection conditions. J Virol Methods 2008; 148:106-14. [PMID: 18079009 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2007.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2007] [Revised: 10/20/2007] [Accepted: 10/26/2007] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Helper-dependent adenovirus (HDAd), deleted in all viral protein-coding sequences has been designed to reduce immune response and favor long-term expression of therapeutic genes in clinical programs. Its production requires co-infection of E1-complementing cells with helper adenovirus (HAd). Significant progresses have been made in the molecular design of HDAd, but large scale production remains a challenge. In this work, a scalable system for HDAd production is designed and evaluated focusing on the co-infection step. A human embryo kidney 293 (293) derived cell line, the 293SF/FLPe was generated to produce efficiently HDAd while restricting the packaging of HAd. This cell line was adapted to grow in suspension and in serum-free medium. Multiplicity of infection (MOI) of HDAd ranging from 0.1 to 50 was evaluated in presence of HAd at a MOI of 5. Optimal MOIs for HDAd amplification were found in the range of 5-10. HAd contamination was only 1%. These results were validated in a 3 L bioreactor under controlled operating conditions where a higher HDAd yield of 2.6 x 10(9) viral particles (VP)/mL or 3.5 x 10(8) infectious units (IU)/mL of HDAd was obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica Meneses-Acosta
- Animal Cell Technology Group, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4P 2R2
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60
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Wang H, Cao H, Wohlfahrt M, Kiem HP, Lieber A. Tightly regulated gene expression in human hematopoietic stem cells after transduction with helper-dependent Ad5/35 vectors. Exp Hematol 2008; 36:823-31. [PMID: 18394775 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2008.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2007] [Revised: 12/07/2007] [Accepted: 01/18/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inducible and transient expression of transcription factors, growth factors, or mitogenic factors can be used to influence proliferation or differentiation of hematopoietic progenitor/stem cells (HSC). Furthermore, transient expression of proteins with site-specific endonuclease activity, potentially, can support targeted integration of exogenous transgenes into specific sites in the genome, a task that is currently a focus in development of gene therapy vectors. MATERIALS AND METHODS We constructed a set of helper-dependent adenovirus (Ad) vectors with serotype 35 fiber knob domains (HD-Ad5/35), which can efficiently transduce human CD34(+) cells, particularly subsets with potential stem cell capacity. These vectors contain Tet-inducible expression systems that were shielded by insulators and transcription stop signals to minimize unspecific interference by transcriptional elements present in viral and stuffer DNA. We compared two vectors, containing a fusion between the Krüppel-associated box (KRAB) domain and the tetracycline repressor (HD-Ad5/35.Tet-1) or an autoregulated rtTA (HD-Ad5/35.Tet-2) for regulated transgene expression in Mo7e cells, a model for HSC, and primary human CD34(+) cells. RESULTS HD-Ad5/35.Tet-1 conferred lower background expression than HD-Ad5/35.Tet-2, although levels of induced gene expression were higher for HD-Ad5/35.Tet-2. In CD34(+) cells, while HD-Ad5/35.Tet-1 allowed for activated gene expression in all transduced cells, induced gene expression from HD-Ad5/35.Tet-2 was restricted to a small subset of CD34(+) cells. Importantly, clonogeneic assays and repopulation studies in nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient mice showed that both HD-Ad5/35.Tet-1 and -2 vectors mediated induced gene expression in primitive hematopoietic cells. These studies also confirmed that transduction of CD34(+) cells with HD-Ad5/35 vectors is not associated with cytotoxicity, a problem observed with first-generation Ad5/35 vectors. CONCLUSIONS Both HD-Ad5/35 vector expression systems confer tightly regulated, transient transgene expression in human HSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongje Wang
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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61
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Oka K, Chan L. Helper-dependent adenoviral vectors. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2008; Chapter 16:Unit 16.24. [PMID: 18265354 DOI: 10.1002/0471142727.mb1624s69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The helper-dependent adenovirus (HDAd) is a recently developed adenovirus-based vector with an improved safety profile and long-term transgene expression. In this unit, a basic procedure for HDAd production using the Cre-loxP system is presented. Amplification and large-scale production of the vector can be done in both adherent and suspension cell culture systems. Included are protocols for Southern blot analysis to monitor vector amplification, slot blot assay to determine the infectious titer of the purified HDAd, and real-time PCR to detect helper virus contamination in the preparation.
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Abstract
The results of studies of Adenovirus have contributed to our basic understanding of the molecular biology of the cell. While a great body of knowledge has been developed concerning Ad gene expression, viral replication, and effects on the infected host, the molecular details of the assembly process of Adenovirus particles are largely unknown. In this article, we would like to propose a theoretical model for the packaging and assembly of Adenovirus and present an overview of the studies that have contributed to our present understanding. In particular, we will summarize the molecular details of the process for packaging of viral DNA into virus particles and highlight the events in packaging and assembly that require further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philomena Ostapchuk
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
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63
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Abstract
Helper-dependent adenoviral vectors (HDAd) are deleted of all viral coding sequences and have demonstrated tremendous potential for gene therapy by providing long-term, high-level transgene expression in the absence of chronic toxicity. Thus, HDAd are superior to early generation Ad for gene therapy of genetic diseases where long-term transgene expression is required. This chapter describes in detail the rescue, amplification, and large-scale production of HDAd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna J Palmer
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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64
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Witting SR, Brown M, Saxena R, Nabinger S, Morral N. Helper-dependent Adenovirus-mediated Short Hairpin RNA Expression in the Liver Activates the Interferon Response. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:2120-8. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m704178200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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65
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Lamartina S, Cimino M, Roscilli G, Dammassa E, Lazzaro D, Rota R, Ciliberto G, Toniatti C. Helper-dependent adenovirus for the gene therapy of proliferative retinopathies: stable gene transfer, regulated gene expression and therapeutic efficacy. J Gene Med 2007; 9:862-74. [PMID: 17685494 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ocular neovascular disorders, such as diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration, are the principal causes of blindness in developed countries. Current treatments are of limited efficacy, whereas a therapy based on intraocular gene transfer of angiostatic factors represents a promising alternative. For the first time we have explored the potential of helper-dependent adenovirus (HD-Ad), the last generation of Ad vectors, in the therapy of retinal neovascularization. METHODS We first analyzed efficiency and stability of intraretinal gene transfer following intravitreous injection in mice. A HD-Ad vector expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the control of the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter (HD-Ad/GFP) was compared with a first-generation (E1/E3-deleted) Ad vector carrying an identical GFP expression cassette (FG-Ad/GFP). We also constructed HD-Ad vectors expressing a soluble form of the VEGF receptor (sFlt-1) in a constitutive (HD-Ad/sFlt-1) or doxycycline (dox)-inducible (HD-Ad/S-M2/sFlt-1) manner and tested their therapeutic efficacy upon intravitreous delivery in a rat model of oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR). RESULTS HD-Ad/GFP promoted long-lasting (up to 1 year) transgene expression in retinal Müller cells, in marked contrast with the short-term expression observed with FG-Ad/GFP. Intravitreous injection of HD-Ad vectors expressing sFlt-1 resulted in detectable levels of sFlt-1 and inhibited retinal neovascularization by more than 60% in a rat model of OIR. Notably, the therapeutic efficacy of the inducible vector HD-Ad/S-M2/sFlt-1 was strictly dox-dependent. CONCLUSIONS HD-Ad vectors enable stable gene transfer and regulated expression of angiostatic factors following intravitreous injection and thus are attractive vehicles for the gene therapy of neovascular diseases of the retina.
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Chen J, Morral N, Engel DA. Transcription releases protein VII from adenovirus chromatin. Virology 2007; 369:411-22. [PMID: 17888479 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2007] [Revised: 08/06/2007] [Accepted: 08/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Adenovirus protein VII is the major protein component of the viral nucleoprotein core. It is a nonspecific DNA-binding protein that condenses viral DNA inside the capsid. Protein VII remains associated with viral chromatin throughout early phase, indicating its continuing role during infection. Here we characterize the release of protein VII from infectious genomes during a time period that corresponds to the late phase of infection. Interestingly, the early viral transactivator E1A, but not other early gene products, is responsible for releasing protein VII by a mechanism that requires ongoing transcription but not viral DNA replication. Moreover transcription per se, in the absence of E1A, is also sufficient to trigger release. Accordingly, a recombinant genome containing only non-coding "stuffer" DNA is unable to support release of protein VII. Our data support a model in which early gene transcription results in a change in the structure of the viral chromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangning Chen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia Health System, PO Box 800734, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0734, USA
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67
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Koeberl DD, Sun B, Bird A, Chen YT, Oka K, Chan L. Efficacy of Helper-dependent Adenovirus Vector-mediated Gene Therapy in Murine Glycogen Storage Disease Type Ia. Mol Ther 2007; 15:1253-8. [PMID: 17505475 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mt.6300188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic deficiency of glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) underlies glycogen storage disease type Ia (GSD-Ia, also known as von Gierke disease; MIM 232200), an autosomal recessive disorder of metabolism associated with life-threatening hypoglycemia and growth retardation. We tested whether helper-dependent adenovirus (HDAd)-mediated hepatic delivery of G6Pase would lead to prolonged survival and sustained correction of the metabolic abnormalities in G6Pase knockout (KO) mice, a model for a severe form of GSD-Ia. An HDAd vector encoding G6Pase was administered intravenously (2 or 5 x 10(12)vector particles/kg) to 2-week-old (w.o.) G6Pase-KO mice. Following HDAd vector administration survival was prolonged to a median of 7 months, in contrast to untreated affected mice that did not survive past 3 weeks of age. G6Pase levels increased more than tenfold between 3 days and 28 weeks after HDAd injection (P < 0.03). The weights of untreated 2 w.o. G6Pase-KO mice were approximately half those of their unaffected littermates, and treatment stimulated their growth to the size of wild-type mice. Severe hypoglycemia and hypercholesterolemia, which are hallmarks of GSD-Ia both in humans and in mice, were also restored to normalcy by the treatment. Glycogen accumulation in the liver was markedly reduced. The efficacy of HDAd-G6Pase treatment in reversing the physiological and biochemical abnormalities associated with GSD-Ia in affected G6Pase-KO mice justifies further preclinical evaluation in murine and canine models of GSD-Ia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwight D Koeberl
- Division of Medical Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
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Martina Y, Avitabile D, Piersanti S, Cherubini G, Saggio I. Different modulation of cellular transcription by adenovirus 5, DeltaE1/E3 adenovirus and helper-dependent vectors. Virus Res 2007; 130:71-84. [PMID: 17601622 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2007.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2006] [Revised: 05/16/2007] [Accepted: 05/21/2007] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
One problem encountered in the use of adenoviral vectors for gene therapy is their toxicity. Although many studies have analyzed this question in vivo, few researches have investigated adenovirus vector effects at the cellular level using a large-scale approach. In particular, no such data are available for helper-dependent adenovirus vectors (HD), which are promising adenovirus vectors for clinical applications since they are devoid of all viral genes and can host large transgene cassettes. The present study used gene chips to examine (Affymetrix HG-U95Av2 interrogating 12,626 unique human transcripts) the effect on liver cells of HD vectors versus that of DeltaE1/E3 adenovirus vector and wild type Adenovirus (Ad5). The effects of the DeltaE1/E3 adenovirus and of HD vectors were comparable, and significantly milder than that of Ad5. Interestingly the expression signatures of DeltaE1/E3 adenovirus and HD vectors were non-overlapping both at the single gene and the pathway level, suggesting specific and different interactions between the host cell and the two gene therapy vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Martina
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, University La Sapienza, and Fondazione Parco Biomedico S. Raffaele, Rome, Italy
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Kojima Y, Miyoshi H, Clevers HC, Oshima M, Aoki M, Taketo MM. Suppression of tubulin polymerization by the LKB1-microtubule-associated protein/microtubule affinity-regulating kinase signaling. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:23532-40. [PMID: 17573348 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m700590200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
LKB1, a tumor suppressor gene mutated in the Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, encodes a serine/threonine protein kinase. Recent biochemical studies have shown that LKB1 activates 14 AMP-activated protein kinase-related kinases including MARKs (microtubule-associated protein/microtubule affinity-regulating kinases) that regulate microtubule dynamics. Here we show in vitro that LKB1 phosphorylates and activates MARK2, which in turn phosphorylates microtubule-associated protein Tau at the KXGS motif and suppresses tubulin polymerization. In cells, forced expression of LKB1 suppresses microtubule regrowth, whereas LKB1 knockdown accelerates it. We further show that the phosphorylation of Tau by the LKB1-MARK signaling triggers proteasome-mediated degradation of Tau. These results indicate that LKB1 is involved in the regulation of microtubule dynamics through the activation of MARKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Kojima
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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70
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Uchida Y, Maeda Y, Kimura E, Yamashita S, Nishida Y, Arima T, Hirano T, Uyama E, Mita S, Uchino M. Effective repetitive dystrophin gene transfer into skeletal muscle of adult mdx mice using a helper-dependent adenovirus vector expressing the coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR) and dystrophin. J Gene Med 2007; 7:1010-22. [PMID: 15756716 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The helper-dependent adenovirus (HDAd) vector is less immunogenic and has a larger cloning capacity of up to 37 kb enough to carry the full-length dystrophin cDNA. However, high and long-term expression of dystrophin transduced to mature muscle still remains difficult. One of the main reasons for this is that the expression of the coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR) is very low in mature muscle. METHODS We have constructed two different HDAd vectors. One contains the LacZ and the murine full-length dystrophin expression cassette (HDAdLacZ-dys), and the other is a new, improved vector containing the CAR and the dystrophin expression cassette (HDAdCAR-dys). RESULTS We initially demonstrated high dystrophin expression and prevention of the dystrophic pathology in mdx muscle injected during the neonatal phase with HDAdLacZ-dys. Furthermore, we demonstrated that repeated injections of HDAdCAR-dys into mature muscle led to approximately nine times greater dystrophin-positive fibers in number than a single injection, thereby recovering the expression of dystrophin-associated proteins. This data has also shown that HDAdCAR-dys enabled administration of adenovirus (Ad) vector to the host with pre-existing immunity to the same serotype of Ad. CONCLUSIONS Repetitive injections of the HDAd vector containing the CAR and the dystrophin expression cassette could improve the efficiency of subsequent dystrophin gene transfer to mature mdx muscle. This result suggests that our new HDAd vector will provide a novel gene therapy strategy for Duchenne muscular dystrophy, raising the prospects for gene therapy of other hereditary myopathies.
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MESH Headings
- Adenoviridae/genetics
- Animals
- COS Cells
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Coxsackie and Adenovirus Receptor-Like Membrane Protein
- Dystrophin/deficiency
- Dystrophin/genetics
- Dystrophin/metabolism
- Gene Transfer Techniques
- Genes, Reporter
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- Helper Viruses/genetics
- Helper Viruses/physiology
- Humans
- Immunity, Cellular/immunology
- Injections, Intramuscular
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred mdx
- Muscle, Skeletal/cytology
- Muscle, Skeletal/immunology
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/pathology
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/prevention & control
- Receptors, Virus/genetics
- Receptors, Virus/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Uchida
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
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Lena AM, Giannetti P, Sporeno E, Ciliberto G, Savino R. Immune responses against tetracycline-dependent transactivators affect long-term expression of mouse erythropoietin delivered by a helper-dependent adenoviral vector. J Gene Med 2007; 7:1086-96. [PMID: 15772935 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helper-dependent adenoviral (HD-Ad) vectors give rise to sustained gene expression after delivery in a variety of organisms. In particular, we previously documented persistent expression of erythropoietin (EPO) in mice after a single intramuscular (i.m.) injection of a HD-Ad vector harboring the mouse EPO cDNA. METHODS We use the same vector harboring the tetracycline (tet)-dependent transactivator (rtTA2S-M2) and silencer (tTS) and mouse EPO cDNA to analyze the capacity of the dual tet-dependent transactivator system to control long-term EPO gene expression and to study the effect of an eventual immune response against these artificial proteins after i.m. delivery in immuno-competent mice. RESULTS In the present study we demonstrate that i.m. injection of this vector in immuno-competent mice generates a cellular immune response to the rtTA2S-M2 transcription factor. This response curtails the duration of mouse EPO expression in mice, presumably by destroying the cells that co-express transcription factors and the therapeutic gene. Nonetheless, regulation of mouse EPO secretion was maintained during the entire experimental period, both when the vector dosage was reduced and when the tet-dependent transcription factors were put under the control of a muscle-specific promoter. CONCLUSIONS Delivery of the tet transactivators using as vehicle a HD-Ad vector induced an immune response directed against the transactivators themselves, causing short-term therapeutic transgene expression. Regulated, long-term therapeutic transgene expression was, however, obtained by reducing the vector dose or expressing the transactivators under the control of a muscle-specific promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Lena
- I.R.B.M. P. Angeletti, Via Pontina km 30 600, 00040 Pomezia, Italy
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72
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Brunetti-Pierri N, Stapleton GE, Palmer DJ, Zuo Y, Mane VP, Finegold MJ, Beaudet AL, Leland MM, Mullins CE, Ng P. Pseudo-hydrodynamic delivery of helper-dependent adenoviral vectors into non-human primates for liver-directed gene therapy. Mol Ther 2007; 15:732-40. [PMID: 17285138 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mt.6300102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Helper-dependent adenoviral vectors (HDAds) are attractive for liver-directed gene therapy because they can mediate long-term, high-level transgene expression without chronic toxicity. However, systemic delivery requires high vector doses for efficient hepatic transduction, resulting in dose-dependent acute toxicity. Clearly, strategies to improve hepatic transduction with low vector doses are needed. In this regard, we have previously shown that hydrodynamic injection of helper-dependent adenoviral vectors into mice results in increased hepatic transduction, reduced systemic vector dissemination, and reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines compared with conventional injection and thus has the potential to improve dramatically the therapeutic index of helper-dependent adenoviral vectors. Unfortunately, the rapid, large-volume injection used in this method cannot be applied to larger animals. Therefore, we have developed a novel balloon occlusion catheter-based method to mimic hydrodynamic injection of helper-dependent adenoviral vectors into non-human primates that does not require rapid, large-volume injection. Using a low, clinically relevant vector dose, this minimally invasive method results in high-efficiency hepatic transduction with minimal toxicity and stable long-term transgene expression for at least 413 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Brunetti-Pierri
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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73
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Oka K, Belalcazar LM, Dieker C, Nour EA, Nuno-Gonzalez P, Paul A, Cormier S, Shin JK, Finegold M, Chan L. Sustained phenotypic correction in a mouse model of hypoalphalipoproteinemia with a helper-dependent adenovirus vector. Gene Ther 2006; 14:191-202. [PMID: 16957769 PMCID: PMC1780075 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We examined the efficacy and host response to the adenovirus (Ad)-mediated delivery of human apolipoprotein A-I (APOA1) gene to the liver of APOA1(-/-) mice. Administration of a first-generation vector (FGAd-AI) resulted in a transient appearance of APOA1 in plasma and induced an anti-APOA1 antibody titer, whereas treatment with a helper-dependent vector (HDAd-AI) resulted in sustained APOA1 expression without inducing an antibody titer. With these results, we studied the effects of FGAd vectors on APOAI expression by HDAd-AI vector. Co-treatment with an FGAd vector inhibited HDAd-AI- mediated APOA1 expression independent of transgene cassettes, but only FGAd-AI induced a humoral response. Furthermore, APOA1 mRNA levels in mice co-treated with FGAd vectors were much lower than those expected from the vector copy number, suggesting that DNA of FGAd vectors interferes with the HDAd-AI vector's APOA1 promoter. A single treatment with an HDAd-AI vector produced a supraphysiological plasma APOA1 level that gradually declined to about half the normal human level over the course of 2 years, associated with a plasma cholesterol level that is persistently higher than that in controls. This investigation provides the proof of principle that liver-directed HDAd gene delivery is effective for the long-term phenotypic correction of monogenic hypoalphalipoproteinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Oka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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74
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Shi CX, Graham FL, Hitt MM. A convenient plasmid system for construction of helper-dependent adenoviral vectors and its application for analysis of the breast-cancer-specific mammaglobin promoter. J Gene Med 2006; 8:442-51. [PMID: 16389604 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helper-dependent (HD) adenovirus (Ad) vectors, deleted of all viral coding sequences, have a higher cloning capacity, improved performance of tissue-specific promoters, and reduced toxicity in animals relative to first-generation Ad vectors, making these vectors promising tools for gene transfer in vitro and in vivo. However, the large size of HDAd precursor plasmids renders them relatively difficult to manipulate due to the paucity of unique restriction enzyme sites suitable for transgene insertion and to the size constraints imposed by the viral packaging machinery. METHODS We have constructed a series of HDAd precursor plasmids that allows cassette insertion at a unique site in the vector backbone. We have tested whether these vector backbones will support the tissue-specificity of inserted expression cassettes in a study of the activity of the potentially breast-cancer-specific mammaglobin promoter and enhancer. RESULTS We report here the generation of a series of HDAd precursor plasmids, both with and without an additional reporter expression cassette, that were designed to accommodate a wide range in size of inserted DNA. The system was validated for transcriptional targeting studies by demonstrating the tissue-specificity and activity of the mammaglobin promoter rescued using this precursor system. In addition, we have extended our previous studies on the mammaglobin promoter by demonstrating that two copies of the mammaglobin enhancer fused to the minimal promoter surpassed the activity of the single enhancer/promoter by at least 10-fold in breast cancer cells while maintaining only minimal expression in normal cells both in vitro and in a mouse tumor model. CONCLUSIONS This versatile plasmid system simplifies the construction of HDAd vectors and was valuable in demonstrating the targeting potential of the mammaglobin promoter for breast cancer gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Xin Shi
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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75
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Brunetti-Pierri N, Ng T, Iannitti DA, Palmer DJ, Beaudet AL, Finegold MJ, Carey KD, Cioffi WG, Ng P. Improved hepatic transduction, reduced systemic vector dissemination, and long-term transgene expression by delivering helper-dependent adenoviral vectors into the surgically isolated liver of nonhuman primates. Hum Gene Ther 2006; 17:391-404. [PMID: 16610927 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2006.17.391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Helper-dependent adenoviral vectors (HDAds) are attractive vectors for liver-directed gene therapy because they can mediate sustained, high-level transgene expression without chronic toxicity. However, high vector doses are required to achieve efficient hepatic transduction by systemic delivery because of a nonlinear dose response. Unfortunately, such high doses result in systemic vector dissemination and dose-dependent acute toxicity with potentially severe and lethal consequences. We hypothesize that the threshold to efficient hepatic transduction may be circumvented by delivering the vector into the surgically isolated liver via the portal vein. Total hepatic isolation was achieved by occluding hepatic inflow from the portal vein and hepatic artery and by occluding hepatic venous outflow at the inferior vena cava. We demonstrate in nonhuman primates that this approach resulted in significantly higher efficiency hepatic transduction with reduced systemic vector dissemination compared with systemic intravascular delivery. This method of delivery was associated with transient acute toxicity, the severity of which was variable. Importantly, stable, high levels of transgene expression were obtained for at least 665 days for one baboon and for at least 560 days for two baboons with no evidence of long-term toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Brunetti-Pierri
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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76
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PUNTEL M, CURTIN J, ZIRGER J, MUHAMMAD A, XIONG W, LIU C, HU J, KROEGER K, CZER P, SCIASCIA S, MONDKAR S, LOWENSTEIN P, CASTRO M. Quantification of high-capacity helper-dependent adenoviral vector genomes in vitro and in vivo, using quantitative TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction. Hum Gene Ther 2006; 17:531-44. [PMID: 16716110 PMCID: PMC1592228 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2006.17.531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
First-generation adenoviral (Ad) and high-capacity adenoviral (HC-Ad) vectors are efficient delivery vehicles for transferring therapeutic transgenes in vivo into tissues/organs. The initial successes reported with adenoviral vectors in preclinical trials have been limited by immune-related adverse side effects. This has been, in part, attributed to the use of poorly characterized preparations of adenoviral vectors and also to the untoward immune adverse side effects elicited when high doses of these vectors were used. HC-Ads have several advantages over Ads, including the lack of viral coding sequences, which after infection and uncoating, makes them invisible to the host's immune system. Another advantage is their large cloning capacity (up to approximately 35 kb). However, accurate characterization of HC-Ad vectors, and of contaminating replication-competent adenovirus (RCA) or helper virus, is necessary before these preparations can be used safely in clinical trials. Consequently, the development of accurate, simple, and reproducible methods to standardize and validate adenoviral preparations for the presence of contaminant genomes is required. By using a molecular method that allows accurate, reproducible, and simultaneous determination of HC-Ad, contaminating helper virus, and RCA genome copy numbers based on real-time quantitative PCR, we demonstrate accurate detection of these three genomic entities, within CsCl-purified vector stocks, total DNA isolated from cells transduced in vitro, and from brain tissue infected in vivo. This approach will allow accurate assessment of the levels and biodistribution of HC-Ad and improve the safety and efficacy of clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - P.R. LOWENSTEIN
- Address reprint requests to: Dr. M.G. Castro or Dr. P.R. Lowenstein, Board of Governors’ Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Davis Building, Research Pavilion, Room 5090, Los Angeles, CA 90048, E-mail:or
| | - M.G. CASTRO
- Address reprint requests to: Dr. M.G. Castro or Dr. P.R. Lowenstein, Board of Governors’ Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Davis Building, Research Pavilion, Room 5090, Los Angeles, CA 90048, E-mail:or
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77
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Abstract
Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) can cause mild respiratory, gastrointestinal, urogenital and ocular disease. Knowledge about HAdVs has been expanding for more than five decades putting them amongst the most-studied viruses. This continued interest stems, to a great extent, from the fact that these double-stranded DNA viruses have proven to be a versatile tool to probe the basic phenomena of eukaryotic cells. HAdV research has led to the discovery of, for instance, RNA splicing and greatly contributed to our knowledge of processes as fundamental as replication, transcription and translation. Moreover, the transformation of rodent cells by HAdVs has provided a system to unravel the molecular pathways that control cell proliferation. As a result, the genetic organisation of these agents is known in great detail allowing the straightforward manipulation of their genomes. In addition, the virus itself became renowned for its ability to produce large amounts of progeny and to efficiently infect mammalian cells regardless of their cell cycle status. These features contributed to the broad use of recombinant HAdVs as gene carriers particularly in in vivo settings where the vast majority of target cells are post-mitotic. The most advanced type of HAdV vectors can accommodate up to 37 kb of foreign DNA and are devoid of viral genes. With the aid of these high-capacity HAdV vectors large physiologically responsive transcriptional elements and/or genes can be efficiently introduced into target cells while minimising adaptive immune responses against the transduced cells. This article provides information on HAdV especially on the aspects pertinent to the design, production and performance of its recombinant forms. The development and characteristics of the main HAdV-based vector types are also briefly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel A F V Gonçalves
- Gene Therapy Section, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Wassenaarseweg 72, 2333 AL Leiden, The Netherlands.
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78
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Puntel M, Curtin J, Zirger J, Muhammad A, Xiong W, Liu C, Hu J, Kroeger K, Czer P, Sciascia S, Mondkar S, Lowenstein P, Castro M. Quantification of High-Capacity Helper-Dependent Adenoviral Vector Genomes In Vitro and In Vivo, Using Quantitative TaqMan Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction. Hum Gene Ther 2006. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2006.17.ft-204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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79
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Burova E, Ioffe E. Chromatographic purification of recombinant adenoviral and adeno-associated viral vectors: methods and implications. Gene Ther 2006; 12 Suppl 1:S5-17. [PMID: 16231055 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, recombinant adenoviral and adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors have been exploited in a number of gene delivery approaches. The use of these vectors in clinical gene transfer has increased the demand for their characterization, production and purification. Although the classical method of adenovirus or AAV purification by density gradient centrifugation is effective on a small scale, chromatographic separation is the most versatile and powerful method for large-scale production of recombinant adenovirus or AAV. This review describes different chromatographic modes for adenovirus or AAV purification and process development, as well as the utility of different purification steps for virus production. Advances in the development of viral vectors for gene therapy, such as the discovery of new AAV serotypes, adenoviral and AAV retargeting and improved production of helper-dependent adenoviral vectors, require further development of efficient purification methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Burova
- Regeneron Parmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
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80
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Alba R, Bosch A, Chillon M. Gutless adenovirus: last-generation adenovirus for gene therapy. Gene Ther 2006; 12 Suppl 1:S18-27. [PMID: 16231052 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Last-generation adenovirus vectors, also called helper-dependent or gutless adenovirus, are very attractive for gene therapy because the associated in vivo immune response is highly reduced compared to first- and second-generation adenovirus vectors, while maintaining high transduction efficiency and tropism. Nowadays, gutless adenovirus is administered in different organs, such as the liver, muscle or the central nervous system achieving high-level and long-term transgene expression in rodents and primates. However, as devoid of all viral coding regions, gutless vectors require viral proteins supplied in trans by a helper virus. To remove contamination by a helper virus from the final preparation, different systems based on the excision of the helper-packaging signal have been generated. Among them, Cre-loxP system is mostly used, although contamination levels still are 0.1-1% too high to be used in clinical trials. Recently developed strategies to avoid/reduce helper contamination were reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Alba
- Gene Therapy Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy (CBATEG), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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81
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Koehler DR, Martin B, Corey M, Palmer D, Ng P, Tanswell AK, Hu J. Readministration of helper-dependent adenovirus to mouse lung. Gene Ther 2006; 13:773-80. [PMID: 16437131 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Adenovirus vectors (Ad) are widely used in gene therapy studies, including those aimed at treating cystic fibrosis lung disease. Various approaches have been investigated to blunt the host immune response to Ad, including development of helper-dependent (HD) Ad. The host cytotoxic T-cell response to HD-Ad is generally lower than to earlier-generation Ad. However, antibodies are formed which could inhibit the efficacy of HD-Ad readministration. In this first study of HD-Ad readministration to the lung, we found that a second administration of HD-Ad to mice was possible with minimal loss of transgene expression. In contrast, when first-generation (FG) Ad was administered initially, followed by HD-Ad or FG-Ad, transgene expression was reduced. Significantly lower concentrations of antibodies against Ad were found in lung lavage fluid and serum from mice that received two doses of HD-Ad (when the initial HD-Ad lacked a transgene), compared to mice that received FG-Ad followed by HD-Ad. These data suggest that readministration of HD-Ad for lung gene therapy may be feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Koehler
- Programmes in Lung Biology Research, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
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82
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Brunetti-Pierri N, Nichols TC, McCorquodale S, Merricks E, Palmer DJ, Beaudet AL, Ng P. Sustained phenotypic correction of canine hemophilia B after systemic administration of helper-dependent adenoviral vector. Hum Gene Ther 2005; 16:811-20. [PMID: 16000063 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2005.16.811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We have evaluated the potential of liver-directed, helper-dependent adenoviral (HDAd) vector-mediated gene therapy in the hemophilia B dog. Two dogs were injected intravenously with HDAd (3 x 10(12) VP/kg) bearing a liver-restricted canine coagulation factor IX (FIX) expression cassette. After injection, the whole blood clotting time for both dogs declined from >60 min to </=20 min for at least 604 and 446 days, respectively. Peak FIX activities of 34.1 and 129.2% were detected at 12x14 days and then slowly declined to 2 to 5% by 120 days and stabilized at these therapeutic levels for at least 418 and 257 days. For one dog, a peak FIX level of 500 ng/ml was achieved and stabilized at >170 ng/ml for at least 256 days. For the other dog, a peak FIX level of 1258 ng/ml was achieved and stabilized at >400 ng/ml for at least 213 days. Inhibitor formation was not evident in either animal. Importantly, whereas untreated hemophilia B dogs suffer five or six spontaneous bleeds per year, the treated dogs suffered no such bleeds postinjection. Significantly, this study is the first to demonstrate long-term phenotypic correction of a genetic disorder in a large animal with HDAd. Although no evidence of chronic toxicity was observed in either animal, systemic vector administration at 3 x 10(12) VP/kg was accompanied by acute, albeit transient and variable laboratory abnormalities (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, creatine phosphokinase, and platelet counts). The results of this study highlight both the potential benefit and the risk associated with systemic intravascular delivery of high-dose HDAd for liver-directed gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Brunetti-Pierri
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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83
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Altaras NE, Aunins JG, Evans RK, Kamen A, Konz JO, Wolf JJ. Production and formulation of adenovirus vectors. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2005; 99:193-260. [PMID: 16568893 DOI: 10.1007/10_008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Adenovirus vectors have attracted considerable interest over the past decade, with ongoing clinical development programs for applications ranging from replacement therapy for protein deficiencies to cancer therapeutics to prophylactic vaccines. Consequently, considerable product, process, analytical, and formulation development has been undertaken to support these programs. For example, "gutless" vectors have been developed in order to improve gene transfer capacity and durability of expression; new cell lines have been developed to minimize recombination events; production conditions have been optimized to improve volumetric productivities; analytical techniques and scaleable purification processes have advanced towards the goal of purified adenovirus becoming a "well-characterized biological"; and liquid formulations have been developed which maintain virus infectivity at 2-8 degrees C for over 18 months. These and other advances in the production of adenovirus vectors are discussed in detail in this review. In addition, the needs for the next decade are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nedim E Altaras
- Fermentation and Cell Culture, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvannia 19486-0004, USA
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84
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Li HW, Gao YX, Raizada MK, Sumners C. Intronic enhancement of angiotensin II type 2 receptor transgene expression in vitro and in vivo. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 336:29-35. [PMID: 16122703 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2005] [Accepted: 08/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R) can influence a variety of intracellular signaling molecules and cellular functions. However, its physiological functions and the roles of introns in the regulation of its expression have not been well determined. We first demonstrated that both intron 1 and intron 2 of AT2R could significantly enhance AT2R overexpression. Thus, we have provided some new prerequisites for further studies on the mechanisms that control AT2R gene expression. Next, we established a highly efficient method of delivering this receptor in vitro and in vivo using an AT2R recombinant adenoviral vector containing two introns of the AT2R. The vector may be useful in helping to uncover AT2R physiological functions and also for gene therapy related to AT2R. Moreover, we determined the important role of introns in gene expression cassettes and the inconsistency of expression between the targeted gene and the reporter gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-wei Li
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0274, USA.
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85
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86
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Wang H, Shayakhmetov DM, Leege T, Harkey M, Li Q, Papayannopoulou T, Stamatoyannopolous G, Lieber A. A capsid-modified helper-dependent adenovirus vector containing the beta-globin locus control region displays a nonrandom integration pattern and allows stable, erythroid-specific gene expression. J Virol 2005; 79:10999-1013. [PMID: 16103151 PMCID: PMC1193620 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.17.10999-11013.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy for hemoglobinopathies requires efficient gene transfer into hematopoietic stem cells and high-level erythroid-specific gene expression. Toward this goal, we constructed a helper-dependent adenovirus vector carrying the beta-globin locus control region (LCR) to drive green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression, whereby the LCR-GFP cassette is flanked by adeno-associated virus (AAV) inverted terminal repeats (Ad.LCR-beta-GFP). This vector possesses the adenovirus type 35 fiber knob that allows efficient infection of hematopoietic cells. Transduction and vector integration studies were performed in MO7e cells, a growth factor-dependent CD34(+) erythroleukemic cell line, and in cord blood-derived human CD34(+) cells. Stable transduction of MO7e cells with Ad.LCR-beta-GFP was more efficient and less subject to position effects and silencing than transduction with a vector that did not contain the beta-globin LCR. Analysis of integration sites indicated that Ad.LCR-beta-GFP integration in MO7e cells was not random but tethered to chromosome 11, specifically to the globin LCR. More than 10% of analyzed integration sites were within the chromosomal beta-globin LCR. None of the Ad.LCR-beta-GFP integrations occurred in exons. The integration pattern of a helper-dependent vector that contained X-chromosomal stuffer DNA was different from that of the beta-globin LCR-containing vector. Infection of primary CD34(+) cells with Ad.LCR-beta-GFP did not affect the clonogenic capacity of CD34(+) cells. Transduction of CD34(+) cells with Ad.LCR-beta-GFP resulted in vector integration and erythroid lineage-specific GFP expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjie Wang
- Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195, USA
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87
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Schillinger KJ, Tsai SY, Taffet GE, Reddy AK, Marian AJ, Entman ML, Oka K, Chan L, O'Malley BW. Regulatable atrial natriuretic peptide gene therapy for hypertension. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:13789-94. [PMID: 16162668 PMCID: PMC1236585 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0506807102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension (HTN) is a disease that begins with dysfunctional renal-sodium excretion and progresses to a syndrome of highly elevated systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressures. Inadequacies in the therapy of HTN have led to the investigation of the gene therapy of this disease by using systemic overproduction of vasodilatory peptides, such as atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP). However, gene-therapy approaches to HTN using ANP are limited by the need for long-term ANP gene expression and, most important, control of ANP gene expression. Here, we introduce a helper-dependent adenoviral vector carrying the mifepristone (Mfp)-inducible gene-regulatory system to control in vivo ANP expression. In the BPH/2 mouse model of HTN, Mfp-inducible ANP expression was seen for a period of >120 days after administration of vector. Physiological effects of ANP, including decreased systolic blood pressure, increased urinary cGMP output, and decreases in heart weight as a percentage of body weight were also under the control of Mfp. Given these capabilities, this vector represents a paradigm for the gene therapy of HTN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt J Schillinger
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Section of Cardiovascular Sciences and Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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88
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Salucci V, Lena AM, Ciliberto G, Scarselli E, La Monica N. Adenovirus Transduction and Culture Conditions Affect the Immunogenicity of Murine Dendritic Cells. Scand J Immunol 2005; 62:206-17. [PMID: 16179007 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2005.01658.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Adenovirus vectors encoding carcinoembryonic antigen (Ad-CEA) or costimulatory molecules CD80, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and leucocyte function-associated antigen-3 (LFA-3) (Ad-STIM) were used to transduce murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDC). BMDC were characterized for expression of activation markers and for their ability to elicit protective immunity against MC38-CEA tumours in wildtype and CEA-transgenic (CEA-tg) mice. To determine optimal culture conditions, studies were conducted using BMDC cultured in heterologous bovine serum or autologous mouse serum. Transduction of cells grown in presence of heterologous serum increased the expression of costimulatory molecules, major histocompatibility complex class II, of IL-6 and IL-12. Upon vaccination, tumour protection was not specific and was observed also with untransduced cells. Transduced BMDC cultured in the presence of autologous serum showed low expression of the activation markers, did not express IL-6 and had reduced ability to stimulate T-cell proliferation. Nonetheless, CEA-specific CD8+ T-cell response was enhanced upon coinfection of Ad-STIM and Ad-CEA in both mouse strains, although this immune response was not sufficient to protect CEA-tg mice from tumour challenge. These studies support the use of BMDC transduced with Ad vectors encoding tumour antigens for cancer immunotherapy and demonstrate that culture conditions greatly affect the immunological properties of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Salucci
- Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare (IRBM), Pomezia, Italy
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89
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Zhong S, Liu C, Haviland D, Doris PA, Teng BB. Simultaneous expression of apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme and scavenger receptor BI mediated by a therapeutic gene expression system. Atherosclerosis 2005; 184:264-75. [PMID: 15979078 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2005] [Revised: 04/04/2005] [Accepted: 04/14/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are often accompanied by elevated LDL particles and endothelial dysfunction. We have examined the possibility of concurrently reducing LDL levels and modulating endothelial function using a single helper-dependent adenovirus vector system to simultaneously express the apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme (Apobec1) and the scavenger receptor, class B, type I (SR-BI) genes under the control of separate promoters (designated HD-C2). Apobec1 edits apoB mRNA at nucleotide C-6666 to produce truncated apoB48 and is normally expressed in small intestine only. SR-BI is a receptor for multiple ligands with distinct tissue-specific functions. Expression of Apobec1 in HepG2 cells resulted in apoB mRNA editing, leading to decreased apoB100 abundance (to 6% of control) and the appearance of apoB48. Editing of apoB mRNA in HepG2 cells resulted in decline in apoB mRNA levels of 50%. This was probably the result of nonsense-mediated decay of edited message, since over-expression of Apobec1 increased neither Apobec1 complementary factor (ACF) mRNA nor protein abundance. Over-expression of SR-BI in human endothelial cells activated endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity by phosphorylation of eNOS at residue Ser-1177 in the presence of HDL, leading to increased production of the anti-atherogenic molecule nitric oxide (NO). Taken together, this study demonstrates that using one vector delivery system to express two genes in two different cell types results in the cell-specific beneficial effects of decreasing apoB100 production and increasing eNOS activities. This combined gene expression approach may provide an improved therapeutic strategy by targeting multiple sites in the mechanism of cardiovascular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumei Zhong
- Research Center for Human Genetics, Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Houston Health Science Center at Houston, 2121 W. Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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90
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Catalucci D, Sporeno E, Cirillo A, Ciliberto G, Nicosia A, Colloca S. An adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) amplicon-based packaging cell line for production of high-capacity helper-independent deltaE1-E2-E3-E4 Ad5 vectors. J Virol 2005; 79:6400-9. [PMID: 15858023 PMCID: PMC1091673 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.10.6400-6409.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Production of multiply deleted adenoviral (Ad) vectors with increased cloning capacity and reduced immunogenicity to adenovirus gene products requires the concomitant generation of efficient packaging cell lines. High expression levels of the complementing genes must be achieved in a coordinated fashion with viral replication. This is a particularly difficult task in light of the significant cytotoxicity displayed by adenoviral proteins. To this end, we developed a novel adenovirus-based amplicon with an Epstein-Barr virus origin of replication, Ad type 5 (Ad5) inverted terminal repeats, all Ad5 early region 2 (E2) genes, and the early region 4 (E4) open reading frame 6 (ORF6) under the control of a tetracycline-dependent promoter. The amplicon (pE2) was stably maintained in multiple copies in the nuclei of 293 cells stably expressing the Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) and allowed replication as a linear DNA upon induction of E2 and ORF6 gene expression. A stable cell line (2E2) was generated by introducing pE2 into 293EBNATet cells expressing the tetracycline-dependent transcriptional silencer and the reverse Tet transactivator (rtTA2). Upon induction with doxicycline, 2E2 cells produced higher levels of polymerase, precursor terminal protein (pTP), and DNA binding protein than noninduced 2E2 cells infected with first-generation Ad5 vector and supported efficient amplification of a multiply deleted Ad5 vector lacking E1, E2, E3, and E4 genes (Ad5DeltaE(1-4)). The high cloning capacity of Ad5DeltaE(1-4) (up to 12.6 kb) was exploited to construct a vector encoding the entire hepatitis C virus (HCV) polyprotein. Infection of HeLa cells by the resulting vector showed high levels of correctly processed HCV proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Catalucci
- Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare P. Angeletti, Via Pontina Km 30.600, 00040 Pomezia, Roma, Italy.
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91
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Aurisicchio L, De Tomassi A, La Monica N, Ciliberto G, Traboni C, Palombo F. Regulated and liver-specific tamarin alpha interferon gene delivery by a helper-dependent adenoviral vector. J Virol 2005; 79:6772-80. [PMID: 15890916 PMCID: PMC1112151 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.11.6772-6780.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy approaches based on liver-restricted and regulated alpha interferon (IFN-alpha) expression, recently shown to be effective in different murine hepatitis models, appear promising alternatives to inhibit hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication in patients and minimize side effects. Tamarins (Saguinus species) infected by GB virus B (GBV-B) are considered a valid surrogate model for hepatitis C to study the biology of HCV infection and the development of new antiviral drugs. To test the efficacy of local delivery and expression of IFN-alpha in this model, we have developed HD-TET-tIFN, a helper-dependent adenovirus vector expressing tamarin IFN-alpha (tIFN) under the control of the tetracycline-inducible transactivator rtTA2s-S2. Expression of tIFN was successfully induced both in vitro and in vivo in rodents by doxycycline administration with consequent activation of IFN-responsive genes. More importantly, tIFN efficiently inhibited GBV-B replicon in a Huh-7 hepatoma cell line at low HD-TET-tIFN doses. A certain degree of transcriptional control of tIFN was achieved in tamarins injected with HD-TET-tIFN, but under the conditions used in this study, infection and replication of GBV-B were only delayed and not totally abrogated upon virus challenge. Hepatic delivery and regulated expression of IFN-alpha appear to be a possible approach for the cure of hepatitis, but this approach requires more studies to increase its efficacy. To our knowledge, this is the first report showing a regulated gene expression in a nonhuman primate hepatitis model.
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MESH Headings
- Adenoviridae/genetics
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- DNA, Recombinant/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Flaviviridae Infections/genetics
- Flaviviridae Infections/immunology
- Flaviviridae Infections/therapy
- GB virus B/immunology
- GB virus B/pathogenicity
- Gene Expression
- Genetic Therapy
- Genetic Vectors
- Helper Viruses/genetics
- Hepatitis C/genetics
- Hepatitis C/immunology
- Hepatitis C/therapy
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/genetics
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/immunology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/therapy
- In Vitro Techniques
- Interferon Type I/genetics
- Liver/immunology
- Liver/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Recombinant Proteins
- Replicon/genetics
- Saguinus/genetics
- Saguinus/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Aurisicchio
- IRBM-Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare P. Angeletti, Via Pontina Km 30.6, Pomezia, Italy.
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92
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Gonzalez-Santos JM, Cao H, Wang A, Koehler DR, Martin B, Navab R, Hu J. A complementation method for functional analysis of mammalian genes. Nucleic Acids Res 2005; 33:e94. [PMID: 15944448 PMCID: PMC1145195 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gni093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Our progress in understanding mammalian gene function has lagged behind that of gene identification. New methods for mammalian gene functional analysis are needed to accelerate the process. In yeast, the powerful genetic shuffle system allows deletion of any chromosomal gene by homologous recombination and episomal expression of a mutant allele in the same cell. Here, we report a method for mammalian cells, which employs a helper-dependent adenoviral (HD-Ad) vector to synthesize small hairpin (sh) RNAs to knock-down the expression of an endogenous gene by targeting untranslated regions (UTRs). The vector simultaneously expresses an exogenous version of the same gene (wild-type or mutant allele) lacking the UTRs for functional analysis. We demonstrated the utility of the method by using PRPF3, which encodes the human RNA splicing factor Hprp3p. Recently, missense mutations in PRPF3 were found to cause autosomal-dominant Retinitis Pigmentosa, a form of genetic eye diseases affecting the retina. We knocked-down endogenous PRPF3 in multiple cell lines and rescued the phenotype (cell death) with exogenous PRPF3 cDNA, thereby creating a genetic complementation method. Because Ad vectors can efficiently transduce a wide variety of cell types, and many tissues in vivo, this method could have a wide application for gene function studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juana Maria Gonzalez-Santos
- Programme in Lung Biology Research and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research Group in Lung Development, Hospital for Sick ChildrenToronto, Canada M5G 1X8 and
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of TorontoToronto, Canada M5S 1A1
| | - Huibi Cao
- Programme in Lung Biology Research and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research Group in Lung Development, Hospital for Sick ChildrenToronto, Canada M5G 1X8 and
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of TorontoToronto, Canada M5S 1A1
| | - Anan Wang
- Programme in Lung Biology Research and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research Group in Lung Development, Hospital for Sick ChildrenToronto, Canada M5G 1X8 and
| | - David R. Koehler
- Programme in Lung Biology Research and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research Group in Lung Development, Hospital for Sick ChildrenToronto, Canada M5G 1X8 and
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of TorontoToronto, Canada M5S 1A1
| | - Bernard Martin
- Programme in Lung Biology Research and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research Group in Lung Development, Hospital for Sick ChildrenToronto, Canada M5G 1X8 and
| | - Roya Navab
- Programme in Lung Biology Research and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research Group in Lung Development, Hospital for Sick ChildrenToronto, Canada M5G 1X8 and
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of TorontoToronto, Canada M5S 1A1
| | - Jim Hu
- Programme in Lung Biology Research and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research Group in Lung Development, Hospital for Sick ChildrenToronto, Canada M5G 1X8 and
- Department of Paediatrics, University of TorontoToronto, Canada M5S 1A1
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of TorontoToronto, Canada M5S 1A1
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +1 416 813 6412; Fax: +1 416 813 5771;
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93
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Cobellis G, Nicolaus G, Iovino M, Romito A, Marra E, Barbarisi M, Sardiello M, Di Giorgio FP, Iovino N, Zollo M, Ballabio A, Cortese R. Tagging genes with cassette-exchange sites. Nucleic Acids Res 2005; 33:e44. [PMID: 15741177 PMCID: PMC552971 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gni045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In an effort to make transgenesis more flexible and reproducible, we developed a system based on novel 5′ and 3′ ‘gene trap’ vectors containing heterospecific Flp recognition target sites and the corresponding ‘exchange’ vectors allowing the insertion of any DNA sequence of interest into the trapped locus. Flp-recombinase-mediated cassette exchange was demonstrated to be highly efficient in our system, even in the absence of locus-specific selection. The feasibility of constructing a library of ES cell clones using our gene trap vectors was tested and a thousand insertion sites were characterized, following electroporation in ES cells, by RACE–PCR and sequencing. We validated the system in vivo for two trapped loci in transgenic mice and demonstrated that the reporter transgenes inserted into the trapped loci have an expression pattern identical to the endogenous genes. We believe that this system will facilitate in vivo studies of gene function and large-scale generation of mouse models of human diseases, caused by not only loss but also gain of function alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilda Cobellis
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Via P. Castellino111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Nicolaus
- Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare P. AngelettiVia Pontina km 30,600, 00040 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Mariangela Iovino
- Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare P. AngelettiVia Pontina km 30,600, 00040 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Romito
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Via P. Castellino111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Emanuele Marra
- Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare P. AngelettiVia Pontina km 30,600, 00040 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Manlio Barbarisi
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Via P. Castellino111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Sardiello
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Via P. Castellino111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco P. Di Giorgio
- Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare P. AngelettiVia Pontina km 30,600, 00040 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Iovino
- Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare P. AngelettiVia Pontina km 30,600, 00040 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Zollo
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Via P. Castellino111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Ballabio
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Via P. Castellino111, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Federico II UniversityVia S. Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +39 081 6132207; Fax: +39 081 5790919;
| | - Riccardo Cortese
- Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare P. AngelettiVia Pontina km 30,600, 00040 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
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94
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Gonçalves MAFV, van Nierop GP, Tijssen MR, Lefesvre P, Knaän-Shanzer S, van der Velde I, van Bekkum DW, Valerio D, de Vries AAF. Transfer of the full-length dystrophin-coding sequence into muscle cells by a dual high-capacity hybrid viral vector with site-specific integration ability. J Virol 2005; 79:3146-62. [PMID: 15709034 PMCID: PMC548431 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.5.3146-3162.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2004] [Accepted: 10/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is caused by mutations in the DMD gene, making it a potential target for gene therapy. There is, however, a scarcity of vectors that can accommodate the 14-kb DMD cDNA and permanently genetically correct muscle tissue in vivo or proliferating myogenic progenitors in vitro for use in autologous transplantation. Here, a dual high-capacity adenovirus-adeno-associated virus (hcAd/AAV) vector with two full-length human dystrophin-coding sequences flanked by AAV integration-enhancing elements is presented. These vectors are generated from input linear monomeric DNA molecules consisting of the Ad origin of replication and packaging signal followed by the recently identified AAV DNA integration efficiency element (p5IEE), the transgene(s) of interest, and the AAV inverted terminal repeat (ITR). After infection of producer cells with a helper Ad vector, the Ad DNA replication machinery, in concert with the AAV ITR-dependent dimerization, leads to the assembly of vector genomes with a tail-to-tail configuration that are efficiently amplified and packaged into Ad capsids. These dual hcAd/AAV hybrid vectors were used to express the dystrophin-coding sequence in rat cardiomyocytes in vitro and to restore dystrophin synthesis in the muscle tissues of mdx mice in vivo. Introduction into human cells of chimeric genomes, which contain a structure reminiscent of AAV proviral DNA, resulted in AAV Rep-dependent targeted DNA integration into the AAVS1 locus on chromosome 19. Dual hcAd/AAV hybrid vectors may thus be particularly useful to develop safe treatment modalities for diseases such as DMD that rely on efficient transfer and stable expression of large genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel A F V Gonçalves
- Gene Therapy Section, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Wassenaarseweg 72, 2333 AL Leiden, The Netherlands.
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95
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Schagen FHE, Ossevoort M, Toes REM, Hoeben RC. Immune responses against adenoviral vectors and their transgene products: a review of strategies for evasion. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2005; 50:51-70. [PMID: 15094159 DOI: 10.1016/s1040-8428(03)00172-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/09/2003] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human adenoviruses have been adopted as attractive vectors for in vivo gene therapy since they have a well-characterized genomic organization, can be grown to high titres and efficiently transduce a wide spectrum of dividing and non-dividing cells. However, the first-generation of adenoviral (Ad) vectors yielded only transient expression of the transgene in most immunocompetent mice. This constituted a major limitation of this early vector type. In contrast, persistent transgene expression can be established in immunodeficient mice. This suggests that the immunogenicity of adenoviral vectors limits the effective period of adenovirus-based gene therapy. Much effort has been put in devising strategies to circumvent the limitations imposed onto gene therapy by the immune system. Improvements in vector design have significantly improved the performance of the adenovirus vectors. Based on these results it is reasonable to anticipate that new modifications of the vectors will overcome some of the immunological barriers and will further expand the applicability of adenovirus-derived vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik H E Schagen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9503, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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96
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Abstract
Helper-dependent adenoviral vectors possess a number of characteristics that make them attractive gene therapy vectors. These vectors are completely devoid of viral coding sequences and are able to mediate high-efficiency transduction in vivo to direct sustain high-level transgene expression with negligible chronic toxicity. This review focuses on advances in helper-dependent adenoviral vector technology, selected examples of in vivo studies of particular interest, and the issue of vector-mediated acute toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna J Palmer
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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97
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McConnell MJ, Imperiale MJ. Biology of adenovirus and its use as a vector for gene therapy. Hum Gene Ther 2004; 15:1022-33. [PMID: 15610603 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2004.15.1022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J McConnell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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98
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Shi CX, Long MA, Liu L, Graham FL, Gauldie J, Hitt MM. The human SCGB2A2 (Mammaglobin-1) promoter/enhancer in a helper-dependent adenovirus vector directs high levels of transgene expression in mammary carcinoma cells but not in normal nonmammary cells. Mol Ther 2004; 10:758-67. [PMID: 15451460 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2004.06.849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2004] [Accepted: 06/21/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of secretoglobin family 2A member 2 (SCGB2A2, also known as mammaglobin-1) has been detected in a high percentage of primary and metastatic breast tumors, to a lesser extent in normal breast, but not in other normal tissues. Plasmid transfection studies in our lab and others, however, were unable to identify the genetic elements regulating this specificity. Here we demonstrate that a 25-kb DNA fragment derived from the human SCGB2A2 gene upstream of the protein coding sequence was highly active and preferentially expressed in breast cancer cells when introduced via a helper-dependent adenoviral (HDAd) vector. HDAd delivery was selected for its high cloning capacity, its high efficiency of gene transfer, and the absence of cis-acting viral sequences that can potentially interfere with specificity of the inserted promoters. A series of vectors with deletions in the 25-kb fragment was constructed to identify important regulatory regions of the SCGB2A2 promoter. We have determined that elements controlling the specificity of expression reside within the first 345 bp upstream of the coding sequence. In addition, we identified a strong enhancer several kilobases upstream of this minimal promoter. We suggest that the SCGB2A2 promoter/enhancer should be particularly advantageous for gene therapy protocols involving oncolytic viruses or toxic gene transfer via adenovectors to mammary tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Xin Shi
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8N 3Z5
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99
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Shayakhmetov DM, Li ZY, Gaggar A, Gharwan H, Ternovoi V, Sandig V, Lieber A. Genome size and structure determine efficiency of postinternalization steps and gene transfer of capsid-modified adenovirus vectors in a cell-type-specific manner. J Virol 2004; 78:10009-22. [PMID: 15331734 PMCID: PMC514985 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.18.10009-10022.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) vectors containing Ad B-group fibers have become increasingly popular as gene transfer vectors because they efficiently transduce human cell types that are relatively refractory to Ad5 infection. So far, most B-group fiber-containing vectors have been first-generation vectors, deleted of E1 and/or E3 genes. Transduction with these vectors, however, results in viral gene expression and is associated with cytotoxicity and immune responses against transduced cells. To circumvent these problems, we developed fiber-chimeric Ad vectors devoid of all viral genes that were produced either by the homologous recombination of first-generation vectors or by using the Cre/lox-based helper virus system. In this study we compared early steps of infection between first-generation (35-kb genome) and Ad vectors devoid of all viral genes with genome sizes of 28 kb and 12.6 kb. All vectors possessed an Ad35-derived fiber knob domain, which uses CD46 as a primary attachment receptor. Using immortalized human hematopoietic cell lines and primary human CD34-positive hematopoietic cells, we found that the Ad genome size did not affect the efficiency of virus attachment to and internalization into cells. Furthermore, independently of the genome length and structure, all vectors migrated to the nucleus through late endosomal and lysosomal cellular compartments. However, the vector containing the short 12.6-kb genome was unable to efficiently escape from endosomes and deliver its DNA into the nucleus. Moreover, compared to other vectors, these Ad particles were less stable and had an abnormal capsid protein composition, including a lack of capsid-stabilizing protein IX. Our data indicate that the size and structure of the packaged viral genomes can affect the integrity of Ad particles, which in turn results in lower infectivity of Ad vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry M Shayakhmetov
- Division of Medical Genetics, Box 357720, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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100
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Xu F, Ding E, Liao SX, Migone F, Dai J, Schneider A, Serra D, Chen YT, Amalfitano A. Improved efficacy of gene therapy approaches for Pompe disease using a new, immune-deficient GSD-II mouse model. Gene Ther 2004; 11:1590-8. [PMID: 15356673 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen storage disease type II (GSD-II) is a lysosomal storage disorder in which the lack of human acid-alpha glucosidase (hGAA) activity results in massive accumulations of glycogen in cardiac and skeletal muscle fibers. Affected individuals die of cardiorespiratory failure secondary to the skeletal and/or cardiac muscle involvement. Recombinant hGAA enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) is currently in clinical trials and, although promising, ERT may be limited by large-scale production issues and/or the need for frequent infusions. These limitations could be circumvented or augmented by gene therapy strategies. Previous findings in our lab demonstrated that hepatic targeting of a modified adenovirus vector expressing human GAA was able to correct the glycogen accumulation in multiple affected muscles in the GAA-KO mice, by virtue of high-level, hepatic secretion of hGAA. However, although the vector persisted and expressed hGAA for 6 months in the liver, plasma hGAA was not detectable beyond 10 dpi (days postinjection), and reaccumulation of glycogen was observed. Two possibilities may have contributed to this phenomenon, the shut down of the CMV promoter and/or the onset of high levels of anti-hGAA antibodies. In order to test these and other possibilities, we have now developed an immune-deficient mouse model of GSD-II by interbreeding GAA-KO mice with severe combined immune-deficient (SCID) mice, generating double knockout, GAA-KO/SCID mice. In this new mouse model, we evaluated the efficacy of an [E1-, polymerase-] AdhGAA vector, in the absence of anti-hGAA antibody responses. After intravenous injection, GAA detection in the plasma was prolonged for at least 6 months secondary to the lack of anti-hGAA antibody production in all of the treated mice. GAA-KO/SCID mice treated with high doses of viral vector demonstrated longer durations of glycogen correction in both skeletal and cardiac muscles, relative to mice injected with lower doses of the vector. Notably, within 2 weeks of vector injection, muscle strength and coordination was normalized, and the improved muscle function persisted for at least 6 months. In summary, this new mouse model of GSD-II now makes it possible to assess the full potential for efficacy of any GAA-expressing vector (and/or ERT) contemplated for use in GSD-II gene therapy, without the negative influence that anti-hGAA antibodies entail.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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