51
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Vercauteren D, Piest M, van der Aa LJ, Al Soraj M, Jones AT, Engbersen JF, De Smedt SC, Braeckmans K. Flotillin-dependent endocytosis and a phagocytosis-like mechanism for cellular internalization of disulfide-based poly(amido amine)/DNA polyplexes. Biomaterials 2011; 32:3072-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 12/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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52
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Hatakeyama H, Akita H, Harashima H. A multifunctional envelope type nano device (MEND) for gene delivery to tumours based on the EPR effect: a strategy for overcoming the PEG dilemma. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2011; 63:152-60. [PMID: 20840859 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2010.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 483] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2010] [Revised: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 09/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Gene and nucleic acid therapy are expected to play a major role in the next generation of medicine. We recently developed a multifunctional envelope-type nano device (MEND) for use as a novel non-viral gene delivery system. Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)ylation is a useful method for achieving a longer circulation time for delivery of the MEND to a tumour via the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. However, PEGylation strongly inhibits cellular uptake and endosomal escape, which results in significant loss of activity for the delivery system. For successful gene delivery for cancer treatment, the crucial issue associated with the use of PEG, the 'PEG dilemma' must be addressed. In this review, we describe the development and applications of MEND, and discuss strategies for overcoming the PEG dilemma, based on the manipulation of intracellular trafficking of cellular uptake and endosomal release using functional devices such as specific ligands, cleavable PEG systems and endosomal fusogenic/disruptic peptides.
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53
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Guo XX, He W, Wang XQ, Hu XM. Preparation and efficacy of tumor vasculature-targeted doxorubicin cationic liposomes coated by N-trimethyl chitosan. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.33944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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54
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Zhang J, Fan H, Levorse DA, Crocker LS. Ionization behavior of amino lipids for siRNA delivery: determination of ionization constants, SAR, and the impact of lipid pKa on cationic lipid-biomembrane interactions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:1907-1914. [PMID: 21250743 DOI: 10.1021/la104590k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Ionizable amino lipids are being pursued as an important class of materials for delivering small interfering RNA (siRNA) therapeutics, and research is being conducted to elucidate the structure-activity relationships (SAR) of these lipids. The pK(a) of cationic lipid headgroups is one of the critical physiochemical properties of interest due to the strong impact of lipid ionization on the assembly and performance of these lipids. This research focused on developing approaches that permit the rapid determination of the relevant pK(a) of the ionizable amino lipids. Two distinct approaches were investigated: (1) potentiometric titration of amino lipids dissolved in neutral surfactant micelles; and (2) pH-dependent partitioning of a fluorescent dye to cationic liposomes formulated from amino lipids. Using the approaches developed here, the pK(a) values of cationic lipids with distinct headgroups were measured and found to be significantly lower than calculated values. It was also found that lipid-lipid interaction has a strong impact on the pK(a) values of lipids. Lysis of model biomembranes by cationic lipids was used to evaluate the impact of lipid pK(a) on the interaction between cationic lipids and cell membranes. It was found that cationic lipid-biomembrane interaction depends strongly on lipid pK(a) and solution pH, and this interaction is much stronger when amino lipids are highly charged. The presence of an optimal pK(a) range of ionizable amino lipids for siRNA delivery was suggested based on these results. The pK(a) methods reported here can be used to support the SAR screen of cationic lipids for siRNA delivery, and the information revealed through studying the impact of pK(a) on the interaction between cationic lipids and cell membranes will contribute significantly to the design of more efficient siRNA delivery vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingtao Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, United States.
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55
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Pérez-Martínez FC, Guerra J, Posadas I, Ceña V. Barriers to non-viral vector-mediated gene delivery in the nervous system. Pharm Res 2011; 28:1843-58. [PMID: 21225319 PMCID: PMC3130907 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-010-0364-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Efficient methods for cell line transfection are well described, but, for primary neurons, a high-yield method different from those relying on viral vectors is lacking. Viral transfection has several drawbacks, such as the complexity of vector preparation, safety concerns, and the generation of immune and inflammatory responses when used in vivo. However, one of the main problems for the use of non-viral gene vectors for neuronal transfection is their low efficiency when compared with viral vectors. Transgene expression, or siRNA delivery mediated by non-viral vectors, is the result of multiple processes related to cellular membrane crossing, intracellular traffic, and/or nuclear delivery of the genetic material cargo. This review will deal with the barriers that different nanoparticles (cationic lipids, polyethyleneimine, dendrimers and carbon nanotubes) must overcome to efficiently deliver their cargo to central nervous system cells, including internalization into the neurons, interaction with intracellular organelles such as lysosomes, and transport across the nuclear membrane of the neuron in the case of DNA transfection. Furthermore, when used in vivo, the nanoparticles should efficiently cross the blood-brain barrier to reach the target cells in the brain.
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56
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Doorley GW, Payne CK. Cellular binding of nanoparticles in the presence of serum proteins. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 47:466-8. [PMID: 20886139 DOI: 10.1039/c0cc02618b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cellular binding of cationic nanoparticles in the presence of serum proteins was probed with two-colour fluorescence microscopy. Cationic nanoparticles associate with serum proteins in solution and bind to the cell surface as a single anionic complex. Displacement of serum proteins from the nanoparticles was found to be protein dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard W Doorley
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
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57
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He ZY, Zheng X, Wu XH, Song XR, He G, Wu WF, Yu S, Mao SJ, Wei YQ. Development of glycyrrhetinic acid-modified stealth cationic liposomes for gene delivery. Int J Pharm 2010; 397:147-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2010] [Revised: 06/11/2010] [Accepted: 06/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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58
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McLendon PM, Buckwalter DJ, Davis EM, Reineke TM. Interaction of poly(glycoamidoamine) DNA delivery vehicles with cell-surface glycosaminoglycans leads to polyplex internalization in a manner not solely dependent on charge. Mol Pharm 2010; 7:1757-68. [PMID: 20604555 DOI: 10.1021/mp100135n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms of cellular internalization is necessary for rational design of efficient polymers for DNA delivery. In this paper, we present evidence that poly(glycoamidoamine) (PGAA)-DNA complexes (polyplexes) interact with cell-surface glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in a manner that is not solely dependent on charge. The presence of GAGs appears to be necessary for efficient cellular uptake, as polyplex internalization was decreased in GAG-deficient CHO (pgsA-745) cells. However, uptake was nearly unaffected in cells deficient only in heparan sulfate. Internalization of PGAA polyplexes appears to be dependent on GAG sulfation in mammalian cell lines, yet the PGAA polymers are decomplexed from pDNA by high concentrations of GAGs in a charge-independent manner. This finding suggests that interactions between the carbohydrates on the polymer and GAGs may contribute to polyplex binding. Quartz crystal microbalance studies support the findings that relative PGAA polyplex-GAG binding affinities are also not completely mediated by charge. As measured by dynamic light scattering and TEM, GAGs appear to accumulate on the surface of polyplexes without disrupting them at a lower concentration, which may stimulate cellular internalization due to close interactions between the polyplexes and the GAGs. Gel electrophoresis and fluorescence measurements of an intercalating dye suggest that polyplex interaction with GAGs can induce dissociation, which could represent a potential pDNA release mechanism. These results imply that similar interactions may occur on cell surfaces, and strongly supports the hypothesis that GAGs function as cell surface receptors for polyplexes formed with PGAA vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M McLendon
- Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute, Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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59
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Ukawa M, Akita H, Masuda T, Hayashi Y, Konno T, Ishihara K, Harashima H. 2-Methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine polymer (MPC)-coating improves the transfection activity of GALA-modified lipid nanoparticles by assisting the cellular uptake and intracellular dissociation of plasmid DNA in primary hepatocytes. Biomaterials 2010; 31:6355-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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60
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Wong AW, Baginski TK, Reilly DE. Enhancement of DNA uptake in FUT8-deleted CHO cells for transient production of afucosylated antibodies. Biotechnol Bioeng 2010; 106:751-63. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.22749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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61
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Kaneda MM, Sasaki Y, Lanza GM, Milbrandt J, Wickline SA. Mechanisms of nucleotide trafficking during siRNA delivery to endothelial cells using perfluorocarbon nanoemulsions. Biomaterials 2010; 31:3079-86. [PMID: 20092889 PMCID: PMC2827659 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2009] [Accepted: 01/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a useful in vitro research tool, but its application as a safe and effective therapeutic agent may benefit from improved understanding of mechanisms of exogenous siRNA delivery, including cell trafficking and sorting patterns. We report the development of a transfection reagent for siRNA delivery which employs a distinctive non-digestive mode of particle-cell membrane interaction through the formation of a hemifusion complex resulting in lipid raft transport of cargo to the cytosol, bypassing the usual endosomal nanoparticle uptake pathway. We further demonstrate markedly enhanced efficacy over conventional transfection agents for suppressing endothelial cell expression of upregulated vascular adhesion molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M. Kaneda
- Biomedical Engineering, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63108, USA
| | - Yo Sasaki
- Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63108
| | - Gregory M. Lanza
- Medicine, Biomedical Engineering, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Jeffrey Milbrandt
- Pathology and Immunology, Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63108, USA
| | - Samuel A. Wickline
- Medicine, Biomedical Engineering, Physics, Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63108, USA
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62
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Breton M, Leblond J, Seguin J, Midoux P, Scherman D, Herscovici J, Pichon C, Mignet N. Comparative gene transfer between cationic and thiourea lipoplexes. J Gene Med 2010; 12:45-54. [PMID: 19937995 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously developed lipopolythiourea lipids as neutral DNA condensing agents for systemic gene delivery. Optimization of the lipopolythiourea structure led to efficient transfecting agents. To further evaluate these lipids, we investigated the internalization process of the thiourea lipoplexes and their intracellular mechanism of transfection versus that of cationic lipoplexes. METHODS The MTT test was used for cytotoxicity assessment. Transfection efficiency was determined by luciferase read-out. Permeation to propidium iodide and enhanced green fluorescent protein was evaluated by flow cytometry. Kinetics of internalization and DNA release were monitored by confocal microscopy with labelled DNA. Endocytosis inhibitors were used to study the mechanisms of lipoplex internalization. RESULTS Although thiourea/DNA complexes exhibit an almost similar level of transfection compared to that of cationic complexes, the thiourea lipoplexes were shown to be six-fold less internalized. Complexes were able to permeabilize the cytoplasmic membrane to 30 kDa molecules. Finally, DNA was shown to be released in less than 10 min in the cellular cytoplasm versus 30 min for cationic lipoplexes. CONCLUSIONS Despite a weaker internalization compared to cationic lipids, the thiourea lipoplexes were able to transfect cells at a similar level as a result of its greater ability to destabilize the cytoplasmic membrane and release DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Breton
- Inserm, U640, CNRS, UMR8151, Unité de Pharmacologie Chimique et Génétique, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Pharmacie, Paris, France
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63
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Tamaru M, Akita H, Fujiwara T, Kajimoto K, Harashima H. Leptin-derived peptide, a targeting ligand for mouse brain-derived endothelial cells via macropinocytosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 394:587-92. [PMID: 20214882 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Leptin is an appetite regulatory hormone that is secreted into the blood circulation by adipose tissue, and functions in the central nerve system (i.e. hypothalamus) by crossing the blood brain barrier (BBB). In the present study, we investigated the function of a leptin-derived peptide (Lep(70-89)) as a ligand for mouse brain-derived endothelial cells (MBEC4). Lep(70-89)-modified liposomes, prepared with a polyethyleneglycol (PEG) spacer (Lep(70-89)-PEG-LPs) exhibited a significantly higher cellular uptake than peptide-unmodified liposomes (PEG-LPs). Furthermore, cellular uptake was inhibited by amiloride, while no significant inhibitory effect was observed by the presence of chlorpromazine and filipin III, suggesting that macropinocytosis largely contributed to the cellular uptake of Lep(70-89)-PEG-LPs. Imaging studies revealed that Lep(70-89)-PEG-LPs were not colocalized with endosome/lysosomes, whereas neutral dextran (70 kDa) was predominantly colocalized with these compartments. This indicates that Lep(70-89)-PEG-LPs are taken up via macropinocytosis and are subject to non-classical intracellular trafficking, resulting in the circumvention of lysosomal degradation in endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Tamaru
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan
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64
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Qi R, Mullen DG, Baker JR, Holl MMB. The mechanism of polyplex internalization into cells: testing the GM1/caveolin-1 lipid raft mediated endocytosis pathway. Mol Pharm 2010; 7:267-79. [PMID: 20025295 PMCID: PMC2826151 DOI: 10.1021/mp900241t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The GM1/caveolin-1 lipid raft mediated endocytosis mechanism was explored for generation 5 and 7 poly(amidoamine) dendrimer polyplexes employing the Cos-7, 293A, C6, HeLa, KB, and HepG2 cell lines. Expression levels of GM1 and caveolin-1 were measured using dot blot and Western blot, respectively. The level of GM1 in the cell plasma membrane was adjusted by incubation with exogenous GM1 or ganglioside inhibitor PPMP, and the level of CAV-1 was adjusted by upregulation with the adenovirus vector expressed caveolin-1 (AdCav-1). Cholera toxin B subunit was employed as a positive control for uptake in all cases. No evidence was found for a GM1/caveolin-1 lipid raft mediated endocytosis mechanism for the generation 5 and 7 poly(amidoamine) dendrimer polyplexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Qi
- Peking University Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
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65
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Abu Lila AS, Ishida T, Kiwada H. Recent advances in tumor vasculature targeting using liposomal drug delivery systems. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2010; 6:1297-309. [PMID: 19780711 DOI: 10.1517/17425240903289928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Tumor vessels possess unique physiological features that might be exploited for improved drug delivery. The targeting of liposomal anticancer drugs to tumor vasculature is increasingly recognized as an effective strategy to obtain superior therapeutic efficacy with limited host toxicity compared with conventional treatments. This review introduces recent advances in the field of liposomal targeting of tumor vasculature, along with new approaches that can be used in the design and optimization of liposomal delivery systems. In addition, cationic liposome is focused on as a promising carrier for achieving efficient vascular targeting. The clinical implications are discussed of several approaches using a single liposomal anticancer drug formulation: dual targeting, vascular targeting (targeting tumor endothelial cells) and tumor targeting (targeting tumor cells).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr S Abu Lila
- The University of Tokushima, Institute of Health Biosciences, Department of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, 770-8505, Japan
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66
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Hatakeyama H, Ito E, Akita H, Oishi M, Nagasaki Y, Futaki S, Harashima H. A pH-sensitive fusogenic peptide facilitates endosomal escape and greatly enhances the gene silencing of siRNA-containing nanoparticles in vitro and in vivo. J Control Release 2009; 139:127-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2008] [Revised: 06/08/2009] [Accepted: 06/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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67
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Surace C, Arpicco S, Dufaÿ-Wojcicki A, Marsaud V, Bouclier C, Clay D, Cattel L, Renoir JM, Fattal E. Lipoplexes targeting the CD44 hyaluronic acid receptor for efficient transfection of breast cancer cells. Mol Pharm 2009; 6:1062-73. [PMID: 19413341 DOI: 10.1021/mp800215d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lipoplexes containing a hyaluronic acid-dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (HA-DOPE) conjugate were designed to target the CD44 receptor on breast cancer cells. Cationic liposomes composed of a mixture of [2-(2,3-didodecyloxypropyl)hydroxyethyl]ammonium bromide (DE) and dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE) with or without HA-DOPE were prepared, characterized, and used to form a complex with plasmid DNA pCMV-luc. Lipoplexes displayed a negative zeta potential and a mean diameter between 250-300 nm. Cytotoxicity and transfection efficiency of the lipoplexes were determined on the MDA-MB-231and MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines. Cytotoxicity was not modified by the presence of HA-DOPE. However HA-DOPE increased the level of transfection on CD44-expressing MDA-MB-231 cells compared to the MCF-7 line, which expresses very low levels of CD44. The transfection on the MDA-MB-231 cells was highly inhibited by anti-CD44 Hermes-1 antibody but not by the nonspecific anti-ErbB2 antibody. In conclusion, cationic liposomes containing the HA-DOPE conjugate mediated good transfection on CD44 expressing cell lines in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Surace
- UMR CNRS 8612, Universite Paris Sud 11, Chatenay-Malabry, F-92290, France
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68
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Morille M, Passirani C, Letrou-Bonneval E, Benoit JP, Pitard B. Galactosylated DNA lipid nanocapsules for efficient hepatocyte targeting. Int J Pharm 2009; 379:293-300. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.05.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2009] [Revised: 05/15/2009] [Accepted: 05/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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69
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Roy I, Vij N. Nanodelivery in airway diseases: challenges and therapeutic applications. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2009; 6:237-44. [PMID: 19616124 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2009.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2009] [Revised: 07/03/2009] [Accepted: 07/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED This review describes the challenges and therapeutic applications of nanodelivery systems for treatment of airway diseases. Therapeutic applications of nanodelivery in airway diseases involve targeted delivery of DNA, short interfering RNA, drugs, or peptides to hematopoietic progenitor cells and pulmonary epithelium to control chronic pathophysiology of obstructive and conformational disorders. The major challenges to nanodelivery involve physiologic barriers such as mucus and alveolar fluid. It is necessary for the nanoparticles to be biodegradable and capable of providing sustained drug delivery to the selected cell type. Once inside the cell, the nanoparticle should be capable of escaping the endocytic degradation machinery. In addition, for effective gene delivery, nuclear entry and chromosomal integration are critical. The strategies to overcome these pathophysiologic barriers are discussed as an attempt to synchronize the efforts of pulmonary biologists, chemists, and clinicians to develop novel nanodelivery therapeutics for airway diseases. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR Therapeutic applications of nano-delivery in airway diseases involve targeted delivery of DNA, siRNA, drugs or peptides to hematopoietic progenitor cells and pulmonary epithelium. These nano-particles must be biodegradable, capable of providing sustained drug delivery to specific cells, and should escape the endocytic degradation machinery. For effective gene-delivery they should also provide nuclear entry and chromosomal integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrajit Roy
- Institute for Lasers, Photonics and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
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70
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Dabbas S, Kaushik RR, Dandamudi S, Kuesters GM, Campbell RB. Importance of the Liposomal Cationic Lipid Content and Type in Tumor Vascular Targeting: Physicochemical Characterization and In Vitro Studies Using Human Primary and Transformed Endothelial Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 15:189-201. [DOI: 10.1080/10623320802228583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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71
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Wang M, Löwik DWPM, Miller AD, Thanou M. Targeting the urokinase plasminogen activator receptor with synthetic self-assembly nanoparticles. Bioconjug Chem 2009; 20:32-40. [PMID: 19099499 DOI: 10.1021/bc8001908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Targeting specific receptors is attracting growing interest in the fields of drug delivery and gene therapy for cancer treatment. The urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) is overexpressed on many tumors,particularly that of prostate and breast cancers. The aim of this study is to design, prepare, and characterize a synthetic self-assembled nanoparticle that presents targeting ligands at a certain conformation and molar ratio onthe surface of the particles. Here, we describe the synthesis of a novel uPAR targeting ligand consisting of an 11-amino-acid sequence named U11 peptide modified with an alkyl chain to form an U11 peptide-lipid amphiphile.This peptide-lipid is inserted into the outer layer of a parent stealth liposome by post-modification to derive a U11 peptide-targeted nanoparticle. We demonstrate that the peptide moieties become separated into more singular conformations as they are inserted into a liposome membrane, rendering them to be sufficiently biologically active to observe specific receptor-mediated endocytosis (RME) and delivery of plasmid DNA to uPAR positive cells (DU145 cells). The U11 peptide targeted nanoparticle transfection of DU145 cells is essentially 10-fold higher compared to transfection achieved by nanoparticles having a scrambled peptide sequence on their surface.U11 peptide targeted nanoparticles also proved to be uPAR-specific, as they did not improve transfection levels on the uPAR-negative cell line, HEK293.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Wang
- Imperial College Genetic Therapies Centre, Department of Chemistry, Flowers Building, Armstrong Road, Imperial College London, London SW72AZ, United Kingdom
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72
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Syndecan-1 mediates the coupling of positively charged submicrometer amorphous silica particles with actin filaments across the alveolar epithelial cell membrane. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2009; 236:210-20. [PMID: 19371605 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2009.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2008] [Revised: 01/20/2009] [Accepted: 01/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The cellular interactions and pathways of engineered submicro- and nano-scale particles dictate the cellular response and ultimately determine the level of toxicity or biocompatibility of the particles. Positive surface charge can increase particle internalization, and in some cases can also increase particle toxicity, but the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. Here we identify the cellular interaction and pathway of positively charged submicrometer synthetic amorphous silica particles, which are used extensively in a wide range of industrial applications, and are explored for drug delivery and medical imaging and sensing. Using time lapse fluorescence imaging in living cells and other quantitative imaging approaches, it is found that heparan sulfate proteoglycans play a critical role in the attachment and internalization of the particles in alveolar type II epithelial cell line (C10), a potential target cell type bearing apical microvilli. Specifically, the transmembrane heparan sulfate proteoglycan, syndecan-1, is found to mediate the initial interactions of the particles at the cell surface, their coupling with actin filaments across the cell membrane, and their subsequent internalization via macropinocytosis. The observed interaction of syndecan molecules with the particle prior to their engagement with actin filaments suggests that the particles initiate their own internalization by facilitating the clustering of the molecules, which is required for the actin coupling and subsequent internalization of syndecan. Our observations identify a new role for syndecan-1 in mediating the cellular interactions and fate of positively charged submicrometer amorphous silica particles in the alveolar type II epithelial cell, a target cell for inhaled particles.
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73
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Di Gioia S, Conese M. Polyethylenimine-mediated gene delivery to the lung and therapeutic applications. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2009; 2:163-88. [PMID: 19920904 PMCID: PMC2761186 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s2708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Nonviral gene delivery is now considered a promising alternative to viral vectors. Among nonviral gene delivery agents, polyethylenimine (PEI) has emerged as a potent candidate for gene delivery to the lung. PEI has some advantages over other polycations in that it combines strong DNA compaction capacity with an intrinsic endosomolytic activity. However, intracellular (mainly the nuclear membrane) and extracellular obstacles still hamper its efficiency in vitro and in vivo, depending on the route of administration and the type of PEI. Nuclear delivery has been increased by adding nuclear localization signals. To overcome nonspecific interactions with biological fluids, extracellular matrix components and nontarget cells, strategies have been developed to protect polyplexes from these interactions and to increase target specificity and gene expression. When gene delivery into airway epithelial cells of the conducting airways is necessary, aerosolization of complexes seems to be better suited to guarantee higher transgene expression in the airway epithelial cells with lower toxicity than observed with either intratracheal or intravenous administration. Aerosolization, indeed, is useful to target the alveolar epithelium and pulmonary endothelium. Proof-of-principle that PEI-mediated gene delivery has therapeutic application to some genetic and acquired lung disease is presented, using as genetic material either plasmidic DNA or small-interfering RNA, although optimization of formulation and delivery protocols and limitation of toxicity need further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sante Di Gioia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Foggia, Viale L. Pinto 1, Foggia, Italy
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74
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric E. Simanek
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
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75
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Zhao J, Wen Y, Li Q, Wang Y, Wu H, Xu J, Chen X, Wu Y, Fan L, Yang H, Liu T, Ding Z, Du X, Diao P, Li J, Wu H, Kan B, Lei S, Deng H, Mao Y, Zhao X, Wei Y. A promising cancer gene therapy agent based on the matrix protein of vesicular stomatitis virus. FASEB J 2008; 22:4272-80. [PMID: 18716030 DOI: 10.1096/fj.08-110049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ju‐mei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, and Sichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
- Pharmacological Department of Medical CollegeYan'an UniversityYan'anshanxiChina
| | - Yan‐jun Wen
- State Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, and Sichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Qiu Li
- State Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, and Sichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Yong‐sheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, and Sichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Hong‐bo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, and Sichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Jian‐rong Xu
- College of Life ScienceSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Xian‐cheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, and Sichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Yang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, and Sichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Ling‐yu Fan
- State Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, and Sichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Han‐shuo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, and Sichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Tao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, and Sichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Zhen‐yu Ding
- State Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, and Sichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Xiao‐bo Du
- State Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, and Sichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Peng Diao
- State Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, and Sichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Jiong Li
- State Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, and Sichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Hong‐bing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, and Sichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Bing Kan
- State Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, and Sichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Song Lei
- State Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, and Sichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Hong‐xin Deng
- State Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, and Sichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Yong‐qiu Mao
- State Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, and Sichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Xia Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, and Sichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Yu‐quan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, and Sichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
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76
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Morille M, Passirani C, Vonarbourg A, Clavreul A, Benoit JP. Progress in developing cationic vectors for non-viral systemic gene therapy against cancer. Biomaterials 2008; 29:3477-96. [PMID: 18499247 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 568] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2008] [Accepted: 04/23/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Initially, gene therapy was viewed as an approach for treating hereditary diseases, but its potential role in the treatment of acquired diseases such as cancer is now widely recognized. The understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in cancer and the development of nucleic acid delivery systems are two concepts that have led to this development. Systemic gene delivery systems are needed for therapeutic application to cells inaccessible by percutaneous injection and for multi-located tumor sites, i.e. metastases. Non-viral vectors based on the use of cationic lipids or polymers appear to have promising potential, given the problems of safety encountered with viral vectors. Using these non-viral vectors, the current challenge is to obtain a similarly effective transfection to viral ones. Based on the advantages and disadvantages of existing vectors and on the hurdles encountered with these carriers, the aim of this review is to describe the "perfect vector" for systemic gene therapy against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Morille
- Inserm U646, Ingénierie de la Vectorisation Particulaire, Université d'Angers, 10, rue André Boquel, 49100 Angers, France
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77
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MacLachlan I. Lipid-Mediated in vivo Delivery of Small Interfering RNAs. THERAPEUTIC OLIGONUCLEOTIDES 2008. [DOI: 10.1039/9781847558275-00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian MacLachlan
- Protiva Biotherapeutics Inc. 100-3480 Gilmore Way Burnaby BC Canada V5G 4Y1
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78
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Cationic liposomal lipids: from gene carriers to cell signaling. Prog Lipid Res 2008; 47:340-7. [PMID: 18424270 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2008.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2008] [Revised: 03/18/2008] [Accepted: 03/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cationic lipids are positively charged amphiphilic molecules which, for most of them, form positively charged liposomes, sometimes in combination with a neutral helper lipid. Such liposomes are mainly used as efficient DNA, RNA or protein carriers for gene therapy or immunization trials. Over the past decade, significant progress has been made in the understanding of the cellular pathways and mechanisms involved in lipoplex-mediated gene transfection but the interaction of cationic lipids with cell components and the consequences of such an interaction on cell physiology remains poorly described. The data reported in the present review provide evidence that cationic lipids are not just carriers for molecular delivery into cells but do modify cellular pathways and stimulate immune or anti-inflammatory responses. Considering the wide number of cationic lipids currently available and the variety of cellular components that could be involved, it is likely that only a few cationic lipid-dependent functions have been identified so far.
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79
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Khalil IA, Kogure K, Futaki S, Harashima H. Octaarginine-modified liposomes: Enhanced cellular uptake and controlled intracellular trafficking. Int J Pharm 2008; 354:39-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2007.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2007] [Revised: 11/29/2007] [Accepted: 12/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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80
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Roy I, Stachowiak MK, Bergey EJ. Nonviral gene transfection nanoparticles: function and applications in the brain. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2008; 4:89-97. [PMID: 18313990 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2008.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2007] [Revised: 01/22/2008] [Accepted: 01/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In vivo transfer and expression of foreign genes allows for the elucidation of functions of genes in living organisms and generation of disease models in animals that more closely resemble the etiology of human diseases. Gene therapy holds promise for the cure of a number of diseases at the fundamental level. Synthetic "nonviral" materials are fast gaining popularity as safe and efficient vectors for delivering genes to target organs. Not only can nanoparticles function as efficient gene carriers, they also can simultaneously carry diagnostic probes for direct "real-time" visualization of gene transfer and downstream processes. This review has focused on the central nervous system (CNS) as the target for nonviral gene transfer, with special emphasis on organically modified silica (ORMOSIL) nanoparticles developed in our laboratory. These nanoparticles have shown robust gene transfer efficiency in brain cells in vivo and allowed to investigate mechanisms that control neurogenesis as well as neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrajit Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Lasers, Photonics, and Biophotonics, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, USA
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81
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Paris S, Burlacu A, Durocher Y. Opposing Roles of Syndecan-1 and Syndecan-2 in Polyethyleneimine-mediated Gene Delivery. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:7697-704. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m705424200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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82
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Christensen D, Korsholm KS, Rosenkrands I, Lindenstrøm T, Andersen P, Agger EM. Cationic liposomes as vaccine adjuvants. Expert Rev Vaccines 2007; 6:785-96. [PMID: 17931158 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.6.5.785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cationic liposomes are lipid-bilayer vesicles with a positive surface charge that have re-emerged as a promising new adjuvant technology. Although there is some evidence that cationic liposomes themselves can improve the immune response against coadministered vaccine antigens, their main functions are to protect the antigens from clearance in the body and deliver the antigens to professional antigen-presenting cells. In addition, cationic liposomes can be used to introduce immunomodulators to enhance and modulate the immune response in a desirable direction and, thereby, represent an efficient tool when designing tailor-made adjuvants for specific disease targets. In this article we review the recent progress on cationic liposomes as vehicles, enhancing the effect of immunomodulators and the presentation of vaccine antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Christensen
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Artillerivej 5, 81/306, DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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83
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Payne CK, Jones SA, Chen C, Zhuang X. Internalization and trafficking of cell surface proteoglycans and proteoglycan-binding ligands. Traffic 2007; 8:389-401. [PMID: 17394486 PMCID: PMC2715839 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2007.00540.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Using multicolor live cell imaging in combination with biochemical assays, we have investigated an endocytic pathway mediated by cell surface proteoglycans, primary receptors for many cationic ligands. We have characterized this pathway for a variety of proteoglycan-binding ligands including cationic polymers, lipids and polypeptides. Following clathrin- and caveolin-independent, but flotillin- and dynamin-dependent internalization, proteoglycan-bound ligands associate with flotillin-1-positive vesicles and are efficiently trafficked to late endosomes. The route to late endosomes differs considerably from that following clathrin-mediated endocytosis. The proteoglycan-dependent pathway to late endosomes does not require microtubule-dependent transport or phosphatidyl-inositol-3-OH kinase-dependent sorting from early endosomes. The pathway taken by these ligands is identical to that taken by an antibody against heparan sulfate proteoglycans, suggesting that this mechanism may be used generally by cell surface proteoglycans and proteoglycan-binding ligands that lack secondary receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine K Payne
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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84
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Chen H, Zhang H, McCallum CM, Szoka FC, Guo X. Unsaturated Cationic Ortho Esters for Endosome Permeation in Gene Delivery. J Med Chem 2007; 50:4269-78. [PMID: 17691717 DOI: 10.1021/jm060128c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two cleavable cationic lipids were designed to trigger the fusogenicity and membrane permeation of their lipoplexes in endosomes via the formation of inverted hexagonal phases (HII). Both lipids contain a cationic head group and an unsaturated hydrophobic dioleylglycerol moiety joined together by a linear or a cyclic ortho ester linker. At pH 7.4, the lipids formed stable complexes with plasmid DNA together with the conelike helper lipid 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE). The decrease of pH enhanced the hydrolysis of the ortho ester linkers, which removed the cationic head groups and caused the aggregation of the lipoplexes. At pH 5.5, the cationic lipid N-[2-methyl-2-(1',2'-dioleylglyceroxy)dioxolan-4-yl]methyl-N,N,N-trimethylammonium iodide (2) with a cyclic ortho ester linker showed exceptional pH-sensitivity and triggered its lipoplex to permeate model biomembranes within the time span of endosome processing prior to lysosomal degradation. Lipid 2 significantly improved gene transfection in cultured cells compared to the pH-insensitive control lipid 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammoniopropane (DOTAP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Haigang Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Medicinal Chemistry, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California 95211, USA
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85
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McLenachan S, Sarsero JP, Ioannou PA. Flow-cytometric analysis of mouse embryonic stem cell lipofection using small and large DNA constructs. Genomics 2007; 89:708-20. [PMID: 17449222 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2007.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2006] [Revised: 02/06/2007] [Accepted: 02/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Using the lipofection reagent LipofectAMINE 2000 we have examined the delivery of plasmid DNA (5-200 kb) to mouse embryonic stem (mES) cells by flow cytometry. To follow the physical uptake of lipoplexes we labeled DNA molecules with the fluorescent dye TOTO-1. In parallel, expression of an EGFP reporter cassette in constructs of different sizes was used as a measure of nuclear delivery. The cellular uptake of DNA lipoplexes is dependent on the uptake competence of mES cells, but it is largely independent of DNA size. In contrast, nuclear delivery was reduced with increasing plasmid size. In addition, linear DNA is transfected with lower efficiency than circular DNA. Inefficient cytoplasmic trafficking appears to be the main limitation in the nonviral delivery of large DNA constructs to the nucleus of mES cells. Overcoming this limitation should greatly facilitate functional studies with large genomic fragments in embryonic stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel McLenachan
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
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86
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de Bruin K, Ruthardt N, von Gersdorff K, Bausinger R, Wagner E, Ogris M, Bräuchle C. Cellular dynamics of EGF receptor-targeted synthetic viruses. Mol Ther 2007; 15:1297-305. [PMID: 17457321 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mt.6300176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is overexpressed on a high percentage of human carcinomas. EGFR is an attractive therapeutic target for tissue-specific targeting by non-viral vectors in cancer gene therapy. In this study we analyzed and compared the effects of EGFR-targeted and untargeted polyplexes in respect to internalization into EGFR overexpressing HuH7 cells. Uptake kinetics and internalization dynamics were evaluated by flow cytometry and single-particle tracking. Our results clearly show that EGFR targeting leads to faster and more efficient internalization compared with untargeted particles. After 5 minutes 50% of the EGFR-targeted polyplexes were internalized, whereas untargeted polyplexes reached only approximately 20% internalization even after 20 minutes. In addition, single-particle tracking revealed a three-phase dynamics of the internalization process, and this was generally observed for polyplexes independent of targeting. Phase I was characterized by slow, actin cytoskeleton-mediated movement of the particles with drift, and included the internalization process. During phase II particles displayed increased velocities with normal and confined diffusion in the cytoplasm. Phase III was characterized by fast active transport along microtubules. Targeting of polyplexes for receptor-mediated endocytosis by the EGFR resulted in shortening of phase I and strongly accelerated internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla de Bruin
- Department Chemie und Biochemie, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität, München, Germany
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87
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Tang CK, Lodding J, Minigo G, Pouniotis DS, Plebanski M, Scholzen A, McKenzie IFC, Pietersz GA, Apostolopoulos V. Mannan-mediated gene delivery for cancer immunotherapy. Immunology 2007; 120:325-35. [PMID: 17328786 PMCID: PMC2265888 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2006.02506.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent years have seen a resurgence in interest in the development of efficient non-viral delivery systems for DNA vaccines and gene therapy. We have previously used oxidized and reduced mannan as carriers for protein delivery to antigen-presenting cells by targeting the receptors that bind mannose, resulting in efficient induction of cellular responses. In the present study, oxidized mannan and reduced mannan were used as receptor-mediated gene transfer ligands for cancer immunotherapy. In vivo studies in C57BL/6 mice showed that injection of DNA encoding ovalbumin (OVA) complexed to oxidized or reduced mannan-poly-L-lysine induced CD8 and CD4 T-cell responses as well as antibody responses leading to protection of mice from OVA+ tumours. Both oxidized and reduced mannan delivery was superior to DNA alone or DNA-poly-L-lysine. These studies demonstrate the potential of oxidized and reduced mannan for efficient receptor-mediated gene delivery in vivo, particularly as DNA vaccines for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choon K Tang
- Immunology and Vaccine Laboratory, Burnet Institute at AustinHeidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Jodie Lodding
- Immunology and Vaccine Laboratory, Burnet Institute at AustinHeidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Gabriela Minigo
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Burnet Institute at AustinHeidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Dodie S Pouniotis
- Immunology and Vaccine Laboratory, Burnet Institute at AustinHeidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Magdalena Plebanski
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Burnet Institute at AustinHeidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Anja Scholzen
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Burnet Institute at AustinHeidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Ian F C McKenzie
- Immunology and Vaccine Laboratory, Burnet Institute at AustinHeidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Geoffrey A Pietersz
- Bio-Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Burnet Institute at AustinHeidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Immunology and Vaccine Laboratory, Burnet Institute at AustinHeidelberg, VIC, Australia
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88
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Abstract
Vaccination with DNA is one of the most promising novel immunization techniques against a variety of pathogens and tumors, for which conventional vaccination regimens have failed. DNA vaccines are able to stimulate both arms of the immune system simultaneously, without carrying the safety risks associated with live vaccines, therefore representing not only an alternative to conventional vaccines but also significant progress in the prevention and treatment of fatal diseases and infections. However, translation of the excellent results achieved in small animals to similar success in primates or large animals has so far proved to be a major hurdle. Moreover, biosafety issues, such as the removal of antibiotic resistance genes present in plasmid DNA used for vaccination, remain to be addressed adequately. This review describes strategies to improve the design and production of conventional plasmid DNA, including an overview of safety and regulatory issues. It further focuses on novel systems for the optimization of plasmid DNA and the development of diverse plasmid DNA delivery systems for vaccination purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Jechlinger
- Institute of Bacteriology, Mycology and Hygiene, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, A- 1210, Vienna, Austria.
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89
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Korsholm KS, Agger EM, Foged C, Christensen D, Dietrich J, Andersen CS, Geisler C, Andersen P. The adjuvant mechanism of cationic dimethyldioctadecylammonium liposomes. Immunology 2007; 121:216-26. [PMID: 17302734 PMCID: PMC2265938 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2007.02560.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cationic liposomes are being used increasingly as efficient adjuvants for subunit vaccines but their precise mechanism of action is still unknown. Here, we investigated the adjuvant mechanism of cationic liposomes based on the synthetic amphiphile dimethyldioctadecylammonium (DDA). The liposomes did not have an effect on the maturation of murine bone-marrow-derived dendritic cells (BM-DCs) related to the surface expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II, CD40, CD80 and CD86. We found that ovalbumin (OVA) readily associated with the liposomes (> 90%) when mixed in equal concentrations. This efficient adsorption onto the liposomes led to an enhanced uptake of OVA by BM-DCs as assessed by flow cytometry and confocal fluorescence laser-scanning microscopy. This was an active process, which was arrested at 4 degrees and by an inhibitor of actin-dependent endocytosis, cytochalasin D. In vivo studies confirmed the observed effect because adsorption of OVA onto DDA liposomes enhanced the uptake of the antigen by peritoneal exudate cells after intraperitoneal injection. The liposomes targeted antigen preferentially to antigen-presenting cells because we only observed a minimal uptake by T cells in mixed splenocyte cultures. The adsorption of antigen onto the liposomes increased the efficiency of antigen presentation more than 100 times in a responder assay with MHC class II-restricted OVA-specific T-cell receptor transgenic DO11.10 T cells. Our data therefore suggest that the primary adjuvant mechanism of cationic DDA liposomes is to target the cell membrane of antigen-presenting cells, which subsequently leads to enhanced uptake and presentation of antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Smith Korsholm
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
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90
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Männistö M, Reinisalo M, Ruponen M, Honkakoski P, Tammi M, Urtti A. Polyplex-mediated gene transfer and cell cycle: effect of carrier on cellular uptake and intracellular kinetics, and significance of glycosaminoglycans. J Gene Med 2007; 9:479-87. [PMID: 17410614 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Here we report on studies that probe whether the intracellular kinetics of plasmid DNA (pDNA) and cell surface glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are modified during the cell cycle in a way that can be correlated with changes in gene transfer efficiency with poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI) and poly-L-lysine (PLL) polyplexes. METHODS Synchronized D407 retinal cells were transfected with PEI and PLL polyplexes using a luciferase reporter. The free and/or loosely complexed nuclear pDNA was determined by real-time PCR, and compared with transgene expression, the rate of pinocytosis by FITC-dextran uptake and the content of cell surface GAGs. RESULTS The amount of free and/or loosely complexed nuclear pDNA between cell cycle phases varied approximately 4-20 times (G1 < S < G2/M). Both carriers delivered pDNA in a similar way into the nucleus (PLL vs. PEI < or = 3.5-fold), but PEI was approximately 10-100 times more efficient in gene expression than PLL (G1 < G2/M < S). The rate of pinocytosis increased up to 70-fold from G1 to middle S phase. Cell surface heparan and chondroitin sulfate increased 50-80%, and hyaluronan decreased 50% when the cells went from G1 through S to G2/M. CONCLUSIONS The data obtained indicates that no single parameter (pinocytosis, cell surface GAGs, nuclear uptake) solely accounts for the differential pDNA uptake or expression during cell cycle, and that the main difference in PLL- and PEI-mediated transfections seems to be at the nuclear level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjo Männistö
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland.
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91
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Sakurai H, Sakurai F, Kawabata K, Sasaki T, Koizumi N, Huang H, Tashiro K, Kurachi S, Nakagawa S, Mizuguchi H. Comparison of gene expression efficiency and innate immune response induced by Ad vector and lipoplex. J Control Release 2006; 117:430-7. [PMID: 17239467 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2006.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2006] [Revised: 10/27/2006] [Accepted: 11/28/2006] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Vectors for gene expression are the essential tools for both gene therapy and basic research. There are two groups of gene therapy vectors, viral and non-viral vectors. At present, toxicity triggered by vectors is one of the major concerns for clinical trials. In general, non-viral vectors, such as plasmid DNA-cationic liposome complex (lipoplex), are thought to be safer than viral vectors, such as adenovirus (Ad) vector, although lipoplex is less efficient in term of gene expression than the Ad vector. However, there has been no study directly comparing the gene expression efficiency and safety of viral and non-viral vectors. Here, we present evidence that the Ad vector shows much more efficient gene expression and is safer than lipoplex, at least with respect to the innate immune response. After being systemically administered to mice, the Ad vector showed a transduction efficiency that was 2 to 5 log orders higher than that of lipoplex, depending on the organ. On the other hand, surprisingly, the administration of lipoplex produced a greater amount of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6, interleukin-12, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha than did the administration of the Ad vector, whereas a comparable level of hepatotoxicity was induced by these vectors. The production of inflammatory cytokines induced by the injection of lipoplex was reduced when the CpG motifs were removed completely from plasmid DNA. Thus, care should be taken to ensure the innate immune response induced by gene therapy vectors, especially lipoplex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruna Sakurai
- Laboratory of Gene Transfer and Regulation, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka, Japan; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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92
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Stebelska K, Wyrozumska P, Gubernator J, Sikorski AF. Higly fusogenic cationic liposomes transiently permeabilize the plasma membrane of HeLa cells. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2006; 12:39-50. [PMID: 17103091 PMCID: PMC6275732 DOI: 10.2478/s11658-006-0049-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2006] [Accepted: 08/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cationic liposomes can efficiently carry nucleic acids into mammalian cells. This property is tightly connected with their ability to fuse with negatively charged natural membranes (i.e. the plasma membrane and endosomal membrane). We used FRET to monitor and compare the efficiency of lipid mixing of two liposomal preparations — one of short-chained diC14-amidine and one of long-chained unsaturated DOTAP — with the plasma membrane of HeLa cells. The diC14-amidine liposomes displayed a much higher susceptibility to lipid mixing with the target membranes. They disrupted the membrane integrity of the HeLa cells, as detected using the propidium iodide permeabilization test. Morphological changes were transient and essentially did not affect the viability of the HeLa cells. The diC14-amidine liposomes were much more effective at either inducing lipid mixing or facilitating transfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Stebelska
- Laboratory of Cytobiochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
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93
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Abstract
Cationic lipids are conceptually and methodologically simple tools to deliver nucleic acids into the cells. Strategies based on cationic lipids are viable alternatives to viral vectors and are becoming increasingly popular owing to their minimal toxicity. The first-generation cationic lipids were built around the quaternary nitrogen primarily for binding and condensing DNA. A large number of lipids with variations in the hydrophobic and hydrophilic region were generated with excellent transfection efficiencies in vitro. These cationic lipids had reduced efficiencies when tested for gene delivery in vivo. Efforts in the last decade delineated the cell biological basis of the cationic lipid gene delivery to a significant detail. The application of techniques such as small angle X-ray spectroscopy (SAXS) and fluorescence microscopy, helped in linking the physical properties of lipid:DNA complex (lipoplex) with its intracellular fate. This biological knowledge has been incorporated in the design of the second-generation cationic lipids. Lipid-peptide conjugates (peptoids) are effective strategies to overcome the various cellular barriers along with the lipoplex formulations methodologies. In this context, cationic lipid-mediated gene delivery is considerably benefited by the methodologies of liposome-mediated drug delivery. Lipid mediated gene delivery has an intrinsic advantage of being a biomimetic platform on which considerable variations could be built to develop efficient in vivo gene delivery protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Madhusudhana Rao
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500 007, India.
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94
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Kalra AV, Campbell RB. Development of 5-FU and Doxorubicin-Loaded Cationic Liposomes against Human Pancreatic Cancer: Implications for Tumor Vascular Targeting. Pharm Res 2006; 23:2809-17. [PMID: 17066329 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-006-9113-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2006] [Accepted: 07/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Human pancreatic adenocarcinoma is a major leading cause of cancer mortality in the United States. Given that current strategies are relatively ineffective against this disease, new treatments are being developed. Liposomes possessing relatively high cationic lipid content preferentially accumulate in tumor angiogenic vessels compared to vessels in normal tissues. We therefore seek to develop cationic liposomes for targeting pancreatic tumor vessels. MATERIALS AND METHODS We report development of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX) loaded in PEGylated cationic liposomes (PCLs). We evaluate cell association, intracellular fate, and cytotoxicity. Human pancreatic cancer cells HPAF-II and Capan-1, and endothelial cells HMEC-1 and HUVEC were used in this study. Intratumoral distribution of PCLs in (HPAF-II) tumors was determined by intravital microscopy. RESULTS HUVEC and HMEC-1 were most susceptible to 5-FU after 24 and 48 h, compared to HPAF-II and Capan-1. We observed >90% incorporation of 5-FU and DOX in PCLs for 3-20 mol% preparations, with reduced incorporation for >20 mol% formulations. PCLs showed significantly higher association with human endothelial versus pancreatic cancer cells, and improved growth inhibitory properties of DOX. Intravital microscopy revealed distribution of PCLs along HPAF-II vessels. CONCLUSIONS Targeting human pancreatic cancer with PCLs may represent a rational alternative to conventional strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish V Kalra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, 110 Mugar Hall, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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95
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Safinya CR, Ewert K, Ahmad A, Evans HM, Raviv U, Needleman DJ, Lin AJ, Slack NL, George C, Samuel CE. Cationic liposome-DNA complexes: from liquid crystal science to gene delivery applications. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2006; 364:2573-96. [PMID: 16973477 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2006.1841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
At present, there is an unprecedented level of interest in the properties and structures of complexes consisting of DNA mixed with oppositely charged cationic liposomes (CLs). The interest arises because the complexes mimic natural viruses as chemical carriers of DNA into cells in worldwide human gene therapy clinical trials. However, since our understanding of the mechanisms of action of CL-DNA complexes interacting with cells remains poor, significant additional insights and discoveries will be required before the development of efficient chemical carriers suitable for long-term therapeutic applications. Recent studies describe synchrotron X-ray diffraction, which has revealed the liquid crystalline nature of CL-DNA complexes, and three-dimensional laser-scanning confocal microscopy, which reveals CL-DNA pathways and interactions with cells. The importance of the liquid crystalline structures in biological function is revealed in the application of these modern techniques in combination with functional transfection efficiency measurements, which shows that the mechanism of gene release from complexes in the cell cytoplasm is dependent on their precise liquid crystalline nature and the physical and chemical parameters (for example, the membrane charge density) of the complexes. In [section sign] 5, we describe some recent new results aimed at developing bionanotube vectors for gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrus R Safinya
- Department of Materials, Biomolecular Science and Engineering Programme, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
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96
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Shao K, Hou Q, Duan W, Go ML, Wong KP, Li QT. Intracellular drug delivery by sulfatide-mediated liposomes to gliomas. J Control Release 2006; 115:150-7. [PMID: 16963144 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2006.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2006] [Revised: 06/30/2006] [Accepted: 07/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We described here a liposomal carrier system in which the targeting ligand was sulfatide, a glycosphingolipid known to bind several extracellular matrix (ECM) glycoproteins whose expression was highly up-regulated in many tumors. In vitro experiments with human glioma cell lines demonstrated that robust intracellular uptake of the liposomes depended specifically on the presence of sulfatide as the key liposomal component. Significant amount of the liposomes remained largely intact in the cytoplasm for hours following their internalization. When anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) was encapsulated in such liposomes, most of the drug was preferably delivered into the cell nuclei to exert its cytotoxicity. Use of this drug delivery system to deliver DOX for treatment of tumor-bearing nude mice displayed much improved therapeutic effects over the free drug or the drug carried by polyethylene glycol (PEG)-grafted liposomes. Our results demonstrate a close link between effective intracellular uptake of the drug delivery system and its therapeutic outcome. Moreover, the sulfatide-containing liposomes (SCL) may represent an interesting ligand-targeted drug carrier for a wide spectrum of cancers in which sulfatide-binding ECM glycoproteins are expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Shao
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Block MD7, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore
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97
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Dass CR, Choong PFM. Targeting of small molecule anticancer drugs to the tumour and its vasculature using cationic liposomes: lessons from gene therapy. Cancer Cell Int 2006; 6:17. [PMID: 16792817 PMCID: PMC1524816 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-6-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2006] [Accepted: 06/23/2006] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cationic (positively charged) liposomes have been tested in various gene therapy clinical trials for neoplastic and other diseases. They have demonstrated selectivity for tumour vascular endothelial cells raising hopes for both antiangiogenic and antivascular therapies. They are also capable of being selectively delivered to the lungs and liver when administered intravenously. These vesicles are being targeted to the tumour in various parts of the body by using advanced liposomal systems such as ligand-receptor and antibody-antigen combinations. At present, the transferrin receptor is commonly used for cancer-targeted drug delivery systems including cationic liposomes. This review looks at the growing utility of these vesicles for delivery of small molecule anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crispin R Dass
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Melbourne, St. Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Australia
| | - Peter FM Choong
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Melbourne, St. Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Australia
- Bone and Soft Tissue Sarcoma Service, Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, Australia
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98
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Hess PR, Boczkowski D, Nair SK, Snyder D, Gilboa E. Vaccination with mRNAs encoding tumor-associated antigens and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor efficiently primes CTL responses, but is insufficient to overcome tolerance to a model tumor/self antigen. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2006; 55:672-83. [PMID: 16133108 PMCID: PMC11030883 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-005-0064-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2004] [Accepted: 07/20/2005] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Immunization of mice with dendritic cells transfected ex vivo with tumor-associated antigen (TAA)-encoding mRNA primes cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) that mediate tumor rejection. Here we investigated whether direct injection of TAA mRNA, encapsulated in cationic liposomes, could function similarly as cancer immunotherapy. Intradermal and intravenous injection of ovalbumin (OVA) mRNA generated specific CTL activity and inhibited the growth of OVA-expressing tumors. Vaccination studies with DNA have demonstrated that co-administration of antigen (Ag)- and cytokine-encoding plasmids potentiate the T cell response; in analogous fashion, the inclusion of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) mRNA enhanced OVA-specific cytotoxicity. The ability of this GM-CSF-augmented mRNA vaccine to treat an established spontaneous tumor was evaluated in the Transgenic Adenocarcinoma of Mouse Prostate (TRAMP) mouse, using the SV40 large T Ag (TAg) as a model tumor/self Ag. Repeated vaccination elicited vigorous TAg-specific CTL activity in nontransgenic mice, but tumor-bearing TRAMP mice remained tolerant. Adoptive transfer of naïve splenocytes into TRAMP mice prior to the first vaccination restored TAg reactivity, and slowed tumor progression. The data from this study suggests that vaccination with TAA mRNA is a simple and effective means of priming antitumor CTL, and that immunogenicity of the vaccine can be augmented by co-delivery of GM-CSF mRNA. Nonetheless, limitations of such vaccines in overcoming tolerance to tumor/self Ag may mandate prior or simultaneous reconstitution of the autoreactive T cell repertoire for this form of immunization to be effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Hess
- Department of Microbiology, Pathology, and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 27606, USA.
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99
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Dass CR, Choong PFM. Selective gene delivery for cancer therapy using cationic liposomes: in vivo proof of applicability. J Control Release 2006; 113:155-63. [PMID: 16764960 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2006.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2006] [Revised: 04/06/2006] [Accepted: 04/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Targeted gene therapy is essential if cancer treatment is to become a reality with this form of therapy. In the past few years, cationic liposomes, discovered 2 decades ago, and at present, the most commonly used class of transfection reagents, have been tested in various clinical trials for diseases not restricted to cancer. They have been shown to be selective for tumour vascular endothelial cells raising hopes for antiangiogenic and antivascular therapies. They are also capable of being selectively delivered to the lungs and liver when administered intravenously. These vesicles are also being targeted to the tumour in various parts of the body by using advanced liposomal systems such as antibody-antigen and ligand-receptor combinations. This review looks at the state of play in this rapidly growing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crispin R Dass
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Melbourne, St. Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, P.O. Box 2900, Fitzroy 3065, Australia.
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100
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Abstract
Nonviral vectors continue to be attractive alternatives to viruses due to their low toxicity and immunogenicity, lack of pathogenicity, and ease of pharmacologic production. However, nonviral vectors also continue to suffer from relatively low levels of gene transfer compared to viruses, thus the drive to improve these vectors continues. Many studies on vector-cell interactions have reported that nonviral vectors bind and enter cells efficiently, but yield low gene expression, thus directing our attention to the intracellular trafficking of these vectors to understand where the obstacles occur. Here, we will review nonviral vector trafficking pathways, which will be considered here as the steps from cell binding to nuclear delivery. Studies on the intracellular trafficking of nonviral vectors has given us valuable insights into the barriers these vectors must overcome to mediate efficient gene transfer. Importantly, we will highlight the different approaches used by researchers to overcome certain trafficking barriers to gene transfer, many of which incorporate components from biological systems that have naturally evolved the capacity to overcome such obstacles. The tools used to study trafficking pathways will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L K Medina-Kauwe
- Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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