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Gabarrini G, Palma Medina LM, Stobernack T, Prins RC, du Teil Espina M, Kuipers J, Chlebowicz MA, Rossen JWA, van Winkelhoff AJ, van Dijl JM. There's no place like OM: Vesicular sorting and secretion of the peptidylarginine deiminase of Porphyromonas gingivalis. Virulence 2018; 9:456-464. [PMID: 29505395 PMCID: PMC5955434 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2017.1421827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis is one of the major periodontal agents and it has been recently hailed as a potential cause of the autoimmune disease rheumatoid arthritis. In particular, the peptidylarginine deiminase enzyme of P. gingivalis (PPAD) has been implicated in the citrullination of certain host proteins and the subsequent appearance of antibodies against citrullinated proteins, which might play a role in the etiology of rheumatoid arthritis. The aim of this study was to investigate the extracellular localization of PPAD in a large panel of clinical P. gingivalis isolates. Here we show that all isolates produced PPAD. In most cases PPAD was abundantly present in secreted outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) that are massively produced by P. gingivalis, and to minor extent in a soluble secreted state. Interestingly, a small subset of clinical isolates showed drastically reduced levels of the OMV-bound PPAD and secreted most of this enzyme in the soluble state. The latter phenotype is strictly associated with a lysine residue at position 373 in PPAD, implicating the more common glutamine residue at this position in PPAD association with OMVs. Further, one isolate displayed severely restricted vesiculation. Together, our findings show for the first time that neither the major association of PPAD with vesicles, nor P. gingivalis vesiculation per se, are needed for P. gingivalis interactions with the human host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Gabarrini
- a Center for Dentistry and Oral Hygiene , University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , the Netherlands.,b Department of Medical Microbiology , University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , the Netherlands
| | - Laura M Palma Medina
- b Department of Medical Microbiology , University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , the Netherlands
| | - Tim Stobernack
- b Department of Medical Microbiology , University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , the Netherlands
| | - Rianne C Prins
- b Department of Medical Microbiology , University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , the Netherlands
| | - Marines du Teil Espina
- b Department of Medical Microbiology , University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Kuipers
- c Department of Cell Biology , University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , the Netherlands
| | - Monika A Chlebowicz
- b Department of Medical Microbiology , University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , the Netherlands
| | - John W A Rossen
- b Department of Medical Microbiology , University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , the Netherlands
| | - Arie Jan van Winkelhoff
- a Center for Dentistry and Oral Hygiene , University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , the Netherlands.,b Department of Medical Microbiology , University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , the Netherlands
| | - Jan Maarten van Dijl
- b Department of Medical Microbiology , University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , the Netherlands
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Zhang L, Veith PD, Huq NL, Chen YY, Seers CA, Cross KJ, Gorasia DG, Reynolds EC. Porphyromonas gingivalis Gingipains Display Transpeptidation Activity. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:2803-2818. [PMID: 29984580 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a keystone periodontal pathogen that has been associated with autoimmune disorders. The cell surface proteases Lys-gingipain (Kgp) and Arg-gingipains (RgpA and RgpB) are major virulence factors, and their proteolytic activity is enhanced by small peptides such as glycylglycine (GlyGly). The reaction kinetics suggested that GlyGly may function as an acceptor molecule for gingipain-catalyzed transpeptidation. Purified gingipains and P. gingivalis whole cells were used to digest selected substrates including human hemoglobin in the presence or absence of peptide acceptors. Mass spectrometric analysis of the substrates digested with gingipains in the presence of GlyGly showed that transpeptidation outcompeted hydrolysis, whereas the trypsin-digested controls exhibited predominantly hydrolysis activity. The transpeptidation levels increased with increasing concentration of GlyGly. Purified gingipains and whole cells exhibited extensive transpeptidation activities on human hemoglobin. All hemoglobin cleavage sites were found to be suitable for GlyGly transpeptidation, and this transpeptidation enhanced hemoglobin digestion. The transpeptidation products were often more abundant than the corresponding hydrolysis products. In the absence of GlyGly, hemoglobin peptides produced during digestion were utilized as acceptors leading to the detection of up to 116 different transpeptidation products in a single reaction. P. gingivalis cells were able to digest hemoglobin faster when acceptor peptides derived from human serum albumin were included in the reaction, suggesting that gingipain-catalyzed transpeptidation may be relevant for substrates encountered in vivo. The transpeptidation of host proteins in vivo may potentially lead to the breakdown of immunological tolerance, culminating in autoimmune reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianyi Zhang
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute , The University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Victoria , Australia
| | - Paul D Veith
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute , The University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Victoria , Australia
| | - N Laila Huq
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute , The University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Victoria , Australia
| | - Yu-Yen Chen
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute , The University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Victoria , Australia
| | - Christine A Seers
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute , The University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Victoria , Australia
| | - Keith J Cross
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute , The University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Victoria , Australia
| | - Dhana G Gorasia
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute , The University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Victoria , Australia
| | - Eric C Reynolds
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute , The University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Victoria , Australia
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Biochemical characterization of an ulvan lyase from the marine flavobacterium Formosa agariphila KMM 3901 T. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:6987-6996. [PMID: 29948117 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9142-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrates are the product of carbon dioxide fixation by algae in the ocean. Their polysaccharides are depolymerized by marine bacteria, with a vast array of carbohydrate-active enzymes. These enzymes are important tools to establish biotechnological processes based on algal biomass. Green tides, which cover coastal areas with huge amounts of algae from the genus Ulva, represent a globally rising problem, but also an opportunity because their biomass could be used in biorefinery processes. One major component of their cell walls is the anionic polysaccharide ulvan for which the enzymatic depolymerization remains largely unknown. Ulvan lyases catalyze the initial depolymerization step of this polysaccharide, but only a few of these enzymes have been described. Here, we report the cloning, overexpression, purification, and detailed biochemical characterization of the endolytic ulvan lyase from Formosa agariphila KMM 3901T which is a member of the polysaccharide lyase family PL28. The identified biochemical parameters of the ulvan lyase reflect adaptation to the temperate ocean where the bacterium was isolated from a macroalgal surface. The NaCl concentration has a high influence on the turnover number of the enzyme and the affinity to ulvan. Divalent cations were shown to be essential for enzyme activity with Ca2+ likely being the native cofactor of the ulvan lyase. This study contributes to the understanding of ulvan lyases, which will be useful for future biorefinery applications of the abundant marine polysaccharide ulvan.
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Dropping anchor: attachment of peptidylarginine deiminase via A-LPS to secreted outer membrane vesicles of Porphyromonas gingivalis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8949. [PMID: 29895934 PMCID: PMC5997701 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27223-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis has been invoked in the autoimmune disease rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This association relates to the peptidylarginine deiminase of P. gingivalis (PPAD), an enzyme capable of citrullinating human proteins and potentially contributing to loss of tolerance to citrullinated proteins in RA. PPAD is both retained in the outer membrane (OM) of P. gingivalis cells and secreted into the extracellular milieu, where it is detected in a soluble form and in association with outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). Recent studies showed that certain P. gingivalis proteins are retained in the OM through modification with an A-type lipopolysaccharide (A-LPS). Here, we investigated the possible involvement of A-LPS modification in the association of PPAD to the OM and OMVs. The results indicate that the OM- and OMV-associated PPAD is A-LPS-modified. The modified PPAD species is of low abundance in particular clinical isolates of P. gingivalis, which is not due to defects in the overall synthesis of A-LPS-modified proteins but, rather, to particular traits of the respective PPAD proteins. Lastly, we show that OMV association protects the A-LPS-modified PPAD from proteolytic degradation. Altogether, our observations show that A-LPS modification contributes to OM(V) sorting and ‘protective secretion’ of PPAD.
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55
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Johnston JJ, Shrivastava A, McBride MJ. Untangling Flavobacterium johnsoniae Gliding Motility and Protein Secretion. J Bacteriol 2018; 200:e00362-17. [PMID: 29109184 PMCID: PMC5738736 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00362-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavobacterium johnsoniae exhibits rapid gliding motility over surfaces. At least 20 genes are involved in this process. Seven of these, gldK, gldL, gldM, gldN, sprA, sprE, and sprT, encode proteins of the type IX protein secretion system (T9SS). The T9SS is required for surface localization of the motility adhesins SprB and RemA, and for secretion of the soluble chitinase ChiA. Here, we demonstrate that the gliding motility proteins GldA, GldB, GldD, GldF, GldH, GldI, and GldJ are also essential for secretion. Cells with mutations in the genes encoding any of these seven proteins had normal levels of gldK mRNA but dramatically reduced levels of the GldK protein, which may explain the secretion defects of the motility mutants. GldJ is necessary for stable accumulation of GldK, and each mutant lacked the GldJ protein. F. johnsoniae cells that produced truncated GldJ, lacking eight to 13 amino acids from the C terminus, accumulated GldK but were deficient in gliding motility. SprB was secreted by these cells but was not propelled along their surfaces. This C-terminal region of GldJ is thus required for gliding motility but not for secretion. The identification of mutants that are defective for motility but competent for secretion begins to untangle the F. johnsoniae gliding motility machinery from the T9SS.IMPORTANCE Many members of the phylum Bacteroidetes secrete proteins using T9SSs. T9SSs appear to be confined to members of this phylum. Many of these bacteria also glide rapidly over surfaces using a motility machine that is also confined to the Bacteroidetes and appears to be intertwined with the T9SS. This study identifies F. johnsoniae proteins that are required for both T9SS function and gliding motility. It also provides an explanation for the link between secretion and gliding and identifies mutants with defects in motility but not secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Johnston
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Abhishek Shrivastava
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Mark J McBride
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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Guo Y, Hu D, Guo J, Wang T, Xiao Y, Wang X, Li S, Liu M, Li Z, Bi D, Zhou Z. Riemerella anatipestifer Type IX Secretion System Is Required for Virulence and Gelatinase Secretion. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2553. [PMID: 29312236 PMCID: PMC5742166 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Riemerella anatipestifer (RA), a major causative agent of septicemia anserum exsudativa in domesticated ducklings, has a protein secretion system known as the type IX secretion system (T9SS). It is unknown whether the T9SS contributes to the virulence of RA through secretion of factors associated with pathogenesis. To answer this question, we constructed an RA mutant deficient in sprT, which encodes a core protein of the T9SS. Deletion of sprT yielded cells that failed to digest gelatin, an effect that was rescued via complementation by a plasmid encoding wild-type sprT. Complement-mediated killing was significantly increased in the deletion mutant, suggesting that proteins secreted by the T9SS are necessary for complement evasion in RA. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis revealed that RAYM_01812 and RAYM_04099 proteins containing a subtilisin-like serine protease domain and exhibiting extracellular gelatinase activity were secreted by the T9SS. Animal experiments demonstrated that the virulence of mutant strain ΔsprT strain was attenuated by 42,000-fold relative to wild-type RA-YM. Immunization with the ΔsprT protected ducks from challenge with RA-YM, suggesting that the former can be used as a live attenuated vaccine. These results indicate that the T9SS is functional in RA and contributes to its virulence by exporting key proteins. In addition, subtilisin-like serine proteases which are important virulence factors that interact with complement proteins may enable RA to evade immune surveillance in the avian innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunqing Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Di Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tao Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuncai Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiliang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shaowen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mei Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zili Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dingren Bi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zutao Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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57
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Shoji M, Sato K, Yukitake H, Kamaguchi A, Sasaki Y, Naito M, Nakayama K. Identification of genes encoding glycosyltransferases involved in lipopolysaccharide synthesis inPorphyromonas gingivalis. Mol Oral Microbiol 2017; 33:68-80. [DOI: 10.1111/omi.12200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Shoji
- Department of Microbiology and Oral Infection; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Nagasaki Japan
| | - K. Sato
- Department of Microbiology and Oral Infection; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Nagasaki Japan
| | - H. Yukitake
- Department of Microbiology and Oral Infection; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Nagasaki Japan
| | - A. Kamaguchi
- Department of Oral Microbiology; School of Dentistry; Health Sciences University of Hokkaido; Hokkaido Japan
| | - Y. Sasaki
- Department of Microbiology and Oral Infection; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Nagasaki Japan
| | - M. Naito
- Department of Microbiology and Oral Infection; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Nagasaki Japan
| | - K. Nakayama
- Department of Microbiology and Oral Infection; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Nagasaki Japan
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The Type IX Secretion System Is Required for Virulence of the Fish Pathogen Flavobacterium columnare. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:AEM.01769-17. [PMID: 28939608 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01769-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavobacterium columnare, a member of the phylum Bacteroidetes, causes columnaris disease in wild and aquaculture-reared freshwater fish. The mechanisms responsible for columnaris disease are not known. Many members of the phylum Bacteroidetes use type IX secretion systems (T9SSs) to secrete enzymes, adhesins, and proteins involved in gliding motility. The F. columnare genome has all of the genes needed to encode a T9SS. gldN, which encodes a core component of the T9SS, was deleted in wild-type strains of F. columnare The F. columnare ΔgldN mutants were deficient in the secretion of several extracellular proteins and lacked gliding motility. The ΔgldN mutants exhibited reduced virulence in zebrafish, channel catfish, and rainbow trout, and complementation restored virulence. PorV is required for the secretion of a subset of proteins targeted to the T9SS. An F. columnare ΔporV mutant retained gliding motility but exhibited reduced virulence. Cell-free spent media from exponentially growing cultures of wild-type and complemented strains caused rapid mortality, but spent media from ΔgldN and ΔporV mutants did not, suggesting that soluble toxins are secreted by the T9SS.IMPORTANCE Columnaris disease, caused by F. columnare, is a major problem for freshwater aquaculture. Little is known regarding the virulence factors produced by F. columnare, and control measures are limited. Analysis of targeted gene deletion mutants revealed the importance of the type IX protein secretion system (T9SS) and of secreted toxins in F. columnare virulence. T9SSs are common in members of the phylum Bacteroidetes and likely contribute to the virulence of other animal and human pathogens.
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Pérez-Pascual D, Rochat T, Kerouault B, Gómez E, Neulat-Ripoll F, Henry C, Quillet E, Guijarro JA, Bernardet JF, Duchaud E. More Than Gliding: Involvement of GldD and GldG in the Virulence of Flavobacterium psychrophilum. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2168. [PMID: 29163446 PMCID: PMC5682007 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A fascinating characteristic of most members of the genus Flavobacterium is their ability to move over surfaces by gliding motility. Flavobacterium psychrophilum, an important pathogen of farmed salmonids worldwide, contains in its genome the 19 gld and spr genes shown to be required for gliding or spreading in Flavobacterium johnsoniae; however, their relative role in its lifestyle remains unknown. In order to address this issue, two spreading deficient mutants were produced as part of a Tn4351 mutant library in F. psychrophilum strain THCO2-90. The transposons were inserted in gldD and gldG genes. While the wild-type strain is proficient in adhesion, biofilm formation and displays strong proteolytic activity, both mutants lost these characteristics. Extracellular proteome comparisons revealed important modifications for both mutants, with a significant reduction of the amounts of proteins likely transported through the outer membrane by the Type IX secretion system, indicating that GldD and GldG proteins are required for an effective activity of this system. In addition, a significant decrease in virulence was observed using rainbow trout bath and injection infection models. Our results reveal additional roles of gldD and gldG genes that are likely of importance for the F. psychrophilum lifestyle, including virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pérez-Pascual
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Tatiana Rochat
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Brigitte Kerouault
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Esther Gómez
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Biotecnología de Asturias (IUBA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Fabienne Neulat-Ripoll
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Celine Henry
- PAPPSO, Micalis Institute, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Edwige Quillet
- GABI, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Jose A Guijarro
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Biotecnología de Asturias (IUBA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Jean F Bernardet
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Eric Duchaud
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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The unusual cellulose utilization system of the aerobic soil bacterium Cytophaga hutchinsonii. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:7113-7127. [PMID: 28849247 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8467-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Cellulolytic microorganisms play important roles in global carbon cycling and have evolved diverse strategies to digest cellulose. Some are 'generous,' releasing soluble sugars from cellulose extracellularly to feed both themselves and their neighbors. The gliding soil bacterium Cytophaga hutchinsonii exhibits a more 'selfish' strategy. It digests crystalline cellulose using cell-associated cellulases and releases little soluble sugar outside of the cell. The mechanism of C. hutchinsonii cellulose utilization is still poorly understood. In this review, we discuss novel aspects of the C. hutchinsonii cellulolytic system. Recently developed genetic manipulation tools allowed the identification of proteins involved in C. hutchinsonii cellulose utilization. These include periplasmic and cell-surface endoglucanases and novel cellulose-binding proteins. The recently discovered type IX secretion system is needed for cellulose utilization and appears to deliver some of the cellulolytic enzymes and other proteins to the cell surface. The requirement for periplasmic endoglucanases for cellulose utilization is unusual and suggests that cello-oligomers must be imported across the outer membrane before being further digested. Cellobiohydrolases or other predicted processive cellulases that play important roles in many other cellulolytic bacteria appear to be absent in C. hutchinsonii. Cells of C. hutchinsonii attach to and glide along cellulose fibers, which may allow them to find sites most amenable to attack. A model of C. hutchinsonii cellulose utilization summarizing recent progress is proposed.
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61
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Glew MD, Veith PD, Chen D, Gorasia DG, Peng B, Reynolds EC. PorV is an Outer Membrane Shuttle Protein for the Type IX Secretion System. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8790. [PMID: 28821836 PMCID: PMC5562754 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09412-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a keystone pathogen associated with chronic periodontitis. Major virulence factors named gingipains (cysteine proteinases, RgpA, RgpB and Kgp) are secreted via the Type IX Secretion System (T9SS). These, together with approximately 30 other proteins, are secreted to the cell surface and anchored to the outer membrane by covalent modification to anionic lipopolysaccharide (A-LPS) via the novel Gram negative sortase, PorU. PorU is localised on the cell surface and cleaves the C-terminal domain signal (CTD) of T9SS substrates and conjugates their new C-termini to A-LPS. A 440 kDa-attachment complex was identified in the wild-type (WT) comprising of PorU:PorV:PorQ:PorZ. In mutant strains, sub-complexes comprising PorU:PorV or PorQ:PorZ were also identified at smaller native sizes suggesting that PorU and PorZ are anchored to the cell surface via interaction with the PorV and PorQ outer membrane proteins, respectively. Analysis of porU mutants and a CTD cleavage mutant revealed accumulation of immature T9SS substrates in a PorV-bound form. Quantitative label-free proteomics of WT whole cell lysates estimated that the proportion of secretion channels:attachment complexes:free PorV:T9SS substrates was 1:6:110:2000 supporting a role for PorV as a shuttle protein delivering secreted proteins to the attachment complex for CTD signal cleavage and A-LPS modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle D Glew
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Paul D Veith
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Dina Chen
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Dhana G Gorasia
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ben Peng
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Eric C Reynolds
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
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Veith PD, Glew MD, Gorasia DG, Reynolds EC. Type IX secretion: the generation of bacterial cell surface coatings involved in virulence, gliding motility and the degradation of complex biopolymers. Mol Microbiol 2017; 106:35-53. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul D. Veith
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute; The University of Melbourne; Melbourne Australia
| | - Michelle D. Glew
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute; The University of Melbourne; Melbourne Australia
| | - Dhana G. Gorasia
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute; The University of Melbourne; Melbourne Australia
| | - Eric C. Reynolds
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute; The University of Melbourne; Melbourne Australia
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63
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Lasica AM, Ksiazek M, Madej M, Potempa J. The Type IX Secretion System (T9SS): Highlights and Recent Insights into Its Structure and Function. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017. [PMID: 28603700 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00215.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein secretion systems are vital for prokaryotic life, as they enable bacteria to acquire nutrients, communicate with other species, defend against biological and chemical agents, and facilitate disease through the delivery of virulence factors. In this review, we will focus on the recently discovered type IX secretion system (T9SS), a complex translocon found only in some species of the Bacteroidetes phylum. T9SS plays two roles, depending on the lifestyle of the bacteria. It provides either a means of movement (called gliding motility) for peace-loving environmental bacteria or a weapon for pathogens. The best-studied members of these two groups are Flavobacterium johnsoniae, a commensal microorganism often found in water and soil, and Porphyromonas gingivalis, a human oral pathogen that is a major causative agent of periodontitis. In P. gingivalis and some other periodontopathogens, T9SS translocates proteins, especially virulence factors, across the outer membrane (OM). Proteins destined for secretion bear a conserved C-terminal domain (CTD) that directs the cargo to the OM translocon. At least 18 proteins are involved in this still enigmatic process, with some engaged in the post-translational modification of T9SS cargo proteins. Upon translocation across the OM, the CTD is removed by a protease with sortase-like activity and an anionic LPS is attached to the newly formed C-terminus. As a result, a cargo protein could be secreted into the extracellular milieu or covalently attached to the bacterial surface. T9SS is regulated by a two-component system; however, the precise environmental signal that triggers it has not been identified. Exploring unknown systems contributing to bacterial virulence is exciting, as it may eventually lead to new therapeutic strategies. During the past decade, the major components of T9SS were identified, as well as hints suggesting the possible mechanism of action. In addition, the list of characterized cargo proteins is constantly growing. The actual structure of the translocon, situated in the OM of bacteria, remains the least explored area; however, new technical approaches and increasing scientific attention have resulted in a growing body of data. Therefore, we present a compact up-to-date review of this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Lasica
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of DentistryLouisville, KY, United States.,Department of Bacterial Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, University of WarsawWarsaw, Poland
| | - Miroslaw Ksiazek
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of DentistryLouisville, KY, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian UniversityKrakow, Poland
| | - Mariusz Madej
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian UniversityKrakow, Poland
| | - Jan Potempa
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of DentistryLouisville, KY, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian UniversityKrakow, Poland
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64
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Lasica AM, Ksiazek M, Madej M, Potempa J. The Type IX Secretion System (T9SS): Highlights and Recent Insights into Its Structure and Function. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:215. [PMID: 28603700 PMCID: PMC5445135 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein secretion systems are vital for prokaryotic life, as they enable bacteria to acquire nutrients, communicate with other species, defend against biological and chemical agents, and facilitate disease through the delivery of virulence factors. In this review, we will focus on the recently discovered type IX secretion system (T9SS), a complex translocon found only in some species of the Bacteroidetes phylum. T9SS plays two roles, depending on the lifestyle of the bacteria. It provides either a means of movement (called gliding motility) for peace-loving environmental bacteria or a weapon for pathogens. The best-studied members of these two groups are Flavobacterium johnsoniae, a commensal microorganism often found in water and soil, and Porphyromonas gingivalis, a human oral pathogen that is a major causative agent of periodontitis. In P. gingivalis and some other periodontopathogens, T9SS translocates proteins, especially virulence factors, across the outer membrane (OM). Proteins destined for secretion bear a conserved C-terminal domain (CTD) that directs the cargo to the OM translocon. At least 18 proteins are involved in this still enigmatic process, with some engaged in the post-translational modification of T9SS cargo proteins. Upon translocation across the OM, the CTD is removed by a protease with sortase-like activity and an anionic LPS is attached to the newly formed C-terminus. As a result, a cargo protein could be secreted into the extracellular milieu or covalently attached to the bacterial surface. T9SS is regulated by a two-component system; however, the precise environmental signal that triggers it has not been identified. Exploring unknown systems contributing to bacterial virulence is exciting, as it may eventually lead to new therapeutic strategies. During the past decade, the major components of T9SS were identified, as well as hints suggesting the possible mechanism of action. In addition, the list of characterized cargo proteins is constantly growing. The actual structure of the translocon, situated in the OM of bacteria, remains the least explored area; however, new technical approaches and increasing scientific attention have resulted in a growing body of data. Therefore, we present a compact up-to-date review of this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Lasica
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of DentistryLouisville, KY, United States.,Department of Bacterial Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, University of WarsawWarsaw, Poland
| | - Miroslaw Ksiazek
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of DentistryLouisville, KY, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian UniversityKrakow, Poland
| | - Mariusz Madej
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian UniversityKrakow, Poland
| | - Jan Potempa
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of DentistryLouisville, KY, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian UniversityKrakow, Poland
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65
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Diverse C-Terminal Sequences Involved in Flavobacterium johnsoniae Protein Secretion. J Bacteriol 2017; 199:JB.00884-16. [PMID: 28396348 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00884-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavobacteriumjohnsoniae and many related bacteria secrete proteins across the outer membrane using the type IX secretion system (T9SS). Proteins secreted by T9SSs have amino-terminal signal peptides for export across the cytoplasmic membrane by the Sec system and carboxy-terminal domains (CTDs) targeting them for secretion across the outer membrane by the T9SS. Most but not all T9SS CTDs belong to the family TIGR04183 (type A CTDs). We functionally characterized diverse CTDs for secretion by the F. johnsoniae T9SS. Attachment of the CTDs from F. johnsoniae RemA, AmyB, and ChiA to the foreign superfolder green fluorescent protein (sfGFP) that had a signal peptide at the amino terminus resulted in secretion across the outer membrane. In each case, approximately 80 to 100 amino acids from the extreme carboxy termini were needed for efficient secretion. Several type A CTDs from distantly related members of the phylum Bacteroidetes functioned in F. johnsoniae, supporting the secretion of sfGFP by the F. johnsoniae T9SS. F. johnsoniae SprB requires the T9SS for secretion but lacks a type A CTD. It has a conserved C-terminal domain belonging to the family TIGR04131, which we refer to as a type B CTD. The CTD of SprB was required for its secretion, but attachment of C-terminal regions of SprB of up to 1,182 amino acids to sfGFP failed to result in secretion. Additional features outside the C-terminal region of SprB may be required for its secretion.IMPORTANCE Type IX protein secretion systems (T9SSs) are common in but limited to members of the phylum Bacteroidetes Most proteins that are secreted by T9SSs have conserved carboxy-terminal domains that belong to the protein domain family TIGR04183 (type A CTDs) or TIGR04131 (type B CTDs). Here, we identify features of T9SS CTDs of F. johnsoniae that are required for protein secretion and demonstrate that type A CTDs from distantly related members of the phylum function with the F. johnsoniae T9SS to secrete the foreign protein sfGFP. In contrast, type B CTDs failed to target sfGFP for secretion, suggesting a more complex association with the T9SS.
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66
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Vincent MS, Canestrari MJ, Leone P, Stathopulos J, Ize B, Zoued A, Cambillau C, Kellenberger C, Roussel A, Cascales E. Characterization of the Porphyromonas gingivalis Type IX Secretion Trans-envelope PorKLMNP Core Complex. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:3252-3261. [PMID: 28057754 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.765081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The transport of proteins at the cell surface of Bacteroidetes depends on a secretory apparatus known as type IX secretion system (T9SS). This machine is responsible for the cell surface exposition of various proteins, such as adhesins, required for gliding motility in Flavobacterium, S-layer components in Tannerella forsythia, and tooth tissue-degrading enzymes in the oral pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis Although a number of subunits of the T9SS have been identified, we lack details on the architecture of this secretion apparatus. Here we provide evidence that five of the genes encoding the core complex of the T9SS are co-transcribed and that the gene products are distributed in the cell envelope. Protein-protein interaction studies then revealed that these proteins oligomerize and interact through a dense network of contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxence S Vincent
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Macromoléculaires, UMR 7255, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, Aix-Marseille Université - CNRS, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Mickaël J Canestrari
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Macromoléculaires, UMR 7255, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, Aix-Marseille Université - CNRS, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Philippe Leone
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, CNRS, UMR 7257, Campus de Luminy, Case 932, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France; Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 7257, Campus de Luminy, Case 932, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | - Julien Stathopulos
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, CNRS, UMR 7257, Campus de Luminy, Case 932, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France; Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 7257, Campus de Luminy, Case 932, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | - Bérengère Ize
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Macromoléculaires, UMR 7255, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, Aix-Marseille Université - CNRS, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Abdelrahim Zoued
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Macromoléculaires, UMR 7255, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, Aix-Marseille Université - CNRS, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Christian Cambillau
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, CNRS, UMR 7257, Campus de Luminy, Case 932, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France; Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 7257, Campus de Luminy, Case 932, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | - Christine Kellenberger
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, CNRS, UMR 7257, Campus de Luminy, Case 932, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France; Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 7257, Campus de Luminy, Case 932, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | - Alain Roussel
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, CNRS, UMR 7257, Campus de Luminy, Case 932, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France; Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 7257, Campus de Luminy, Case 932, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | - Eric Cascales
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Macromoléculaires, UMR 7255, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, Aix-Marseille Université - CNRS, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France.
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67
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Structural and functional probing of PorZ, an essential bacterial surface component of the type-IX secretion system of human oral-microbiomic Porphyromonas gingivalis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37708. [PMID: 27883039 PMCID: PMC5121618 DOI: 10.1038/srep37708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a member of the human oral microbiome abundant in dysbiosis and implicated in the pathogenesis of periodontal (gum) disease. It employs a newly described type-IX secretion system (T9SS) for secretion of virulence factors. Cargo proteins destined for secretion through T9SS carry a recognition signal in the conserved C-terminal domain (CTD), which is removed by sortase PorU during translocation. Here, we identified a novel component of T9SS, PorZ, which is essential for surface exposure of PorU and posttranslational modification of T9SS cargo proteins. These include maturation of enzyme precursors, CTD removal and attachment of anionic lipopolysaccharide for anchorage in the outer membrane. The crystal structure of PorZ revealed two β-propeller domains and a C-terminal β-sandwich domain, which conforms to the canonical CTD architecture. We further documented that PorZ is itself transported to the cell surface via T9SS as a full-length protein with its CTD intact, independently of the presence or activity of PorU. Taken together, our results shed light on the architecture and possible function of a novel component of the T9SS. Knowledge of how T9SS operates will contribute to our understanding of protein secretion as part of host-microbiome interactions by dysbiotic members of the human oral cavity.
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68
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Huang J, Wu C, Liu D, Yang X, Wu R, Zhang J, Ma C, He H. C-terminal domains of bacterial proteases: structure, function and the biotechnological applications. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 122:12-22. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.13317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics; School of Life Sciences; Central South University; Changsha China
| | - C. Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics; School of Life Sciences; Central South University; Changsha China
| | - D. Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics; School of Life Sciences; Central South University; Changsha China
| | - X. Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics; School of Life Sciences; Central South University; Changsha China
| | - R. Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics; School of Life Sciences; Central South University; Changsha China
| | - J. Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics; School of Life Sciences; Central South University; Changsha China
| | - C. Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics; School of Life Sciences; Central South University; Changsha China
| | - H. He
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics; School of Life Sciences; Central South University; Changsha China
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69
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PG1058 Is a Novel Multidomain Protein Component of the Bacterial Type IX Secretion System. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164313. [PMID: 27711252 PMCID: PMC5053529 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis utilises the Bacteroidetes-specific type IX secretion system (T9SS) to export proteins across the outer membrane (OM), including virulence factors such as the gingipains. The secreted proteins have a conserved carboxy-terminal domain essential for type IX secretion that is cleaved upon export. In P. gingivalis the T9SS substrates undergo glycosylation with anionic lipopolysaccharide (A-LPS) and are attached to the OM. In this study, comparative analyses of 24 Bacteroidetes genomes identified ten putative novel components of the T9SS in P. gingivalis, one of which was PG1058. Computer modelling of the PG1058 structure predicted a novel N- to C-terminal architecture comprising a tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain, a β-propeller domain, a carboxypeptidase regulatory domain-like fold (CRD) and an OmpA_C-like putative peptidoglycan binding domain. Inactivation of pg1058 in P. gingivalis resulted in loss of both colonial pigmentation and surface-associated proteolytic activity; a phenotype common to T9SS mutants. Immunoblot and LC-MS/MS analyses of subcellular fractions revealed T9SS substrates accumulated within the pg1058 mutant periplasm whilst whole-cell ELISA showed the Kgp gingipain was absent from the cell surface, confirming perturbed T9SS function. Immunoblot, TEM and whole-cell ELISA analyses indicated A-LPS was produced and present on the pg1058 mutant cell surface although it was not linked to T9SS substrate proteins. This indicated that PG1058 is crucial for export of T9SS substrates but not for the translocation of A-LPS. PG1058 is a predicted lipoprotein and was localised to the periplasmic side of the OM using whole-cell ELISA, immunoblot and LC-MS/MS analyses of subcellular fractions. The structural prediction and localisation of PG1058 suggests that it may have a role as an essential scaffold linking the periplasmic and OM components of the T9SS.
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70
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Schäffer C, Messner P. Emerging facets of prokaryotic glycosylation. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2016; 41:49-91. [PMID: 27566466 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuw036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation of proteins is one of the most prevalent post-translational modifications occurring in nature, with a wide repertoire of biological implications. Pathways for the main types of this modification, the N- and O-glycosylation, can be found in all three domains of life-the Eukarya, Bacteria and Archaea-thereby following common principles, which are valid also for lipopolysaccharides, lipooligosaccharides and glycopolymers. Thus, studies on any glycoconjugate can unravel novel facets of the still incompletely understood fundamentals of protein N- and O-glycosylation. While it is estimated that more than two-thirds of all eukaryotic proteins would be glycosylated, no such estimate is available for prokaryotic glycoproteins, whose understanding is lagging behind, mainly due to the enormous variability of their glycan structures and variations in the underlying glycosylation processes. Combining glycan structural information with bioinformatic, genetic, biochemical and enzymatic data has opened up an avenue for in-depth analyses of glycosylation processes as a basis for glycoengineering endeavours. Here, the common themes of glycosylation are conceptualised for the major classes of prokaryotic (i.e. bacterial and archaeal) glycoconjugates, with a special focus on glycosylated cell-surface proteins. We describe the current knowledge of biosynthesis and importance of these glycoconjugates in selected pathogenic and beneficial microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Schäffer
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, Institute of Biologically Inspired Materials, NanoGlycobiology unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, A-1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul Messner
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, Institute of Biologically Inspired Materials, NanoGlycobiology unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, A-1180 Vienna, Austria
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71
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Structural Insights into the PorK and PorN Components of the Porphyromonas gingivalis Type IX Secretion System. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005820. [PMID: 27509186 PMCID: PMC4980022 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The type IX secretion system (T9SS) has been recently discovered and is specific to Bacteroidetes species. Porphyromonas gingivalis, a keystone pathogen for periodontitis, utilizes the T9SS to transport many proteins including the gingipain virulence factors across the outer membrane and attach them to the cell surface via a sortase-like mechanism. At least 11 proteins have been identified as components of the T9SS including PorK, PorL, PorM, PorN and PorP, however the precise roles of most of these proteins have not been elucidated and the structural organization of these components is unknown. In this study, we purified PorK and PorN complexes from P. gingivalis and using electron microscopy we have shown that PorN and the PorK lipoprotein interact to form a 50 nm diameter ring-shaped structure containing approximately 32-36 subunits of each protein. The formation of these rings was dependent on both PorK and PorN, but was independent of PorL, PorM and PorP. PorL and PorM were found to form a separate stable complex. PorK and PorN were protected from proteinase K cleavage when present in undisrupted cells, but were rapidly degraded when the cells were lysed, which together with bioinformatic analyses suggests that these proteins are exposed in the periplasm and anchored to the outer membrane via the PorK lipid. Chemical cross-linking and mass spectrometry analyses confirmed the interaction between PorK and PorN and further revealed that they interact with the PG0189 outer membrane protein. Furthermore, we established that PorN was required for the stable expression of PorK, PorL and PorM. Collectively, these results suggest that the ring-shaped PorK/N complex may form part of the secretion channel of the T9SS. This is the first report showing the structural organization of any T9SS component.
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72
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Ormerod KL, Wood DLA, Lachner N, Gellatly SL, Daly JN, Parsons JD, Dal'Molin CGO, Palfreyman RW, Nielsen LK, Cooper MA, Morrison M, Hansbro PM, Hugenholtz P. Genomic characterization of the uncultured Bacteroidales family S24-7 inhabiting the guts of homeothermic animals. MICROBIOME 2016; 4:36. [PMID: 27388460 PMCID: PMC4936053 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-016-0181-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 426] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our view of host-associated microbiota remains incomplete due to the presence of as yet uncultured constituents. The Bacteroidales family S24-7 is a prominent example of one of these groups. Marker gene surveys indicate that members of this family are highly localized to the gastrointestinal tracts of homeothermic animals and are increasingly being recognized as a numerically predominant member of the gut microbiota; however, little is known about the nature of their interactions with the host. RESULTS Here, we provide the first whole genome exploration of this family, for which we propose the name "Candidatus Homeothermaceae," using 30 population genomes extracted from fecal samples of four different animal hosts: human, mouse, koala, and guinea pig. We infer the core metabolism of "Ca. Homeothermaceae" to be that of fermentative or nanaerobic bacteria, resembling that of related Bacteroidales families. In addition, we describe three trophic guilds within the family, plant glycan (hemicellulose and pectin), host glycan, and α-glucan, each broadly defined by increased abundance of enzymes involved in the degradation of particular carbohydrates. CONCLUSIONS "Ca. Homeothermaceae" representatives constitute a substantial component of the murine gut microbiota, as well as being present within the human gut, and this study provides important first insights into the nature of their residency. The presence of trophic guilds within the family indicates the potential for niche partitioning and specific roles for each guild in gut health and dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate L Ormerod
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - David L A Wood
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Nancy Lachner
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Shaan L Gellatly
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, The University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Joshua N Daly
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jeremy D Parsons
- QFAB Bioinformatics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Cristiana G O Dal'Molin
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Robin W Palfreyman
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lars K Nielsen
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Matthew A Cooper
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Mark Morrison
- Microbial Biology and Metagenomics, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, The University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Philip Hugenholtz
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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73
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Hasegawa Y, Iijima Y, Persson K, Nagano K, Yoshida Y, Lamont RJ, Kikuchi T, Mitani A, Yoshimura F. Role of Mfa5 in Expression of Mfa1 Fimbriae in Porphyromonas gingivalis. J Dent Res 2016; 95:1291-7. [PMID: 27323953 DOI: 10.1177/0022034516655083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Fimbriae are protein-based filamentous appendages that protrude from the bacterial cell surface and facilitate host adhesion. Two types of fimbriae, FimA and Mfa1, of the periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis are responsible for adherence to other bacteria and to host cells in the oral cavity. Both fimbrial forms are composed of 5 proteins, but there is limited information about their polymerization mechanisms. Here, the authors evaluated the function of Mfa5, one of the Mfa1 fimbrial accessory proteins. Using mfa5 gene disruption and complementation studies, the authors revealed that Mfa5 affects the incorporation of other accessory proteins, Mfa3 and Mfa4, into fibers and the expression of fimbriae on the cell surface. Mfa5 is predicted to have a C-terminal domain (CTD) that uses the type IX secretion system (T9SS), which is limited to this organism and related Bacteroidetes species, for translocation across the outer membrane. To determine the relationship between the putative Mfa5 CTD and the T9SS, mutants were constructed with in-frame deletion of the CTD and deletion of porU, a C-terminal signal peptidase linked to T9SS-mediated secretion. The ∆CTD-expressing strain presented a similar phenotype to the mfa5 disruption mutant with reduced expression of fimbriae lacking all accessory proteins. The ∆porU mutants and the ∆CTD-expressing strain showed intracellular accumulation of Mfa5. These results indicate that Mfa5 function requires T9SS-mediated translocation across the outer membrane, which is dependent on the CTD, and subsequent incorporation into fibers. These findings suggest the presence of a novel polymerization mechanism of the P. gingivalis fimbriae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Hasegawa
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Y Iijima
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - K Persson
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - K Nagano
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Y Yoshida
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - R J Lamont
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - T Kikuchi
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - A Mitani
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - F Yoshimura
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
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74
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Veillard F, Potempa B, Guo Y, Ksiazek M, Sztukowska MN, Houston JA, Koneru L, Nguyen KA, Potempa J. Purification and characterisation of recombinant His-tagged RgpB gingipain from Porphymonas gingivalis. Biol Chem 2015; 396:377-84. [PMID: 25720118 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2014-0304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Gingipain proteases are important virulence factors from the periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis and are the target of many in vitro studies. Due to their close biochemical properties, purification of individual gingipains is difficult and requires multiple chromatographic steps. In this study, we demonstrate that insertion of a hexahistidine affinity tag upstream of a C-terminal outer membrane translocation signal in RgpB gingipain leads to the secretion of a soluble, mature form of RgpB bearing the affinity tag that can easily be purified by nickel-chelating affinity chromatography. The final product obtained high yielding high purity is biochemically indistinguishable from the native RgpB enzyme.
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75
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Berry IJ, Steele JR, Padula MP, Djordjevic SP. The application of terminomics for the identification of protein start sites and proteoforms in bacteria. Proteomics 2015; 16:257-72. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Iain J. Berry
- The ithree Institute; University of Technology Sydney; Broadway NSW Australia
- Proteomics Core Facility; University of Technology Sydney; Broadway NSW Australia
| | - Joel R. Steele
- Proteomics Core Facility; University of Technology Sydney; Broadway NSW Australia
| | - Matthew P. Padula
- The ithree Institute; University of Technology Sydney; Broadway NSW Australia
- Proteomics Core Facility; University of Technology Sydney; Broadway NSW Australia
| | - Steven P. Djordjevic
- The ithree Institute; University of Technology Sydney; Broadway NSW Australia
- Proteomics Core Facility; University of Technology Sydney; Broadway NSW Australia
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76
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Ksiazek M, Karim AY, Bryzek D, Enghild JJ, Thøgersen IB, Koziel J, Potempa J. Mirolase, a novel subtilisin-like serine protease from the periodontopathogen Tannerella forsythia. Biol Chem 2015; 396:261-75. [PMID: 25391881 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2014-0256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The genome of Tannerella forsythia, an etiological factor of chronic periodontitis, contains several genes encoding putative proteases. Here, we characterized a subtilisin-like serine protease of T. forsythia referred to as mirolase. Recombinant full-length latent promirolase [85 kDa, without its signal peptide (SP)] processed itself through sequential autoproteolytic cleavages into a mature enzyme of 40 kDa. Mirolase latency was driven by the N-terminal prodomain (NTP). In stark contrast to almost all known subtilases, the cleaved NTP remained non-covalently associated with mirolase, inhibiting its proteolytic, but not amidolytic, activity. Full activity was observed only after the NTP was gradually, and fully, degraded. Both activity and processing was absolutely dependent on calcium ions, which were also essential for enzyme stability. As a consequence, both serine protease inhibitors and calcium ions chelators inhibited mirolase activity. Activity assays using an array of chromogenic substrates revealed that mirolase specificity is driven not only by the substrate-binding subsite S1, but also by other subsites. Taken together, mirolase is a calcium-dependent serine protease of the S8 family with the unique mechanism of activation that may contribute to T. forsythia pathogenicity by degradation of fibrinogen, hemoglobin, and the antimicrobial peptide LL-37.
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77
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Veith PD, Chen YY, Chen D, O’Brien-Simpson NM, Cecil JD, Holden JA, Lenzo JC, Reynolds EC. Tannerella forsythia Outer Membrane Vesicles Are Enriched with Substrates of the Type IX Secretion System and TonB-Dependent Receptors. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:5355-66. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul D. Veith
- Oral Health CRC, Melbourne
Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston
Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Yu-Yen Chen
- Oral Health CRC, Melbourne
Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston
Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Dina Chen
- Oral Health CRC, Melbourne
Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston
Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Neil M. O’Brien-Simpson
- Oral Health CRC, Melbourne
Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston
Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Jessica D. Cecil
- Oral Health CRC, Melbourne
Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston
Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - James A. Holden
- Oral Health CRC, Melbourne
Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston
Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Jason C. Lenzo
- Oral Health CRC, Melbourne
Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston
Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Eric C. Reynolds
- Oral Health CRC, Melbourne
Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston
Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Involvement of an Skp-Like Protein, PGN_0300, in the Type IX Secretion System of Porphyromonas gingivalis. Infect Immun 2015; 84:230-40. [PMID: 26502912 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01308-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral Gram-negative anaerobic bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis is an important pathogen involved in chronic periodontitis. Among its virulence factors, the major extracellular proteinases, Arg-gingipain and Lys-gingipain, are of interest given their abilities to degrade host proteins and process other virulence factors. Gingipains possess C-terminal domains (CTDs) and are translocated to the cell surface or into the extracellular milieu by the type IX secretion system (T9SS). Gingipains contribute to the colonial pigmentation of the bacterium on blood agar. In this study, Omp17, the PGN_0300 gene product, was found in the outer membrane fraction. A mutant lacking Omp17 did not show pigmentation on blood agar and showed reduced proteolytic activity of the gingipains. CTD-containing proteins were released from bacterial cells without cleavage of the CTDs in the omp17 mutant. Although synthesis of the anionic polysaccharide (A-LPS) was not affected in the omp17 mutant, the processing of and A-LPS modification of CTD-containing proteins was defective. PorU, a C-terminal signal peptidase that cleaves the CTDs of other CTD-containing proteins, was not detected in any membrane fraction of the omp17 mutant, suggesting that the defective maturation of CTD-containing proteins by impairment of Omp17 is partly due to loss of function of PorU. In the mouse subcutaneous infection experiment, the omp17 mutant was less virulent than the wild type. These results suggested that Omp17 is involved in P. gingivalis virulence.
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79
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Gui MJ, Dashper SG, Slakeski N, Chen YY, Reynolds EC. Spheres of influence: Porphyromonas gingivalis outer membrane vesicles. Mol Oral Microbiol 2015; 31:365-78. [PMID: 26466922 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are asymmetrical single bilayer membranous nanostructures produced by Gram-negative bacteria important for bacterial interaction with the environment. Porphyromonas gingivalis, a keystone pathogen associated with chronic periodontitis, produces OMVs that act as a virulence factor secretion system contributing to its pathogenicity. Despite their biological importance, the mechanisms of OMV biogenesis have not been fully elucidated. The ~14 times more curvature of the OMV membrane than cell outer membrane (OM) indicates that OMV biogenesis requires energy expenditure for significant curvature of the OMV membrane. In P. gingivalis, we propose that this may be achieved by upregulating the production of certain inner or outer leaflet lipids, which causes localized outward curvature of the OM. This results in selection of anionic lipopolysaccharide (A-LPS) and associated C-terminal domain (CTD) -family proteins on the outer surface due to their ability to accommodate the curvature. Deacylation of A-LPS may further enable increased curvature leading to OMV formation. Porphyromonas gingivalis OMVs that are selectively enriched in CTD-family proteins, largely the gingipains, can support bacterial coaggregation, promote biofilm development and act as an intercessor for the transport of non-motile bacteria by motile bacteria. The P. gingivalis OMVs are also believed to contribute to host interaction and colonization, evasion of immune defense mechanisms, and destruction of periodontal tissues. They may be crucial for both micro- and macronutrient capture, especially heme and probably other assimilable compounds for its own benefit and that of the wider biofilm community.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Gui
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Vic, Australia
| | - S G Dashper
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Vic, Australia
| | - N Slakeski
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Vic, Australia
| | - Y-Y Chen
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Vic, Australia
| | - E C Reynolds
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Vic, Australia
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80
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Flavobacterium gliding motility and the type IX secretion system. Curr Opin Microbiol 2015; 28:72-7. [PMID: 26461123 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2015.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cells of Flavobacterium johnsoniae crawl rapidly over surfaces in a process called gliding motility. These cells do not have flagella or pili but instead rely on a novel motility machine composed of proteins that are unique to the phylum Bacteroidetes. The motility adhesins SprB and RemA are propelled along the cell surface by the still poorly-defined gliding motor. Interaction of these adhesins with a surface results in translocation of the cell. SprB and RemA are delivered to the cell surface by the type IX secretion system (T9SS). T9SSs are confined to but common in the phylum Bacteroidetes. Transmembrane components of the T9SS may perform roles in both secretion and gliding motility.
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81
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Shoji M, Nakayama K. Glycobiology of the oral pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis and related species. Microb Pathog 2015; 94:35-41. [PMID: 26456570 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2015.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Until recently, glycoproteins had only been described in eukaryotes. However, advances in detection methods and genome analyses have allowed the discovery of N-linked or O-linked glycoproteins, similar to those found in eukaryotes, in some bacterial species. These prokaryotic glycoproteins play roles in adhesion, solubility, formation of protein complexes, protection from protein degradation, and changes in antigenicity. Periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis secretes virulence proteins via the type IX secretion system, some of which localize on the cell surface by binding to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). These virulence proteins have a conserved C-terminal domain (CTD) region, which is used as a secretion signal. However, it is still uncertain how the secreted proteins on the cell surface bind to LPS. In this review, we discuss the synthesis of P. gingivalis O polysaccharide, which plays a role in anchoring the CTD protein on the cell surface, and recent discoveries of glycoproteins in P. gingivalis as well as other species in the phylum Bacteroidetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikio Shoji
- Division of Microbiology and Oral Infection, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | - Koji Nakayama
- Division of Microbiology and Oral Infection, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan.
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82
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Ikai R, Hasegawa Y, Izumigawa M, Nagano K, Yoshida Y, Kitai N, Lamont RJ, Yoshimura F, Murakami Y. Mfa4, an Accessory Protein of Mfa1 Fimbriae, Modulates Fimbrial Biogenesis, Cell Auto-Aggregation, and Biofilm Formation in Porphyromonas gingivalis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139454. [PMID: 26437277 PMCID: PMC4593637 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis, a gram-negative obligate anaerobic bacterium, is considered to be a key pathogen in periodontal disease. The bacterium expresses Mfa1 fimbriae, which are composed of polymers of Mfa1. The minor accessory components Mfa3, Mfa4, and Mfa5 are incorporated into these fimbriae. In this study, we characterized Mfa4 using genetically modified strains. Deficiency in the mfa4 gene decreased, but did not eliminate, expression of Mfa1 fimbriae. However, Mfa3 and Mfa5 were not incorporated because of defects in posttranslational processing and leakage into the culture supernatant, respectively. Furthermore, the mfa4-deficient mutant had an increased tendency to auto-aggregate and form biofilms, reminiscent of a mutant completely lacking Mfa1. Notably, complementation of mfa4 restored expression of structurally intact and functional Mfa1 fimbriae. Taken together, these results indicate that the accessory proteins Mfa3, Mfa4, and Mfa5 are necessary for assembly of Mfa1 fimbriae and regulation of auto-aggregation and biofilm formation of P. gingivalis. In addition, we found that Mfa3 and Mfa4 are processed to maturity by the same RgpA/B protease that processes Mfa1 subunits prior to polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Ikai
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Asahi University School of Dentistry, Mizuho, Gifu, Japan
- Department of Orthodontics, Asahi University School of Dentistry, Mizuho, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Hasegawa
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Asahi University School of Dentistry, Mizuho, Gifu, Japan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Masashi Izumigawa
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Asahi University School of Dentistry, Mizuho, Gifu, Japan
- Department of Orthodontics, Asahi University School of Dentistry, Mizuho, Gifu, Japan
| | - Keiji Nagano
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yasuo Yoshida
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Kitai
- Department of Orthodontics, Asahi University School of Dentistry, Mizuho, Gifu, Japan
| | - Richard J. Lamont
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States of America
| | - Fuminobu Yoshimura
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yukitaka Murakami
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Asahi University School of Dentistry, Mizuho, Gifu, Japan
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83
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Gorasia DG, Veith PD, Chen D, Seers CA, Mitchell HA, Chen YY, Glew MD, Dashper SG, Reynolds EC. Porphyromonas gingivalis Type IX Secretion Substrates Are Cleaved and Modified by a Sortase-Like Mechanism. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005152. [PMID: 26340749 PMCID: PMC4560394 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The type IX secretion system (T9SS) of Porphyromonas gingivalis secretes proteins possessing a conserved C-terminal domain (CTD) to the cell surface. The C-terminal signal is essential for these proteins to translocate across the outer membrane via the T9SS. On the surface the CTD of these proteins is cleaved prior to extensive glycosylation. It is believed that the modification on these CTD proteins is anionic lipopolysaccharide (A-LPS), which enables the attachment of CTD proteins to the cell surface. However, the exact site of modification and the mechanism of attachment of CTD proteins to the cell surface are unknown. In this study we characterized two wbaP (PG1964) mutants that did not synthesise A-LPS and accumulated CTD proteins in the clarified culture fluid (CCF). The CTDs of the CTD proteins in the CCF were cleaved suggesting normal secretion, however, the CTD proteins were not glycosylated. Mass spectrometric analysis of CTD proteins purified from the CCF of the wbaP mutants revealed the presence of various peptide/amino acid modifications from the growth medium at the C-terminus of the mature CTD proteins. This suggested that modification occurs at the C-terminus of T9SS substrates in the wild type P. gingivalis. This was confirmed by analysis of CTD proteins from wild type, where a 648 Da linker was identified to be attached at the C-terminus of mature CTD proteins. Importantly, treatment with proteinase K released the 648 Da linker from the CTD proteins demonstrating a peptide bond between the C-terminus and the modification. Together, this is suggestive of a mechanism similar to sortase A for the cleavage and modification/attachment of CTD proteins in P. gingivalis. PG0026 has been recognized as the CTD signal peptidase and is now proposed to be the sortase-like protein in P. gingivalis. To our knowledge, this is the first biochemical evidence suggesting a sortase-like mechanism in Gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhana G. Gorasia
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, and The Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul D. Veith
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, and The Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dina Chen
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, and The Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christine A. Seers
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, and The Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helen A. Mitchell
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, and The Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yu-Yen Chen
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, and The Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michelle D. Glew
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, and The Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stuart G. Dashper
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, and The Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eric C. Reynolds
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, and The Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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84
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Friedrich V, Gruber C, Nimeth I, Pabinger S, Sekot G, Posch G, Altmann F, Messner P, Andrukhov O, Schäffer C. Outer membrane vesicles of Tannerella forsythia: biogenesis, composition, and virulence. Mol Oral Microbiol 2015; 30:451-73. [PMID: 25953484 PMCID: PMC4604654 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Tannerella forsythia is the only ‘red‐complex’ bacterium covered by an S‐layer, which has been shown to affect virulence. Here, outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) enriched with putative glycoproteins are described as a new addition to the virulence repertoire of T. forsythia. Investigations of this bacterium are hampered by its fastidious growth requirements and the recently discovered mismatch of the available genome sequence (92A2 = ATCC BAA‐2717) and the widely used T. forsythia strain (ATCC 43037). T. forsythia was grown anaerobically in serum‐free medium and biogenesis of OMVs was analyzed by electron and atomic force microscopy. This revealed OMVs with a mean diameter of ~100 nm budding off from the outer membrane while retaining the S‐layer. An LC‐ESI‐TOF/TOF proteomic analysis of OMVs from three independent biological replicates identified 175 proteins. Of these, 14 exhibited a C‐terminal outer membrane translocation signal that directs them to the cell/vesicle surface, 61 and 53 were localized to the outer membrane and periplasm, respectively, 22 were predicted to be extracellular, and 39 to originate from the cytoplasm. Eighty proteins contained the Bacteroidales O‐glycosylation motif, 18 of which were confirmed as glycoproteins. Release of pro‐inflammatory mediators from the human monocytic cell line U937 and periodontal ligament fibroblasts upon stimulation with OMVs followed a concentration‐dependent increase that was more pronounced in the presence of soluble CD14 in conditioned media. The inflammatory response was significantly higher than that caused by whole T. forsythia cells. Our study represents the first characterization of T. forsythia OMVs, their proteomic composition and immunogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Friedrich
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, NanoGlycobiology unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - C Gruber
- Department of Chemistry, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - I Nimeth
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, NanoGlycobiology unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - S Pabinger
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Health & Environment Department, Molecular Diagnostics, Vienna, Austria
| | - G Sekot
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, NanoGlycobiology unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - G Posch
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, NanoGlycobiology unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - F Altmann
- Department of Chemistry, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - P Messner
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, NanoGlycobiology unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - O Andrukhov
- Division of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, Competence Centre of Periodontal Research, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - C Schäffer
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, NanoGlycobiology unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
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85
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Noncanonical activation of β-catenin by Porphyromonas gingivalis. Infect Immun 2015; 83:3195-203. [PMID: 26034209 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00302-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is an established pathogen in periodontal disease and an emerging pathogen in serious systemic conditions, including some forms of cancer. We investigated the effect of P. gingivalis on β-catenin signaling, a major pathway in the control of cell proliferation and tumorigenesis. Infection of gingival epithelial cells with P. gingivalis did not influence the phosphorylation status of β-catenin but resulted in proteolytic processing. The use of mutants deficient in gingipain production, along with gingipain-specific inhibitors, revealed that gingipain proteolytic activity was required for β-catenin processing. The β-catenin destruction complex components Axin1, adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), and GSK3β were also proteolytically processed by P. gingivalis gingipains. Cell fractionation and Western blotting demonstrated that β-catenin fragments were translocated to the nucleus. The accumulation of β-catenin in the nucleus following P. gingivalis infection was confirmed by immunofluorescence microscopy. A luciferase reporter assay showed that P. gingivalis increased the activity of the β-catenin-dependent TCF/LEF promoter. P. gingivalis did not increase Wnt3a mRNA levels, a finding consistent with P. gingivalis-induced proteolytic processing causing the increase in TCF/LEF promoter activity. Thus, our data indicate that P. gingivalis can induce the noncanonical activation of β-catenin and disassociation of the β-catenin destruction complex by gingipain-dependent proteolytic processing. β-Catenin activation in epithelial cells by P. gingivalis may contribute to a proliferative phenotype.
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86
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Zhang Y, Liu J, Tang K, Yu M, Coenye T, Zhang XH. Genome analysis of Flaviramulus ichthyoenteri Th78(T) in the family Flavobacteriaceae: insights into its quorum quenching property and potential roles in fish intestine. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:38. [PMID: 25652846 PMCID: PMC4324048 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1275-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intestinal microbes play significant roles in fish and can be possibly used as probiotics in aquaculture. In our previous study, Flaviramulus ichthyoenteri Th78T, a novel species in the family Flavobacteriaceae, was isolated from fish intestine and showed strong quorum quenching (QQ) ability. To identify the QQ enzymes in Th78T and explore the potential roles of Th78T in fish intestine, we sequenced the genome of Th78T and performed extensive genomic analysis. Results An N-acyl homoserine lactonase FiaL belonging to the metallo-β-lactamase superfamily was identified and the QQ activity of heterologously expressed FiaL was confirmed in vitro. FiaL has relatively little similarity to the known lactonases (25.2 ~ 27.9% identity in amino acid sequence). Various digestive enzymes including alginate lyases and lipases can be produced by Th78T, and enzymes essential for production of B vitamins such as biotin, riboflavin and folate are predicted. Genes encoding sialic acid lyases, sialidases, sulfatases and fucosidases, which contribute to utilization of mucus, are present in the genome. In addition, genes related to response to different stresses and gliding motility were also identified. Comparative genome analysis shows that Th78T has more specific genes involved in carbohydrate transport and metabolism compared to other two isolates in Flavobacteriaceae, both isolated from sediments. Conclusions The genome of Th78T exhibits evident advantages for this bacterium to survive in the fish intestine, including production of QQ enzyme, utilization of various nutrients available in the intestine as well as the ability to produce digestive enzymes and vitamins, which also provides an application prospect of Th78T to be used as a probiotic in aquaculture. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1275-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhui Zhang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, P.R. China.
| | - Jiwen Liu
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, P.R. China.
| | - Kaihao Tang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, P.R. China.
| | - Min Yu
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, P.R. China.
| | - Tom Coenye
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Ghent University, 9000, Gent, Belgium.
| | - Xiao-Hua Zhang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, P.R. China.
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87
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Stathopulos J, Cambillau C, Cascales E, Roussel A, Leone P. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of the C-terminal fragment of PorM, a subunit of the Porphyromonas gingivalis type IX secretion system. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2015; 71:71-4. [PMID: 25615973 PMCID: PMC4304752 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x1402559x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
PorM is a membrane protein involved in the assembly of the type IX secretion system (T9SS) from Porphyromonas gingivalis, a major bacterial pathogen responsible for periodontal disease in humans. The periplasmic domain of PorM was overexpressed in Escherichia coli and purified. A fragment of the purified protein was obtained by limited proteolysis. Crystals of this fragment belonged to the tetragonal space group P4(3)2(1)2. Native and MAD data sets were recorded to 2.85 and 3.1 Å resolution, respectively, using synchrotron radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Stathopulos
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB), UMR 7257 CNRS et Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Christian Cambillau
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB), UMR 7257 CNRS et Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Eric Cascales
- Laboratoire d’Ingénierie des Systèmes Macromoléculaires (LISM), UMR 7255 CNRS et Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Alain Roussel
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB), UMR 7257 CNRS et Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Leone
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB), UMR 7257 CNRS et Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
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88
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Nakayama K. Porphyromonas gingivalis and related bacteria: from colonial pigmentation to the type IX secretion system and gliding motility. J Periodontal Res 2014; 50:1-8. [PMID: 25546073 PMCID: PMC4674972 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a gram-negative, non-motile, anaerobic bacterium implicated as a major pathogen in periodontal disease. P. gingivalis grows as black-pigmented colonies on blood agar, and many bacteriologists have shown interest in this property. Studies of colonial pigmentation have revealed a number of important findings, including an association with the highly active extracellular and surface proteinases called gingipains that are found in P. gingivalis. The Por secretion system, a novel type IX secretion system (T9SS), has been implicated in gingipain secretion in studies using non-pigmented mutants. In addition, many potent virulence proteins, including the metallocarboxypeptidase CPG70, 35 kDa hemin-binding protein HBP35, peptidylarginine deiminase PAD and Lys-specific serine endopeptidase PepK, are secreted through the T9SS. These findings have not been limited to P. gingivalis but have been extended to other bacteria belonging to the phylum Bacteroidetes. Many Bacteroidetes species possess the T9SS, which is associated with gliding motility for some of these bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nakayama
- Division of Microbiology and Oral Infection, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
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89
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Bai D, Nakao R, Ito A, Uematsu H, Senpuku H. Immunoreactive antigens recognized in serum samples from mice intranasally immunized with Porphyromonas gingivalis outer membrane vesicles. Pathog Dis 2014; 73:ftu006. [PMID: 25743469 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftu006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) of the periodontopathic bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis contain a wide range of virulence factors including lipopolysaccharide (LPS), fimbriae and gingipains. We have recently reported strong immunogenicity of OMVs using an intranasal vaccine mouse model. In the present study, we performed sub-immunoproteome analysis of OMV-immunized mouse serum samples from six different mice in order to identify immunodominant antigens. The combination of two-dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry analysis identified OMV proteins of 53 spots on a 2D map, and it was notable that OMV proteins were largely distributed within a low pH range, in marked contrast to the ubiquitous distribution of outer membrane proteins. Western blot using the six serum samples after 2D electrophoresis revealed that all showed immunoreactivity to some diffuse signals at extremely low pH, which was similar to the distribution of immunoreactive signals when the A-LPS antibody was used. Mass spectrometry analysis also demonstrated that the signals corresponded to a wide range of virulence factors including A-LPS-modified proteins such as gingipains. Absorption of serum with LPS resulted in a dramatic reduction of immmunoreactivity. We conclude that LPS and A-LPS-modified proteins in OMVs carry immunodominant determinants and eventually elicit P. gingivalis-specific antibodies in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongying Bai
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan Department of Gerodontology, Graduate school of Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Ryoma Nakao
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Akihiro Ito
- Chemical Genetics Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Uematsu
- Department of Gerodontology, Graduate school of Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Hidenobu Senpuku
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
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90
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Abstract
Oral colonising bacteria are highly adapted to the various environmental niches harboured within the mouth, whether that means while contributing to one of the major oral diseases of caries, pulp infections, or gingival/periodontal disease or as part of a commensal lifestyle. Key to these infections is the ability to adhere to surfaces via a range of specialised adhesins targeted at both salivary and epithelial proteins, their glycans and to form biofilm. They must also resist the various physical stressors they are subjected to, including pH and oxidative stress. Possibly most strikingly, they have developed the ability to harvest both nutrient sources provided by the diet and those derived from the host, such as protein and surface glycans. We have attempted to review recent developments that have revealed much about the molecular mechanisms at work in shaping the physiology of oral bacteria and how we might use this information to design and implement new treatment strategies.
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91
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Saiki K, Konishi K. Assembly and function of PG27/LptO, PG0026, and HagA in the secretion and modification system of C-terminal domain proteins. J Oral Biosci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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92
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Flavobacterium johnsoniae PorV is required for secretion of a subset of proteins targeted to the type IX secretion system. J Bacteriol 2014; 197:147-58. [PMID: 25331433 DOI: 10.1128/jb.02085-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavobacterium johnsoniae exhibits gliding motility and digests many polysaccharides, including chitin. A novel protein secretion system, the type IX secretion system (T9SS), is required for gliding and chitin utilization. The T9SS secretes the cell surface motility adhesins SprB and RemA and the chitinase ChiA. Proteins involved in secretion by the T9SS include GldK, GldL, GldM, GldN, SprA, SprE, and SprT. Porphyromonas gingivalis has orthologs for each of these that are required for secretion of gingipain protease virulence factors by its T9SS. P. gingivalis porU and porV have also been linked to T9SS-mediated secretion, and F. johnsoniae has orthologs of these. Mutations in F. johnsoniae porU and porV were constructed to determine if they function in secretion. Cells of a porV deletion mutant were deficient in chitin utilization and failed to secrete ChiA. They were also deficient in secretion of the motility adhesin RemA but retained the ability to secrete SprB. SprB is involved in gliding motility and is needed for formation of spreading colonies on agar, and the porV mutant exhibited gliding motility and formed spreading colonies. However, the porV mutant was partially deficient in attachment to glass, apparently because of the absence of RemA and other adhesins on the cell surface. The porV mutant also appeared to be deficient in secretion of numerous other proteins that have carboxy-terminal domains associated with targeting to the T9SS. PorU was not required for secretion of ChiA, RemA, or SprB, indicating that it does not play an essential role in the F. johnsoniae T9SS.
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93
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Glew MD, Veith PD, Chen D, Seers CA, Chen YY, Reynolds EC. Blue native-PAGE analysis of membrane protein complexes in Porphyromonas gingivalis. J Proteomics 2014; 110:72-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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94
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Tomek MB, Neumann L, Nimeth I, Koerdt A, Andesner P, Messner P, Mach L, Potempa JS, Schäffer C. The S-layer proteins of Tannerella forsythia are secreted via a type IX secretion system that is decoupled from protein O-glycosylation. Mol Oral Microbiol 2014; 29:307-20. [PMID: 24943676 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Conserved C-terminal domains (CTD) have been shown to act as a signal for the translocation of certain proteins across the outer membrane of Bacteroidetes via a type IX secretion system (T9SS). The genome sequence of the periodontal pathogen Tannerella forsythia predicts the presence of the components for a T9SS in conjunction with a suite of CTD proteins. T. forsythia is covered with a two-dimensional crystalline surface (S-) layer composed of the glycosylated CTD proteins TfsA and TfsB. To investigate, if T9SS is functional in T. forsythia, T9SS-deficient mutants were generated by targeting either TF0955 (putative C-terminal signal peptidase) or TF2327 (PorK ortholog), and the mutants were analyzed with respect to secretion, assembly and glycosylation of the S-layer proteins as well as proteolytic processing of the CTD and biofilm formation. In either mutant, TfsA and TfsB were incapable of translocation, as evidenced by the absence of the S-layer in transmission electron microscopy of ultrathin-sectioned bacterial cells. Despite being entrapped within the periplasm, mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the S-layer proteins were modified with the complete, mature glycan found on the secreted proteins, indicating that protein translocation and glycosylation are two independent processes. Further, the T9SS mutants showed a denser biofilm with fewer voids compared with the wild-type. This study demonstrates the functionality of T9SS and the requirement of CTD for the outer membrane passage of extracellular proteins in T. forsythia, exemplified by the two S-layer proteins. In addition, T9SS protein translocation is decoupled from O-glycan attachment in T. forsythia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Tomek
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, NanoGlycobiology Unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
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95
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FLP-FRT-based method to obtain unmarked deletions of CHU_3237 (porU) and large genomic fragments of Cytophaga hutchinsonii. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:6037-45. [PMID: 25063660 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01785-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytophaga hutchinsonii is a widely distributed cellulolytic bacterium in the phylum Bacteroidetes. It can digest crystalline cellulose rapidly without free cellulases or cellulosomes. The mechanism of its cellulose utilization remains a mystery. We developed an efficient method based on a linear DNA double-crossover and FLP-FRT recombination system to obtain unmarked deletions of both single genes and large genomic fragments in C. hutchinsonii. Unmarked deletion of CHU_3237 (porU), an ortholog of the C-terminal signal peptidase of a type IX secretion system (T9SS), resulted in defects in colony spreading, cellulose degradation, and protein secretion, indicating that it is a component of the T9SS and that T9SS plays an important role in cellulose degradation by C. hutchinsonii. Furthermore, deletions of four large genomic fragments were obtained using our method, and the sizes of the excised fragments varied from 9 to 19 kb, spanning from 6 to 22 genes. The customized FLP-FRT method provides an efficient tool for more rapid progress in the cellulose degradation mechanism and other physiological aspects of C. hutchinsonii.
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96
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Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide weakly activates M1 and M2 polarized mouse macrophages but induces inflammatory cytokines. Infect Immun 2014; 82:4190-203. [PMID: 25047849 DOI: 10.1128/iai.02325-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is associated with chronic periodontitis, an inflammatory disease of the tooth's supporting tissues. Macrophages are important in chronic inflammatory conditions, infiltrating tissue and becoming polarized to an M1 or M2 phenotype. As responses to stimuli differ between these phenotypes, we investigated the effect of P. gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on M1 and M2 macrophages. M1 and M2 polarized macrophages were produced from murine bone marrow macrophages (BMMϕ) primed with gamma interferon (IFN-γ) or interleukin-4 (IL-4), respectively, and incubated with a low or high dose of P. gingivalis LPS or control TLR2 and TLR4 ligands. In M1-Mϕ, the high dose of P. gingivalis LPS (10 μg/ml) significantly increased the expression of CD40, CD86, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and nitric oxide secretion. The low dose of P. gingivalis LPS (10 ng/ml) did not induce costimulatory or antibacterial molecules but did increase the secretion of IL-1α, IL-6, IL-12p40, IL-12p70, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). P. gingivalis LPS marginally increased the expression of CD206 and YM-1, but it did enhance arginase expression by M2-Mϕ. Furthermore, the secretion of the chemokines KC, RANTES, eotaxin, and MCP-1 from M1, M2, and nonpolarized Mϕ was enhanced by P. gingivalis LPS. TLR2/4 knockout macrophages combined with the TLR activation assays indicated that TLR2 is the main activating receptor for P. gingivalis LPS and whole cells. In conclusion, although P. gingivalis LPS weakly activated M1-Mϕ or M2-Mϕ compared to control TLR ligands, it induced the secretion of inflammatory cytokines, particularly TNF-α from M1-Mϕ and IL-10 from M2-Mϕ, as well as chemotactic chemokines from polarized macrophages.
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97
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Narita Y, Sato K, Yukitake H, Shoji M, Nakane D, Nagano K, Yoshimura F, Naito M, Nakayama K. Lack of a surface layer in Tannerella forsythia mutants deficient in the type IX secretion system. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2014; 160:2295-2303. [PMID: 25023245 PMCID: PMC4175972 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.080192-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tannerella forsythia, a Gram-negative anaerobic bacterium, is an important pathogen in periodontal disease. This bacterium possesses genes encoding all known components of the type IX secretion system (T9SS). T. forsythia mutants deficient in genes orthologous to the T9SS-encoding genes porK, porT and sov were constructed. All porK, porT and sov single mutants lacked the surface layer (S-layer) and expressed less-glycosylated versions of the S-layer glycoproteins TfsA and TfsB. In addition, these mutants exhibited decreased haemagglutination and increased biofilm formation. Comparison of the proteins secreted by the porK and WT strains revealed that the secretion of several proteins containing C-terminal domain (CTD)-like sequences is dependent on the porK gene. These results indicate that the T9SS is functional in T. forsythia and contributes to the translocation of CTD proteins to the cell surface or into the extracellular milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Narita
- Division of Microbiology and Oral Infection, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 819-8588, Japan
| | - Keiko Sato
- Division of Microbiology and Oral Infection, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 819-8588, Japan
| | - Hideharu Yukitake
- Division of Microbiology and Oral Infection, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 819-8588, Japan
| | - Mikio Shoji
- Division of Microbiology and Oral Infection, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 819-8588, Japan
| | - Daisuke Nakane
- Division of Microbiology and Oral Infection, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 819-8588, Japan
| | - Keiji Nagano
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Fuminobu Yoshimura
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mariko Naito
- Division of Microbiology and Oral Infection, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 819-8588, Japan
| | - Koji Nakayama
- Division of Microbiology and Oral Infection, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 819-8588, Japan
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98
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Konig MF, Paracha AS, Moni M, Bingham CO, Andrade F. Defining the role of Porphyromonas gingivalis peptidylarginine deiminase (PPAD) in rheumatoid arthritis through the study of PPAD biology. Ann Rheum Dis 2014; 74:2054-61. [PMID: 24864075 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-205385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibodies to citrullinated proteins are a hallmark of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Porphyromonas gingivalis peptidylarginine deiminase (PPAD) has been implicated in the initiation of RA by generating citrullinated neoantigens and due to its ability to autocitrullinate. OBJECTIVES To define the citrullination status and biology of PPAD in P gingivalis and to characterise the anti-PPAD antibody response in RA and associated periodontal disease (PD). METHODS PPAD in P gingivalis cells and culture supernatant were analysed by immunoblotting and mass spectrometry to detect citrullination. Recombinant PPAD (rPPAD), inactive mutant PPAD (rPPAD(C351S)), and N-terminal truncated PPAD (rPPAD(Ntx)) were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. Patients with RA and healthy controls were assayed for IgG antibodies to citrullinated rPPAD and unmodified rPPAD(C351S) by ELISA. Anti-PPAD antibodies were correlated with anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (third-generation) antibody levels, RA disease activity and PD status. RESULTS PPAD from P gingivalis is truncated at the N-terminal and C-terminal domains and not citrullinated. Only when artificially expressed in E coli, full-length rPPAD, but not truncated (fully active) rPPAD(Ntx), is autocitrullinated. Anti-PPAD antibodies show no heightened reactivity to citrullinated rPPAD, but are exclusively directed against the unmodified enzyme. Antibodies against PPAD do not correlate with anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide levels and disease activity in RA. By contrast, anti-PPAD antibody levels are significantly decreased in RA patients with PD. CONCLUSIONS PPAD autocitrullination is not the underlying mechanism linking PD and RA. N-terminal processing protects PPAD from autocitrullination and enhances enzyme activity. Anti-PPAD antibodies may have a protective role for the development of PD in patients with RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian F Konig
- Division of Rheumatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Malini Moni
- Division of Rheumatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Clifton O Bingham
- Division of Rheumatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Felipe Andrade
- Division of Rheumatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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99
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Shoji M, Sato K, Yukitake H, Naito M, Nakayama K. Involvement of the Wbp pathway in the biosynthesis of Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide with anionic polysaccharide. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5056. [PMID: 24852504 PMCID: PMC4031482 DOI: 10.1038/srep05056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis has two different lipopolysaccharide (LPS) molecules, O-LPS and A-LPS. We have recently shown that P. gingivalis strain HG66 lacks A-LPS. Here, we found that introduction of a wild-type wbpB gene into strain HG66 restored formation of A-LPS. Sequencing of the wbpB gene from strain HG66 revealed the presence of a nonsense mutation in the gene. The wbpB gene product is a member of the Wbp pathway, which plays a role in the synthesis of UDP-ManNAc(3NAc)A in Pseudomonas aeruginosa; UDP-ManNAc(3NAc)A is sequentially synthesized by the WbpA, WbpB, WbpE, WbpD and WbpI proteins. We then determined the effect of the PGN_0002 gene, a wbpD homolog, on the biosynthesis of A-LPS. A PGN_0002-deficient mutant demonstrated an A-LPS biosynthesis deficiency. Taken together with previous studies, the present results suggest that the final product synthesized by the Wbp pathway is one of the sugar substrates necessary for the biosynthesis of A-LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikio Shoji
- Division of Microbiology and Oral Infection, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | - Keiko Sato
- Division of Microbiology and Oral Infection, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | - Hideharu Yukitake
- Division of Microbiology and Oral Infection, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | - Mariko Naito
- Division of Microbiology and Oral Infection, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | - Koji Nakayama
- Division of Microbiology and Oral Infection, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
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100
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Veith PD, Chen YY, Gorasia DG, Chen D, Glew MD, O’Brien-Simpson NM, Cecil JD, Holden JA, Reynolds EC. Porphyromonas gingivalis Outer Membrane Vesicles Exclusively Contain Outer Membrane and Periplasmic Proteins and Carry a Cargo Enriched with Virulence Factors. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:2420-32. [DOI: 10.1021/pr401227e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul D. Veith
- Oral Health
CRC, Melbourne
Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston
Street, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Yu-Yen Chen
- Oral Health
CRC, Melbourne
Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston
Street, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Dhana G. Gorasia
- Oral Health
CRC, Melbourne
Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston
Street, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Dina Chen
- Oral Health
CRC, Melbourne
Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston
Street, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Michelle D. Glew
- Oral Health
CRC, Melbourne
Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston
Street, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Neil M. O’Brien-Simpson
- Oral Health
CRC, Melbourne
Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston
Street, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Jessica D. Cecil
- Oral Health
CRC, Melbourne
Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston
Street, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - James A. Holden
- Oral Health
CRC, Melbourne
Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston
Street, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Eric C. Reynolds
- Oral Health
CRC, Melbourne
Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston
Street, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| |
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