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de Couto G, Gallet R, Cambier L, Jaghatspanyan E, Makkar N, Dawkins JF, Berman BP, Marbán E. Exosomal MicroRNA Transfer Into Macrophages Mediates Cellular Postconditioning. Circulation 2017; 136:200-214. [PMID: 28411247 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.116.024590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiosphere-derived cells (CDCs) confer cardioprotection in acute myocardial infarction by distinctive macrophage (Mϕ) polarization. Here we demonstrate that CDC-secreted exosomes (CDCexo) recapitulate the cardioprotective effects of CDC therapy known as cellular postconditioning. METHODS Rats and pigs underwent myocardial infarction induced by ischemia/reperfusion before intracoronary infusion of CDCexo, inert fibroblast exosomes (Fbexo; control), or vehicle. Two days later, infarct size was quantified. Macrophages were isolated from cardiac tissue or bone marrow for downstream analyses. RNA sequencing was used to determine exosome content and alterations in gene expression profiles in Mϕ. RESULTS Administration of CDCexo but not Fbexo after reperfusion reduces infarct size in rat and pig models of myocardial infarction. Furthermore, CDCexo reduce the number of CD68+ Mϕ within infarcted tissue and modify the polarization state of Mϕ so as to mimic that induced by CDCs. CDCexo are enriched in several miRNAs (including miR-146a, miR-181b, and miR-126) relative to Fbexo. Reverse pathway analysis of whole-transcriptome data from CDCexo-primed Mϕ implicated miR-181b as a significant (P=1.3x10-21) candidate mediator of CDC-induced Mϕ polarization, and PKCδ (protein kinase C δ) as a downstream target. Otherwise inert Fbexo loaded selectively with miR-181b alter Mϕ phenotype and confer cardioprotective efficacy in a rat model of myocardial infarction. Adoptive transfer of PKCδ-suppressed Mϕ recapitulates cardioprotection. CONCLUSIONS Our data support the hypothesis that exosomal transfer of miR-181b from CDCs into Mϕ reduces PKCδ transcript levels and underlies the cardioprotective effects of CDCs administered after reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey de Couto
- From Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA (G.d.C., R.G., L.C., E.J., N.M., J.F.D., B.P.B., E.M.); and Cedars-Sinai Center for Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Los Angeles, CA (B.P.B.)
| | - Romain Gallet
- From Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA (G.d.C., R.G., L.C., E.J., N.M., J.F.D., B.P.B., E.M.); and Cedars-Sinai Center for Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Los Angeles, CA (B.P.B.)
| | - Linda Cambier
- From Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA (G.d.C., R.G., L.C., E.J., N.M., J.F.D., B.P.B., E.M.); and Cedars-Sinai Center for Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Los Angeles, CA (B.P.B.)
| | - Ervin Jaghatspanyan
- From Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA (G.d.C., R.G., L.C., E.J., N.M., J.F.D., B.P.B., E.M.); and Cedars-Sinai Center for Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Los Angeles, CA (B.P.B.)
| | - Nupur Makkar
- From Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA (G.d.C., R.G., L.C., E.J., N.M., J.F.D., B.P.B., E.M.); and Cedars-Sinai Center for Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Los Angeles, CA (B.P.B.)
| | - James Frederick Dawkins
- From Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA (G.d.C., R.G., L.C., E.J., N.M., J.F.D., B.P.B., E.M.); and Cedars-Sinai Center for Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Los Angeles, CA (B.P.B.)
| | - Benjamin P Berman
- From Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA (G.d.C., R.G., L.C., E.J., N.M., J.F.D., B.P.B., E.M.); and Cedars-Sinai Center for Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Los Angeles, CA (B.P.B.).
| | - Eduardo Marbán
- From Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA (G.d.C., R.G., L.C., E.J., N.M., J.F.D., B.P.B., E.M.); and Cedars-Sinai Center for Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Los Angeles, CA (B.P.B.).
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52
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Nakajima H, Itakura M, Kubo T, Kaneshige A, Harada N, Izawa T, Azuma YT, Kuwamura M, Yamaji R, Takeuchi T. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Dehydrogenase (GAPDH) Aggregation Causes Mitochondrial Dysfunction during Oxidative Stress-induced Cell Death. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:4727-4742. [PMID: 28167533 PMCID: PMC5377786 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.759084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycolytic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is a multifunctional protein that also mediates cell death under oxidative stress. We reported previously that the active-site cysteine (Cys-152) of GAPDH plays an essential role in oxidative stress-induced aggregation of GAPDH associated with cell death, and a C152A-GAPDH mutant rescues nitric oxide (NO)-induced cell death by interfering with the aggregation of wild type (WT)-GAPDH. However, the detailed mechanism underlying GAPDH aggregate-induced cell death remains elusive. Here we report that NO-induced GAPDH aggregation specifically causes mitochondrial dysfunction. First, we observed a correlation between NO-induced GAPDH aggregation and mitochondrial dysfunction, when GAPDH aggregation occurred at mitochondria in SH-SY5Y cells. In isolated mitochondria, aggregates of WT-GAPDH directly induced mitochondrial swelling and depolarization, whereas mixtures containing aggregates of C152A-GAPDH reduced mitochondrial dysfunction. Additionally, treatment with cyclosporin A improved WT-GAPDH aggregate-induced swelling and depolarization. In doxycycline-inducible SH-SY5Y cells, overexpression of WT-GAPDH augmented NO-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and increased mitochondrial GAPDH aggregation, whereas induced overexpression of C152A-GAPDH significantly suppressed mitochondrial impairment. Further, NO-induced cytochrome c release into the cytosol and nuclear translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor from mitochondria were both augmented in cells overexpressing WT-GAPDH but ameliorated in C152A-GAPDH-overexpressing cells. Interestingly, GAPDH aggregates induced necrotic cell death via a permeability transition pore (PTP) opening. The expression of either WT- or C152A-GAPDH did not affect other cell death pathways associated with protein aggregation, such as proteasome inhibition, gene expression induced by endoplasmic reticulum stress, or autophagy. Collectively, these results suggest that NO-induced GAPDH aggregation specifically induces mitochondrial dysfunction via PTP opening, leading to cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Takeya Kubo
- From the Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology
| | | | | | - Takeshi Izawa
- the Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka 5988531, Japan
| | | | - Mitsuru Kuwamura
- the Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka 5988531, Japan
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Ueta CB, Gomes KS, Ribeiro MA, Mochly-Rosen D, Ferreira JCB. Disruption of mitochondrial quality control in peripheral artery disease: New therapeutic opportunities. Pharmacol Res 2017; 115:96-106. [PMID: 27876411 PMCID: PMC5205542 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a multifactorial disease initially triggered by reduced blood supply to the lower extremities due to atherosclerotic obstructions. It is considered a major public health problem worldwide, affecting over 200 million people. Management of PAD includes smoking cessation, exercise, statin therapy, antiplatelet therapy, antihypertensive therapy and surgical intervention. Although these pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions usually increases blood flow to the ischemic limb, morbidity and mortality associated with PAD continue to increase. This scenario raises new fundamental questions regarding the contribution of intrinsic metabolic changes in the distal affected skeletal muscle to the progression of PAD. Recent evidence suggests that disruption of skeletal muscle mitochondrial quality control triggered by intermittent ischemia-reperfusion injury is associated with increased morbidity in individuals with PAD. The mitochondrial quality control machinery relies on surveillance systems that help maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis upon stress. In this review, we describe some of the most critical mechanisms responsible for the impaired skeletal muscle mitochondrial quality control in PAD. We also discuss recent findings on the central role of mitochondrial bioenergetics and quality control mechanisms including mitochondrial fusion-fission balance, turnover, oxidative stress and aldehyde metabolism in the pathophysiology of PAD, and highlight their potential as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintia B Ueta
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Katia S Gomes
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Márcio A Ribeiro
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daria Mochly-Rosen
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Julio C B Ferreira
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil.
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54
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Shi B, Huang QQ, Birkett R, Doyle R, Dorfleutner A, Stehlik C, He C, Pope RM. SNAPIN is critical for lysosomal acidification and autophagosome maturation in macrophages. Autophagy 2016; 13:285-301. [PMID: 27929705 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2016.1261238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously observed that SNAPIN, which is an adaptor protein in the SNARE core complex, was highly expressed in rheumatoid arthritis synovial tissue macrophages, but its role in macrophages and autoimmunity is unknown. To identify SNAPIN's role in these cells, we employed siRNA to silence the expression of SNAPIN in primary human macrophages. Silencing SNAPIN resulted in swollen lysosomes with impaired CTSD (cathepsin D) activation, although total CTSD was not reduced. Neither endosome cargo delivery nor lysosomal fusion with endosomes or autophagosomes was inhibited following the forced silencing of SNAPIN. The acidification of lysosomes and accumulation of autolysosomes in SNAPIN-silenced cells was inhibited, resulting in incomplete lysosomal hydrolysis and impaired macroautophagy/autophagy flux. Mechanistic studies employing ratiometric color fluorescence on living cells demonstrated that the reduction of SNAPIN resulted in a modest reduction of H+ pump activity; however, the more critical mechanism was a lysosomal proton leak. Overall, our results demonstrate that SNAPIN is critical in the maintenance of healthy lysosomes and autophagy through its role in lysosome acidification and autophagosome maturation in macrophages largely through preventing proton leak. These observations suggest an important role for SNAPIN and autophagy in the homeostasis of macrophages, particularly long-lived tissue resident macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Shi
- a Division of Rheumatology , Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Qi-Quan Huang
- a Division of Rheumatology , Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Robert Birkett
- a Division of Rheumatology , Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Renee Doyle
- a Division of Rheumatology , Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Andrea Dorfleutner
- a Division of Rheumatology , Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Christian Stehlik
- a Division of Rheumatology , Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Congcong He
- b Department of Cell and Molecular Biology , Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Richard M Pope
- a Division of Rheumatology , Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago , IL , USA
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55
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Campos JC, Bozi LHM, Bechara LRG, Lima VM, Ferreira JCB. Mitochondrial Quality Control in Cardiac Diseases. Front Physiol 2016; 7:479. [PMID: 27818636 PMCID: PMC5073139 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Disruption of mitochondrial homeostasis is a hallmark of cardiac diseases. Therefore, maintenance of mitochondrial integrity through different surveillance mechanisms is critical for cardiomyocyte survival. In this review, we discuss the most recent findings on the central role of mitochondrial quality control processes including regulation of mitochondrial redox balance, aldehyde metabolism, proteostasis, dynamics, and clearance in cardiac diseases, highlighting their potential as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane C Campos
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz H M Bozi
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz R G Bechara
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vanessa M Lima
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julio C B Ferreira
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo, Brazil
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56
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Hurt CM, Lu Y, Stary CM, Piplani H, Small BA, Urban TJ, Qvit N, Gross GJ, Mochly-Rosen D, Gross ER. Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 Regulates Mitochondrial Membrane Potential and Myocardial Reperfusion Injury. J Am Heart Assoc 2016; 5:JAHA.116.003774. [PMID: 27671317 PMCID: PMC5079036 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.003774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background The transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) mediates cellular responses to pain, heat, or noxious stimuli by calcium influx; however, the cellular localization and function of TRPV1 in the cardiomyocyte is largely unknown. We studied whether myocardial injury is regulated by TRPV1 and whether we could mitigate reperfusion injury by limiting the calcineurin interaction with TRPV1. Methods and Results In primary cardiomyocytes, confocal and electron microscopy demonstrates that TRPV1 is localized to the mitochondria. Capsaicin, the specific TRPV1 agonist, dose‐dependently reduced mitochondrial membrane potential and was blocked by the TRPV1 antagonist capsazepine or the calcineurin inhibitor cyclosporine. Using in silico analysis, we discovered an interaction site for TRPV1 with calcineurin. We synthesized a peptide, V1‐cal, to inhibit the interaction between TRPV1 and calcineurin. In an in vivo rat myocardial infarction model, V1‐cal given just prior to reperfusion substantially mitigated myocardial infarct size compared with vehicle, capsaicin, or cyclosporine (24±3% versus 61±2%, 45±1%, and 49±2%, respectively; n=6 per group; P<0.01 versus all groups). Infarct size reduction by V1‐cal was also not seen in TRPV1 knockout rats. Conclusions TRPV1 is localized at the mitochondria in cardiomyocytes and regulates mitochondrial membrane potential through an interaction with calcineurin. We developed a novel therapeutic, V1‐cal, that substantially reduces reperfusion injury by inhibiting the interaction of calcineurin with TRPV1. These data suggest that TRPV1 is an end‐effector of cardioprotection and that modulating the TRPV1 protein interaction with calcineurin limits reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl M Hurt
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Yao Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Creed M Stary
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Honit Piplani
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Bryce A Small
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Travis J Urban
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Nir Qvit
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Garrett J Gross
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Daria Mochly-Rosen
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Eric R Gross
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
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57
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Hwang S, Disatnik MH, Mochly-Rosen D. Impaired GAPDH-induced mitophagy contributes to the pathology of Huntington's disease. EMBO Mol Med 2016; 7:1307-26. [PMID: 26268247 PMCID: PMC4604685 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201505256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is implicated in multiple neurodegenerative diseases. In order to maintain a healthy population of functional mitochondria in cells, defective mitochondria must be properly eliminated by lysosomal machinery in a process referred to as mitophagy. Here, we uncover a new molecular mechanism underlying mitophagy driven by glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) under the pathological condition of Huntington’s disease (HD) caused by expansion of polyglutamine repeats. Expression of expanded polyglutamine tracts catalytically inactivates GAPDH (iGAPDH), which triggers its selective association with damaged mitochondria in several cell culture models of HD. Through this mechanism, iGAPDH serves as a signaling molecule to induce direct engulfment of damaged mitochondria into lysosomes (micro-mitophagy). However, abnormal interaction of mitochondrial GAPDH with long polyglutamine tracts stalled GAPDH-mediated mitophagy, leading to accumulation of damaged mitochondria, and increased cell death. We further demonstrated that overexpression of inactive GAPDH rescues this blunted process and enhances mitochondrial function and cell survival, indicating a role for GAPDH-driven mitophagy in the pathology of HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunhee Hwang
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Marie-Hélène Disatnik
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Daria Mochly-Rosen
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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58
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Qvit N, Disatnik MH, Sho J, Mochly-Rosen D. Selective Phosphorylation Inhibitor of Delta Protein Kinase C-Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase Protein-Protein Interactions: Application for Myocardial Injury in Vivo. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:7626-35. [PMID: 27218445 PMCID: PMC5065007 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b02724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinases regulate numerous cellular processes, including cell growth, metabolism, and cell death. Because the primary sequence and the three-dimensional structure of many kinases are highly similar, the development of selective inhibitors for only one kinase is challenging. Furthermore, many protein kinases are pleiotropic, mediating diverse and sometimes even opposing functions by phosphorylating multiple protein substrates. Here, we set out to develop an inhibitor of a selective protein kinase phosphorylation of only one of its substrates. Focusing on the pleiotropic delta protein kinase C (δPKC), we used a rational approach to identify a distal docking site on δPKC for its substrate, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK). We reasoned that an inhibitor of PDK's docking should selectively inhibit the phosphorylation of only PDK without affecting phosphorylation of the other δPKC substrates. Our approach identified a selective inhibitor of PDK docking to δPKC with an in vitro Kd of ∼50 nM and reducing cardiac injury IC50 of ∼5 nM. This inhibitor, which did not affect the phosphorylation of other δPKC substrates even at 1 μM, demonstrated that PDK phosphorylation alone is critical for δPKC-mediated injury by heart attack. The approach we describe is likely applicable for the identification of other substrate-specific kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nir Qvit
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford CA 94305-5174 USA
| | - Marie-Hélène Disatnik
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford CA 94305-5174 USA
| | - Jie Sho
- Kunming Biomed International Chenggong, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Daria Mochly-Rosen
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford CA 94305-5174 USA
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59
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Qvit N, Joshi AU, Cunningham AD, Ferreira JCB, Mochly-Rosen D. Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (GAPDH) Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitor Reveals a Non-catalytic Role for GAPDH Oligomerization in Cell Death. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:13608-21. [PMID: 27129213 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.711630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), an important glycolytic enzyme, has a non-catalytic (thus a non-canonical) role in inducing mitochondrial elimination under oxidative stress. We recently demonstrated that phosphorylation of GAPDH by δ protein kinase C (δPKC) inhibits this GAPDH-dependent mitochondrial elimination. δPKC phosphorylation of GAPDH correlates with increased cell injury following oxidative stress, suggesting that inhibiting GAPDH phosphorylation should decrease cell injury. Using rational design, we identified pseudo-GAPDH (ψGAPDH) peptide, an inhibitor of δPKC-mediated GAPDH phosphorylation that does not inhibit the phosphorylation of other δPKC substrates. Unexpectedly, ψGAPDH decreased mitochondrial elimination and increased cardiac damage in an animal model of heart attack. Either treatment with ψGAPDH or direct phosphorylation of GAPDH by δPKC decreased GAPDH tetramerization, which corresponded to reduced GAPDH glycolytic activity in vitro and ex vivo Taken together, our study identified the potential mechanism by which oxidative stress inhibits the protective GAPDH-mediated elimination of damaged mitochondria. Our study also identified a pharmacological tool, ψGAPDH peptide, with interesting properties. ψGAPDH peptide is an inhibitor of the interaction between δPKC and GAPDH and of the resulting phosphorylation of GAPDH by δPKC. ψGAPDH peptide is also an inhibitor of GAPDH oligomerization and thus an inhibitor of GAPDH glycolytic activity. Finally, we found that ψGAPDH peptide is an inhibitor of the elimination of damaged mitochondria. We discuss how this unique property of increasing cell damage following oxidative stress suggests a potential use for ψGAPDH peptide-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nir Qvit
- From the Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5174 and
| | - Amit U Joshi
- From the Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5174 and
| | - Anna D Cunningham
- From the Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5174 and
| | - Julio C B Ferreira
- the Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Daria Mochly-Rosen
- From the Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5174 and
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60
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Mitochondrial autophagy in cardiomyopathy. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2016; 38:8-15. [PMID: 27003723 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac mitochondria produce vast amounts of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation to maintain contractile function. They are also the primary source of reactive oxygen species, which contribute to mitochondrial dysfunction, cardiomyocyte death, and heart failure. To protect against mitochondrial damage, cardiomyocytes develop well-coordinated quality control mechanisms that maintain the overall mitochondrial health through mitochondrial biogenesis, mitochondrial dynamics, and mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy). Mitophagy removes dysfunctional mitochondria in the heart not only under normal physiological conditions, but also in response to pathological stresses. Accumulating evidence suggests that mitophagy dysregulation can induce cardiomyocyte death and cardiomyopathy. In this review, we discuss what is currently known about mitophagic mechanisms, regulatory pathways, and function in the heart.
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61
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Tan VP, Miyamoto S. Nutrient-sensing mTORC1: Integration of metabolic and autophagic signals. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2016; 95:31-41. [PMID: 26773603 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The ability of adult cardiomyocytes to regenerate is limited, and irreversible loss by cell death plays a crucial role in heart diseases. Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved cellular catabolic process through which long-lived proteins and damaged organelles are targeted for lysosomal degradation. Autophagy is important in cardiac homeostasis and can serve as a protective mechanism by providing an energy source, especially in the face of sustained starvation. Cellular metabolism is closely associated with cell survival, and recent evidence suggests that metabolic and autophagic signaling pathways exhibit a high degree of crosstalk and are functionally interdependent. In this review, we discuss recent progress in our understanding of regulation of autophagy and its crosstalk with metabolic signaling, with a focus on the nutrient-sensing mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie P Tan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0636, USA
| | - Shigeki Miyamoto
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0636, USA.
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White MR, Garcin ED. The sweet side of RNA regulation: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase as a noncanonical RNA-binding protein. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2015; 7:53-70. [PMID: 26564736 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The glycolytic protein, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), has a vast array of extraglycolytic cellular functions, including interactions with nucleic acids. GAPDH has been implicated in the translocation of transfer RNA (tRNA), the regulation of cellular messenger RNA (mRNA) stability and translation, as well as the regulation of replication and gene expression of many single-stranded RNA viruses. A growing body of evidence supports GAPDH-RNA interactions serving as part of a larger coordination between intermediary metabolism and RNA biogenesis. Despite the established role of GAPDH in nucleic acid regulation, it is still unclear how and where GAPDH binds to its RNA targets, highlighted by the absence of any conserved RNA-binding sequences. This review will summarize our current understanding of GAPDH-mediated regulation of RNA function. WIREs RNA 2016, 7:53-70. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1315 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R White
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Elsa D Garcin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD, USA
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63
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Kornfeld OS, Hwang S, Disatnik MH, Chen CH, Qvit N, Mochly-Rosen D. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species at the heart of the matter: new therapeutic approaches for cardiovascular diseases. Circ Res 2015; 116:1783-99. [PMID: 25999419 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.305432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been implicated in a variety of age-related diseases, including multiple cardiovascular disorders. However, translation of ROS scavengers (antioxidants) into the clinic has not been successful. These antioxidants grossly reduce total levels of cellular ROS including ROS that participate in physiological signaling. In this review, we challenge the traditional antioxidant therapeutic approach that targets ROS directly with novel approaches that improve mitochondrial functions to more effectively treat cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Opher S Kornfeld
- From the Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Sunhee Hwang
- From the Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Marie-Hélène Disatnik
- From the Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Che-Hong Chen
- From the Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Nir Qvit
- From the Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Daria Mochly-Rosen
- From the Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA.
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Abstract
A large number of protein substrates are phosphorylated by each protein kinase under physiological and pathological conditions. However, it remains a challenge to determine which of these phosphorylated substrates of a given kinase is critical for each cellular response. Genetics enabled the generation of separation-of-function mutations that selectively cause a loss of one molecular event without affecting others, thus providing some tools to assess the importance of that one event for the measured physiological response. However, the genetic approach is laborious and not adaptable to all systems. Furthermore, pharmacological tools of the catalytic site are not optimal due to their non-selective nature. In the present brief review, we discuss some of the challenges in drug development that will regulate the multifunctional protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ).
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Song MA, Dasgupta C, Zhang L. Chronic Losartan Treatment Up-Regulates AT1R and Increases the Heart Vulnerability to Acute Onset of Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury in Male Rats. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132712. [PMID: 26168042 PMCID: PMC4500443 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) is an important therapy in the management of hypertension, particularly in the immediate post-myocardial infarction period. Yet, the role of AT1R in the acute onset of myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury still remains controversial. Thus, the present study determined the effects of chronic losartan treatment on heart ischemia and reperfusion injury in rats. Losartan (10 mg/kg/day) was administered to six-month-old male rats via an osmotic pump for 14 days and hearts were then isolated and were subjected to ischemia and reperfusion injury in a Langendorff preparation. Losartan significantly decreased mean arterial blood pressure. However, heart weight, left ventricle to body weight ratio and baseline cardiac function were not significantly altered by the losartan treatment. Of interest, chronic in vivo losartan treatment significantly increased ischemia-induced myocardial injury and decreased post-ischemic recovery of left ventricular function. This was associated with significant increases in AT1R and PKCδ expression in the left ventricle. In contrast, AT2R and PKCε were not altered. Furthermore, losartan treatment significantly increased microRNA (miR)-1, -15b, -92a, -133a, -133b, -210, and -499 expression but decreased miR-21 in the left ventricle. Of importance, addition of losartan to isolated heart preparations blocked the effect of increased ischemic-injury induced by in vivo chronic losartan treatment. The results demonstrate that chronic losartan treatment up-regulates AT1R/PKCδ and alters miR expression patterns in the heart, leading to increased cardiac vulnerability to ischemia and reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minwoo A. Song
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States of America
| | - Chiranjib Dasgupta
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States of America
| | - Lubo Zhang
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States of America
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66
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Chemical genetics and its application to moonlighting in glycolytic enzymes. Biochem Soc Trans 2015; 42:1756-61. [PMID: 25399602 DOI: 10.1042/bst20140201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Glycolysis is an ancient biochemical pathway that breaks down glucose into pyruvate to produce ATP. The structural and catalytic properties of glycolytic enzymes are well-characterized. However, there is growing appreciation that these enzymes participate in numerous moonlighting functions that are unrelated to glycolysis. Recently, chemical genetics has been used to discover novel moonlighting functions in glycolytic enzymes. In the present mini-review, we introduce chemical genetics and discuss how it can be applied to the discovery of protein moonlighting. Specifically, we describe the application of chemical genetics to uncover moonlighting in two glycolytic enzymes, enolase and glyceraldehyde dehydrogenase. This led to the discovery of moonlighting roles in glucose homoeostasis, cancer progression and diabetes-related complications. Finally, we also provide a brief overview of the latest progress in unravelling the myriad moonlighting roles for these enzymes.
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Yang JCS, Lin MW, Rau CS, Jeng SF, Lu TH, Wu YC, Chen YC, Tzeng SL, Wu CJ, Hsieh CH. Altered exosomal protein expression in the serum of NF-κB knockout mice following skeletal muscle ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Biomed Sci 2015; 22:40. [PMID: 26059504 PMCID: PMC4461928 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-015-0147-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The NF-κB signaling pathway plays a role in local and remote tissue damage following ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury to skeletal muscles. Evidence suggests that exosomes can act as intercellular communicators by transporting active proteins to remote cells and may play a role in regulating inflammatory processes. This study aimed to profile the exosomal protein expression in the serum of NF-κB knockout mice following skeletal muscle ischemia-reperfusion injury. Results To investigate the potential changes in protein expression mediated by NF-κB in secreted exosomes in the serum following I/R injury, the levels of circulating exosomal proteomes in C57BL/6 and NF-κB−/− mice were compared using two dimensional differential in-gel electrophoresis (2-DE), liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and proteomic analysis. In C57BL/6 mice, the levels of circulating exosomal proteins, including complement component C3 prepropeptide, PK-120 precursor, alpha-amylase one precursor, beta-enolase isoform 1, and adenylosuccinate synthetase isozyme 1, increased following I/R injury. However, in the NF-κB−/− mice, the expression of the following was upregulated in the exosomes: protease, serine 1; glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase-like isoform 1; glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; and pregnancy zone protein. In contrast, the expression of apolipoprotein B, complement component C3 prepropeptide, and immunoglobulin kappa light chain variable region was downregulated in NF-κB−/− mice. Bioinformatic annotation using the Protein Analysis Through Evolutionary Relationships (PANTHER) database revealed that the expression of the exosomal proteins that participate in metabolic processes and in biological regulation was lower in NF-κB−/− mice than in C57BL/6 mice, whereas the expression of proteins that participate in the response to stimuli, in cellular processes, and in the immune system was higher. Conclusions The data presented in this study suggest that NF-κB might regulate exosomal protein expression at a remote site via circulation following I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnson Chia-Shen Yang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, No. 123, Ta-Pei Road, Niao-Sung District, Kaohsiung City, 833, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Wei Lin
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, No. 123, Ta-Pei Road, Niao-Sung District, Kaohsiung City, 833, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Shyuan Rau
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
| | - Seng-Feng Jeng
- Department of Plastic Surgery, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
| | - Tsu-Hsiang Lu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, No. 123, Ta-Pei Road, Niao-Sung District, Kaohsiung City, 833, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Chan Wu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, No. 123, Ta-Pei Road, Niao-Sung District, Kaohsiung City, 833, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Chun Chen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, No. 123, Ta-Pei Road, Niao-Sung District, Kaohsiung City, 833, Taiwan.
| | - Siou-Ling Tzeng
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, No. 123, Ta-Pei Road, Niao-Sung District, Kaohsiung City, 833, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Jung Wu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, No. 123, Ta-Pei Road, Niao-Sung District, Kaohsiung City, 833, Taiwan.
| | - Ching-Hua Hsieh
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, No. 123, Ta-Pei Road, Niao-Sung District, Kaohsiung City, 833, Taiwan.
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Cai R, Xue W, Liu S, Petersen RB, Huang K, Zheng L. Overexpression of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase prevents neurovascular degeneration after retinal injury. FASEB J 2015; 29:2749-58. [PMID: 25805836 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-265801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury is a common cause of many vascular and neuronal diseases. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) has been found down-regulated or dysfunctional in several tissues upon I/R injury. To investigate the role of GAPDH in retinal I/R injury-induced neurovascular degeneration, the injured retinas of GAPDH transgenic (Tg) mice and wild-type (WT) littermates were analyzed. I/R injury induced neurovascular degeneration, energy failure, DNA damage, and necroptosis in the retinas of WT mice. In contrast, the GAPDH Tg mice showed resistance to all of these injury-induced abnormalities. In addition, I/R-induced effects were further examined in a neuroblastoma cell line and an endothelial cell line, which were transfected with a vector encoding human GAPDH or a control vector. After I/R challenge, energy failure, DNA damage, and elevation of receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase (RIP) 1/3 were observed in the cells transfected with the control vector. However, overexpression of GAPDH in these cells prevented the injury-induced RIP3 up-regulation by restoring energy production and preventing DNA damage. Together, the protective role of GAPDH in retinal neurovascular degeneration after I/R injury provides a better understanding of the underlying mechanism of I/R injury and a potential therapeutic target to attenuate I/R injury-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqi Cai
- *College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China; Departments of Pathology, Neuroscience, and Neurology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; and Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Weili Xue
- *College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China; Departments of Pathology, Neuroscience, and Neurology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; and Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- *College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China; Departments of Pathology, Neuroscience, and Neurology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; and Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Robert B Petersen
- *College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China; Departments of Pathology, Neuroscience, and Neurology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; and Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Huang
- *College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China; Departments of Pathology, Neuroscience, and Neurology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; and Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Zheng
- *College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China; Departments of Pathology, Neuroscience, and Neurology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; and Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
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69
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Zhang JY, Zhang F, Hong CQ, Giuliano AE, Cui XJ, Zhou GJ, Zhang GJ, Cui YK. Critical protein GAPDH and its regulatory mechanisms in cancer cells. Cancer Biol Med 2015; 12:10-22. [PMID: 25859407 PMCID: PMC4383849 DOI: 10.7497/j.issn.2095-3941.2014.0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), initially identified as a glycolytic enzyme and considered as a housekeeping gene, is widely used as an internal control in experiments on proteins, mRNA, and DNA. However, emerging evidence indicates that GAPDH is implicated in diverse functions independent of its role in energy metabolism; the expression status of GAPDH is also deregulated in various cancer cells. One of the most common effects of GAPDH is its inconsistent role in the determination of cancer cell fate. Furthermore, studies have described GAPDH as a regulator of cell death; other studies have suggested that GAPDH participates in tumor progression and serves as a new therapeutic target. However, related regulatory mechanisms of its numerous cellular functions and deregulated expression levels remain unclear. GAPDH is tightly regulated at transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels, which are involved in the regulation of diverse GAPDH functions. Several cancer-related factors, such as insulin, hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), p53, nitric oxide (NO), and acetylated histone, not only modulate GAPDH gene expression but also affect protein functions via common pathways. Moreover, posttranslational modifications (PTMs) occurring in GAPDH in cancer cells result in new activities unrelated to the original glycolytic function of GAPDH. In this review, recent findings related to GAPDH transcriptional regulation and PTMs are summarized. Mechanisms and pathways involved in GAPDH regulation and its different roles in cancer cells are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ying Zhang
- 1 Department of Physiology, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan 523808, China ; 2 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China ; 3 Department of Surgery, Women's Cancer Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Fan Zhang
- 1 Department of Physiology, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan 523808, China ; 2 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China ; 3 Department of Surgery, Women's Cancer Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Chao-Qun Hong
- 1 Department of Physiology, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan 523808, China ; 2 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China ; 3 Department of Surgery, Women's Cancer Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Armando E Giuliano
- 1 Department of Physiology, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan 523808, China ; 2 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China ; 3 Department of Surgery, Women's Cancer Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Xiao-Jiang Cui
- 1 Department of Physiology, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan 523808, China ; 2 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China ; 3 Department of Surgery, Women's Cancer Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Guang-Ji Zhou
- 1 Department of Physiology, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan 523808, China ; 2 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China ; 3 Department of Surgery, Women's Cancer Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Guo-Jun Zhang
- 1 Department of Physiology, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan 523808, China ; 2 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China ; 3 Department of Surgery, Women's Cancer Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Yu-Kun Cui
- 1 Department of Physiology, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan 523808, China ; 2 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China ; 3 Department of Surgery, Women's Cancer Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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70
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Disatnik MH, Hwang S, Ferreira JCB, Mochly-Rosen D. New therapeutics to modulate mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy in cardiac diseases. J Mol Med (Berl) 2015; 93:279-87. [PMID: 25652199 PMCID: PMC4333238 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-015-1256-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The processes that control the number and shape of the mitochondria (mitochondrial dynamics) and the removal of damaged mitochondria (mitophagy) have been the subject of intense research. Recent work indicates that these processes may contribute to the pathology associated with cardiac diseases. This review describes some of the key proteins that regulate these processes and their potential as therapeutic targets for cardiac diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Hélène Disatnik
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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71
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White MR, Khan MM, Deredge D, Ross CR, Quintyn R, Zucconi BE, Wysocki VH, Wintrode PL, Wilson GM, Garcin ED. A dimer interface mutation in glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase regulates its binding to AU-rich RNA. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:1770-85. [PMID: 25451934 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.618165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is an enzyme best known for its role in glycolysis. However, extra-glycolytic functions of GAPDH have been described, including regulation of protein expression via RNA binding. GAPDH binds to numerous adenine-uridine rich elements (AREs) from various mRNA 3'-untranslated regions in vitro and in vivo despite its lack of a canonical RNA binding motif. How GAPDH binds to these AREs is still unknown. Here we discovered that GAPDH binds with high affinity to the core ARE from tumor necrosis factor-α mRNA via a two-step binding mechanism. We demonstrate that a mutation at the GAPDH dimer interface impairs formation of the second RNA-GAPDH complex and leads to changes in the RNA structure. We investigated the effect of this interfacial mutation on GAPDH oligomerization by crystallography, small-angle x-ray scattering, nano-electrospray ionization native mass spectrometry, and hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry. We show that the mutation does not significantly affect GAPDH tetramerization as previously proposed. Instead, the mutation promotes short-range and long-range dynamic changes in regions located at the dimer and tetramer interface and in the NAD(+) binding site. These dynamic changes are localized along the P axis of the GAPDH tetramer, suggesting that this region is important for RNA binding. Based on our results, we propose a model for sequential GAPDH binding to RNA via residues located at the dimer and tetramer interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R White
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250
| | - Mohd M Khan
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250
| | - Daniel Deredge
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Christina R Ross
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, and
| | - Royston Quintyn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Beth E Zucconi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, and
| | - Vicki H Wysocki
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Patrick L Wintrode
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Gerald M Wilson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, and
| | - Elsa D Garcin
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250,
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72
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Kohr MJ, Murphy E, Steenbergen C. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase acts as a mitochondrial trans-S-nitrosylase in the heart. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111448. [PMID: 25347796 PMCID: PMC4210263 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial proteins have been shown to be common targets of S-nitrosylation (SNO), but the existence of a mitochondrial source of nitric oxide remains controversial. SNO is a nitric oxide-dependent thiol modification that can regulate protein function. Interestingly, trans-S-nitrosylation represents a potential pathway for the import of SNO into the mitochondria. The glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), which has been shown to act as a nuclear trans-S-nitrosylase, has also been shown to enter mitochondria. However, the function of GAPDH in the mitochondria remains unknown. Therefore, we propose the hypothesis that S-nitrosylated GAPDH (SNO-GAPDH) interacts with mitochondrial proteins as a trans-S-nitrosylase. In accordance with this hypothesis, SNO-GAPDH should be detected in mitochondrial fractions, interact with mitochondrial proteins, and increase mitochondrial SNO levels. Our results demonstrate a four-fold increase in GAPDH levels in the mitochondrial fraction of mouse hearts subjected to ischemic preconditioning, which increases SNO-GAPDH levels. Co-immunoprecipitation studies performed in mouse hearts perfused with the S-nitrosylating agent S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), suggest that SNO promotes the interaction of GAPDH with mitochondrial protein targets. The addition of purified SNO-GAPDH to isolated mouse heart mitochondria demonstrated the ability of SNO-GAPDH to enter the mitochondrial matrix, and to increase SNO for many mitochondrial proteins. Further, the overexpression of GAPDH in HepG2 cells increased SNO for a number of different mitochondrial proteins, including heat shock protein 60, voltage-dependent anion channel 1, and acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase, thus supporting the role of GAPDH as a potential mitochondrial trans-S-nitrosylase. In further support of this hypothesis, many of the mitochondrial SNO proteins identified with GAPDH overexpression were no longer detected with GAPDH knock-down or mutation. Therefore, our results suggest that SNO-GAPDH can act as a mitochondrial trans-S-nitrosylase, thereby conferring the transfer of SNO from the cytosol to the mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J. Kohr
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Systems Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Murphy
- Systems Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Charles Steenbergen
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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Gomes KMS, Bechara LRG, Lima VM, Ribeiro MAC, Campos JC, Dourado PM, Kowaltowski AJ, Mochly-Rosen D, Ferreira JCB. Aldehydic load and aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 profile during the progression of post-myocardial infarction cardiomyopathy: benefits of Alda-1. Int J Cardiol 2014; 179:129-38. [PMID: 25464432 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.10.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES We previously demonstrated that reducing cardiac aldehydic load by aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2), a mitochondrial enzyme responsible for metabolizing the major lipid peroxidation product, protects against acute ischemia/reperfusion injury and chronic heart failure. However, time-dependent changes in ALDH2 profile, aldehydic load and mitochondrial bioenergetics during progression of post-myocardial infarction (post-MI) cardiomyopathy are unknown and should be established to determine the optimal time window for drug treatment. METHODS Here we characterized cardiac ALDH2 activity and expression, lipid peroxidation, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE) adduct formation, glutathione pool and mitochondrial energy metabolism and H₂O₂ release during the 4 weeks after permanent left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery occlusion in rats. RESULTS We observed a sustained disruption of cardiac mitochondrial function during the progression of post-MI cardiomyopathy, characterized by >50% reduced mitochondrial respiratory control ratios and up to 2 fold increase in H₂O₂ release. Mitochondrial dysfunction was accompanied by accumulation of cardiac and circulating lipid peroxides and 4-HNE protein adducts and down-regulation of electron transport chain complexes I and V. Moreover, increased aldehydic load was associated with a 90% reduction in cardiac ALDH2 activity and increased glutathione pool. Further supporting an ALDH2 mechanism, sustained Alda-1 treatment (starting 24h after permanent LAD occlusion surgery) prevented aldehydic overload, mitochondrial dysfunction and improved ventricular function in post-MI cardiomyopathy rats. CONCLUSION Taken together, our findings demonstrate a disrupted mitochondrial metabolism along with an insufficient cardiac ALDH2-mediated aldehyde clearance during the progression of ventricular dysfunction, suggesting a potential therapeutic value of ALDH2 activators during the progression of post-myocardial infarction cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia M S Gomes
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz R G Bechara
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vanessa M Lima
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Márcio A C Ribeiro
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliane C Campos
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Alicia J Kowaltowski
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daria Mochly-Rosen
- Department of Chemical & Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA
| | - Julio C B Ferreira
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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Webster BR, Scott I, Traba J, Han K, Sack MN. Regulation of autophagy and mitophagy by nutrient availability and acetylation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1841:525-34. [PMID: 24525425 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Normal cellular function is dependent on a number of highly regulated homeostatic mechanisms, which act in concert to maintain conditions suitable for life. During periods of nutritional deficit, cells initiate a number of recycling programs which break down complex intracellular structures, thus allowing them to utilize the energy stored within. These recycling systems, broadly named "autophagy", enable the cell to maintain the flow of nutritional substrates until they can be replenished from external sources. Recent research has shown that a number of regulatory components of the autophagy program are controlled by lysine acetylation. Lysine acetylation is a reversible post-translational modification that can alter the activity of enzymes in a number of cellular compartments. Strikingly, the main substrate for this modification is a product of cellular energy metabolism: acetyl-CoA. This suggests a direct and intricate link between fuel metabolites and the systems which regulate nutritional homeostasis. In this review, we examine how acetylation regulates the systems that control cellular autophagy, and how global protein acetylation status may act as a trigger for recycling of cellular components in a nutrient-dependent fashion. In particular, we focus on how acetylation may control the degradation and turnover of mitochondria, the major source of fuel-derived acetyl-CoA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iain Scott
- Center for Molecular Medicine, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Javier Traba
- Center for Molecular Medicine, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kim Han
- Center for Molecular Medicine, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael N Sack
- Center for Molecular Medicine, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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75
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Campos JC, Gomes KMS, Ferreira JCB. Impact of exercise training on redox signaling in cardiovascular diseases. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 62:107-19. [PMID: 23978413 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species regulate a wide array of signaling pathways that governs cardiovascular physiology. However, oxidant stress resulting from disrupted redox signaling has an adverse impact on the pathogenesis and progression of cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we address how redox signaling and oxidant stress affect the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases such as ischemia-reperfusion injury, hypertension and heart failure. We also summarize the benefits of exercise training in tackling the hyperactivation of cellular oxidases and mitochondrial dysfunction seen in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane C Campos
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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