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Targeting L-Lactate Metabolism to Overcome Resistance to Immune Therapy of Melanoma and Other Tumor Entities. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2019; 2019:2084195. [PMID: 31781212 PMCID: PMC6875281 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2084195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although immunotherapy plays a significant role in tumor therapy, its efficacy is impaired by an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. A molecule that contributes to the protumor microenvironment is the metabolic product lactate. Lactate is produced in large amounts by cancer cells in response to either hypoxia or pseudohypoxia, and its presence in excess alters the normal functioning of immune cells. A key enzyme involved in lactate metabolism is lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Elevated baseline LDH serum levels are associated with poor outcomes of current anticancer (immune) therapies, especially in patients with melanoma. Therefore, targeting LDH and other molecules involved in lactate metabolism might improve the efficacy of immune therapies. This review summarizes current knowledge about lactate metabolism and its role in the tumor microenvironment. Based on that information, we develop a rationale for deploying drugs that target lactate metabolism in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors to overcome lactate-mediated immune escape of tumor cells.
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Riera-Domingo C, Audigé A, Granja S, Cheng WC, Ho PC, Baltazar F, Stockmann C, Mazzone M. Immunity, Hypoxia, and Metabolism-the Ménage à Trois of Cancer: Implications for Immunotherapy. Physiol Rev 2019; 100:1-102. [PMID: 31414610 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00018.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It is generally accepted that metabolism is able to shape the immune response. Only recently we are gaining awareness that the metabolic crosstalk between different tumor compartments strongly contributes to the harsh tumor microenvironment (TME) and ultimately impairs immune cell fitness and effector functions. The major aims of this review are to provide an overview on the immune system in cancer; to position oxygen shortage and metabolic competition as the ground of a restrictive TME and as important players in the anti-tumor immune response; to define how immunotherapies affect hypoxia/oxygen delivery and the metabolic landscape of the tumor; and vice versa, how oxygen and metabolites within the TME impinge on the success of immunotherapies. By analyzing preclinical and clinical endeavors, we will discuss how a metabolic characterization of the TME can identify novel targets and signatures that could be exploited in combination with standard immunotherapies and can help to predict the benefit of new and traditional immunotherapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Riera-Domingo
- Laboratory of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, Center for Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal; Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; and Ludwig Cancer Research Institute, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Annette Audigé
- Laboratory of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, Center for Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal; Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; and Ludwig Cancer Research Institute, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Sara Granja
- Laboratory of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, Center for Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal; Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; and Ludwig Cancer Research Institute, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Wan-Chen Cheng
- Laboratory of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, Center for Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal; Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; and Ludwig Cancer Research Institute, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Ping-Chih Ho
- Laboratory of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, Center for Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal; Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; and Ludwig Cancer Research Institute, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Fátima Baltazar
- Laboratory of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, Center for Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal; Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; and Ludwig Cancer Research Institute, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Christian Stockmann
- Laboratory of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, Center for Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal; Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; and Ludwig Cancer Research Institute, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Massimiliano Mazzone
- Laboratory of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, Center for Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal; Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; and Ludwig Cancer Research Institute, Epalinges, Switzerland
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53
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Ocaña MC, Martínez-Poveda B, Quesada AR, Medina MÁ. Highly Glycolytic Immortalized Human Dermal Microvascular Endothelial Cells are Able to Grow in Glucose-Starved Conditions. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9080332. [PMID: 31374952 PMCID: PMC6723428 DOI: 10.3390/biom9080332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells form the inner lining of blood vessels, in a process known as angiogenesis. Excessive angiogenesis is a hallmark of several diseases, including cancer. The number of studies in endothelial cell metabolism has increased in recent years, and new metabolic targets for pharmacological treatment of pathological angiogenesis are being proposed. In this work, we wanted to address experimental evidence of substrate (namely glucose, glutamine and palmitate) dependence in immortalized dermal microvascular endothelial cells in comparison to primary endothelial cells. In addition, due to the lack of information about lactate metabolism in this specific type of endothelial cells, we also checked their capability of utilizing extracellular lactate. For fulfilling these aims, proliferation, migration, Seahorse, substrate uptake/utilization, and mRNA/protein expression experiments were performed. Our results show a high glycolytic capacity of immortalized dermal microvascular endothelial cells, but an early independence of glucose for cell growth, whereas a total dependence of glutamine to proliferate was found. Additionally, in contrast with reported data in other endothelial cell lines, these cells lack monocarboxylate transporter 1 for extracellular lactate incorporation. Therefore, our results point to the change of certain metabolic features depending on the endothelial cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mª Carmen Ocaña
- Universidad de Málaga, Andalucía Tech, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, E-29071 Málaga, Spain
- IBIMA (Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga), E-29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Beatriz Martínez-Poveda
- Universidad de Málaga, Andalucía Tech, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, E-29071 Málaga, Spain
- IBIMA (Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga), E-29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Ana R Quesada
- Universidad de Málaga, Andalucía Tech, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, E-29071 Málaga, Spain
- IBIMA (Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga), E-29071 Málaga, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), E-29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Medina
- Universidad de Málaga, Andalucía Tech, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, E-29071 Málaga, Spain.
- IBIMA (Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga), E-29071 Málaga, Spain.
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), E-29071 Málaga, Spain.
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54
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Morfoisse F, Noel A. Lymphatic and blood systems: Identical or fraternal twins? Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2019; 114:105562. [PMID: 31278994 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2019.105562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Blood and lymphatic systems work in close collaboration to ensure their respective physiological functions. The lymphatic vessel network is being extensively studied, but has been overlooked as compared to the blood vasculature mainly due to the problematic discrimination of lymphatic vessels from the blood ones. This issue has been fortunately resolved in the past decade leading to the emergence of a huge amount of data in lymphatic biology revealing many shared features with the blood vasculature. However, this likeliness between the two vascular systems may lead to a simplistic view of lymphatics and a direct transcription of what is known for the blood system to the lymphatic one, thereby neglecting the lymphatic specificities. In this context, this review aims to clarify the main differences between the two vascular systems focusing on recently discovered lymphatic features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Morfoisse
- Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, GIGA (GIGA-Cancer), Liege University, B23, Avenue Hippocrate 13, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Agnès Noel
- Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, GIGA (GIGA-Cancer), Liege University, B23, Avenue Hippocrate 13, 4000, Liege, Belgium.
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55
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Pei-Yuan Z, Yu-Wei L, Xiang-Nan Z, Song T, Rong Z, Xiao-Xiao H, Sheng-Shuai S, Kun W, Cheng-Yun L. Overexpression of Axl reverses endothelial cells dysfunction in high glucose and hypoxia. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:11831-11841. [PMID: 30848518 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The receptor tyrosine kinase Axl is involved in diabetic vascular disease. This study aims to investigate the effect of high glucose on endothelial cells injury and Axl expression in hypoxia condition in vitro, and we present details of the mechanism associated with overexpression of Axl rescue the high glucose injury. Our results showed that high glucose impaired both human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and EAhy926 cells angiogenesis in hypoxia condition. In addition, high glucose inhibits Axl and hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α (HIF-1α) protein expression in hypoxia condition. Axl overexpression significantly reversed endothelial cells dysfunction in high glucose/hypoxia. Furthermore, Axl overexpression in EAhy926 cells increases HIF-1α protein synthesis through PI3K/Akt/mTOR/p70 S6K signal pathway but not Mek/Erk in high glucose/hypoxia condition. This study demonstrates that high glucose can alter Axl signaling and HIF-1α in hypoxia condition. Overexpression of Axl may rescue endothelial cells dysfunction and HIF-1α expression through its downstream signals in high glucose/hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuo Pei-Yuan
- Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to The Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Liu Yu-Wei
- Department of Geriatrics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Zha Xiang-Nan
- Department of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Song
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhang Rong
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - He Xiao-Xiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Liyuan Hospital Affiliated to The Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Sheng-Shuai
- Department of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Wang Kun
- Department of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Liu Cheng-Yun
- Department of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
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56
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Caslin HL, Abebayehu D, Abdul Qayum A, Haque TT, Taruselli MT, Paez PA, Pondicherry N, Barnstein BO, Hoeferlin LA, Chalfant CE, Ryan JJ. Lactic Acid Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Mast Cell Function by Limiting Glycolysis and ATP Availability. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:453-464. [PMID: 31160535 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis has a well-studied inflammatory phase, with a less-understood secondary immunosuppressive phase. Elevated blood lactate and slow lactate clearance are associated with mortality; however, regulatory roles are unknown. We hypothesized that lactic acid (LA) contributes to the late phase and is not solely a consequence of bacterial infection. No studies have examined LA effects in sepsis models in vivo or a mechanism by which it suppresses LPS-induced activation in vitro. Because mast cells can be activated systemically and contribute to sepsis, we examined LA effects on the mast cell response to LPS. LA significantly suppressed LPS-induced cytokine production and NF-κB transcriptional activity in mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells and cytokine production in peritoneal mast cells. Suppression was MCT-1 dependent and reproducible with sodium lactate or formic acid. Further, LA significantly suppressed cytokine induction following LPS-induced endotoxemia in mice. Because glycolysis is linked to inflammation and LA is a byproduct of this process, we examined changes in glucose metabolism. LA treatment reduced glucose uptake and lactate export during LPS stimulation. LA effects were mimicked by glycolytic inhibitors and reversed by increasing ATP availability. These results indicate that glycolytic suppression and ATP production are necessary and sufficient for LA effects. Our work suggests that enhancing glycolysis and ATP production could improve immune function, counteracting LA suppressive effects in the immunosuppressive phase of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Caslin
- Virginia Commonwealth University Life Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284
| | - Daniel Abebayehu
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284
| | - Amina Abdul Qayum
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284
| | - Tamara T Haque
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284
| | | | - Patrick A Paez
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284
| | - Neha Pondicherry
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284
| | - Brian O Barnstein
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284
| | - L Alexis Hoeferlin
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Charles E Chalfant
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298.,Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620.,Research Service, James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, FL 33612; and.,Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33620
| | - John J Ryan
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284;
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Axl signaling is an important mediator of tumor angiogenesis. Oncotarget 2019; 10:2887-2898. [PMID: 31080559 PMCID: PMC6499597 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The growth of primary tumors as well as metastatic neoplastic lesions is strongly dependent on the cancer cells’ ability to initiate their own vascular network. This process, angiogenesis, which involves the proliferation, migration, and invasion of endothelial cells, is critically dependent on a variety of signaling molecules that target specific receptors, most notably tyrosine kinases. One receptor tyrosine kinase associated with poor prognosis, metastasis, and outcome in a variety of tumor types, is Axl. Although the role of Axl in tumor cell migration and invasion are well recognized, little is known about the involvement of Axl signaling in the initiation of angiogenesis. Here, we show that Axl inhibition in tumor cells decreases the secretion of pro-angiogenic factors and impairs functional properties of endothelial cells in vitro and in vivo. These data indicate that Axl signaling is an important contributor to tumor angiogenesis.
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58
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Thrombin promotes pericyte coverage by Tie2 activation in a rat model of intracerebral hemorrhage. Brain Res 2019; 1708:58-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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59
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Hong SM, Lee YK, Park I, Kwon SM, Min S, Yoon G. Lactic acidosis caused by repressed lactate dehydrogenase subunit B expression down-regulates mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation via the pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH)-PDH kinase axis. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:7810-7820. [PMID: 30923124 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.006095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Aerobic glycolysis and mitochondrial dysfunction are key metabolic features of cancer cells, but their interplay during cancer development remains unclear. We previously reported that human hepatoma cells with mitochondrial defects exhibit down-regulated lactate dehydrogenase subunit B (LDHB) expression. Here, using several molecular and biochemical assays and informatics analyses, we investigated how LDHB suppression regulates mitochondrial respiratory activity and contributes to liver cancer progression. We found that transcriptional LDHB down-regulation is an upstream event during suppressed oxidative phosphorylation. We also observed that LDHB knockdown increases inhibitory phosphorylation of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) via lactate-mediated PDH kinase (PDK) activation and thereby attenuates oxidative phosphorylation activity. Interestingly, monocarboxylate transporter 1 was the major lactate transporter in hepatoma cells, and its expression was essential for PDH phosphorylation by modulating intracellular lactate levels. Finally, bioinformatics analysis of the hepatocellular carcinoma cohort from The Cancer Genome Atlas revealed that a low LDHB/LDHA ratio is statistically significantly associated with poor prognostic outcomes. A low ratio was also associated with a significant enrichment in glycolysis genes and negatively correlated with PDK1 and 2 expression, supporting a close link between LDHB suppression and the PDK-PDH axis. These results suggest that LDHB suppression is a key mechanism that enhances glycolysis and is critically involved in the maintenance and propagation of mitochondrial dysfunction via lactate release in liver cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Mi Hong
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and.,Biomedical Sciences (BK21 Plus), Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | | | - Imkyong Park
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and.,Biomedical Sciences (BK21 Plus), Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | | | - Seongki Min
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and.,Biomedical Sciences (BK21 Plus), Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Gyesoon Yoon
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and .,Biomedical Sciences (BK21 Plus), Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
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60
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Sun K, Tang S, Hou Y, Xi L, Chen Y, Yin J, Peng M, Zhao M, Cui X, Liu M. Oxidized ATM-mediated glycolysis enhancement in breast cancer-associated fibroblasts contributes to tumor invasion through lactate as metabolic coupling. EBioMedicine 2019; 41:370-383. [PMID: 30799198 PMCID: PMC6442874 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are the predominant residents in the breast tumor microenvironment. In our work, we found activation of DNA damage-independent ATM (oxidized ATM), enhanced glycolysis and aberrant metabolism-associated gene expressions in breast CAFs. Nevertheless, whether and how oxidized ATM regulates the glycolytic activity of CAFs keep in unveil. Recently, a reverse Warburg effect was observed in tumor tissues, in which host cells (such as CAFs, PSCs) in the tumor microenvironment have been found to "fuel" the cancer cells via metabolites transfer. However, the molecular mechanisms of the metabolites from stromal cells playing a role to the progression of cancer cells remain to be determined. METHODS Oxidized ATM activation in stromal CAFs was assessed by western blotting and immunofluorescence. The increased glycolytic ability of CAFs was validated by measurements of OCR and ECAR and detections of glucose consumption and lactate production. Kinase assay and western blotting were performed to confirm the phosphorylation of GLUT1. The membrane location of phosphorylated GLUT1 was determined by biotin pull-down assay and immunofluorescence staining. The regulation of PKM2 through oxidized ATM was evaluated by western blots. In addition, the impact of lactate derived from hypoxic CAFs on cancer cell invasion was investigated both in vitro (transwell assays, western blots) and in vivo (orthotopic xenografts). FINDINGS Hypoxia-induced oxidized ATM promotes glycolytic activity of CAFs by phosphorylating GLUT1 at S490 and increasing PKM2 expression. Moreover, lactate derived from hypoxic CAFs, acting as a metabolic coupling between CAFs and breast cancer cells, promotes breast cancer cell invasion by activating the TGFβ1/p38 MAPK/MMP2/9 signaling axis and fueling the mitochondrial activity in cancer cells. INTERPRETATION Our work shows that oxidized ATM-mediated glycolysis enhancement in hypoxic stromal fibroblasts plays an essential role in cancer cell invasion and metastasis and may implicate oxidized ATM as a target for breast tumor treatment. FUND: This research was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Shifu Tang
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Liuzhou Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital, Liuzhou 545001, Guangxi, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Liuzhou 545001, Guangxi, China
| | - Yixuan Hou
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Experimental Teaching Center of Basic Medicine Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Lei Xi
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yanlin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jiali Yin
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Meixi Peng
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Maojia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xiaojiang Cui
- Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 91006, USA
| | - Manran Liu
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
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61
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Teuwen LA, Geldhof V, Carmeliet P. How glucose, glutamine and fatty acid metabolism shape blood and lymph vessel development. Dev Biol 2019; 447:90-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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62
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Małkiewicz MA, Szarmach A, Sabisz A, Cubała WJ, Szurowska E, Winklewski PJ. Blood-brain barrier permeability and physical exercise. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:15. [PMID: 30678702 PMCID: PMC6345022 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1403-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this narrative review, a theoretical framework on the crosstalk between physical exercise and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability is presented. We discuss the influence of physical activity on the factors affecting BBB permeability such as systemic inflammation, the brain renin-angiotensin and noradrenergic systems, central autonomic function and the kynurenine pathway. The positive role of exercise in multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer’s disease is described. Finally, the potential role of conditioning as well as the effect of exercise on BBB tight junctions is outlined. There is a body of evidence that regular physical exercise diminishes BBB permeability as it reinforces antioxidative capacity, reduces oxidative stress and has anti-inflammatory effects. It improves endothelial function and might increase the density of brain capillaries. Thus, physical training can be emphasised as a component of prevention programs developed for patients to minimise the risk of the onset of neuroinflammatory diseases as well as an augmentation of existing treatment. Unfortunately, despite a sound theoretical background, it remains unclear as to whether exercise training is effective in modulating BBB permeability in several specific diseases. Further research is needed as the impact of exercise is yet to be fully elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta A Małkiewicz
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, Tuwima Str. 15, 80-210, Gdansk, Poland.,Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Szarmach
- 2-nd Department of Radiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Sabisz
- 2-nd Department of Radiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Wiesław J Cubała
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Edyta Szurowska
- 2-nd Department of Radiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Paweł J Winklewski
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, Tuwima Str. 15, 80-210, Gdansk, Poland. .,2-nd Department of Radiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland. .,Department of Clinical Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian University of Slupsk, Slupsk, Poland.
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63
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Liu N, Luo J, Kuang D, Xu S, Duan Y, Xia Y, Wei Z, Xie X, Yin B, Chen F, Luo S, Liu H, Wang J, Jiang K, Gong F, Tang ZH, Cheng X, Li H, Li Z, Laurence A, Wang G, Yang XP. Lactate inhibits ATP6V0d2 expression in tumor-associated macrophages to promote HIF-2α-mediated tumor progression. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:631-646. [PMID: 30431439 DOI: 10.1172/jci123027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages perform key functions in tissue homeostasis that are influenced by the local tissue environment. Within the tumor microenvironment, tumor-associated macrophages can be altered to acquire properties that enhance tumor growth. Here, we found that lactate, a metabolite found in high concentration within the anaerobic tumor environment, activated mTORC1 that subsequently suppressed TFEB-mediated expression of the macrophage-specific vacuolar ATPase subunit ATP6V0d2. Atp6v0d2-/- mice were more susceptible to tumor growth, with enhanced HIF-2α-mediated VEGF production in macrophages that display a more protumoral phenotype. We found that ATP6V0d2 targeted HIF-2α but not HIF-1α for lysosome-mediated degradation. Blockade of HIF-2α transcriptional activity reversed the susceptibility of Atp6v0d2-/- mice to tumor development. Furthermore, in a cohort of patients with lung adenocarcinoma, expression of ATP6V0d2 and HIF-2α was positively and negatively correlated with survival, respectively, suggesting a critical role of the macrophage lactate/ATP6V0d2/HIF-2α axis in maintaining tumor growth in human patients. Together, our results highlight the ability of tumor cells to modify the function of tumor-infiltrating macrophages to optimize the microenvironment for tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Luo
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Dong Kuang
- Institute of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, HUST, Wuhan, China.,Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, and
| | - Sanpeng Xu
- Institute of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, HUST, Wuhan, China.,Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, and
| | - Yaqi Duan
- Institute of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, HUST, Wuhan, China.,Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, and
| | - Yu Xia
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Zhengping Wei
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Xiuxiu Xie
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Bingjiao Yin
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Chen
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Shunqun Luo
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, HUST, Wuhan, China
| | - Huicheng Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Kan Jiang
- Biodata Mining and Discovery Section, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Feili Gong
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Zhao-Hui Tang
- Department of Surgery, Tongji Hospital, HUST, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiang Cheng
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Immunology, Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, HUST, Wuhan, China
| | - Huabin Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuoya Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Arian Laurence
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Guoping Wang
- Institute of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, HUST, Wuhan, China.,Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, and
| | - Xiang-Ping Yang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
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64
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Activation of the sweet taste receptor T1R3 by sucralose attenuates VEGF-induced vasculogenesis in a cell model of the retinal microvascular endothelium. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2018; 257:71-81. [PMID: 30353220 PMCID: PMC6323138 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-018-4157-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the most prevalent microvascular complications for patients with diabetes is diabetic retinopathy (DR) associated with increased retinal endothelial blood vessel formation. Treatments to reduce vascularisation in the retinal endothelium are linked to improved sight in patients with DR. Recently, we have demonstrated the novel protective role of the artificial sweetener, sucralose, and the sweet taste receptor, T1R3, in the pulmonary endothelium to reduce vascular leak. In the present study, we examined the role of sucralose and sweet taste receptors on vasculogenic processes (proliferation, migration, adhesion and tube formation) in a cell model of the retinal endothelium. METHODS We exposed human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (RMVEC) to VEGF as an in vitro model of DR in the presence and absence of T1R3 agonist sucralose. RESULTS In RMVEC, we observed increased VEGF-induced cell proliferation, migration, adhesion and tube formation, which was significantly attenuated by exposure to the artificial sweetener sucralose. Following siRNA knockdown of the sweet taste receptor, T1R3, but not T1R2, the protective effect of sucralose on VEGF-induced RMVEC vasculogenic processes was blocked. We further demonstrate that sucralose attenuates VEGF-induced Akt phosphorylation to protect the retinal microvasculature. CONCLUSION These studies are the first to demonstrate a protective effect of an artificial sweetener, through the sweet taste receptor T1R3, on VEGF-induced vasculogenesis in a retinal microvascular endothelial cell line.
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65
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Bryl-Górecka P, Sathanoori R, Al-Mashat M, Olde B, Jögi J, Evander M, Laurell T, Erlinge D. Effect of exercise on the plasma vesicular proteome: a methodological study comparing acoustic trapping and centrifugation. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:3101-3111. [PMID: 30178811 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00686e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous group of actively released vesicles originating from a wide range of cell types. Characterization of these EVs and their proteomes in the human plasma provides a novel approach in clinical diagnostics, as they reflect physiological and pathological states. However, EV isolation is technically challenging with the current methods having several disadvantages, requiring large sample volumes, and resulting in loss of sample and EV integrity. Here, we use an alternative, non-contact method based on a microscale acoustic standing wave technology. Improved coupling of the acoustic resonator increased the EV recovery from 30% in earlier reports to 80%, also displaying long term stability between experiment days. We report a pilot study, with 20 subjects who underwent physical exercise. Plasma samples were obtained before and 1 h after the workout. Acoustic trapping was compared to a standard high-speed centrifugation protocol, and the method was validated by flow cytometry (FCM). To monitor the device stability, the pooled frozen plasma from volunteers was used as an internal control. A key finding from the FCM analysis was a decrease in CD62E+ (E-selectin) EVs 1 h after exercise that was consistent for both methods. Furthermore, we report the first data that analyse differential EV protein expression before and after physical exercise. Olink-based proteomic analysis showed 54 significantly changed proteins in the EV fraction in response to physical exercise, whereas the EV-free plasma proteome only displayed four differentially regulated proteins, thus underlining an important role of these vesicles in cellular communication, and their potential as plasma derived biomarkers. We conclude that acoustic trapping offers a fast and efficient method comparable with high-speed centrifugation protocols. Further, it has the advantage of using smaller sample volumes (12.5 μL) and rapid contact-free separation with higher yield, and can thus pave the way for future clinical EV-based diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Bryl-Górecka
- Department of Cardiology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden.
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66
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Fitzgerald G, Soro-Arnaiz I, De Bock K. The Warburg Effect in Endothelial Cells and its Potential as an Anti-angiogenic Target in Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:100. [PMID: 30255018 PMCID: PMC6141712 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) make up the lining of our blood vessels and they ensure optimal nutrient and oxygen delivery to the parenchymal tissue. In response to oxygen and/or nutrient deprivation, ECs become activated and sprout into hypo-vascularized tissues forming new vascular networks in a process termed angiogenesis. New sprouts are led by migratory tip cells and extended through the proliferation of trailing stalk cells. Activated ECs rewire their metabolism to cope with the increased energetic and biosynthetic demands associated with migration and proliferation. Moreover, metabolic signaling pathways interact and integrate with angiogenic signaling events. These metabolic adaptations play essential roles in determining EC fate and function, and are perturbed during pathological angiogenesis, as occurs in cancer. The angiogenic switch, or the growth of new blood vessels into an expanding tumor, increases tumor growth and malignancy. Limiting tumor angiogenesis has therefore long been a goal for anticancer therapy but the traditional growth factor targeted anti-angiogenic treatments have met with limited success. In recent years however, it has become increasingly recognized that focusing on altered tumor EC metabolism provides an attractive alternative anti-angiogenic strategy. In this review, we will describe the EC metabolic signature and how changes in EC metabolism affect EC fate during physiological sprouting, as well as in the cancer setting. Then, we will discuss the potential of targeting EC metabolism as a promising approach to develop new anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Fitzgerald
- Laboratory of Exercise and Health, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Inés Soro-Arnaiz
- Laboratory of Exercise and Health, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katrien De Bock
- Laboratory of Exercise and Health, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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67
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Delezie J, Handschin C. Endocrine Crosstalk Between Skeletal Muscle and the Brain. Front Neurol 2018; 9:698. [PMID: 30197620 PMCID: PMC6117390 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is an essential regulator of energy homeostasis and a potent coordinator of exercise-induced adaptations in other organs including the liver, fat or the brain. Skeletal muscle-initiated crosstalk with other tissues is accomplished though the secretion of myokines, protein hormones which can exert autocrine, paracrine and long-distance endocrine effects. In addition, the enhanced release or uptake of metabolites from and into contracting muscle cells, respectively, likewise can act as a powerful mediator of tissue interactions, in particular in regard to the central nervous system. The present review will discuss the current stage of knowledge regarding how exercise and the muscle secretome improve a broad range of brain functions related to vascularization, neuroplasticity, memory, sleep and mood. Even though the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the communication between muscle and brain is still poorly understood, physical activity represents one of the most effective strategies to reduce the prevalence and incidence of depression, cognitive, metabolic or degenerative neuronal disorders, and thus warrants further study.
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68
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Zhang Q, Lou Y, Bai XL, Liang TB. Immunometabolism: A novel perspective of liver cancer microenvironment and its influence on tumor progression. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:3500-3512. [PMID: 30131656 PMCID: PMC6102497 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i31.3500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The initiation and progression of liver cancer, including hepatocellular carcinoma and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, are dependent on its tumor microenvironment. Immune cells are key players in the liver cancer microenvironment and show complicated crosstalk with cancer cells. Emerging evidence has shown that the functions of immune cells are closely related to cell metabolism. However, the effects of metabolic changes of immune cells on liver cancer progression are largely undefined. In this review, we summarize the recent findings of immunometabolism and relate these findings to liver cancer progression. We also explore the translation of the understanding of immunometabolism for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yu Lou
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xue-Li Bai
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ting-Bo Liang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
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69
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Song J, Lee K, Park SW, Chung H, Jung D, Na YR, Quan H, Cho CS, Che JH, Kim JH, Park JH, Seok SH. Lactic Acid Upregulates VEGF Expression in Macrophages and Facilitates Choroidal Neovascularization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 59:3747-3754. [DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-23892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juha Song
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Endemic Disease, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Chongno-gu, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kihwang Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon-si, South Korea
| | - Sung Wook Park
- FARB Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyewon Chung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Endemic Disease, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Chongno-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Daun Jung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Endemic Disease, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Chongno-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yi Rang Na
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Endemic Disease, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Chongno-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hailian Quan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Endemic Disease, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Chongno-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chang Sik Cho
- FARB Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Hwan Che
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Chongno-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeong Hun Kim
- FARB Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hak Park
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung Hyeok Seok
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Endemic Disease, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Chongno-gu, Seoul, South Korea
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70
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Sawada N, Arany Z. Metabolic Regulation of Angiogenesis in Diabetes and Aging. Physiology (Bethesda) 2018; 32:290-307. [PMID: 28615313 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00039.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired angiogenesis and endothelial dysfunction are hallmarks of diabetes and aging. Clinical efforts at promoting angiogenesis have largely focused on growth factor pathways, with mixed results. Recently, a new repertoire of endothelial intracellular molecules critical to endothelial metabolism has emerged as playing an important role in regulating angiogenesis. This review thus focuses on the emerging importance and therapeutic potential of these proteins and of endothelial bioenergetics in diabetes and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Sawada
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey.,Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey.,Division of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan; and
| | - Zolt Arany
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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71
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Bhattacharya R, Ray Chaudhuri S, Roy SS. FGF9-induced ovarian cancer cell invasion involves VEGF-A/VEGFR2 augmentation by virtue of ETS1 upregulation and metabolic reprogramming. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:8174-8189. [PMID: 29904943 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) renders its lethality to enhanced metastasis and late detection. A plethora of growth factors including Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) stimulated signaling pathways regulate the invasive/metastatic behavior of ovarian tumors contributing to its aggressiveness. Autocrine VEGF-functioning by virtue of upregulated VEGFR2 contributes to the invasiveness of OC cells by modulating the MMPs. Studies have highlighted the interaction between FGF and VEGF signaling pathways during angiogenesis. Moreover, the previous involvement of FGF9 in controlling the OC invasiveness prompted us to investigate its role in regulating VEGF-A/VEGFR2 expression that may control the invasive behavior of the cells. Here we demonstrate that, FGF9-induction resulted in the augmentation of VEGF-A/VEGFR2 levels and the subsequent invasion of OC cells through the activation of the ERK-signaling pathway. Moreover, the ETS1 transcription factor was found to enhance the VEGFA/VEGFR2 expression by directly binding to their promoters and facilitated FGF9-dependent elevation of VEGF-signaling which augmented the metastatic potential of OC cells. Enhanced cellular invasiveness was associated with increased aerobic glycolysis, LDH-A expression, and lactate production. Lactate, in turn, controlled VEGF-A/VEGFR2 expression and the resulting cell invasion. Taken together, the augmentation of VEGF-A/VEGFR2 expression and subsequent invasion of OC cells were governed by FGF9-dependent enhancement of both ETS1 and LDH-A/lactate levels. Therefore, this study provides an insight into the mechanism governing elevated VEGF-autocrine functioning in OC that contributes to its invasive/metastatic behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Bhattacharya
- Cell Biology and Physiology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Susri Ray Chaudhuri
- Tata Translational Cancer Research Centre, Tata Medical Centre, Kolkata, India
| | - Sib S Roy
- Cell Biology and Physiology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology Campus, Kolkata, India
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72
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Saha S, Shalova IN, Biswas SK. Metabolic regulation of macrophage phenotype and function. Immunol Rev 2018; 280:102-111. [PMID: 29027220 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Studies in the last 20 years have given us a remarkable insight into the functional and phenotypic diversity of macrophages which reflects their integral role in host defence, homeostasis and pathogenesis. Mouse genetics, transcriptomic and epigenetic studies have provided an ontogenic and molecular perspective to the phenotypic diversity of these cells. Recently, metabolic studies have revealed the crucial role of metabolism and metabolites in shaping the phenotype and function of macrophages. Evidence pertaining to this aspect will be reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpi Saha
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology & Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Irina N Shalova
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology & Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Subhra K Biswas
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology & Research (A*STAR), Singapore
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73
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Ocaña MC, Martínez-Poveda B, Quesada AR, Medina MÁ. Metabolism within the tumor microenvironment and its implication on cancer progression: An ongoing therapeutic target. Med Res Rev 2018; 39:70-113. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ma Carmen Ocaña
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, and IBIMA (Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga), Andalucía Tech; Universidad de Málaga; Málaga Spain
| | - Beatriz Martínez-Poveda
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, and IBIMA (Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga), Andalucía Tech; Universidad de Málaga; Málaga Spain
| | - Ana R. Quesada
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, and IBIMA (Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga), Andalucía Tech; Universidad de Málaga; Málaga Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER); Málaga Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Medina
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, and IBIMA (Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga), Andalucía Tech; Universidad de Málaga; Málaga Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER); Málaga Spain
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74
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Wei J, Sun H, Zhang A, Wu X, Li Y, Liu J, Duan Y, Xiao F, Wang H, Lv M, Wang L, Wu C. A novel AXL chimeric antigen receptor endows T cells with anti-tumor effects against triple negative breast cancers. Cell Immunol 2018; 331:49-58. [PMID: 29935762 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Identifying targets for chimeric antigen receptor-modulated T lymphocyte (CAR-T) therapy against solid tumors is an urgent problem to solve. In this study, we showed for the first time that the receptor tyrosine kinase, AXL, is overexpressed in various tumor cell lines and patient tumor tissues including triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell lines and patient samples, making AXL a potent novel target for cancer therapy, specifically for TNBC treatment. We also engineered T cells with a CAR consisting of a novel single-chain variable fragment against AXL and revealed its antigen-specific cytotoxicity and ability to release cytokines in a TNBC cell line and other AXL-positive tumors in vitro. Furthermore, AXL-CAR-T cells displayed a significant anti-tumor effect and in vivo persistence in a TNBC xenograft model. Taken together, our findings indicate that AXL-CAR-T cells can represent a promising therapeutic strategy against TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wei
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Huiyan Sun
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Aimei Zhang
- Pathology Department Weifang Heart Hospital, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Xuejie Wu
- Department of Urology, General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Beijing 100039, PR China
| | - Yuxiang Li
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Jiawei Liu
- College of Basic Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shannxi 710000, PR China
| | - Yanting Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Fengjun Xiao
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Ming Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, PR China.
| | - Lisheng Wang
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China; School of Nursing, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China.
| | - Chutse Wu
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China.
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75
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Hu XF, Feng YF, Xiang G, Lei W, Wang L. Lactic acid of PLGA coating promotes angiogenesis on the interface between porous titanium and diabetic bone. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:2274-2288. [PMID: 32254567 DOI: 10.1039/c7tb03247a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The diabetes-related high failure risk for endosseous implants needs efficacious methods to improve osteointegration on the bone-implant interface (BII). Poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) is widely used in tissue engineering but its effects on the BII in diabetes remain unclear. To clarify this issue, 3D-printed porous titanium implants (TI) with and without PLGA coating were fixed in the bone defects of sheep in vivo, and vascular endothelial cells (VEC) and osteoblasts were incubated on the implant surface under normal conditions (NC) and diabetic conditions (DC) in vitro. The results showed that the PLGA coating promoted angiogenesis on the BII and the osteointegration of TI in diabetic sheep. The PLGA coating attenuated the DC-induced dysfunctions of VEC but not of osteoblasts. When VEC and osteoblasts were co-cultured in DC, the PLGA coating showed protective effects on the osteoblasts. Lactic acid (LA) but not glycolic acid (GA), both of which are degradation products of PLGA, induced similar effects to those of PLGA. These results suggest that PLGA coating on TI could promote angiogenesis in diabetes by its degradation production of LA, thus indirectly improving the bone formation on BII. Furthermore, PLGA exerted its effects, at least partially, through inhibiting the pathological effects of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) on the BII. This is the first study of the effects of PLGA on angiogenesis on the BII and the first findings on the inhibitory effects of PLGA on AGEs. Our findings demonstrate that PLGA is a promising interface-modification component for fabricating implants with better angiogenesis and osteointegration on the BII under diabetic conditions. This strategy might be applicable for reducing implant failure in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fan Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, P. R. China.
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76
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Rohlenova K, Veys K, Miranda-Santos I, De Bock K, Carmeliet P. Endothelial Cell Metabolism in Health and Disease. Trends Cell Biol 2018; 28:224-236. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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77
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Kouidhi S, Ben Ayed F, Benammar Elgaaied A. Targeting Tumor Metabolism: A New Challenge to Improve Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2018; 9:353. [PMID: 29527212 PMCID: PMC5829092 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, a marked number of clinical trials on cancer treatment have revealed the success of immunomodulatory therapies based on immune checkpoint inhibitors that activate tumor-specific T cells. However, the therapeutic efficacy of cancer immunotherapies is only restricted to a small fraction of patients. A deeper understanding of key mechanisms generating an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) remains a major challenge for more effective antitumor immunity. There is a growing evidence that the TME supports inappropriate metabolic reprogramming that dampens T cell function, and therefore impacts the antitumor immune response and tumor progression. Notably, the immunosuppressive TME is characterized by a lack of crucial carbon sources critical for T cell function and increased inhibitory signals. Here, we summarize the basics of intrinsic and extrinsic metabolic remodeling and metabolic checkpoints underlying the competition between cancer and infiltrating immune cells for nutrients and metabolites. Intriguingly, the upregulation of tumor programmed death-L1 and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 alters the metabolic programme of T cells and drives their exhaustion. In this context, targeting both tumor and T cell metabolism can beneficially enhance or temper immunity in an inhospitable microenvironment and markedly improve the success of immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumaya Kouidhi
- Laboratory BVBGR, LR11ES31, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Sidi Thabet (ISBST), Department of Biotechnology, University of Manouba, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Genetics, Immunology and Human Pathology, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, Department of Biology, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Farhat Ben Ayed
- Association Tunisienne de Lutte contre le Cancer (ATCC), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Amel Benammar Elgaaied
- Laboratory of Genetics, Immunology and Human Pathology, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, Department of Biology, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
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78
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Sormendi S, Wielockx B. Hypoxia Pathway Proteins As Central Mediators of Metabolism in the Tumor Cells and Their Microenvironment. Front Immunol 2018; 9:40. [PMID: 29434587 PMCID: PMC5796897 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Low oxygen tension or hypoxia is a determining factor in the course of many different processes in animals, including when tissue expansion and cellular metabolism result in high oxygen demands that exceed its supply. This is mainly happening when cells actively proliferate and the proliferating mass becomes distant from the blood vessels, such as in growing tumors. Metabolic alterations in response to hypoxia can be triggered in a direct manner, such as the switch from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis or inhibition of fatty acid desaturation. However, as the modulated action of hypoxia-inducible factors or the oxygen sensors (prolyl hydroxylase domain-containing enzymes) can also lead to changes in enzyme expression, these metabolic changes can also be indirect. With this review, we want to summarize our current knowledge of the hypoxia-induced changes in metabolism during cancer development, how they are affected in the tumor cells and in the cells of the microenvironment, most prominently in immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundary Sormendi
- Heisenberg Research Group, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ben Wielockx
- Heisenberg Research Group, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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79
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Paracrine interactions of cancer-associated fibroblasts, macrophages and endothelial cells: tumor allies and foes. Curr Opin Oncol 2018; 30:45-53. [DOI: 10.1097/cco.0000000000000420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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80
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Eelen G, de Zeeuw P, Treps L, Harjes U, Wong BW, Carmeliet P. Endothelial Cell Metabolism. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:3-58. [PMID: 29167330 PMCID: PMC5866357 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00001.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) are more than inert blood vessel lining material. Instead, they are active players in the formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) both in health and (life-threatening) diseases. Recently, a new concept arose by which EC metabolism drives angiogenesis in parallel to well-established angiogenic growth factors (e.g., vascular endothelial growth factor). 6-Phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase-3-driven glycolysis generates energy to sustain competitive behavior of the ECs at the tip of a growing vessel sprout, whereas carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a-controlled fatty acid oxidation regulates nucleotide synthesis and proliferation of ECs in the stalk of the sprout. To maintain vascular homeostasis, ECs rely on an intricate metabolic wiring characterized by intracellular compartmentalization, use metabolites for epigenetic regulation of EC subtype differentiation, crosstalk through metabolite release with other cell types, and exhibit EC subtype-specific metabolic traits. Importantly, maladaptation of EC metabolism contributes to vascular disorders, through EC dysfunction or excess angiogenesis, and presents new opportunities for anti-angiogenic strategies. Here we provide a comprehensive overview of established as well as newly uncovered aspects of EC metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Eelen
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pauline de Zeeuw
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lucas Treps
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ulrike Harjes
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Brian W Wong
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Carmeliet
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
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81
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Wu W, Duan Y, Ma G, Zhou G, Park-Windhol C, D'Amore PA, Lei H. AAV-CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Depletion of VEGFR2 Blocks Angiogenesis In Vitro. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 58:6082-6090. [PMID: 29204648 PMCID: PMC5714046 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-21902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Pathologic angiogenesis is a component of many diseases, including neovascular age-related macular degeneration, proliferation diabetic retinopathy, as well as tumor growth and metastasis. The purpose of this project was to examine whether the system of adeno-associated viral (AAV)–mediated CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)–associated endonuclease (Cas)9 can be used to deplete expression of VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2) in human vascular endothelial cells in vitro and thus suppress its downstream signaling events. Methods The dual AAV system of CRISPR/Cas9 from Streptococcus pyogenes (AAV-SpGuide and -SpCas9) was adapted to edit genomic VEGFR2 in primary human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRECs). In this system, the endothelial-specific promoter for intercellular adhesion molecule 2 (ICAM2) was cloned into the dual AAV vectors of SpGuide and SpCas9 for driving expression of green fluorescence protein (GFP) and SpCas9, respectively. These two AAV vectors were applied to production of recombinant AAV serotype 5 (rAAV5), which were used to infect HRECs for depletion of VEGFR2. Protein expression was determined by Western blot; and cell proliferation, migration, as well as tube formation were examined. Results AAV5 effectively infected vascular endothelial cells (ECs) and retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells; the ICAM2 promoter drove expression of GFP and SpCas9 in HRECs, but not in RPE cells. The results showed that the rAAV5-CRISPR/Cas9 depleted VEGFR2 by 80% and completely blocked VEGF-induced activation of Akt, and proliferation, migration as well as tube formation of HRECs. Conclusions AAV-CRISRP/Cas9–mediated depletion of VEGFR2 is a potential therapeutic strategy for pathologic angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyi Wu
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear; Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yajian Duan
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear; Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States.,Shanxi Eye Hospital, Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Gaoen Ma
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear; Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Eye Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, China
| | - Guohong Zhou
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear; Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States.,Shanxi Eye Hospital, Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Cindy Park-Windhol
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear; Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Patricia A D'Amore
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear; Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Hetian Lei
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear; Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
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Abstract
A major challenge in anticancer treatment is the pre-existence or emergence of resistance to therapy. AXL and MER are two members of the TAM (TYRO3-AXL-MER) family of receptor tyrosine kinases, which, when activated, can regulate tumor cell survival, proliferation, migration and invasion, angiogenesis, and tumor-host interactions. An increasing body of evidence strongly suggests that these receptors play major roles in resistance to targeted therapies and conventional cytotoxic agents. Multiple resistance mechanisms exist, including the direct and indirect crosstalk of AXL and MER with other receptors and the activation of feedback loops regulating AXL and MER expression and activity. These mechanisms may be innate, adaptive, or acquired. A principal role of AXL appears to be in sustaining a mesenchymal phenotype, itself a major mechanism of resistance to diverse anticancer therapies. Both AXL and MER play a role in the repression of the innate immune response which may also limit response to treatment. Small molecule and antibody inhibitors of AXL and MER have recently been described, and some of these have already entered clinical trials. The optimal design of treatment strategies to maximize the clinical benefit of these AXL and MER targeting agents are discussed in relation to the different cancer types and the types of resistance encountered. One of the major challenges to successful development of these therapies will be the application of robust predictive biomarkers for clear-cut patient stratification.
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83
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Lyssiotis CA, Kimmelman AC. Metabolic Interactions in the Tumor Microenvironment. Trends Cell Biol 2017; 27:863-875. [PMID: 28734735 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 528] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tumors are dynamic pseudoorgans that contain numerous cell types interacting to create a unique physiology. Within this network, the malignant cells encounter many challenges and rewire their metabolic properties accordingly. Such changes can be experienced and executed autonomously or through interaction with other cells in the tumor. The focus of this review is on the remodeling of the tumor microenvironment that leads to pathophysiologic interactions that are influenced and shaped by metabolism. They include symbiotic nutrient sharing, nutrient competition, and the role of metabolites as signaling molecules. Examples of such processes abound in normal organismal physiology, and such heterocellular metabolic interactions are repurposed to support tumor metabolism and growth. The importance and ubiquity of these processes are just beginning to be realized, and insights into their role in tumor development and progression are being used to design new drug targets and cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costas A Lyssiotis
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Alec C Kimmelman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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84
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Wong BW, Marsch E, Treps L, Baes M, Carmeliet P. Endothelial cell metabolism in health and disease: impact of hypoxia. EMBO J 2017. [PMID: 28637793 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201696150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to the general belief, endothelial cell (EC) metabolism has recently been identified as a driver rather than a bystander effect of angiogenesis in health and disease. Indeed, different EC subtypes present with distinct metabolic properties, which determine their function in angiogenesis upon growth factor stimulation. One of the main stimulators of angiogenesis is hypoxia, frequently observed in disease settings such as cancer and atherosclerosis. It has long been established that hypoxic signalling and metabolism changes are highly interlinked. In this review, we will provide an overview of the literature and recent findings on hypoxia-driven EC function and metabolism in health and disease. We summarize evidence on metabolic crosstalk between different hypoxic cell types with ECs and suggest new metabolic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian W Wong
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elke Marsch
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lucas Treps
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Myriam Baes
- Laboratory for Cell Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Carmeliet
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium .,Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
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85
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Bustamante MF, Garcia-Carbonell R, Whisenant KD, Guma M. Fibroblast-like synoviocyte metabolism in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2017; 19:110. [PMID: 28569176 PMCID: PMC5452638 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-017-1303-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of studies show how changes in intracellular metabolic pathways alter tumor and immune cell function. However, little information about metabolic changes in other cell types, including synovial fibroblasts, is available. In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) are the most common cell type at the pannus–cartilage junction and contribute to joint destruction through their production of cytokines, chemokines, and matrix-degrading molecules and by migrating and invading joint cartilage. In this review, we show that these cells differ from healthy synovial fibroblasts, not only in their marker expression, proto-oncogene expression, or their epigenetic changes, but also in their intracellular metabolism. These metabolic changes must occur due to the stressful microenvironment of inflamed tissues, where concentrations of crucial nutrients such as glucose, glutamine, and oxygen are spatially and temporally heterogeneous. In addition, these metabolic changes will increase metabolite exchange between fibroblast and other synovial cells, which can potentially be activated. Glucose and phospholipid metabolism as well as bioactive lipids, including sphingosine-1-phosphate and lysophosphatidic acid, among others, are involved in FLS activation. These metabolic changes likely contribute to FLS involvement in aspects of immune response initiation or abnormal immune responses and strongly contribute to joint destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta F Bustamante
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, UCSD, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0663, USA
| | - Ricard Garcia-Carbonell
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, UCSD, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0663, USA
| | - Katrijn D Whisenant
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, UCSD, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0663, USA
| | - Monica Guma
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, UCSD, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0663, USA.
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86
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Vascular heterogeneity and specialization in development and disease. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2017; 18:477-494. [PMID: 28537573 DOI: 10.1038/nrm.2017.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 359] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Blood and lymphatic vessels pervade almost all body tissues and have numerous essential roles in physiology and disease. The inner lining of these networks is formed by a single layer of endothelial cells, which is specialized according to the needs of the tissue that it supplies. Whereas the general mechanisms of blood and lymphatic vessel development are being defined with increasing molecular precision, studies of the processes of endothelial specialization remain mostly descriptive. Recent insights from genetic animal models illuminate how endothelial cells interact with each other and with their tissue environment, providing paradigms for vessel type- and organ-specific endothelial differentiation. Delineating these governing principles will be crucial for understanding how tissues develop and maintain, and how their function becomes abnormal in disease.
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87
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Morland C, Andersson KA, Haugen ØP, Hadzic A, Kleppa L, Gille A, Rinholm JE, Palibrk V, Diget EH, Kennedy LH, Stølen T, Hennestad E, Moldestad O, Cai Y, Puchades M, Offermanns S, Vervaeke K, Bjørås M, Wisløff U, Storm-Mathisen J, Bergersen LH. Exercise induces cerebral VEGF and angiogenesis via the lactate receptor HCAR1. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15557. [PMID: 28534495 PMCID: PMC5457513 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise can improve brain function and delay neurodegeneration; however, the initial signal from muscle to brain is unknown. Here we show that the lactate receptor (HCAR1) is highly enriched in pial fibroblast-like cells that line the vessels supplying blood to the brain, and in pericyte-like cells along intracerebral microvessels. Activation of HCAR1 enhances cerebral vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) and cerebral angiogenesis. High-intensity interval exercise (5 days weekly for 7 weeks), as well as L-lactate subcutaneous injection that leads to an increase in blood lactate levels similar to exercise, increases brain VEGFA protein and capillary density in wild-type mice, but not in knockout mice lacking HCAR1. In contrast, skeletal muscle shows no vascular HCAR1 expression and no HCAR1-dependent change in vascularization induced by exercise or lactate. Thus, we demonstrate that a substance released by exercising skeletal muscle induces supportive effects in brain through an identified receptor.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Brain/blood supply
- Capillaries/cytology
- Capillaries/drug effects
- Capillaries/metabolism
- Injections, Subcutaneous
- Lactic Acid/administration & dosage
- Lactic Acid/blood
- Lactic Acid/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Models, Animal
- Muscle, Skeletal/blood supply
- Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Neovascularization, Physiologic/physiology
- Pericytes/metabolism
- Physical Conditioning, Animal/physiology
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilie Morland
- The Brain and Muscle Energy Group, Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Department of Oral Biology, University of Oslo, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway
- Institute for Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College, NO-0167 Oslo, Norway
- The Synaptic Neurochemistry Lab, Division of Anatomy, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Healthy Brain Ageing Centre, University of Oslo, NO-0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Krister A. Andersson
- The Brain and Muscle Energy Group, Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Department of Oral Biology, University of Oslo, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway
- Institute for Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College, NO-0167 Oslo, Norway
- The Synaptic Neurochemistry Lab, Division of Anatomy, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Healthy Brain Ageing Centre, University of Oslo, NO-0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Øyvind P. Haugen
- The Brain and Muscle Energy Group, Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Department of Oral Biology, University of Oslo, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Alena Hadzic
- The Brain and Muscle Energy Group, Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Department of Oral Biology, University of Oslo, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway
- Institute for Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College, NO-0167 Oslo, Norway
- The Synaptic Neurochemistry Lab, Division of Anatomy, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Healthy Brain Ageing Centre, University of Oslo, NO-0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Liv Kleppa
- The Brain and Muscle Energy Group, Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Department of Oral Biology, University of Oslo, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway
- The Synaptic Neurochemistry Lab, Division of Anatomy, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Healthy Brain Ageing Centre, University of Oslo, NO-0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Andreas Gille
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Mannheim Medical Faculty, Heidelberg University, D-68169 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Johanne E. Rinholm
- The Brain and Muscle Energy Group, Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Department of Oral Biology, University of Oslo, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway
- The Synaptic Neurochemistry Lab, Division of Anatomy, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Healthy Brain Ageing Centre, University of Oslo, NO-0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Vuk Palibrk
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Elisabeth H. Diget
- The Brain and Muscle Energy Group, Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Department of Oral Biology, University of Oslo, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Lauritz H. Kennedy
- The Brain and Muscle Energy Group, Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Department of Oral Biology, University of Oslo, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway
- The Synaptic Neurochemistry Lab, Division of Anatomy, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Healthy Brain Ageing Centre, University of Oslo, NO-0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Tomas Stølen
- K.G. Jebsen Center of Exercise in Medicine, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Eivind Hennestad
- Laboratory of Neural Computation, Department of Physiology, University of Oslo, NO-0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Olve Moldestad
- Centre for Rare Disorders, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Yiqing Cai
- The Brain and Muscle Energy Group, Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Department of Oral Biology, University of Oslo, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Maja Puchades
- The Synaptic Neurochemistry Lab, Division of Anatomy, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Healthy Brain Ageing Centre, University of Oslo, NO-0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Stefan Offermanns
- Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Pharmacology, D-61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Koen Vervaeke
- Laboratory of Neural Computation, Department of Physiology, University of Oslo, NO-0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Magnar Bjørås
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ulrik Wisløff
- K.G. Jebsen Center of Exercise in Medicine, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jon Storm-Mathisen
- The Synaptic Neurochemistry Lab, Division of Anatomy, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Healthy Brain Ageing Centre, University of Oslo, NO-0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Linda H. Bergersen
- The Brain and Muscle Energy Group, Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Department of Oral Biology, University of Oslo, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway
- The Synaptic Neurochemistry Lab, Division of Anatomy, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Healthy Brain Ageing Centre, University of Oslo, NO-0317 Oslo, Norway
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
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Hopefully devoted to Q: targeting glutamine addiction in cancer. Br J Cancer 2017; 116:1375-1381. [PMID: 28441384 PMCID: PMC5520092 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2017.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered cell metabolism enables tumours to sustain their increased energetic and biosynthetic needs. Although tumour metabolism has long been considered a promising discipline in the development of cancer therapeutics, the majority of work has focused on changes in glucose metabolism. However, the complexity of cellular metabolism means that very rarely is an individual metabolite required for a single purpose, and thus understanding the overall metabolic requirements of tumours is vital. Over the past 30 years, increasing evidence has shown that many tumours require glutamine as well as glucose for their proliferation and survival. In this minireview, we explore the complexity of glutamine metabolism in tumour cells, discussing how the overall context of the tumour dictates the requirement for glutamine and how this can affect the design of effective therapeutic strategies.
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89
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Zou Y, Zeng S, Huang M, Qiu Q, Xiao Y, Shi M, Zhan Z, Liang L, Yang X, Xu H. Inhibition of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase suppresses fibroblast-like synoviocytes-mediated synovial inflammation and joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:893-908. [PMID: 28239846 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Abnormal glycolytic metabolism contributes to joint inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The aims of this study were to investigate the role of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase 3 (PFKFB3), a bifunctional enzyme that controls the glycolytic rate, in regulating fibroblast-like synoviocyte (FLS)-mediated synovial inflammation and invasiveness in RA. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH A specific inhibitor of PFKFB3, PFK15, and siRNA were used to evaluate the role of PFKFB3. Protein expression was measured by Western blotting or immunofluorescence staining. The expression of cytokines was determined by quantitative real-time PCR. Migration and invasion were measured using a Boyden chamber assay. A mouse model of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) was used to evaluate the in vivo effect of PFK15. KEY RESULTS PFKFB3 expression was increased in the synovial tissue and FLSs from RA patients compared with osteoarthritis patients. PFKFB3 inhibition decreased the expression of IL-8, IL-6, CCL-2 and CXCL-10 and the proliferation, migration and invasion of RA FLSs. PFK15 suppressed TNF-α-induced activation of NF-κB and p38, JNK and ERK MAPK signals in RA FLSs. PFK15 treatment also suppressed glucose uptake and lactate secretion. Lactate reversed the inhibitory effect of PFK15 or PFKFB3 siRNA on cytokine expression and migration of RA FLSs. Lactate was also involved in PFKFB3-mediated activation of NF-κB and MAPKs. Intraperitoneal injection of PFK15 in mice with CIA attenuated joint inflammation. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Elevated PFKFB3 expression might contribute to synovial inflammation and aggressive behaviours of RA FLSs, suggesting a novel strategy of targeting PFKFB3 to prevent synovial inflammation and joint destruction in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyao Zou
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shan Zeng
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Mingcheng Huang
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qian Qiu
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Youjun Xiao
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Maohua Shi
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhongping Zhan
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Liuqin Liang
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiuyan Yang
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hanshi Xu
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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90
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Lee CH, Hung YJ, Shieh YS, Chien CY, Hsu YJ, Lin CY, Chiang CF, Huang CL, Hsieh CH. Cilostazol inhibits uremic toxin–induced vascular smooth muscle cell dysfunction: role of Axl signaling. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2017; 312:F398-F406. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00258.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with increased cardiovascular mortality, and vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) dysfunction plays a pivotal role in uremic atherosclerosis. Axl signaling is involved in vascular injury and is highly expressed in VSMCs. Recent reports have shown that cilostazol, a phosphodiesterase type 3 inhibitor (PDE3), can regulate various stages of the atherosclerotic process. However, the role of cilostazol in uremic vasculopathy remains unclear. This study aimed to identify the effect of cilostazol in VSMCs in the experimental CKD and to investigate whether the regulatory mechanism occurs through Axl signaling. We investigated the effect of P-cresol and cilostazol on Axl signaling in A7r5 rat VSMCs and the rat and human CKD models. From the in vivo CKD rats and patients, aortic tissue exhibited significantly decreased Axl expression after cilostazol treatment. P-cresol increased Axl, proliferating of cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), focal adhesion kinase (FAK), and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) expressions, decreased caspase-3 expression, and was accompanied by increased cell viability and migration. Cilostazol significantly reversed P-cresol-induced Axl, downstream gene expressions, and cell functions. Along with the increased Axl expression, P-cresol activated PLCγ, Akt, and ERK phosphorylation and cilostazol significantly suppressed the effect of P-cresol. Axl knockdown significantly reversed the expressions of P-cresol-induced Axl-related gene expression and cell functions. Cilostazol with Axl knockdown have additive changes in downstream gene expression and cell functions in P-cresol culture. Both in vitro and in vivo experimental CKD models elucidate a new signal transduction of cilostazol-mediated protection against uremic toxin-related VSMCs dysfunction and highlight the involvement of the Axl signaling and downstream pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Hsing Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jen Hung
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Shing Shieh
- School of Dentistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Yen Chien
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Juei Hsu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; and
| | - Chih-Yuan Lin
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Fu Chiang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Luen Huang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Hsun Hsieh
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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91
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Kalucka J, Bierhansl L, Wielockx B, Carmeliet P, Eelen G. Interaction of endothelial cells with macrophages-linking molecular and metabolic signaling. Pflugers Arch 2017; 469:473-483. [PMID: 28236120 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-017-1946-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis and inflammation go hand in hand in various (patho-)physiological conditions. Several studies have highlighted the interconnection between endothelial cells (ECs) and macrophages in these conditions at the level of growth factor and cytokine signaling, yet the importance of metabolism and metabolic signaling has been largely overlooked. Modulating macrophage and/or endothelial functions by interfering with metabolic pathways offers new perspectives for therapeutic strategies. In this review, we highlight the complexity of the interrelationship between the inflammatory response and angiogenesis. More in particular, the interaction between macrophages and ECs will be discussed with a special focus on how their metabolism can contribute to (patho-)physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kalucka
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Vesalius Research Centre, VIB, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N4, Herestraat 49-912, Leuven, 3000, Belgium. .,Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N4, Leuven, 3000, Belgium.
| | - Laura Bierhansl
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Vesalius Research Centre, VIB, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N4, Herestraat 49-912, Leuven, 3000, Belgium.,Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N4, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Ben Wielockx
- Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of medicine, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Dresden, Germany
| | - Peter Carmeliet
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Vesalius Research Centre, VIB, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N4, Herestraat 49-912, Leuven, 3000, Belgium.,Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N4, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Guy Eelen
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Vesalius Research Centre, VIB, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N4, Herestraat 49-912, Leuven, 3000, Belgium. .,Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N4, Leuven, 3000, Belgium.
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92
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Ruprecht B, Zaal EA, Zecha J, Wu W, Berkers CR, Kuster B, Lemeer S. Lapatinib Resistance in Breast Cancer Cells Is Accompanied by Phosphorylation-Mediated Reprogramming of Glycolysis. Cancer Res 2017; 77:1842-1853. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-2976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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93
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Abstract
Angiogenesis has traditionally been viewed from the perspective of how endothelial cells (ECs) coordinate migration and proliferation in response to growth factor activation to form new vessel branches. However, ECs must also coordinate their metabolism and adapt metabolic fluxes to the rising energy and biomass demands of branching vessels. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of such metabolic regulation in the endothelium and uncovered core metabolic pathways and mechanisms of regulation that drive the angiogenic process. In this review, we discuss our current understanding of EC metabolism, how it intersects with angiogenic signal transduction, and how alterations in metabolic pathways affect vessel morphogenesis. Understanding EC metabolism promises to reveal new perspectives on disease mechanisms in the vascular system with therapeutic implications for disorders with aberrant vessel growth and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Potente
- Angiogenesis and Metabolism Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, D-61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany; .,International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhein-Main, D-13347 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Carmeliet
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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94
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Lee M, Chen GT, Puttock E, Wang K, Edwards RA, Waterman ML, Lowengrub J. Mathematical modeling links Wnt signaling to emergent patterns of metabolism in colon cancer. Mol Syst Biol 2017; 13:912. [PMID: 28183841 PMCID: PMC5327728 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20167386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-intrinsic metabolic reprogramming is a hallmark of cancer that provides anabolic support to cell proliferation. How reprogramming influences tumor heterogeneity or drug sensitivities is not well understood. Here, we report a self-organizing spatial pattern of glycolysis in xenograft colon tumors where pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK1), a negative regulator of oxidative phosphorylation, is highly active in clusters of cells arranged in a spotted array. To understand this pattern, we developed a reaction-diffusion model that incorporates Wnt signaling, a pathway known to upregulate PDK1 and Warburg metabolism. Partial interference with Wnt alters the size and intensity of the spotted pattern in tumors and in the model. The model predicts that Wnt inhibition should trigger an increase in proteins that enhance the range of Wnt ligand diffusion. Not only was this prediction validated in xenograft tumors but similar patterns also emerge in radiochemotherapy-treated colorectal cancer. The model also predicts that inhibitors that target glycolysis or Wnt signaling in combination should synergize and be more effective than each treatment individually. We validated this prediction in 3D colon tumor spheroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Lee
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - George T Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Eric Puttock
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Kehui Wang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Robert A Edwards
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Marian L Waterman
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - John Lowengrub
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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95
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Gay CM, Balaji K, Byers LA. Giving AXL the axe: targeting AXL in human malignancy. Br J Cancer 2017; 116:415-423. [PMID: 28072762 PMCID: PMC5318970 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2016.428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The receptor tyrosine kinase AXL, activated by a complex interaction between its ligand growth arrest-specific protein 6 and phosphatidylserine, regulates various vital cellular processes, including proliferation, survival, motility, and immunologic response. Although not implicated as an oncogenic driver itself, AXL, a member of the TYRO3, AXL, and MERTK family of receptor tyrosine kinases, is overexpressed in several haematologic and solid malignancies, including acute myeloid leukaemia, non-small cell lung cancer, gastric and colorectal adenocarcinomas, and breast and prostate cancers. In the context of malignancy, evidence suggests that AXL overexpression drives wide-ranging processes, including epithelial to mesenchymal transition, tumour angiogenesis, resistance to chemotherapeutic and targeted agents, and decreased antitumor immune response. As a result, AXL is an attractive candidate not only as a prognostic biomarker in malignancy but also as a target for anticancer therapies. Several AXL inhibitors are currently in preclinical and clinical development. This article reviews the structure, regulation, and function of AXL; the role of AXL in the tumour microenvironment; the development of AXL as a therapeutic target; and areas of ongoing and future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl M Gay
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kavitha Balaji
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lauren Averett Byers
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA
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96
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Huang B, Peng Y, Li J, Li S, Sun Y, Wang D, Yang B, Chan JYW, Yu H, Leung GPH, Hoi MPM, Zhou GC, Lee SMY. An andrographolide derivative AGP-26b exhibiting anti-angiogenic activity in HUVECs and zebrafish via blocking the VEGFA/VEGFR2 signaling pathway. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2017; 13:525-536. [DOI: 10.1039/c6mb00641h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A new andrographolide derivative AGP-26b exhibits anti-angiogenic activity in HUVECs and zebrafish.
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97
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Li J, Peng Y, Li S, Sun Y, Chan JYW, Cui G, Wang D, Zhou GC, Lee SMY. Anti-angiogenic activity of a new andrographolide derivative in zebrafish and HUVECs. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 789:344-353. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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98
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Chen X, Wang Q, Zhan L, Shu A. Effects and mechanisms of docosahexaenoic acid on the generation of angiopoietin-2 by rat brain microvascular endothelial cells under an oxygen- and glucose-deprivation environment. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:1518. [PMID: 27652091 PMCID: PMC5017979 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-3067-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on the generation of angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) by rat brain microvascular endothelial cells under an oxygen- and glucose-deprivation environment (OGD), and its relationship, if any, with cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) expression. Methods Annexin V and propidium iodide apoptosis assay was used to detect apoptosis. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect Ang-2, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and prostaglandin I2 (PGI2) content. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to detect Ang-2 and VEGF mRNA expression. Western blot was used to detect expression of COX-2 protein. Results DHA reduced the apoptosis rate (P = 0.026) and decreased the secretion of Ang-2, VEGF, PGE2, and PGI2 (P = 0.006, P = 0.000, P = 0.002, P = 0.004 respectively). The relative expression of Ang2 and Vegf mRNA, as well as COX-2 expression, also decreased (P = 0.000, P = 0.005, P = 0.007 respectively). These effects were antagonized by GW9662 (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ antagonist). COX-2 protein expression levels were positively correlated with Ang2 and Vegf mRNA expression levels (γ = 0.69, P = 0.038 and γ = 0.76, P = 0.032, respectively). Ang-2 and VEGF mRNA levels were positively correlated with Ang-2 (γ = 0.84, P = 0.012) and VEGF (γ = 0.71, P = 0.036) secretion levels respectively. Conclusion DHA reduced apoptosis induced by an OGD environment, thus decreasing Ang-2 and VEGF synthesis. This phenomenon was associated with a decrease in COX-2 protein expression, PGE2 and PGI2 secretion, and generation regulation via intracellular transcriptional pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Three Gorges University People's Hospital, The First People's Hospital of Yichang, No. 2 Jiefang Road, Yichang, 443000 Hubei China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Three Gorges University People's Hospital, The First People's Hospital of Yichang, No. 2 Jiefang Road, Yichang, 443000 Hubei China
| | - Leyun Zhan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Three Gorges University People's Hospital, The First People's Hospital of Yichang, No. 2 Jiefang Road, Yichang, 443000 Hubei China
| | - Aihua Shu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Three Gorges University People's Hospital, The First People's Hospital of Yichang, No. 2 Jiefang Road, Yichang, 443000 Hubei China
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99
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Abebayehu D, Spence AJ, Qayum AA, Taruselli MT, McLeod JJA, Caslin HL, Chumanevich AP, Kolawole EM, Paranjape A, Baker B, Ndaw VS, Barnstein BO, Oskeritzian CA, Sell SA, Ryan JJ. Lactic Acid Suppresses IL-33-Mediated Mast Cell Inflammatory Responses via Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α-Dependent miR-155 Suppression. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:2909-17. [PMID: 27559047 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Lactic acid (LA) is present in tumors, asthma, and wound healing, environments with elevated IL-33 and mast cell infiltration. Although IL-33 is a potent mast cell activator, how LA affects IL-33-mediated mast cell function is unknown. To investigate this, mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells were cultured with or without LA and activated with IL-33. LA reduced IL-33-mediated cytokine and chemokine production. Using inhibitors for monocarboxylate transporters (MCT) or replacing LA with sodium lactate revealed that LA effects are MCT-1- and pH-dependent. LA selectively altered IL-33 signaling, suppressing TGF-β-activated kinase-1, JNK, ERK, and NF-κB phosphorylation, but not p38 phosphorylation. LA effects in other contexts have been linked to hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α, which was enhanced in bone marrow-derived mast cells treated with LA. Because HIF-1α has been shown to regulate the microRNA miR-155 in other systems, LA effects on miR-155-5p and miR-155-3p species were measured. In fact, LA selectively suppressed miR-155-5p in an HIF-1α-dependent manner. Moreover, overexpressing miR-155-5p, but not miR-155-3p, abolished LA effects on IL-33-induced cytokine production. These in vitro effects of reducing cytokines were consistent in vivo, because LA injected i.p. into C57BL/6 mice suppressed IL-33-induced plasma cytokine levels. Lastly, IL-33 effects on primary human mast cells were suppressed by LA in an MCT-dependent manner. Our data demonstrate that LA, present in inflammatory and malignant microenvironments, can alter mast cell behavior to suppress inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Abebayehu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284
| | - Andrew J Spence
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284
| | - Amina Abdul Qayum
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284
| | | | - Jamie J A McLeod
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284
| | - Heather L Caslin
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284
| | - Alena P Chumanevich
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29208; and
| | | | - Anuya Paranjape
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284
| | - Bianca Baker
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284
| | - Victor S Ndaw
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284
| | - Brian O Barnstein
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284
| | - Carole A Oskeritzian
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29208; and
| | - Scott A Sell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63103
| | - John J Ryan
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284;
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100
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Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) and their receptors (VEGFRs) are uniquely required to balance the formation of new blood vessels with the maintenance and remodelling of existing ones, during development and in adult tissues. Recent advances have greatly expanded our understanding of the tight and multi-level regulation of VEGFR2 signalling, which is the primary focus of this Review. Important insights have been gained into the regulatory roles of VEGFR-interacting proteins (such as neuropilins, proteoglycans, integrins and protein tyrosine phosphatases); the dynamics of VEGFR2 endocytosis, trafficking and signalling; and the crosstalk between VEGF-induced signalling and other endothelial signalling cascades. A clear understanding of this multifaceted signalling web is key to successful therapeutic suppression or stimulation of vascular growth.
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