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Coelho LCBB, Silva PMDS, Lima VLDM, Pontual EV, Paiva PMG, Napoleão TH, Correia MTDS. Lectins, Interconnecting Proteins with Biotechnological/Pharmacological and Therapeutic Applications. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2017; 2017:1594074. [PMID: 28367220 PMCID: PMC5359455 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1594074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Lectins are proteins extensively used in biomedical applications with property to recognize carbohydrates through carbohydrate-binding sites, which identify glycans attached to cell surfaces, glycoconjugates, or free sugars, detecting abnormal cells and biomarkers related to diseases. These lectin abilities promoted interesting results in experimental treatments of immunological diseases, wounds, and cancer. Lectins obtained from virus, microorganisms, algae, animals, and plants were reported as modulators and tool markers in vivo and in vitro; these molecules also play a role in the induction of mitosis and immune responses, contributing for resolution of infections and inflammations. Lectins revealed healing effect through induction of reepithelialization and cicatrization of wounds. Some lectins have been efficient agents against virus, fungi, bacteria, and helminths at low concentrations. Lectin-mediated bioadhesion has been an interesting characteristic for development of drug delivery systems. Lectin histochemistry and lectin-based biosensors are useful to detect transformed tissues and biomarkers related to disease occurrence; antitumor lectins reported are promising for cancer therapy. Here, we address lectins from distinct sources with some biological effect and biotechnological potential in the diagnosis and therapeutic of diseases, highlighting many advances in this growing field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Priscila Marcelino dos Santos Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego 1235, Cidade Universitária, 50.670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Vera Lúcia de Menezes Lima
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego 1235, Cidade Universitária, 50.670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Emmanuel Viana Pontual
- Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros, s/n, Dois Irmãos, 52171-900 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Maria Guedes Paiva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego 1235, Cidade Universitária, 50.670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Thiago Henrique Napoleão
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego 1235, Cidade Universitária, 50.670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Maria Tereza dos Santos Correia
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego 1235, Cidade Universitária, 50.670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
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Bashir H, Seykora JT, Lee V. Invisible Shield: Review of the Corneal Epithelium as a Barrier to UV Radiation, Pathogens, and Other Environmental Stimuli. J Ophthalmic Vis Res 2017; 12:305-311. [PMID: 28791065 PMCID: PMC5525501 DOI: 10.4103/jovr.jovr_114_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The ocular surface is comprised of the cornea and conjunctiva, which are structures that not only protect the eye but also enable vision. The corneal epithelium is the most superficial layer of the cornea, and therefore first line of defense against external assaults. Damage to this highly specialized structure could lead to vision loss, making it an important structure to investigate and understand. Here, we conducted a search of the current literature on the mechanisms the corneal epithelium has adapted against three frequent insults: UV-radiation, pathogens, and environmental assaults. This review systematically examines the corneal epithelium's response to each assault in order to maintain its role as an invisible shield. The goal of this review is to provide insight into some of the critical functions the corneal epithelium performs that may be valuable to current regenerative studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Bashir
- Department of Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - John T Seykora
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Vivian Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.,Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
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53
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Lin MC, Chen SY, Tsai HM, He PL, Lin YC, Herschman H, Li HJ. PGE 2 /EP 4 Signaling Controls the Transfer of the Mammary Stem Cell State by Lipid Rafts in Extracellular Vesicles. Stem Cells 2016; 35:425-444. [PMID: 27506158 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 )-initiated signaling contributes to stem cell homeostasis and regeneration. However, it is unclear how PGE2 signaling controls cell stemness. This study identifies a previously unknown mechanism by which PGE2 /prostaglandin E receptor 4 (EP4 ) signaling regulates multiple signaling pathways (e.g., PI3K/Akt signaling, TGFβ signaling, Wnt signaling, EGFR signaling) which maintain the basal mammary stem cell phenotype. A shift of basal mammary epithelial stem cells (MaSCs) from a mesenchymal/stem cell state to a non-basal-MaSC state occurs in response to prostaglandin E receptor 4 (EP4 ) antagonism. EP4 antagonists elicit release of signaling components, by controlling their trafficking into extracellular vesicles/exosomes in a lipid raft/caveolae-dependent manner. Consequently, EP4 antagonism indirectly inactivates, through induced extracellular vesicle/exosome release, pathways required for mammary epithelial stem cell homeostasis, e.g. canonical/noncanonical Wnt, TGFβ and PI3K/Akt pathways. EP4 antagonism causes signaling receptors and signaling components to shift from non-lipid raft fractions to lipid raft fractions, and to then be released in EP4 antagonist-induced extracellular vesicles/exosomes, resulting in the loss of the stem cell state by mammary epithelial stem cells. In contrast, luminal mammary epithelial cells can acquire basal stem cell properties following ingestion of EP4 antagonist-induced stem cell extracellular vesicles/exosomes, and can then form mammary glands. These findings demonstrate that PGE2 /EP4 signaling controls homeostasis of mammary epithelial stem cells through regulating extracellular vesicle/exosome release. Reprogramming of mammary epithelial cells can result from EP4 -mediated stem cell property transfer by extracellular vesicles/exosomes containing caveolae-associated proteins, between mammary basal and luminal epithelial cells. Stem Cells 2017;35:425-444.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Chieh Lin
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Yin Chen
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Ho-Min Tsai
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Lin He
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chun Lin
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Harvey Herschman
- Department of Molecular & Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Hua-Jung Li
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
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Joseph LB, Composto GM, Heck DE. Tissue injury and repair following cutaneous exposure of mice to sulfur mustard. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1378:118-123. [PMID: 27371823 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In mouse skin, sulfur mustard (SM) is a potent vesicant, damaging both the epidermis and the dermis. The extent of wounding is dependent on the dose of SM and the duration of exposure. Initial responses include erythema, pruritus, edema, and xerosis; this is followed by an accumulation of inflammatory leukocytes in the tissue, activation of mast cells, and the release of mediators, including proinflammatory cytokines and bioactive lipids. These proinflammatory mediators contribute to damaging the epidermis, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands and to disruption of the epidermal basement membrane. This can lead to separation of the epidermis from the dermis, resulting in a blister, which ruptures, leading to the formation of an eschar. The eschar stimulates the formation of a neoepidermis and wound repair and may result in persistent epidermal hyperplasia. Epidermal damage and repair is associated with upregulation of enzymes generating proinflammatory and pro-growth/pro-wound healing mediators, including cyclooxygenase-2, which generates prostanoids, inducible nitric oxide synthase, which generates nitric oxide, fibroblast growth factor receptor 2, and galectin-3. Characterization of the mediators regulating structural changes in the skin during SM-induced tissue damage and wound healing will aid in the development of therapeutic modalities to mitigate toxicity and stimulate tissue repair processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie B Joseph
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey.
| | - Gabriella M Composto
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Diane E Heck
- Department of Environmental Science, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
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Thiemann S, Baum LG. Galectins and Immune Responses—Just How Do They Do Those Things They Do? Annu Rev Immunol 2016; 34:243-64. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-041015-055402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Thiemann
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095; ,
| | - Linda G. Baum
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095; ,
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56
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van der Hoeven NW, Hollander MR, Yıldırım C, Jansen MF, Teunissen PF, Horrevoets AJ, van der Pouw Kraan TCTM, van Royen N. The emerging role of galectins in cardiovascular disease. Vascul Pharmacol 2016; 81:31-41. [PMID: 26945624 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Galectins are an ancient family of β-galactoside-specific lectins and consist of 15 different types, each with a specific function. They play a role in the immune system, inflammation, wound healing and carcinogenesis. In particular the role of galectin in cancer is widely studied. Lately, the role of galectins in the development of cardiovascular disease has gained attention. Worldwide cardiovascular disease is still the leading cause of death. In ischemic heart disease, atherosclerosis limits adequate blood flow. Angiogenesis and arteriogenesis are highly important mechanisms relieving ischemia by restoring perfusion to the post-stenotic myocardial area. Galectins act ambiguous, both relieving ischemia and accelerating atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis can ultimately lead to myocardial infarction or ischemic stroke, which are both associated with galectins. There is also a role for galectins in the development of myocarditis by their influence on inflammatory processes. Moreover, galectin acts as a biomarker for the severity of myocardial ischemia and heart failure. This review summarizes the association between galectins and the development of multiple cardiovascular diseases such as myocarditis, ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction, heart failure and atrial fibrillation. Furthermore it focuses on the association between galectin and more general mechanisms such as angiogenesis, arteriogenesis and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maurits R Hollander
- Department of Cardiology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cansu Yıldırım
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs F Jansen
- Department of Cardiology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul F Teunissen
- Department of Cardiology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anton J Horrevoets
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Niels van Royen
- Department of Cardiology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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57
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Genetic Deletion of Galectin-3 Does Not Impair Full-Thickness Excisional Skin Healing. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:1042-1050. [PMID: 26829035 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Galectin-3 has been linked to the regulation of several molecular processes essential during acute cutaneous wound healing, but a comprehensive study of the role of galectin-3 has yet to be performed. With known roles in macrophage polarization, myofibroblast differentiation, re-epithelialization, and angiogenesis, we hypothesized that genetic deletion of galectin-3 would significantly impair healing of excisional skin wounds in mice. In wild-type mice, galectin-3 expression correlated temporally with the inflammatory phase of healing. Conversely, genetic deletion of galectin-3 did not alter gross wound healing kinetics even though it resulted in delayed re-epithelialization. Wound composition was not altered up to 15 days after wounding in knockout mice, and isolated dermal fibroblast function in vitro was unchanged. We further explored, spatially, the expression of galectin-3 in human chronic wound tissue in relation to the immune cell infiltrate. We show a decreased mRNA and protein abundance in the wound edge tissue, whereas markers of neutrophils, M1 and M2 macrophages are expressed abundantly. Both transforming growth factor-β1 and tumor necrosis factor-α decrease galectin-3 mRNA abundance in chronic wound edge dermal fibroblasts in vitro, providing a potential mechanism for this decreased expression in chronic wounds.
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58
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Akimoto Y, Ikehara S, Yamaguchi T, Kim J, Kawakami H, Shimizu N, Hori M, Sakakita H, Ikehara Y. Galectin expression in healing wounded skin treated with low-temperature plasma: Comparison with treatment by electronical coagulation. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 605:86-94. [PMID: 26827730 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Low-temperature plasma is useful for the care of wounded skin. It accelerates wound healing. However, the mechanism of this effect has not been fully elucidated yet. Galectin-1 is reported to accelerate wound healing via the Smad signaling pathway. In the present study to clarify whether or not galectins were expressed during the process of wound healing in the plasma-treated skin, we examined the effect of low-temperature plasma on galectin expression in the healing skin. We compared the effects of low-temperature plasma on the expression of galectin-1, -2, and -3 in the healing skin with those of electrocoagulation conducted with a high-frequency electrical coagulator. Immediately after the start of low-temperature plasma treatment following the incision made in the skin, a membrane-like structure was formed on the surface of the wound. Immunoelectron microscopy showed that these galectins were localized in the membrane-like structure of the plasma-treated skin. The expressions of these galectins were increased by the low-temperature plasma treatment, whereas they were inhibited by the electrocoagulation. These results suggest that galectins were involved in the wound healing of low-temperature plasma-treated skin. Galectins will thus be good markers for further examination of the effects of low-temperature plasma on the healing of wounded skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Akimoto
- Department of Anatomy, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, 181-8611, Japan.
| | - Sanae Ikehara
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, The National Institutes of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamaguchi
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, The National Institutes of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Jaeho Kim
- Electronics and Photonics Research Institute, AIST, Tsukuba Central 2, 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8568, Japan
| | - Hayato Kawakami
- Department of Anatomy, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, 181-8611, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Shimizu
- International University of Health and Welfare, Sanno Hospital, Akasaka, 107-0052, Japan
| | - Masaru Hori
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Hajime Sakakita
- Electronics and Photonics Research Institute, AIST, Tsukuba Central 2, 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8568, Japan
| | - Yuzuru Ikehara
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, The National Institutes of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan; Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, 107-0052, Japan
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59
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Restuccia A, Fettis MM, Hudalla GA. Glycomaterials for immunomodulation, immunotherapy, and infection prophylaxis. J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:1569-1585. [DOI: 10.1039/c5tb01780g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic carbohydrate-modified materials that can engage the innate and adaptive immune systems are receiving increasing interest to confer protection against onset of future disease, such as pathogen infection, as well as to treat established diseases, such as autoimmunity and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Restuccia
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering
- University of Florida
- Gainesville
- USA
| | - Margaret M. Fettis
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering
- University of Florida
- Gainesville
- USA
| | - Gregory A. Hudalla
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering
- University of Florida
- Gainesville
- USA
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60
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Ahmed H, AlSadek DMM. Galectin-3 as a Potential Target to Prevent Cancer Metastasis. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS-ONCOLOGY 2015; 9:113-21. [PMID: 26640395 PMCID: PMC4662425 DOI: 10.4137/cmo.s29462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between two cells or between cell and extracellular matrix mediated by protein–carbohydrate interactions play pivotal roles in modulating various biological processes such as growth regulation, immune function, cancer metastasis, and apoptosis. Galectin-3, a member of the β-galactoside-binding lectin family, is involved in fibrosis as well as cancer progression and metastasis, but the detailed mechanisms of its functions remain elusive. This review discusses its structure, carbohydrate-binding properties, and involvement in various aspects of tumorigenesis and some potential carbohydrate ligands that are currently investigated to block galectin-3 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz Ahmed
- President and Chief Scientific Officer, GlycoMantra, Inc., Aldie, VA, USA
| | - Dina M M AlSadek
- Department of Histology and Cytology, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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61
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Muhamed J, Rajan A, Surendran A, Jaleel A, Anilkumar TV. Comparative profiling of extractable proteins in extracellular matrices of porcine cholecyst and jejunum intended for preparation of tissue engineering scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2015; 105:489-496. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaseer Muhamed
- Division of Experimental Pathology; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology; Thiruvananthapuram Kerala India
| | - Akhila Rajan
- Division of Experimental Pathology; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology; Thiruvananthapuram Kerala India
| | - Arun Surendran
- Department of Cardiovascular & Diabetes Disease Biology; Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology; Thiruvananthapuram Kerala India
| | - Abdul Jaleel
- Department of Cardiovascular & Diabetes Disease Biology; Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology; Thiruvananthapuram Kerala India
| | - Thapasimuthu V. Anilkumar
- Division of Experimental Pathology; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology; Thiruvananthapuram Kerala India
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Timoshenko AV. Towards molecular mechanisms regulating the expression of galectins in cancer cells under microenvironmental stress conditions. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:4327-40. [PMID: 26245305 PMCID: PMC11113283 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Revised: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Galectins, a family of soluble β-galactoside-binding proteins, serve as mediators of fundamental biological processes, such as cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, migration, survival, and death. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current knowledge regarding the ways in which the expression of individual galectins differs in normal and transformed human cells exposed to various stimuli mimicking physiological and pathological microenvironmental stress conditions. A conceptual point is being made and grounded that the modulation of galectin expression profiles is a key aspect of cellular stress responses. Moreover, this modulation might be precisely regulated at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels in the context of non-overlapping transcription factors and miRNAs specific to galectins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Timoshenko
- Department of Biology, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada.
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63
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Smorodinova N, Kaltner H, Jirsová K, Hrdličková-Cela E, André S, Kučera T, Smetana K, Gabius HJ. Regulatory Impact of Amniotic Membrane Transplantation on Presence of Adhesion/Growth-Regulatory Galectins-1 and -7 in Corneal Explants from Acanthamoeba Keratitis Patients: Clinical Note. Curr Eye Res 2015; 41:740-6. [PMID: 26338079 DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2015.1061022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the impact of Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) and amniotic membrane transplantation (AMT) in corneal explants on presence of two multifunctional endogenous lectins, i.e. galectins-1 and -7. METHODS Ten corneal explants from AK patients (five with previous AMT and five controls without this treatment) and seven specimens of disease-free control cornea were processed by indirect fluorescent immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Immunostaining for both galectins was obtained in the epithelium, stroma and the endothelial layer of all controls, with the strongest positivity in the epithelium. Significantly decreased intensity for galectin-1 was recorded in the epithelium of corneal explants from patients with AK and AMT. The signal for galectin-7 was significantly decreased in the epithelium of AK patients and normalized after AMT. CONCLUSIONS AMT has a marked impact on presence of the two galectins in opposite directions, encouraging complete profiling for this family of endogenous effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Smorodinova
- a First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Histology and Embryology, Charles University in Prague , Albertov , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Herbert Kaltner
- b Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich , Veterinärstrasse, Munich , Germany
| | - Katerina Jirsová
- c Laboratory of the Biology and Pathology of the Eye , Department of Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine and General Teaching Hospital, Charles University in Prague , Ke Karlovu , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Enkela Hrdličková-Cela
- d Department of Ophthalmology , First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague , U Nemocnice , Prague .,e Lexum European Eye Clinic , Antala Staška, Prague , Czech Republic and
| | - Sabine André
- b Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich , Veterinärstrasse, Munich , Germany
| | - Tomáš Kučera
- a First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Histology and Embryology, Charles University in Prague , Albertov , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Karel Smetana
- f First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Charles University in Prague , U Nemocnice , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- b Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich , Veterinärstrasse, Munich , Germany
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Labrie M, Vladoiu M, Leclerc BG, Grosset AA, Gaboury L, Stagg J, St-Pierre Y. A Mutation in the Carbohydrate Recognition Domain Drives a Phenotypic Switch in the Role of Galectin-7 in Prostate Cancer. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131307. [PMID: 26168167 PMCID: PMC4500561 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The observation that galectin-7 (gal-7) is specifically expressed in mammary myoepithelial (basal) cells prompted us to investigate whether this protein is expressed in the basal cells of other tissues. Given that breast and prostate cancer have remarkable underlying biological similarities and given the important roles of basal cells in prostate cancer, we examined the expression patterns and role of gal-7 in human prostate cancer. Using tissue microarray, we found that although gal-7 is readily expressed in basal cells in normal prostate tissue, it is downregulated in prostate cancer (PCa) cells. De novo expression of gal-7 in prostate cancer cells increases their sensitivity to apoptosis in response to etoposide and cisplatin. The assessment of a carbohydrate-recognition domain (CRD)-defective mutant form of gal-7 (R7S) showed that the ability of this protein to modulate apoptosis was independent of its CRD activity. This activity was also independent of its ability to translocate to the mitochondrial and nuclear compartments. However, CRD activity was necessary to inhibit the invasive behaviors of prostate cancer cells. In vivo, gal-7 overexpression in PCa cells led to a modest yet significant reduction in tumor size, while its CRD-defective mutant form significantly increased tumor growth compared to controls. Taken together, these results suggest that although de novo expression of gal-7 may be an interesting means of increasing the tumorigenic phenotypes of PCa cells, alterations in the CRD activity of this protein drive a phenotypic switch in its role in PCa cells. This CRD-independent activity represents a paradigm shift in our understanding of the functions of galectin. The R74S model will be useful to distinguish CRD-dependent and CRD-independent functions of gal-7 in cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Vladoiu
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Bruno G. Leclerc
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Andrée-Anne Grosset
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Québec, Canada
- Institut de Recherche en Immunologie et Cancérologie, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Louis Gaboury
- Institut de Recherche en Immunologie et Cancérologie, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - John Stagg
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Yves St-Pierre
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Fujii A, Shearer TR, Azuma M. Galectin-3 enhances extracellular matrix associations and wound healing in monkey corneal epithelium. Exp Eye Res 2015; 137:71-8. [PMID: 26072024 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Poor healing of epithelial wounds in cornea is a major clinical problem, leading to persistent epithelial defects and ulceration. The primary cause is poor cell migration over the wound. Carbohydrate-binding protein galectin-3 binds to extracellular matrixes (ECMs) and promotes lamellipodia formation by cross-linking to α3 integrin. Recombinant galectin-3 also facilitates wound healing in the rodent cornea. The purposes of the present experiments were to: (1) establish epithelial wound healing models in monkey corneal explant culture, the models more relevant to human, (2) evaluate the healing effect of galectin-3 in our models, and (3) determine if galectin-3 enhances cell adhesion by interacting with ECMs on corneal surface and their ligand integrins. Monkey corneas with central wounds produced by sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or n-heptanol were incubated with or without recombinant galectin-3. The defected area was stained with sodium fluorescein. Primary isolated corneal epithelial cells from monkey were cultured with or without galectin-3 on plates coated with ECMs or integrins, and the number of adhering cells was counted. Galectin-3 expression in various eye tissues was visualized by immunoblotting. NaOH caused loss of epithelial cells and basement membrane. n-Heptanol removed epithelial cells, but the basement membrane was retained. These corneal defects spontaneously became smaller in a time-dependent manner. Exogenous galectin-3 enhanced wound healing in both NaOH and n-heptanol models. Galectin-3 also enhanced cell adhesion onto the major ECMs found in the basement and Bowman's membranes and onto integrins. Relatively high levels of galectin-3 were detected in corneal and conjunctival epithelium, but tear fluid contained negligible galactin-3. These results suggested that the enhanced binding of epithelial cells to ECMs and integrins caused by galectin-3 might promote cell migration over wounded corneal surfaces. Since tear fluid contained relatively low levels of galectin-3, exogenous galectin-3 may be a beneficial drug to enhance re-epithelialization in human corneal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Fujii
- Laboratory of Ocular Sciences, Senju Pharmaceutical Corporation Limited, 4640 SW Macadam Ave., Suite 200C, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Integrative Biosciences, Oregon Health & Science University, 2730 SW Moody Ave., Portland, OR 97201, USA
| | - Thomas R Shearer
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, Oregon Health & Science University, 2730 SW Moody Ave., Portland, OR 97201, USA
| | - Mitsuyoshi Azuma
- Laboratory of Ocular Sciences, Senju Pharmaceutical Corporation Limited, 4640 SW Macadam Ave., Suite 200C, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Integrative Biosciences, Oregon Health & Science University, 2730 SW Moody Ave., Portland, OR 97201, USA.
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Nonaka Y, Ogawa T, Yoshida H, Shoji H, Nishi N, Kamitori S, Nakamura T. Crystal structure of a Xenopus laevis skin proto-type galectin, close to but distinct from galectin-1. Glycobiology 2015; 25:792-803. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwv020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Argüeso P, Mauris J, Uchino Y. Galectin-3 as a regulator of the epithelial junction: Implications to wound repair and cancer. Tissue Barriers 2015; 3:e1026505. [PMID: 26451339 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2015.1026505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells are closely connected to each other and to the extracellular matrix by a set of adhesive contacts that provide tissues with unique barrier properties and play a prominent role in cell morphology, tissue physiology, and cell signaling. This review highlights advances made in understanding the contributions of galectin-3, a carbohydrate-binding protein with affinity toward β-galactosides, as a modulator of epithelial junction assembly and function. The interactions of galectin-3 within adhesive structures are discussed in relation to wound healing and tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Argüeso
- Schepens Eye Research Institute and Massachusetts Eye and Ear; Department of Ophthalmology ; Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA USA
| | - Jerome Mauris
- Schepens Eye Research Institute and Massachusetts Eye and Ear; Department of Ophthalmology ; Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA USA
| | - Yuichi Uchino
- Schepens Eye Research Institute and Massachusetts Eye and Ear; Department of Ophthalmology ; Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA USA
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Gendronneau G, Sanii S, Dang T, Deshayes F, Delacour D, Pichard E, Advedissian T, Sidhu SS, Viguier M, Magnaldo T, Poirier F. Overexpression of galectin-7 in mouse epidermis leads to loss of cell junctions and defective skin repair. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119031. [PMID: 25741714 PMCID: PMC4351092 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The proteins of the galectin family are implicated in many cellular processes, including cell interactions, polarity, intracellular trafficking, and signal transduction. In human and mouse, galectin-7 is almost exclusively expressed in stratified epithelia, notably in the epidermis. Galectin-7 expression is also altered in several human tumors of epithelial origin. This study aimed at dissecting the consequences of galectin-7 overexpression on epidermis structure and functions in vivo. METHODS We established transgenic mice specifically overexpressing galectin-7 in the basal epidermal keratinocytes and analyzed the consequences on untreated skin and after UVB irradiation or mechanical injury. RESULTS The intercellular cohesion of the epidermis is impaired in transgenic animals, with gaps developing between adjacent keratinocytes, associated with loss of adherens junctions. The epidermal architecture is aberrant with perturbations in the multilayered cellular organisation of the tissue, and structural defects in the basement membrane. These transgenic animals displayed a reduced re-epithelialisation potential following superficial wound, due to a defective collective migration of keratinocytes. Finally, a single mild dose of UVB induced an abnormal apoptotic response in the transgenic epidermis. CONCLUSION These results indicate that an excess of galectin-7 leads to a destabilisation of adherens junctions associated with defects in epidermal repair. As this phenotype shares similarities with that of galectin-7 null mutant mice, we conclude that a critical level of this protein is required for maintaining proper epidermal homeostasis. This study brings new insight into the mode of action of galectins in normal and pathological situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Gendronneau
- Institut Jacques Monod, UMR CNRS 7592, Paris-Diderot University, Paris, France
| | - Sadaf Sanii
- Institut Jacques Monod, UMR CNRS 7592, Paris-Diderot University, Paris, France
| | - Tien Dang
- Institut Jacques Monod, UMR CNRS 7592, Paris-Diderot University, Paris, France
| | - Frédérique Deshayes
- Institut Jacques Monod, UMR CNRS 7592, Paris-Diderot University, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Delacour
- Institut Jacques Monod, UMR CNRS 7592, Paris-Diderot University, Paris, France
| | - Evelyne Pichard
- Institut Jacques Monod, UMR CNRS 7592, Paris-Diderot University, Paris, France
| | - Tamara Advedissian
- Institut Jacques Monod, UMR CNRS 7592, Paris-Diderot University, Paris, France
| | - Sukhvinder S. Sidhu
- Institut Jacques Monod, UMR CNRS 7592, Paris-Diderot University, Paris, France
| | - Mireille Viguier
- Institut Jacques Monod, UMR CNRS 7592, Paris-Diderot University, Paris, France
| | | | - Francoise Poirier
- Institut Jacques Monod, UMR CNRS 7592, Paris-Diderot University, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Chen WS, Cao Z, Truong L, Sugaya S, Panjwani N. Fingerprinting of galectins in normal, P. aeruginosa-infected, and chemically burned mouse corneas. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2015; 56:515-25. [PMID: 25564452 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-15338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In this study, we aimed to assess whether the expression pattern of galectins is altered in Pseudomonas aeruginosa-infected and chemically burned mouse corneas. METHODS Galectin (Gal) fingerprinting of normal, P. aeruginosa-infected, and silver nitrate-cauterized corneas was performed by Western blotting, immunofluorescence staining, and qRT-PCR. RESULTS In normal corneas, Gal-1 was distributed mainly in the stroma, Gal-3 was localized mainly in epithelium, and Gal-7, -8, and -9 were detected in both corneal epithelium and stroma. Expression levels of the five galectins were drastically altered under pathological conditions. In both infected and cauterized corneas, overall Gal-3 expression was downregulated, whereas overall Gal-8 and -9 were upregulated. Changes in the expression level of Gal-7, -8, and -9 were distinct in the epithelium of infected and cauterized corneas. Expression of these three galectins was upregulated in corneal epithelium of infected corneas but not in cauterized corneas. Consistent with the changes in protein expression: (1) Gal-7, -8, and -9 mRNA expression was upregulated in cauterized corneas, and (2) Gal-3 mRNA was downregulated and Gal-9 mRNA expression was upregulated in infected corneas. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate differential regulation of various members of the galectin family in the course of corneal infection and neovascularization. The emerging functionality of the sugar code of cell surface receptors via endogenous galectins reflect to the pertinent roles of the five tested galectins in the diseases of cornea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Sheng Chen
- Program in Cell, Molecular & Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Zhiyi Cao
- New England Eye Center/Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Laetitia Truong
- Public Health and Professional Degree Programs, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Satoshi Sugaya
- New England Eye Center/Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Noorjahan Panjwani
- Program in Cell, Molecular & Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States New England Eye Center/Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
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Cao Z, Saravanan C, Chen WS, Panjwani N. Examination of the role of galectins in cell migration and re-epithelialization of wounds. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1207:317-326. [PMID: 25253150 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1396-1_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Re-epithelialization is a crucial step for wound healing. As galectins play important roles in re-epithelialization, we describe here protocols for in vivo, ex vivo and in vitro examination of the role of galectins in cell migration and in re-epithelialization of wounds. For in vivo models, mouse corneas are wounded by a variety of techniques and the rate of re-epithelialization is quantified. For ex vivo organ culture models, mouse corneas are wounded in situ, the eyes are enucleated, the eyeballs are cultured in the presence or absence of galectins and the rate of re-epithelialization is quantified. For cell cultured-based in vitro assays, we examine formation of lamellipodia and activation of focal adhesion kinase in various epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyi Cao
- New England Eye Center and Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
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Abstract
Galectins are an evolutionarily ancient family of glycan-binding proteins (GBPs) and are found in all animals. Although they were discovered over 30 years ago, ideas about their biological functions continue to evolve. Current evidence indicates that galectins, which are the only known GBPs that occur free in the cytoplasm and extracellularly, are involved in a variety of intracellular and extracellular pathways contributing to homeostasis, cellular turnover, cell adhesion, and immunity. Here we review evolving insights into galectin biology from a historical perspective and explore current evidence regarding biological roles of galectins.
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Ogita M, Tsuchida S, Aoki A, Satoh M, Kado S, Sawabe M, Nanbara H, Kobayashi H, Takeuchi Y, Mizutani K, Sasaki Y, Nomura F, Izumi Y. Increased cell proliferation and differential protein expression induced by low-level Er:YAG laser irradiation in human gingival fibroblasts: proteomic analysis. Lasers Med Sci 2014; 30:1855-66. [PMID: 25429773 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-014-1691-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Er:YAG) laser treatment has demonstrated favorable wound healing effect after periodontal therapy. One of the reasons may be the positive biological effect of the low-level laser on the irradiated tissues, although the mechanism remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of low-level Er:YAG laser irradiation on cell proliferation and laser-induced differential expression of proteins in human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) by proteomic analysis. In the first experiment, HGFs were exposed to low-level Er:YAG laser irradiation and the laser-induced cell proliferation and damage were evaluated on day 3. In the second experiment, proteomic analysis was performed on day 1 after irradiation. The peptides prepared from HGFs were analyzed by a hybrid ion trap-Fourier transform mass spectrometer, Mascot search engine, and UniProtKB database. A significant increase in cell proliferation without cell damage after irradiation was observed. Among the total identified 377 proteins, 59 proteins, including galectin-7, which was associated with the process of wound healing, were upregulated and 15 proteins were downregulated in laser-treated HGFs. In the third experiment, the increase in messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression of galectin-7 in the irradiated HGFs was validated by various analytical techniques. In addition, the effect of recombinant human galectin-7 on the modulation of HGFs proliferation was confirmed. The results indicate that low-level Er:YAG laser irradiation can promote HGF proliferation and induce a significant change in protein expression and the upregulation of galectin-7 expression may partly contribute to the increase in cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Ogita
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan
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Abstract
Galectin-3-binding protein (gal3bp) and its receptor/ligand, galectin-3 (gal3), are secreted proteins that initiate signaling cascades in several diseases, and recent human proteomic data suggest they may play a role in venous thrombosis (VT). We hypothesized that gal3bp and gal3 may promote VT. Using a mouse stasis model of VT, we found that gal3bp and gal3 were localized on vein wall, red blood cells, platelets, and microparticles, whereas leukocytes expressed gal3 only. Gal3 was dramatically increased during early VT and gal3bp:gal3 colocalized in the leukocyte/endothelial cell interface, where leukocytes were partially attached to the vein wall. Thrombus size correlated with elevated gal3 and interleukin-6 (IL-6) vein wall levels. Recombinant gal3 promoted VT and increased vein wall IL-6 mRNA. Although recombinant gal3 restored the VT size in gal3(-/-) mice, it had no effect on IL6(-/-) mice, suggesting that gal3:gal3bp promotes VT through IL-6. Moreover, significantly fewer activated neutrophils were present in the gal3(-/-) vein walls. In a group of human patients, elevated circulating gal3bp correlated with acute VT. In conclusion, gal3bp:gal3 play a critical role in VT, likely via IL-6 and PMN-mediated thrombotic mechanisms, and may be a potential biomarker in human VT.
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Panjwani N. Role of galectins in re-epithelialization of wounds. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2014; 2:89. [PMID: 25405164 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2014.09.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Re-epithelialization is a critical contributing process in wound healing in the human body. When this process is compromised, impaired or delayed, serious disorders of wound healing may result that are painful, difficult to treat, and affect a variety of human tissues. Recent studies have demonstrated that members of the galectin class of β-galactoside-binding proteins modulate re-epithelialization of wounds by novel carbohydrate-based recognition systems. Galectins constitute a family of widely distributed carbohydrate-binding proteins with the affinity for the β-galactoside-containing glycans found on many cell surface and extracellular matrix (ECM) glycoproteins. There are 15 members of the mammalian galectin family that so far have been identified. Studies of the role of galectins in wound healing have revealed that galectin-3 promotes re-epithelialization of corneal, intestinal and skin wounds; galectin-7 promotes re-epithelialization of corneal, skin, kidney and uterine wounds; and galectins-2 and -4 promote re-epithelialization of intestinal wounds. Promising prospects for developing novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of problematic, slow- or non-healing wounds are implicit in the findings that galectins stimulate the re-epithelialization of wounds of the cornea, skin, intestinal tract and kidney. Molecular mechanisms by which galectins modulate the process of wound healing are beginning to emerge and are described in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noorjahan Panjwani
- New England Eye Center, Departments of Ophthalmology and Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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Kim SJ, Hwang JA, Ro JY, Lee YS, Chun KH. Galectin-7 is epigenetically-regulated tumor suppressor in gastric cancer. Oncotarget 2014; 4:1461-71. [PMID: 23985992 PMCID: PMC3824540 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death and remains a major clinical challenge due to poor prognosis and limited treatment options. Therefore, the basic mechanisms underlying gastric tumorigenesis deserve investigation. Although regulation of the galactoside-binding lectin galectin-7 in cancer has been studied, its role in tumor formation and progression remains controversial. In this study, we investigated galectin-7 expression and its role in gastric cancer. Immunohistochemical staining using a tissue microarray of gastric cancer patients revealed significantly low expression levels of galectin-7 in malignant tissues compared with matched normal tissues, and decreased expression of galectin-7 in malignant tissues was associated with advanced TMN stage disease (p =0.034). Importantly, low expression of galectin-7 in normal tissues was associated with a poor survival rate (p =0.0561). Over-expression of galectin-7 in AGS gastric adenocarcinoma cells suppressed cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, whereas ablation of galectin-7 in KATO III gastric carcinoma cells reversed these properties. AGS cells that overexpressed galectin-7 could not form gastric tumors in xenografted mice. More than 70% hypermethylation was observed in 7 of 9 gastric cancer cell lines tested and 5-aza-cytidine treatment lowered galectin-7 expression by reducing methylation in 24 cancer cell lines from five different organ origins. We analyzed CpG islands in the galectin-7 genomic region and detected hypermethylation at +1566bp of exon 2, the predicted p53 binding region. DNA hypermethylation of this region was also detected in gastric cancer tissues from 20 patients. Taken together, our data indicate that galectin-7 has a tumor suppressive function, and that the gene is epigenetically modified by DNA methylation and significantly down-regulated in gastric cancer. Further study of galectin-7 regulation may lead to improved gastric cancer diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok-Jun Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Lin YT, Chen JS, Wu MH, Hsieh IS, Liang CH, Hsu CL, Hong TM, Chen YL. Galectin-1 accelerates wound healing by regulating the neuropilin-1/Smad3/NOX4 pathway and ROS production in myofibroblasts. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 135:258-268. [PMID: 25007042 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Myofibroblasts have a key role in wound healing by secreting growth factors and chemoattractants to create new substrates and proteins in the extracellular matrix. We have found that galectin-1, a β-galactose-binding lectin involved in many physiological functions, induces myofibroblast activation; however, the mechanism remains unclear. Here, we reveal that galectin-1-null (Lgals1(-/-)) mice exhibited a delayed cutaneous wound healing response. Galectin-1 induced myofibroblast activation, migration, and proliferation by triggering intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. A ROS-producing protein, NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4), was upregulated by galectin-1 through the neuropilin-1/Smad3 signaling pathway in myofibroblasts. Subcutaneous injection of galectin-1 into wound areas accelerated the healing of general and pathological (streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus) wounds and decreased the mortality of diabetic mice with skin wounds. These findings indicate that galectin-1 is a key regulator of wound repair that has therapeutic potential for pathological or imperfect wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueh-Te Lin
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jhih-Sian Chen
- Institute of Oral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Heng Wu
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Shan Hsieh
- Institute of Oral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Hsien Liang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Lung Hsu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tse-Ming Hong
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Yuh-Ling Chen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Institute of Oral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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Parlato M, Yeretssian G. NOD-like receptors in intestinal homeostasis and epithelial tissue repair. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:9594-627. [PMID: 24886810 PMCID: PMC4100112 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15069594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium constitutes a dynamic physical barrier segregating the luminal content from the underlying mucosal tissue. Following injury, the epithelial integrity is restored by rapid migration of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) across the denuded area in a process known as wound healing. Hence, through a sequence of events involving restitution, proliferation and differentiation of IECs the gap is resealed and homeostasis reestablished. Relapsing damage followed by healing of the inflamed mucosa is a hallmark of several intestinal disorders including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). While several regulatory peptides, growth factors and cytokines stimulate restitution of the epithelial layer after injury, recent evidence in the field underscores the contribution of innate immunity in controlling this process. In particular, nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain-like receptors (NLRs) play critical roles in sensing the commensal microbiota, maintaining homeostasis, and regulating intestinal inflammation. Here, we review the process of intestinal epithelial tissue repair and we specifically focus on the impact of NLR-mediated signaling mechanisms involved in governing epithelial wound healing during disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Parlato
- Department of Medicine, Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Garabet Yeretssian
- Department of Medicine, Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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78
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Mauris J, Woodward AM, Cao Z, Panjwani N, Argüeso P. Molecular basis for MMP9 induction and disruption of epithelial cell-cell contacts by galectin-3. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:3141-8. [PMID: 24829150 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.148510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic modulation of the physical contacts between neighboring cells is integral to epithelial processes such as tissue repair and cancer dissemination. Induction of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity contributes to the disassembly of intercellular junctions and the degradation of the extracellular matrix, thus mitigating the physical constraint to cell movement. Using the cornea as a model, we show here that a carbohydrate-binding protein, galectin-3, promotes cell-cell detachment and redistribution of the tight junction protein occludin through its N-terminal polymerizing domain. Notably, we demonstrate that galectin-3 initiates cell-cell disassembly by inducing matrix metalloproteinase expression in a manner that is dependent on the interaction with and clustering of the matrix metalloproteinase inducer CD147 (also known as EMMPRIN and basigin) on the cell surface. Using galectin-3-knockout mice in an in vivo model of wound healing, we further show that increased synthesis of MMP9 at the leading edge of migrating epithelium is regulated by galectin-3. These findings establish a new galectin-3-mediated regulatory mechanism for induction of metalloproteinase expression and disruption of cell-cell contacts required for cell motility in migrating epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Mauris
- Schepens Eye Research Institute and Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ashley M Woodward
- Schepens Eye Research Institute and Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Zhiyi Cao
- New England Eye Center and Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Noorjahan Panjwani
- New England Eye Center and Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA Department of Biochemistry, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Pablo Argüeso
- Schepens Eye Research Institute and Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Viguier M, Advedissian T, Delacour D, Poirier F, Deshayes F. Galectins in epithelial functions. Tissue Barriers 2014; 2:e29103. [PMID: 25097826 PMCID: PMC4117684 DOI: 10.4161/tisb.29103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectins are a family of animal lectins comprising 15 members in vertebrates. These proteins are involved in many biological processes including epithelial homeostasis and tumor progression by displaying intracellular and extracellular activities. Hence Galectins can be found either in the cytoplasm or the nucleus, associated with membranes or in the extracellular matrix. Current studies aim at understanding the roles of Galectins in cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion, cellular polarity and motility. This review discusses recent progress in defining the specificities and mechanisms of action of Galectins as cell regulators in epithelial cells. Physiological, cellular and molecular aspects of Galectin specificities will be treated successively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Viguier
- Institut Jacques Monod Umr 7592 Cnrs-Université Paris Diderot ; Paris, France
| | - Tamara Advedissian
- Institut Jacques Monod Umr 7592 Cnrs-Université Paris Diderot ; Paris, France
| | - Delphine Delacour
- Institut Jacques Monod Umr 7592 Cnrs-Université Paris Diderot ; Paris, France
| | - Françoise Poirier
- Institut Jacques Monod Umr 7592 Cnrs-Université Paris Diderot ; Paris, France
| | - Frédérique Deshayes
- Institut Jacques Monod Umr 7592 Cnrs-Université Paris Diderot ; Paris, France
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80
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Evans J, Yap J, Gamage T, Salamonsen L, Dimitriadis E, Menkhorst E. Galectin-7 is important for normal uterine repair following menstruation. Mol Hum Reprod 2014; 20:787-98. [PMID: 24782449 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gau032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Menstruation involves the shedding of the functional layer of the endometrium in the absence of pregnancy. At sites where tissue shedding is complete, re-epithelialization of the tissue is essential for repair and termination of bleeding. The complement of growth factors that mediate post-menstrual endometrial repair are yet to be completely elucidated. Galectins regulate many cell functions important for post-menstrual repair, such as cell adhesion and migration. Galectin-7 has a well characterized role in re-epithelialization and wound healing. We hypothesized that galectin-7 would be important in re-epithelialization during post-menstrual repair. We aimed to identify endometrial expression of galectin-7 in women undergoing normal endometrial repair and in women with amenorrhoea who do not experience endometrial breakdown and repair, and to determine whether galectin-7 enhances endometrial re-epithelialization in vitro. Galectin-7 immunolocalized to the endometrial luminal and glandular epithelium during the late secretory and menstrual phases, and to decidualized stroma in regions exhibiting tissue breakdown. Immunostaining intensity was significantly reduced in the endometrium of women with amenorrhoea compared with normally cycling woman. ELISA identified galectin-7 in menstrual fluid at significantly elevated levels compared with matched peripheral plasma. Exogenous galectin-7 (2.5 µg/ml) significantly enhanced endometrial epithelial wound repair in vitro; this was abrogated by inhibition of integrin binding. Galectin-7 elevated epithelial expression of extracellular matrix-related molecules likely involved in repair including β-catenin, contactin and TGF-β1. In conclusion, galectin-7 is produced by the premenstrual and menstrual endometrium, where it accumulates in menstrual fluid and likely acts as a paracrine factor to facilitate post-menstrual endometrial re-epithelialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jemma Evans
- Endometrial Remodelling Laboratory, MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Joanne Yap
- Endometrial Remodelling Laboratory, MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Thillini Gamage
- Embryo Implantation Laboratory, MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Lois Salamonsen
- Endometrial Remodelling Laboratory, MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Evdokia Dimitriadis
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Ellen Menkhorst
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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81
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The ocular surface epithelial barrier and other mechanisms of mucosal protection: from allergy to infectious diseases. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 13:563-8. [PMID: 23974687 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0b013e3283645899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Studies completed in the last decade provide new insights into the role of the epithelial glycocalyx in maintaining ocular surface barrier function. This review summarizes these findings, their relevance to allergic and infectious disease, and highlights the potential benefits of exploiting the modulation of barrier integrity for therapeutic gain. RECENT FINDINGS The molecular components sealing the space between adjacent ocular surface epithelial cells, such as tight junctions, have been extensively characterized, and their contribution to the paracellular barrier established. A second layer of protection - the transcellular barrier - is provided by transmembrane mucins and their O-glycans on the glycocalyx. Cell surface glycans bind carbohydrate-binding proteins to promote formation of complexes that are no longer thought to be a static structure, but, instead, a dynamic system that responds to extrinsic signals and modulates pathogenic responses. Although functioning as a protective mechanism to maintain homeostasis, the glycocalyx also restricts drug targeting of epithelial cells. SUMMARY The traditional model of intercellular junctions protecting the ocular surface epithelia has recently been expanded to include an additional glycan shield that lines apical membranes on the ocular surface. A better understanding of this apical barrier may lead to better management of ocular surface disease.
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82
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Joseph LB, Heck DE, Cervelli JA, Composto GM, Babin MC, Casillas RP, Sinko PJ, Gerecke DR, Laskin DL, Laskin JD. Structural changes in hair follicles and sebaceous glands of hairless mice following exposure to sulfur mustard. Exp Mol Pathol 2014; 96:316-27. [PMID: 24662110 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (SM) is a bifunctional alkylating agent causing skin inflammation, edema and blistering. A hallmark of SM-induced toxicity is follicular and interfollicular epithelial damage. In the present studies we determined if SM-induced structural alterations in hair follicles and sebaceous glands were correlated with cell damage, inflammation and wound healing. The dorsal skin of hairless mice was treated with saturated SM vapor. One to seven days later, epithelial cell karyolysis within the hair root sheath, infundibulum and isthmus was apparent, along with reduced numbers of sebocytes. Increased numbers of utriculi, some with connections to the skin surface, and engorged dermal cysts were also evident. This was associated with marked changes in expression of markers of DNA damage (phospho-H2A.X), apoptosis (cleaved caspase-3), and wound healing (FGFR2 and galectin-3) throughout pilosebaceous units. Conversely, fatty acid synthase and galectin-3 were down-regulated in sebocytes after SM. Decreased numbers of hair follicles and increased numbers of inflammatory cells surrounding the utriculi and follicular cysts were noted within the wound 3-7 days post-SM exposure. Expression of phospho-H2A.X, cleaved caspase-3, FGFR2 and galectin-3 was decreased in dysplastic follicular epidermis. Fourteen days after SM, engorged follicular cysts which expressed galectin-3 were noted within hyperplastic epidermis. Galectin-3 was also expressed in basal keratinocytes and in the first few layers of suprabasal keratinocytes in neoepidermis formed during wound healing indicating that this lectin is important in the early stages of keratinocyte differentiation. These data indicate that hair follicles and sebaceous glands are targets for SM in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie B Joseph
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States.
| | - Diane E Heck
- Environmental Health Science, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Jessica A Cervelli
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Gabriella M Composto
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | | | | | - Patrick J Sinko
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Donald R Gerecke
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Debra L Laskin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Jeffrey D Laskin
- Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Rutgers University - Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, United States
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83
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Galectin-3 contributes to cisplatin-induced myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) recruitment in Lewis lung cancer-bearing mice. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:4069-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3276-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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84
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Meijers WC, van der Velde AR, de Boer RA. The ARCHITECT galectin-3 assay: comparison with other automated and manual assays for the measurement of circulating galectin-3 levels in heart failure. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 14:257-66. [PMID: 24606321 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.2014.892421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is a common disease and affects millions of patients worldwide. Diagnosis, risk assessment and treatment of HF are difficult and therefore there is a need for additional tools to improve clinical performance. Biomarkers may be helpful in this respect. Galectin-3 is a relatively new biomarker that has been shown to have strong associations with the development of HF. Galectin-3 plays a role in inflammation and fibrosis, which are key elements in the pathophysiology of HF. Circulating plasma or serum galectin-3 levels have strong associations with the severity of HF and may be used to prognosticate or risk-stratify HF patients. Currently, there are several commercially available assays that can measure circulating galectin-3. This article describes the role galectin-3 plays in HF and its prognostic consequences. We will summarize the technical specifications of various manual and automated galectin-3 assays, which may help in HF management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter C Meijers
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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85
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Menkhorst E, Gamage T, Cuman C, Kaitu'u-Lino T, Tong S, Dimitriadis E. Galectin-7 acts as an adhesion molecule during implantation and increased expression is associated with miscarriage. Placenta 2014; 35:195-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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86
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87
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Yabuta C, Yano F, Fujii A, Shearer T, Azuma M. Galectin-3 Enhances Epithelial Cell Adhesion and Wound Healing in Rat Cornea. Ophthalmic Res 2013; 51:96-103. [DOI: 10.1159/000355846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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88
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Mauris J, Mantelli F, Woodward AM, Cao Z, Bertozzi CR, Panjwani N, Godula K, Argüeso P. Modulation of ocular surface glycocalyx barrier function by a galectin-3 N-terminal deletion mutant and membrane-anchored synthetic glycopolymers. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72304. [PMID: 23977277 PMCID: PMC3747151 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interaction of transmembrane mucins with the multivalent carbohydrate-binding protein galectin-3 is critical to maintaining the integrity of the ocular surface epithelial glycocalyx. This study aimed to determine whether disruption of galectin-3 multimerization and insertion of synthetic glycopolymers in the plasma membrane could be used to modulate glycocalyx barrier function in corneal epithelial cells. Methodology/Principal Findings Abrogation of galectin-3 biosynthesis in multilayered cultures of human corneal epithelial cells using siRNA, and in galectin-3 null mice, resulted in significant loss of corneal barrier function, as indicated by increased permeability to the rose bengal diagnostic dye. Addition of β-lactose, a competitive carbohydrate inhibitor of galectin-3 binding activity, to the cell culture system, transiently disrupted barrier function. In these experiments, treatment with a dominant negative inhibitor of galectin-3 polymerization lacking the N-terminal domain, but not full-length galectin-3, prevented the recovery of barrier function to basal levels. As determined by fluorescence microscopy, both cellobiose- and lactose-containing glycopolymers incorporated into apical membranes of corneal epithelial cells, independently of the chain length distribution of the densely glycosylated, polymeric backbones. Membrane incorporation of cellobiose glycopolymers impaired barrier function in corneal epithelial cells, contrary to their lactose-containing counterparts, which bound to galectin-3 in pull-down assays. Conclusions/Significance These results indicate that galectin-3 multimerization and surface recognition of lactosyl residues is required to maintain glycocalyx barrier function at the ocular surface. Transient modification of galectin-3 binding could be therapeutically used to enhance the efficiency of topical drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Mauris
- Schepens Eye Research Institute and Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Flavio Mantelli
- Schepens Eye Research Institute and Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ashley M. Woodward
- Schepens Eye Research Institute and Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ziyhi Cao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Center for Vision Research, Tufts University Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Carolyn R. Bertozzi
- Departments of Chemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, United States of America
- Materials Sciences Division and The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Noorjahan Panjwani
- Department of Ophthalmology, Center for Vision Research, Tufts University Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kamil Godula
- Materials Sciences Division and The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Pablo Argüeso
- Schepens Eye Research Institute and Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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89
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Abstract
A panel of commensal bacteria was screened for the ability to interact with galectin-3. Two strains of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis interacted to a greater extent than did the pathogenic positive control, Escherichia coli NCTC 12900. Further validation of the interaction was achieved by using agglutination and solid-phase binding assays.
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90
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Fujimoto N, Iwasaki J, Satoh T. Scrotal calcinosis may arise from cyst wall apoptosis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2013; 28:128-30. [PMID: 23495956 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.12147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N Fujimoto
- Department of Dermatology, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorazawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
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91
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Sunil VR, Vayas KN, Massa CB, Gow AJ, Laskin JD, Laskin DL. Ozone-induced injury and oxidative stress in bronchiolar epithelium are associated with altered pulmonary mechanics. Toxicol Sci 2013; 133:309-19. [PMID: 23492811 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In these studies, we analyzed the effects of ozone on bronchiolar epithelium. Exposure of rats to ozone (2 ppm, 3 h) resulted in rapid (within 3 h) and persistent (up to 72 h) histological changes in the bronchiolar epithelium, including hypercellularity, loss of cilia, and necrotizing bronchiolitis. Perivascular edema and vascular congestion were also evident, along with a decrease in Clara cell secretory protein in bronchoalveolar lavage, which was maximal 24 h post-exposure. Ozone also induced the appearance of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, Ym1, and heme oxygenase-1 in the bronchiolar epithelium. This was associated with increased expression of cleaved caspase-9 and beclin-1, indicating initiation of apoptosis and autophagy. A rapid and persistent increase in galectin-3, a regulator of epithelial cell apoptosis, was also observed. Following ozone exposure (3-24 h), increased expression of cyclooxygenase-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and arginase-1 was noted in bronchiolar epithelium. Ozone-induced injury and oxidative stress in bronchiolar epithelium were linked to methacholine-induced alterations in pulmonary mechanics. Thus, significant increases in lung resistance and elastance, along with decreases in lung compliance and end tidal volume, were observed at higher doses of methacholine. This indicates that ozone causes an increase in effective stiffness of the lung as a consequence of changes in the conducting airways. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that bronchiolar epithelium is highly susceptible to injury and oxidative stress induced by acute exposure to ozone; moreover, this is accompanied by altered lung functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasanthi R Sunil
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA.
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92
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Binding of transmembrane mucins to galectin-3 limits herpesvirus 1 infection of human corneal keratinocytes. J Virol 2013; 87:5841-7. [PMID: 23487460 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00166-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells lining mucosal surfaces impose multiple barriers to viral infection. At the ocular surface, the carbohydrate-binding protein galectin-3 maintains barrier function by cross-linking transmembrane mucins on the apical glycocalyx. Despite these defense mechanisms, many viruses have evolved to exploit fundamental cellular processes on host cells. Here, we use affinity assays to show that herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), but not HSV-2, binds human galectin-3. Knockdown of galectin-3 in human corneal keratinocytes by small interfering RNA significantly impaired HSV-1 infection, but not expression of nectin-1, indicating that galectin-3 is a herpesvirus entry mediator. Interestingly, exposure of epithelial cell cultures to transmembrane mucin isolates decreased viral infectivity. Moreover, HSV-1 failed to elute the biological counterreceptor MUC16 from galectin-3 affinity columns, suggesting that association of transmembrane mucins to galectin-3 provides protection against viral infection. Together, these results indicate that HSV-1 exploits galectin-3 to enhance virus attachment to host cells and support a protective role for transmembrane mucins under physiological conditions by masking viral entry mediators on the epithelial glycocalyx.
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93
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Blidner AG, Rabinovich GA. ‘Sweetening’ Pregnancy: Galectins at the Fetomaternal Interface. Am J Reprod Immunol 2013; 69:369-82. [DOI: 10.1111/aji.12090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ada G. Blidner
- Instituto de Oncología Ángel H. Roffo; Universidad de Buenos Aires; Buenos Aires; Argentina
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94
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Argüeso P. Glycobiology of the ocular surface: mucins and lectins. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2013; 57:150-5. [PMID: 23325272 DOI: 10.1007/s10384-012-0228-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 12/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation is an important and common form of posttranscriptional modification of proteins in cells. During the last decade, a vast array of biological functions has been ascribed to glycans because of a rapid evolution in glycomic technologies. Glycogenes that are highly expressed at the human ocular surface include families of glycosyltransferases, proteoglycans, and glycan degradation proteins, as well as mucins and carbohydrate-binding proteins, such as the galectins. On the apical glycocalyx, mucin O-glycans promote boundary lubrication, prevent bacterial adhesion and endocytic activity, and maintain epithelial barrier function through interactions with galectins. The emerging roles attributed to glycans are contributing to the appreciation of their biological capabilities at the ocular surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Argüeso
- Schepens Eye Research Institute and Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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95
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96
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Liu W, Hsu DK, Chen HY, Yang RY, Carraway KL, Isseroff RR, Liu FT. Galectin-3 regulates intracellular trafficking of EGFR through Alix and promotes keratinocyte migration. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 132:2828-37. [PMID: 22785133 PMCID: PMC3496033 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The EGFR-mediated signaling pathways are important in a variety of cellular processes, including cell migration and wound re-epithelialization. Intracellular trafficking of EGFR is critical for maintaining EGFR surface expression. Galectin-3, a member of an animal lectin family, has been implicated in a number of physiological and pathological processes. Through studies of galectin-3-deficient mice and cells isolated from these mice, we demonstrated that the absence of galectin-3 impairs keratinocyte migration and skin wound re-epithelialization. We have linked this pro-migratory function to a crucial role of cytosolic galectin-3 in controlling intracellular trafficking and cell surface expression of EGFR after EGF stimulation. Without galectin-3, the surface levels of EGFR are markedly reduced, and the receptor accumulates diffusely in the cytoplasm. This is associated with reduced rates of both endocytosis and recycling of the receptor. We have provided evidence that this previously unreported function of galectin-3 may be mediated through interaction with its binding partner Alix, which is a protein component of the ESCRT (endosomal sorting complex required for transport) machinery. Our results suggest that galectin-3 is potentially a critical regulator of a number of important cellular responses through its intracellular control of trafficking of cell surface receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis. California 95817, USA
| | - Daniel K. Hsu
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis. California 95817, USA
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Huan-Yuan Chen
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis. California 95817, USA
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ri-Yao Yang
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis. California 95817, USA
| | | | - Roslyn R. Isseroff
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis. California 95817, USA
| | - Fu-Tong Liu
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis. California 95817, USA
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, R.O.C
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97
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Margadant C, van den Bout I, van Boxtel AL, Thijssen VL, Sonnenberg A. Epigenetic regulation of galectin-3 expression by β1 integrins promotes cell adhesion and migration. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:44684-93. [PMID: 23118221 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.426445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction of the integrin β1- but not the β3-subunit in GE11 cells induces an epithelial-to-mesenchymal-transition (EMT)-like phenomenon that is characterized by the loss of cell-cell contacts, cell scattering, increased cell migration and RhoA activity, and fibronectin fibrillogenesis. Because galactose-binding lectins (galectins) have been implicated in these phenomena, we investigated whether galectins are involved in the β1-induced phenotype. We examined 9 galectins and, intriguingly, found that the expression of galectin-3 (Gal-3) is specifically induced by β1 but not by β3. Using β1-β3 chimeric integrins, we show that the induction of Gal-3 expression requires the hypervariable region in the extracellular domain of β1, but not its cytoplasmic tail. Furthermore, Gal-3 expression does not depend on RhoA signaling, serum factors, or any of the major signal transduction pathways involving protein kinase C (PKC), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/-2 (ERK-1/2), phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase (PI3-K), or Src kinases. Instead, Gal-3 expression is controlled in an epigenetic manner. Whereas DNA methylation of the Lgals3 promoter maintains Gal-3 silencing in GE11 cells, expression of β1 causes its demethylation, leading to transcriptional activation of the Lgals3 gene. In turn, Gal-3 expression enhances β1 integrin-mediated cell adhesion to fibronectin (FN) and laminin (LN), as well as cell migration. Gal-3 also promotes β1-mediated cell adhesion to LN and Collagen-1 (Col)-1 in cells that endogenously express Gal-3 and β1 integrins. In conclusion, we identify a functional feedback-loop between β1 integrins and Gal-3 that involves the epigenetic induction of Gal-3 expression during integrin-induced EMT and cell scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coert Margadant
- Division of Cell Biology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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98
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Lerman BJ, Hoffman EP, Sutherland ML, Bouri K, Hsu DK, Liu FT, Rothstein JD, Knoblach SM. Deletion of galectin-3 exacerbates microglial activation and accelerates disease progression and demise in a SOD1(G93A) mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Brain Behav 2012; 2:563-75. [PMID: 23139902 PMCID: PMC3489809 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Revised: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectins are pleiotropic carbohydrate-binding lectins involved in inflammation, growth/differentiation, and tissue remodeling. The functional role of galectins in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is unknown. Expression studies revealed increases in galectin-1 mRNA and protein in spinal cords from SOD1(G93A) mice, and in galectin-3 and -9 mRNAs and proteins in spinal cords of both SOD1(G93A) mice and sporadic ALS patients. As the increase in galectin-3 appeared in early presymptomatic stages and increased progressively through to end stage of disease in the mouse, it was selected for additional study, where it was found to be mainly expressed by microglia. Galectin-3 antagonists are not selective and do not readily cross the blood-brain barrier; therefore, we generated SOD1(G93A)/Gal-3(-/-) transgenic mice to evaluate galectin-3 deletion in a widely used mouse model of ALS. Disease progression, neurological symptoms, survival, and inflammation were assessed to determine the effect of galectin-3 deletion on the SOD1(G93A) disease phenotype. Galectin-3 deletion did not change disease onset, but resulted in more rapid progression through functionally defined disease stages, more severely impaired neurological symptoms at all stages of disease, and expiration, on average, 25 days earlier than SOD1(G93A)/Gal-3(+/+) cohorts. In addition, microglial staining, as well as TNF-α, and oxidative injury were increased in SOD1(G93A)/Gal-3(-/-) mice compared with SOD1(G93A)/Gal-3(+/+) cohorts. These data support an important functional role for microglial galectin-3 in neuroinflammation during chronic neurodegenerative disease. We suggest that elevations in galectin-3 by microglia as disease progresses may represent a protective, anti-inflammatory innate immune response to chronic motor neuron degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce J Lerman
- Department of Pharmacology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences Washington, DC
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99
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Miller MC, Klyosov AA, Mayo KH. Structural features for α-galactomannan binding to galectin-1. Glycobiology 2012; 22:543-51. [PMID: 22156919 PMCID: PMC3287016 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwr173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Revised: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectins have a highly conserved carbohydrate-binding domain to which a variety of galactose-containing saccharides, both β- and α-galactosides, can interact with varying degrees of affinity. Recently, we demonstrated that the relatively large α(1 → 6)-D-galacto-β(1 → 4)-D-mannan (Davanat) binds galectin-1 (gal-1) primarily at an alternative carbohydrate-binding domain. Here, we used a series of α-galactomannans (GMs) that vary in their mannose-to-galactose ratios for insight into an optimal structural signature for GM binding to gal-1. Heteronuclear single-quantum coherence nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy with (15)N-labeled gal-1 and statistical modeling suggest that the optimal signature consists of α-D-galactopyranosyl doublets surrounded by regions of about four or more "naked" mannose residues. These relatively large and complex GMs all appear to interact with varying degrees at essentially the same binding surface on gal-1 that includes the Davanat alternative binding site and elements of the canonical β-galactoside-binding region. The use of two small, well-defined GMs [6(1)-α(1 → 6)-D-galactosyl-β-D-mannotriaose and 6(3),6(4)-di-α(1 → 6)-D-galactosyl-β-D-mannopentaose] helped characterize how GMs, in general, interact in part with the canonical site. Overall, our findings contribute to better understanding interactions of gal-1 with larger, complex polysaccharides and to the development of GM-based therapeutics for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle C Miller
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota Health Sciences Center, 6-155 Jackson Hall, 321 Church Street, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | | | - Kevin H Mayo
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota Health Sciences Center, 6-155 Jackson Hall, 321 Church Street, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Masuyer G, Jabeen T, Öberg CT, Leffler H, Nilsson UJ, Acharya KR. Inhibition mechanism of human galectin-7 by a novel galactose-benzylphosphate inhibitor. FEBS J 2012; 279:193-202. [PMID: 22059385 PMCID: PMC3328751 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08414.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Galectins are involved in many cellular processes due to their ability to bind carbohydrates. Understanding their functions has shown the necessity for potent and specific galectin inhibitors. Human galectin-7 (hGal-7), in particular, has been highlighted as an important marker in many types of cancer by either inhibiting or promoting tumour growth. Producing ligands able to selectively target hGal-7 will offer promising tools for deciphering cancer processes in which hGal-7 is involved as well as present potential solutions for future therapeutics. Here we report the high resolution crystal structure of hGal-7 in complex with a synthetic 2-O-benzylphosphate-galactoside inhibitor (which is > 60-fold more potent than its parent galactoside). The high resolution crystallographic analysis highlights the validity of using saccharide derivatives, conserving properties of the galactose binding, while enhanced affinity and specificity is provided by the added phosphate group. This structural information will allow the design of further inhibitors with improved potency and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Talat Jabeen
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of BathUK
| | | | - Hakon Leffler
- Section MIG, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund UniversitySweden
| | | | - K Ravi Acharya
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of BathUK
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