51
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Mousa A, Cui C, Song A, Myneni VD, Sun H, Li JJ, Murshed M, Melino G, Kaartinen MT. Transglutaminases factor XIII-A and TG2 regulate resorption, adipogenesis and plasma fibronectin homeostasis in bone and bone marrow. Cell Death Differ 2017; 24:844-854. [PMID: 28387755 PMCID: PMC5423109 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2017.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Appropriate bone mass is maintained by bone-forming osteoblast and bone-resorbing osteoclasts. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) lineage cells control osteoclastogenesis via expression of RANKL and OPG (receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand and osteoprotegerin), which promote and inhibit bone resorption, respectively. Protein crosslinking enzymes transglutaminase 2 (TG2) and Factor XIII-A (FXIII-A) have been linked to activity of myeloid and MSC lineage cells; however, in vivo evidence has been lacking to support their function. In this study, we show in mice that TG2 and FXIII-A control monocyte-macrophage cell differentiation into osteoclasts as well as RANKL production in MSCs and in adipocytes. Long bones of mice lacking TG2 and FXIII-A transglutaminases, show compromised biomechanical properties and trabecular bone loss in axial and appendicular skeleton. This was caused by increased osteoclastogenesis, a cellular phenotype that persists in vitro. The increased potential of TG2 and FXIII-A deficient monocytes to form osteoclasts was reversed by chemical inhibition of TG activity, which revealed the presence of TG1 in osteoclasts and assigned different roles for the TGs as regulators of osteoclastogenesis. TG2- and FXIII-A-deficient mice had normal osteoblast activity, but increased bone marrow adipogenesis, MSCs lacking TG2 and FXIII-A showed high adipogenic potential and significantly increased RANKL expression as well as upregulated TG1 expression. Chemical inhibition of TG activity in the null cells further increased adipogenic potential and RANKL production. Altered differentiation of TG2 and FXIII-A null MSCs was associated with plasma fibronectin (FN) assembly defect in cultures and FN retention in serum and marrow in vivo instead of assembly into bone. Our findings provide new functions for TG2, FXIII-A and TG1 in bone cells and identify them as novel regulators of bone mass, plasma FN homeostasis, RANKL production and myeloid and MSC cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha Mousa
- Faculty of Dentistry, Division of Biomedical Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Cui Cui
- Faculty of Dentistry, Division of Biomedical Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Aimei Song
- Faculty of Dentistry, Division of Biomedical Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Vamsee D Myneni
- Faculty of Dentistry, Division of Biomedical Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Huifang Sun
- Faculty of Dentistry, Division of Biomedical Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jin Jin Li
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Monzur Murshed
- Faculty of Dentistry, Division of Biomedical Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Gerry Melino
- Department Experimental Medicine & Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- MRC Toxicology Unit, Leicester LE19HN, UK
| | - Mari T Kaartinen
- Faculty of Dentistry, Division of Biomedical Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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52
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Chan N, Willis A, Kornhauser N, Ward MM, Lee SB, Nackos E, Seo BR, Chuang E, Cigler T, Moore A, Donovan D, Vallee Cobham M, Fitzpatrick V, Schneider S, Wiener A, Guillaume-Abraham J, Aljom E, Zelkowitz R, Warren JD, Lane ME, Fischbach C, Mittal V, Vahdat L. Influencing the Tumor Microenvironment: A Phase II Study of Copper Depletion Using Tetrathiomolybdate in Patients with Breast Cancer at High Risk for Recurrence and in Preclinical Models of Lung Metastases. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:666-676. [PMID: 27769988 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-1326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Bone marrow-derived progenitor cells, including VEGFR2+ endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and copper-dependent pathways, model the tumor microenvironment. We hypothesized that copper depletion using tetrathiomolybdate would reduce EPCs in high risk for patients with breast cancer who have relapsed. We investigated the effect of tetrathiomolybdate on the tumor microenvironment in preclinical models. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Patients with stage II triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), stage III and stage IV without any evidence of disease (NED), received oral tetrathiomolybdate to maintain ceruloplasmin (Cp) between 8 and 17 mg/dL for 2 years or until relapse. Endpoints were effect on EPCs and other biomarkers, safety, event-free (EFS), and overall survival (OS). For laboratory studies, MDA-LM2-luciferase cells were implanted into CB17-SCID mice and treated with tetrathiomolybdate or water. Tumor progression was quantified by bioluminescence imaging (BLI), copper depletion status by Cp oxidase levels, lysyl oxidase (LOX) activity by ELISA, and collagen deposition. RESULTS Seventy-five patients enrolled; 51 patients completed 2 years (1,396 cycles). Most common grade 3/4 toxicity was neutropenia (3.7%). Lower Cp levels correlated with reduced EPCs (P = 0.002) and LOXL-2 (P < 0.001). Two-year EFS for patients with stage II-III and stage IV NED was 91% and 67%, respectively. For patients with TNBC, EFS was 90% (adjuvant patients) and 69% (stage IV NED patients) at a median follow-up of 6.3 years, respectively. In preclinical models, tetrathiomolybdate decreased metastases to lungs (P = 0.04), LOX activity (P = 0.03), and collagen crosslinking (P = 0.012). CONCLUSIONS Tetrathiomolybdate is safe, well tolerated, and affects copper-dependent components of the tumor microenvironment. Biomarker-driven clinical trials in high risk for patients with recurrent breast cancer are warranted. Clin Cancer Res; 23(3); 666-76. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Chan
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Amy Willis
- Department of Statistical Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Naomi Kornhauser
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Maureen M Ward
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Sharrell B Lee
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Eleni Nackos
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Bo Ri Seo
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Ellen Chuang
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Tessa Cigler
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Anne Moore
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Diana Donovan
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | | | | | - Sarah Schneider
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Alysia Wiener
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | | | - Elnaz Aljom
- Investigational Pharmacy, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York
| | | | - J David Warren
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Maureen E Lane
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Claudia Fischbach
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Vivek Mittal
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York.
| | - Linda Vahdat
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York.
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53
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Sato F, Seino-Sudo R, Okada M, Sakai H, Yumoto T, Wachi H. Lysyl Oxidase Enhances the Deposition of Tropoelastin through the Catalysis of Tropoelastin Molecules on the Cell Surface. Biol Pharm Bull 2017; 40:1646-1653. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b17-00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fumiaki Sato
- Department of Analytical Pathophysiology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Ryo Seino-Sudo
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Mami Okada
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Hiroyasu Sakai
- Department of Analytical Pathophysiology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Tetsuro Yumoto
- Department of Analytical Pathophysiology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Hiroshi Wachi
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
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54
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Cross-talk between lipid and protein carbonylation in a dynamic cardiomyocyte model of mild nitroxidative stress. Redox Biol 2016; 11:438-455. [PMID: 28086193 PMCID: PMC5226815 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2016.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) play an important role in the regulation of cardiac function. Increase in ROS/RNS concentration results in lipid and protein oxidation and is often associated with onset and/or progression of many cardiovascular disorders. However, interplay between lipid and protein modifications has not been simultaneously studied in detail so far. Biomolecule carbonylation is one of the most common biomarkers of oxidative stress. Using a dynamic model of nitroxidative stress we demonstrated rapid changes in biomolecule carbonylation in rat cardiomyocytes. Levels of carbonylated species increased as early as 15min upon treatment with the peroxynitrite donor, 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1), and decreased to values close to control after 16h. Total (lipids+proteins) vs. protein-specific carbonylation showed different dynamics, with a significant increase in protein-bound carbonyls at later time points. Treatment with SIN-1 in combination with inhibitors of proteasomal and autophagy/lysosomal degradation pathways allowed confirmation of a significant role of the proteasome in the degradation of carbonylated proteins, whereas lipid carbonylation increased in the presence of autophagy/lysosomal inhibitors. Electrophilic aldehydes and ketones formed by lipid peroxidation were identified and relatively quantified using LC-MS/MS. Molecular identity of reactive species was used for data-driven analysis of their protein targets. Combination of different enrichment strategies with LC-MS/MS analysis allowed identification of more than 167 unique proteins with 332 sites modified by electrophilic lipid peroxidation products. Gene ontology analysis of modified proteins demonstrated enrichment of several functional categories including proteins involved in cytoskeleton, extracellular matrix, ion channels and their regulation. Using calcium mobilization assays, the effect of nitroxidative stress on the activity of several ion channels was further confirmed.
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55
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Chen Z, Li Y, Xu H, Ma F, Li J, Zhao L, Xu Y. Elevated ischaemia-associated lysyl oxidase activity in delayed graft failure 6-12 months after renal transplantation. Exp Physiol 2016; 102:282-287. [PMID: 28024102 DOI: 10.1113/ep085444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? What potential biochemical changes are associated with renal parenchyma 6-12 months after renal transplantation and delayed graft failure? What is the main finding and its importance? Tissue fibrosis, mediated by tissue ischaemia-induced induction of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and fibronectin and consequent activation of lysyl oxidase, is a major underlying pathophysiological mechanism that contributes to delayed graft failure several months after renal transplantation. The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the potential biochemical changes associated with renal parenchyma 6-12 months after renal transplantation and delayed graft failure. Serum concentrations of transforming growth factor-β in these subjects always remained elevated. In addition, examination of tissue from needle biopsies confirmed that there were consistent changes in the enzyme lysyl oxidase, which functions as an amine oxidase, modifies lysine residues on collagen and cross-links in a process of modulation of the extracellular matrix. Parenchymal levels of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and fibronectin were elevated, as detected by Western blotting. These findings indicate an ongoing ischaemic insult, which might result from increased tissue fibrosis or, in some cases, might be additive with pre-existing pathophysiological factors that constrain proper renal haemodynamics. Thus, increased lysyl oxidase activity, which we assayed, is a potential unfavourable mechanism occurring in these kidneys that are undergoing failure and probably causes increased fibrosis within the organ and causes ischaemia, renovascular hypertension and a cascade leading to renal dysfunction and failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of the Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Yiyang Li
- Department of Gynecology, The First Hospital of the Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Hongmei Xu
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Hospital of the Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Fuzhe Ma
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of the Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of the Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa city, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of the Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
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56
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Kaushik S, Pickup MW, Weaver VM. From transformation to metastasis: deconstructing the extracellular matrix in breast cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2016; 35:655-667. [PMID: 27914000 PMCID: PMC5215979 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-016-9650-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a guiding force that regulates various developmental stages of the breast. In addition to providing structural support for the cells, it mediates epithelial-stromal communication and provides cues for cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation. Perturbations in ECM architecture profoundly influence breast tumor progression and metastasis. Understanding how a dysregulated ECM can facilitate malignant transformation is crucial to designing treatments to effectively target the tumor microenvironment. Here, we address the contribution of ECM mechanics to breast cancer progression, metastasis, and treatment resistance and discuss potential therapeutic strategies targeting the ECM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelly Kaushik
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael W Pickup
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Valerie M Weaver
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Anatomy, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- UCSF Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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57
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Molecular Cues Guiding Matrix Stiffness in Liver Fibrosis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:2646212. [PMID: 27800489 PMCID: PMC5075297 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2646212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tissue and matrix stiffness affect cell properties during morphogenesis, cell growth, differentiation, and migration and are altered in the tissue remodeling following injury and the pathological progression. However, detailed molecular mechanisms underlying alterations of stiffness in vivo are still poorly understood. Recent engineering technologies have developed powerful techniques to characterize the mechanical properties of cell and matrix at nanoscale levels. Extracellular matrix (ECM) influences mechanical tension and activation of pathogenic signaling during the development of chronic fibrotic diseases. In this short review, we will focus on the present knowledge of the mechanisms of how ECM stiffness is regulated during the development of liver fibrosis and the molecules involved in ECM stiffness as a potential therapeutic target for liver fibrosis.
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58
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Attieh Y, Vignjevic DM. The hallmarks of CAFs in cancer invasion. Eur J Cell Biol 2016; 95:493-502. [PMID: 27575401 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of cancer cells to move out of the primary tumor and disseminate through the circulation to form metastases is one of the main contributors to poor patient outcome. The tumor microenvironment provides a niche that supports cancer cell invasion and proliferation. Carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are a highly enriched cell population in the tumor microenvironment that plays an important role in cancer invasion. However, it remains unclear whether CAFs directly stimulate cancer cell invasion or they remodel the extracellular matrix to make it more permissive for invasion. Here we discuss paracrine communication between cancer cells and CAFs that promotes tumor invasion but also stimulates CAFs to remodel the matrix increasing cancer dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youmna Attieh
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, F-75005 Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris06, IFD, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris cedex05, France.
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59
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Kraft-Sheleg O, Zaffryar-Eilot S, Genin O, Yaseen W, Soueid-Baumgarten S, Kessler O, Smolkin T, Akiri G, Neufeld G, Cinnamon Y, Hasson P. Localized LoxL3-Dependent Fibronectin Oxidation Regulates Myofiber Stretch and Integrin-Mediated Adhesion. Dev Cell 2016; 36:550-61. [PMID: 26954549 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
For muscles to function, myofibers have to stretch and anchor at the myotendinous junction (MTJ), a region rich in extracellular matrix (ECM). Integrin signaling is required for MTJ formation, and mutations affecting the cascade lead to muscular dystrophies in mice and humans. Underlying mechanisms for integrin activation at the MTJ and ECM modifications regulating its signaling are unclear. We show that lysyl oxidase-like 3 (LoxL3) is a key regulator of integrin signaling that ensures localized control of the cascade. In LoxL3 mutants, myofibers anchor prematurely or overshoot to adjacent somites, and are loose and lack tension. We find that LoxL3 complexes with and directly oxidizes Fibronectin (FN), an ECM scaffold protein and integrin ligand enriched at the MTJ. We identify a mechanism whereby localized LoxL3 secretion from myofiber termini oxidizes FN, enabling enhanced integrin activation at the tips of myofibers and ensuring correct positioning and anchoring of myofibers along the MTJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ortal Kraft-Sheleg
- The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Shelly Zaffryar-Eilot
- The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Olga Genin
- Department of Poultry and Aquaculture, Institute of Animal Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Wesal Yaseen
- The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Sharon Soueid-Baumgarten
- The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Ofra Kessler
- Cancer Research and Vascular Biology Center, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Tatyana Smolkin
- Cancer Research and Vascular Biology Center, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Gal Akiri
- Cancer Research and Vascular Biology Center, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Gera Neufeld
- Cancer Research and Vascular Biology Center, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Yuval Cinnamon
- Department of Poultry and Aquaculture, Institute of Animal Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Peleg Hasson
- The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel.
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60
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Röhrig F, Vorlová S, Hoffmann H, Wartenberg M, Escorcia FE, Keller S, Tenspolde M, Weigand I, Gätzner S, Manova K, Penack O, Scheinberg DA, Rosenwald A, Ergün S, Granot Z, Henke E. VEGF-ablation therapy reduces drug delivery and therapeutic response in ECM-dense tumors. Oncogene 2016; 36:1-12. [PMID: 27270432 PMCID: PMC5237662 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The inadequate transport of drugs into the tumor tissue caused by its abnormal vasculature is a major obstacle to the treatment of cancer. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) drugs can cause phenotypic alteration and maturation of the tumor's vasculature. However, whether this consistently improves delivery and subsequent response to therapy is still controversial. Clinical results indicate that not all patients benefit from antiangiogenic treatment, necessitating the development of criteria to predict the effect of these agents in individual tumors. We demonstrate that, in anti-VEGF-refractory murine tumors, vascular changes after VEGF ablation result in reduced delivery leading to therapeutic failure. In these tumors, the impaired response after anti-VEGF treatment is directly linked to strong deposition of fibrillar extracellular matrix (ECM) components and high expression of lysyl oxidases. The resulting condensed, highly crosslinked ECM impeded drug permeation, protecting tumor cells from exposure to small-molecule drugs. The reduced vascular density after anti-VEGF treatment further decreased delivery in these tumors, an effect not compensated by the improved vessel quality. Pharmacological inhibition of lysyl oxidases improved drug delivery in various tumor models and reversed the negative effect of VEGF ablation on drug delivery and therapeutic response in anti-VEGF-resistant tumors. In conclusion, the vascular changes after anti-VEGF therapy can have a context-dependent negative impact on overall therapeutic efficacy. A determining factor is the tumor ECM, which strongly influences the effect of anti-VEGF therapy. Our results reveal the prospect to revert a possible negative effect and to potentiate responsiveness to antiangiogenic therapy by concomitantly targeting ECM-modifying enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Röhrig
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Graduate School of Life Science, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - S Vorlová
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - H Hoffmann
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Graduate School of Life Science, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - M Wartenberg
- Institute of Pathology, Universität Würzburg, and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken (CCCMF), Würzburg, Germany
| | - F E Escorcia
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - S Keller
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - M Tenspolde
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - I Weigand
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - S Gätzner
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - K Manova
- Molecular Cytology Core Facility, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - O Penack
- Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Hämatologie, Onkologie und Tumorimmunologie Universitätsklinikum Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - D A Scheinberg
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - A Rosenwald
- Institute of Pathology, Universität Würzburg, and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken (CCCMF), Würzburg, Germany
| | - S Ergün
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Z Granot
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada and Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - E Henke
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Graduate School of Life Science, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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61
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Lysyl oxidase expression in cardiac fibroblasts is regulated by α2β1 integrin interactions with the cellular microenvironment. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 475:70-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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62
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Høye AM, Erler JT. Structural ECM components in the premetastatic and metastatic niche. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2016; 310:C955-67. [PMID: 27053524 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00326.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to give an overview of the extracellular matrix (ECM) components that are important for creating structural changes in the premetastatic and metastatic niche. The successful arrival and survival of cancer cells that have left the primary tumor and colonized distant sites depends on the new microenvironment they encounter. The primary tumor itself releases factors into the circulation that travel to distant organs and then initiate structural changes, both non-enzymatic and enzymatic, to create a favorable niche for the disseminating tumor cells. Therapeutic strategies aimed at targeting cell-ECM interactions may well be one of the best viable approaches to combat metastasis and thus improve patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anette M Høye
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Janine T Erler
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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63
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Kalamajski S, Bihan D, Bonna A, Rubin K, Farndale RW. Fibromodulin Interacts with Collagen Cross-linking Sites and Activates Lysyl Oxidase. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:7951-60. [PMID: 26893379 PMCID: PMC4825002 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.693408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The hallmark of fibrotic disorders is a highly cross-linked and dense collagen matrix, a property driven by the oxidative action of lysyl oxidase. Other fibrosis-associated proteins also contribute to the final collagen matrix properties, one of which is fibromodulin. Its interactions with collagen affect collagen cross-linking, packing, and fibril diameter. We investigated the possibility that a specific relationship exists between fibromodulin and lysyl oxidase, potentially imparting a specific collagen matrix phenotype. We mapped the fibromodulin-collagen interaction sites using the collagen II and III Toolkit peptide libraries. Fibromodulin interacted with the peptides containing the known collagen cross-linking sites and the MMP-1 cleavage site in collagens I and II. Interestingly, the interaction sites are closely aligned within the quarter-staggered collagen fibril, suggesting a multivalent interaction between fibromodulin and several collagen helices. Furthermore, we detected an interaction between fibromodulin and lysyl oxidase (a major collagen cross-linking enzyme) and mapped the interaction site to 12 N-terminal amino acids on fibromodulin. This interaction also increases the activity of lysyl oxidase. Together, the data suggest a fibromodulin-modulated collagen cross-linking mechanism where fibromodulin binds to a specific part of the collagen domain and also forms a complex with lysyl oxidase, targeting the enzyme toward specific cross-linking sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Kalamajski
- From the Department of Laboratory Medical Sciences, Lund University, Medicon Village 406-3, 22363 Lund, Sweden and
| | - Dominique Bihan
- the Department of Biochemistry, Downing Site, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - Arkadiusz Bonna
- the Department of Biochemistry, Downing Site, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - Kristofer Rubin
- From the Department of Laboratory Medical Sciences, Lund University, Medicon Village 406-3, 22363 Lund, Sweden and
| | - Richard W Farndale
- the Department of Biochemistry, Downing Site, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
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64
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Yang X, Scott HA, Monickaraj F, Xu J, Ardekani S, Nitta CF, Cabrera A, McGuire PG, Mohideen U, Das A, Ghosh K. Basement membrane stiffening promotes retinal endothelial activation associated with diabetes. FASEB J 2016; 30:601-11. [PMID: 26443820 PMCID: PMC6188223 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-277962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial activation is a hallmark of the high-glucose (HG)-induced retinal inflammation associated with diabetic retinopathy (DR). However, precisely how HG induces retinal endothelial activation is not fully understood. We hypothesized that HG-induced up-regulation of lysyl oxidase (LOX), a collagen-cross-linking enzyme, in retinal capillary endothelial cells (ECs) enhances subendothelial basement membrane (BM) stiffness, which, in turn, promotes retinal EC activation. Diabetic C57BL/6 mice exhibiting a 70 and 50% increase in retinal intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 expression and leukocyte accumulation, respectively, demonstrated a 2-fold increase in the levels of BM collagen IV and LOX, key determinants of capillary BM stiffness. Using atomic force microscopy, we confirmed that HG significantly enhances LOX-dependent subendothelial matrix stiffness in vitro, which correlated with an ∼2.5-fold increase in endothelial ICAM-1 expression, a 4-fold greater monocyte-EC adhesion, and an ∼2-fold alteration in endothelial NO (decrease) and NF-κB activation (increase). Inhibition of LOX-dependent subendothelial matrix stiffening alone suppressed HG-induced retinal EC activation. Finally, using synthetic matrices of tunable stiffness, we demonstrated that subendothelial matrix stiffening is necessary and sufficient to promote EC activation. These findings implicate BM stiffening as a critical determinant of HG-induced retinal EC activation and provide a rationale for examining BM stiffness and underlying mechanotransduction pathways as therapeutic targets for diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yang
- *Department of Bioengineering and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, USA; Department of Surgery and Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA; and New Mexico Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Harry A Scott
- *Department of Bioengineering and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, USA; Department of Surgery and Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA; and New Mexico Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Finny Monickaraj
- *Department of Bioengineering and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, USA; Department of Surgery and Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA; and New Mexico Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Jun Xu
- *Department of Bioengineering and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, USA; Department of Surgery and Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA; and New Mexico Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Soroush Ardekani
- *Department of Bioengineering and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, USA; Department of Surgery and Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA; and New Mexico Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Carolina F Nitta
- *Department of Bioengineering and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, USA; Department of Surgery and Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA; and New Mexico Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Andrea Cabrera
- *Department of Bioengineering and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, USA; Department of Surgery and Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA; and New Mexico Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Paul G McGuire
- *Department of Bioengineering and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, USA; Department of Surgery and Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA; and New Mexico Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Umar Mohideen
- *Department of Bioengineering and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, USA; Department of Surgery and Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA; and New Mexico Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Arup Das
- *Department of Bioengineering and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, USA; Department of Surgery and Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA; and New Mexico Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Kaustabh Ghosh
- *Department of Bioengineering and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, USA; Department of Surgery and Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA; and New Mexico Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
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65
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Trackman PC. Enzymatic and non-enzymatic functions of the lysyl oxidase family in bone. Matrix Biol 2016; 52-54:7-18. [PMID: 26772152 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 01/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Advances in the understanding of the biological roles of the lysyl oxidase family of enzyme proteins in bone structure and function are reviewed. This family of proteins is well-known as catalyzing the final reaction required for cross-linking of collagens and elastin. Novel emerging roles for these proteins in the phenotypic development of progenitor cells and in angiogenesis are highlighted and which point to enzymatic and non-enzymatic roles for this family in bone development and homeostasis and in disease. The explosion of interest in the lysyl oxidase family in the cancer field highlights the need to have a better understanding of the functions of this protein family in normal and abnormal connective tissue homeostasis at fundamental molecular and cellular levels including in mineralized tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip C Trackman
- Boston University, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, 700 Albany Street, W-201, Boston, MA 02118, United States.
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66
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Schütze F, Röhrig F, Vorlová S, Gätzner S, Kuhn A, Ergün S, Henke E. Inhibition of Lysyl Oxidases Improves Drug Diffusion and Increases Efficacy of Cytotoxic Treatment in 3D Tumor Models. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17576. [PMID: 26620400 PMCID: PMC4665164 DOI: 10.1038/srep17576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumors are characterized by a rigid, highly cross-linked extracellular matrix (ECM), which impedes homogeneous drug distribution and potentially protects malignant cells from exposure to therapeutics. Lysyl oxidases are major contributors to tissue stiffness and the elevated expression of these enzymes observed in most cancers might influence drug distribution and efficacy. We examined the effect of lysyl oxidases on drug distribution and efficacy in 3D in vitro assay systems. In our experiments elevated lysyl oxidase activity was responsible for reduced drug diffusion under hypoxic conditions and consequently impaired cytotoxicity of various chemotherapeutics. This effect was only observed in 3D settings but not in 2D-cell culture, confirming that lysyl oxidases affect drug efficacy by modification of the ECM and do not confer a direct desensitizing effect. Both drug diffusion and efficacy were strongly enhanced by inhibition of lysyl oxidases. The results from the in vitro experiments correlated with tumor drug distribution in vivo, and predicted response to therapeutics in murine tumor models. Our results demonstrate that lysyl oxidase activity modulates the physical barrier function of ECM for small molecule drugs influencing their therapeutic efficacy. Targeting this process has the potential to significantly enhance therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of malignant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friedrich Schütze
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology II, Universität Würzburg Koellikerstrasse 6, Würzburg, 97070, Germany
| | - Florian Röhrig
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology II, Universität Würzburg Koellikerstrasse 6, Würzburg, 97070, Germany
| | - Sandra Vorlová
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg Josef-Schneider-Strasse 2, Würzburg, 97080, Germany
| | - Sabine Gätzner
- Institute of Tissue Engineering, Universität Würzburg Roentgenring 11, Würzburg, 97070, Germany
| | - Anja Kuhn
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology II, Universität Würzburg Koellikerstrasse 6, Würzburg, 97070, Germany
| | - Süleyman Ergün
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology II, Universität Würzburg Koellikerstrasse 6, Würzburg, 97070, Germany
| | - Erik Henke
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology II, Universität Würzburg Koellikerstrasse 6, Würzburg, 97070, Germany.,Graduate School for Life Science, Universität Würzburg Josef-Schneider-Strasse 2, Würzburg, 97080, Germany
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67
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de Jong OG, van Balkom BWM, Gremmels H, Verhaar MC. Exosomes from hypoxic endothelial cells have increased collagen crosslinking activity through up-regulation of lysyl oxidase-like 2. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 20:342-50. [PMID: 26612622 PMCID: PMC4727569 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are important mediators of intercellular communication. Additionally, they contain a variety of components capable of interacting with the extracellular matrix (ECM), including integrins, matrix metalloproteinases and members of the immunoglobin superfamily. Despite these observations, research on exosome-ECM interactions is limited. Here, we investigate whether the exosome-associated lysyl oxidase family member lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2) is involved in ECM remodelling. We found that LOXL2 is present on the exterior of endothelial cell (EC)-derived exosomes, placing it in direct vicinity of the ECM. It is up-regulated twofold in EC-derived exosomes cultured under hypoxic conditions. Intact exosomes from hypoxic EC and LOXL2 overexpressing EC show increased activity in a fluorometric lysyl oxidase enzymatic activity assay as well as in a collagen gel contraction assay. Concordantly, knockdown of LOXL2 in exosome-producing EC in both normal and hypoxic conditions reduces activity of exosomes in both assays. Our findings show for the first time that ECM crosslinking by EC-derived exosomes is mediated by LOXL2 under the regulation of hypoxia, and implicate a role for exosomes in hypoxia-regulated focal ECM remodelling, a key process in both fibrosis and wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier G de Jong
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bas W M van Balkom
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hendrik Gremmels
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marianne C Verhaar
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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68
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Iwasaki A, Sakai K, Moriya K, Sasaki T, Keene DR, Akhtar R, Miyazono T, Yasumura S, Watanabe M, Morishita S, Sakai T. Molecular Mechanism Responsible for Fibronectin-controlled Alterations in Matrix Stiffness in Advanced Chronic Liver Fibrogenesis. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:72-88. [PMID: 26553870 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.691519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is characterized by extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and stiffening. However, the functional contribution of tissue stiffening to noncancer pathogenesis remains largely unknown. Fibronectin (Fn) is an ECM glycoprotein substantially expressed during tissue repair. Here we show in advanced chronic liver fibrogenesis using a mouse model lacking Fn that, unexpectedly, Fn-null livers lead to more extensive liver cirrhosis, which is accompanied by increased liver matrix stiffness and deteriorated hepatic functions. Furthermore, Fn-null livers exhibit more myofibroblast phenotypes and accumulate highly disorganized/diffuse collagenous ECM networks composed of thinner and significantly increased number of collagen fibrils during advanced chronic liver damage. Mechanistically, mutant livers show elevated local TGF-β activity and lysyl oxidase expressions. A significant amount of active lysyl oxidase is released in Fn-null hepatic stellate cells in response to TGF-β1 through canonical and noncanonical Smad such as PI3 kinase-mediated pathways. TGF-β1-induced collagen fibril stiffness in Fn-null hepatic stellate cells is significantly higher compared with wild-type cells. Inhibition of lysyl oxidase significantly reduces collagen fibril stiffness, and treatment of Fn recovers collagen fibril stiffness to wild-type levels. Thus, our findings indicate an indispensable role for Fn in chronic liver fibrosis/cirrhosis in negatively regulating TGF-β bioavailability, which in turn modulates ECM remodeling and stiffening and consequently preserves adult organ functions. Furthermore, this regulatory mechanism by Fn could be translated for a potential therapeutic target in a broader variety of chronic fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Iwasaki
- From the MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, United Kingdom, the Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering and
| | - Keiko Sakai
- From the MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, United Kingdom, the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Kei Moriya
- the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Takako Sasaki
- the Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, 879-5593, Japan
| | - Douglas R Keene
- the Micro-Imaging Center, Shriners Hospital for Children, Portland, Oregon 97231
| | - Riaz Akhtar
- Centre for Materials and Structures, School of Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GH, United Kingdom
| | - Takayoshi Miyazono
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Transfusion Medicine and Cell Therapy, Toyama University, Toyama 930-0194, Japan, and
| | - Satoshi Yasumura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Transfusion Medicine and Cell Therapy, Toyama University, Toyama 930-0194, Japan, and
| | | | - Shin Morishita
- Environmental and Information Science, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Takao Sakai
- From the MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, United Kingdom, the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195,
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69
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Mosher DF, Johansson MW, Gillis ME, Annis DS. Periostin and TGF-β-induced protein: Two peas in a pod? Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 50:427-39. [PMID: 26288337 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2015.1069791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Periostin (PN) and TGF-β-induced protein (βig-h3) are paralogs that contain a single emilin and four fasciclin-1 modules and are secreted from cells. PN receives attention because of its up-regulation in cancer and degenerative and allergic diseases. βig-h3 is highly enriched in cornea and best known for harboring mutations in humans associated with corneal dystrophies. Both proteins are expressed widely, and many functions, some over-lapping, have been attributed to PN and βig-h3 based on biochemical, cell culture, and whole animal experiments. We attempt to organize this knowledge so as to facilitate research on these interesting and incompletely understood proteins. We focus particularly on whether PN and βig-h3 are modified by vitamin K-dependent γ-glutamyl carboxylation, a question of considerable importance given the profound effects of γ-carboxylation on structure and function of other proteins. We consider the roles of PN and βig-h3 in formation of extracellular matrix and as ligands for integrin receptors. We attempt to reconcile the contradictory results that have arisen concerning the role of PN, which has emerged as a marker of TH2 immunity, in murine models of allergic asthma. Finally, when possible we compare and contrast the structures and functions of the two proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deane F Mosher
- a Departments of Biomolecular Chemistry and Medicine , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , WI , USA
| | - Mats W Johansson
- a Departments of Biomolecular Chemistry and Medicine , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , WI , USA
| | - Mary E Gillis
- a Departments of Biomolecular Chemistry and Medicine , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , WI , USA
| | - Douglas S Annis
- a Departments of Biomolecular Chemistry and Medicine , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , WI , USA
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70
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Voorhees AP, DeLeon-Pennell KY, Ma Y, Halade GV, Yabluchanskiy A, Iyer RP, Flynn E, Cates CA, Lindsey ML, Han HC. Building a better infarct: Modulation of collagen cross-linking to increase infarct stiffness and reduce left ventricular dilation post-myocardial infarction. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 85:229-39. [PMID: 26080361 PMCID: PMC4530076 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) deletion attenuates collagen accumulation and dilation of the left ventricle (LV) post-myocardial infarction (MI); however the biomechanical mechanisms underlying the improved outcome are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to determine the mechanisms whereby MMP-9 deletion alters collagen network composition and assembly in the LV post-MI to modulate the mechanical properties of myocardial scar tissue. Adult C57BL/6J wild-type (WT; n=88) and MMP-9 null (MMP-9(-/-); n=92) mice of both sexes underwent permanent coronary artery ligation and were compared to day 0 controls (n=42). At day 7 post-MI, WT LVs displayed a 3-fold increase in end-diastolic volume, while MMP-9(-/-) showed only a 2-fold increase (p<0.05). Biaxial mechanical testing revealed that MMP-9(-/-) infarcts were stiffer than WT infarcts, as indicated by a 1.3-fold reduction in predicted in vivo circumferential stretch (p<0.05). Paradoxically, MMP-9(-/-) infarcts had a 1.8-fold reduction in collagen deposition (p<0.05). This apparent contradiction was explained by a 3.1-fold increase in lysyl oxidase (p<0.05) in MMP-9(-/-) infarcts, indicating that MMP-9 deletion increased collagen cross-linking activity. Furthermore, MMP-9 deletion led to a 3.0-fold increase in bone morphogenetic protein-1, the metalloproteinase that cleaves pro-collagen and pro-lysyl oxidase (p<0.05) and reduced fibronectin fragmentation by 49% (p<0.05) to enhance lysyl oxidase activity. We conclude that MMP-9 deletion increases infarct stiffness and prevents LV dilation by reducing collagen degradation and facilitating collagen assembly and cross-linking through preservation of the fibronectin network and activation of lysyl oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Voorhees
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, USA; Joint Biomedical Engineering Program, UTSA-UTHSCSA, USA; San Antonio Cardiovascular Proteomics Center, USA
| | - Kristine Y DeLeon-Pennell
- San Antonio Cardiovascular Proteomics Center, USA; Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, USA
| | - Yonggang Ma
- San Antonio Cardiovascular Proteomics Center, USA; Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, USA
| | - Ganesh V Halade
- San Antonio Cardiovascular Proteomics Center, USA; Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Andriy Yabluchanskiy
- San Antonio Cardiovascular Proteomics Center, USA; Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, USA; Research Service, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery Veterans Affairs Medical Center, USA
| | - Rugmani Padmanabhan Iyer
- San Antonio Cardiovascular Proteomics Center, USA; Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, USA
| | - Elizabeth Flynn
- Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, USA
| | - Courtney A Cates
- Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, USA
| | - Merry L Lindsey
- Joint Biomedical Engineering Program, UTSA-UTHSCSA, USA; San Antonio Cardiovascular Proteomics Center, USA; Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, USA; Research Service, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery Veterans Affairs Medical Center, USA
| | - Hai-Chao Han
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, USA; Joint Biomedical Engineering Program, UTSA-UTHSCSA, USA; San Antonio Cardiovascular Proteomics Center, USA.
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71
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Grau-Bové X, Ruiz-Trillo I, Rodriguez-Pascual F. Origin and evolution of lysyl oxidases. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10568. [PMID: 26024311 PMCID: PMC4448552 DOI: 10.1038/srep10568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysyl oxidases (LOX) are copper-dependent enzymes that oxidize primary amine substrates to reactive aldehydes. The best-studied role of LOX enzymes is the remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in animals by cross-linking collagens and elastin, although intracellular functions have been reported as well. Five different LOX enzymes have been identified in mammals, LOX and LOX-like (LOXL) 1 to 4, showing a highly conserved catalytic carboxy terminal domain and more divergence in the rest of the sequence. Here we have surveyed a wide selection of genomes in order to infer the evolutionary history of LOX. We identified LOX proteins not only in animals, but also in many other eukaryotes, as well as in bacteria and archaea - which reveals a pre-metazoan origin for this gene family. LOX genes expanded during metazoan evolution resulting in two superfamilies, LOXL2/L3/L4 and LOX/L1/L5. Considering the current knowledge on the function of mammalian LOX isoforms in ECM remodeling, we propose that LOXL2/L3/L4 members might have preferentially been involved in making cross-linked collagen IV-based basement membrane, whereas the diversification of LOX/L1/L5 forms contributed to chordate/vertebrate-specific ECM innovations, such as elastin and fibronectin. Our work provides a novel view on the evolution of this family of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Grau-Bové
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Iñaki Ruiz-Trillo
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Genètica, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Rodriguez-Pascual
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (C.S.I.C.) / Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (Madrid), Madrid, Spain
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72
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BMP-1/tolloid-like proteinases synchronize matrix assembly with growth factor activation to promote morphogenesis and tissue remodeling. Matrix Biol 2015; 44-46:14-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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73
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Cui C, Kaartinen MT. Serotonin (5-HT) inhibits Factor XIII-A-mediated plasma fibronectin matrix assembly and crosslinking in osteoblast cultures via direct competition with transamidation. Bone 2015; 72:43-52. [PMID: 25460579 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT)--a monoamine with a variety of physiological functions--has recently emerged as a major regulator of bone mass. 5-HT is synthesized in the brain and the gut, and gut-derived 5-HT contributes to circulating 5-HT levels and is a negative modulator of bone mass and quality. 5-HT's negative effects on the skeleton are considered to be mediated via its receptors and transporter in osteoblasts and osteoclasts; however, 5-HT can also incorporate covalently into proteins via a transglutaminase-mediated serotonylation reaction, which in turn can alter protein function. Plasma fibronectin (pFN)--a major component of the bone extracellular matrix that regulates bone matrix quality in vivo--is a major transglutaminase substrate in bone and in osteoblast cultures. We have recently demonstrated that pFN assembly into osteoblast culture matrix requires a Factor XIII-A (FXIII-A) transglutaminase-mediated crosslinking step that regulates both quantity and quality of type I collagen matrix in vitro. In this study, we show that 5-HT interferes with pFN assembly into the extracellular matrix in osteoblast cultures, which in turn has major consequences on matrix assembly and mineralization. 5-HT treatment of MC3T3-E1 osteoblast cultures dramatically decreased both pFN fibrillogenesis as analyzed by immunofluorescence microscopy and pFN levels in DOC-soluble and DOC-insoluble matrix fractions. This was accompanied by an increase in pFN levels in the culture media. Analysis of the media showed covalent incorporation of 5-HT into pFN. Minor co-localization of pFN with 5-HT was also seen in extracellular fibrils. 5-HT also showed co-localization with FXIII-A on the cell surface and inhibited its transamidation activity directly. 5-HT treatment of osteoblast cultures resulted in a discontinuous pFN matrix and impaired type I collagen deposition, decreased alkaline phosphatase and lysyl oxidase activity, and delayed mineralization of the cultures. Addition of excess exogenous pFN to cultures treated with 5-HT resulted in a significant rescue of pFN fibrillogenesis as well as type I collagen deposition and mineralization. In summary, our study presents a novel mechanism on how increased peripheral extracellular 5-HT levels might contribute to the weakening of bone by directly affecting the stabilization of extracellular matrix networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Cui
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mari T Kaartinen
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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74
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Canesin G, Cuevas EP, Santos V, López-Menéndez C, Moreno-Bueno G, Huang Y, Csiszar K, Portillo F, Peinado H, Lyden D, Cano A. Lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2) and E47 EMT factor: novel partners in E-cadherin repression and early metastasis colonization. Oncogene 2015; 34:951-64. [PMID: 24632622 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been associated with increased aggressiveness and acquisition of migratory properties providing tumor cells with the ability to invade into adjacent tissues. Downregulation of E-cadherin, a hallmark of EMT, is mediated by several transcription factors (EMT-TFs) that act also as EMT inducers, among them, Snail1 and the bHLH transcription factor E47. We previously described lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2), a member of the lysyl oxidase family, as a Snail1 regulator and EMT inducer. Here we show that LOXL2 is also an E47-interacting partner and functionally collaborates in the repression of E-cadherin promoter. Loss and gain of function analyses combined with in vivo studies in syngeneic breast cancer models demonstrate the participation of LOXL2 and E47 in tumor growth and their requirement for lung metastasis. Furthermore, LOXL2 and E47 contribute to early steps of metastatic colonization by cell and noncell autonomous functions regulating the recruitment of bone marrow progenitor cells to the lungs and by direct transcriptional regulation of fibronectin and cytokines TNFα, ANG-1 and GM-CSF. Moreover, fibronectin and GM-CSF proved to be necessary for LOXL2/E47-mediated modulation of tumor growth and lung metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Canesin
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols' CSIC-UAM, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - E P Cuevas
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols' CSIC-UAM, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - V Santos
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols' CSIC-UAM, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - C López-Menéndez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols' CSIC-UAM, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - G Moreno-Bueno
- 1] Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols' CSIC-UAM, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain [2] Fundación MD Anderson International Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Y Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - K Csiszar
- John A Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - F Portillo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols' CSIC-UAM, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - H Peinado
- Department of Pediatrics, Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - D Lyden
- Department of Pediatrics, Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - A Cano
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols' CSIC-UAM, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
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Chawla S, Chameettachal S, Ghosh S. Probing the role of scaffold dimensionality and media composition on matrix production and phenotype of fibroblasts. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2015; 49:588-596. [PMID: 25686987 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Revised: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Porous sponges, hydrogels, and micro/nanofibrous matrix are most commonly used three dimensional (3D) biomaterials in tissue engineering; however, reciprocal interaction between internal dimensionality of biomaterials and fibroblasts remains largely unexplored. Such studies would have potential to generate valuable insights about wound healing, tissue morphogenesis and homeostasis. To the best of our knowledge this is the first study to evaluate functionality of porous collagen matrix and collagen gels for in vitro culture of fibroblasts while investigating the role of culture media composition in modulating morphology, phenotype, extracellular matrix (ECM)-related gene expression and protein synthesis by fibroblasts. Encapsulation of fibroblasts in collagen gel was found to be more effective for ECM production compared to scaffold-based culture, as evidenced by enhanced collagen type I, elastin, lysyl oxidase, aggrecan gene expression. High glucose media induced spindle like morphology of typical in vivo fibroblasts and enhanced collagen production compared to other media. This variation in biosynthesis in different glucose concentrations was possibly due to endogenous activation of TGF-β or by an increase in ATP consuming anabolic pathways in high glucose concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chawla
- Department of Textile Technology, IIT Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India; Centre for Biomedical Engineering, IIT Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - S Chameettachal
- Department of Textile Technology, IIT Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - S Ghosh
- Department of Textile Technology, IIT Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India.
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76
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The NTR domain of procollagen C-proteinase enhancer-1 (PCPE-1) mediates PCPE-1 binding to syndecans-1, -2 and -4 as well as fibronectin. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 57:45-53. [PMID: 25286301 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Procollagen C-proteinase enhancer 1 (PCPE-1) is an extracellular matrix glycoprotein that can stimulate procollagen processing by procollagen C-proteinases (PCPs) such as bone morphogenetic protein-1 (BMP-1). PCPE-1 consists of two CUB domains that bind to the procollagen C-propeptide and are responsible for enhancing activity and a netrin-like (NTR) domain that binds to BMP-1 as well as heparin and heparan sulfate. The NTR domain also mediates binding of PCPE-1 to cells, an interaction inhibited by heparin, thus suggesting involvement of cell membrane heparan-sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs). Using pull-down experiments and an ELISA type binding assay we show here that PCPE-1 binds to three cell membrane HSPGs, syndecans-1, -2 and -4. We also demonstrate that this binding is mediated by the NTR domain and depends on the glycosaminoglycan chains of the syndecans. Using co-immunoprecipitation and an ELISA type binding assay we show that PCPE-1 can also bind fibronectin (an established binding partner of BMP-1), another interaction involving the NTR domain. Consistently, fibronectin inhibits cell attachment to PCPE-1 although it does not affect PCPE-1 enhancing activity. PCPE-1 is not an adhesive protein since cell attachment to PCPE-1 is not associated with cell spreading and/or actin filaments formation. The results suggest that PCPE-1 binding to syndecans and/or fibronectin may control collagen fibril assembly on the cell surface. Further characterization of these interactions may pave the way for future design of new means to modulate collagen deposition in pathological conditions such as fibrosis.
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Dysart MM, Galvis BR, Russell AG, Barker TH. Environmental particulate (PM2.5) augments stiffness-induced alveolar epithelial cell mechanoactivation of transforming growth factor beta. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106821. [PMID: 25226160 PMCID: PMC4167324 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysfunctional pulmonary homeostasis and repair, including diseases such as pulmonary fibrosis (PF), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and tumorigenesis have been increasing over the past decade, a fact that heavily implicates environmental influences. Several investigations have suggested that in response to increased transforming growth factor--beta (TGFβ) signaling, the alveolar type II (ATII) epithelial cell undergoes phenotypic changes that may contribute to the complex pathobiology of PF. We have previously demonstrated that increased tissue stiffness associated with PF is a potent extracellular matrix (ECM) signal for epithelial cell activation of TGFβ. The work reported here explores the relationship between tissue stiffness and exposure to environmental stimuli in the activation of TGFβ. We hypothesized that exposure of ATII cells to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) will result in enhanced cell contractility, TGFβ activation, and subsequent changes to ATII cell phenotype. ATII cells were cultured on increasingly stiff substrates with or without addition of PM2.5. Exposure to PM2.5 resulted in increased activation of TGFβ, increased cell contractility, and elongation of ATII cells. Most notably, on 8 kPa substrates, a stiffness greater than normal but less than established fibrotic lung, addition of PM2.5 resulted in increased cortical cell stiffness, enhanced actin staining and cell elongation; a result not seen in the absence of PM2.5. Our work suggests that PM2.5 exposure additionally enhances the existing interaction between ECM stiffness and TGFβ that has been previously reported. Furthermore, we show that this additional enhancement is likely a consequence of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) leading to increased TGFβ signaling events. These results highlight the importance of both the micromechanical and biochemical environment in lung disease initiation and suggest that individuals in early stages of lung remodeling during fibrosis may be more susceptible than healthy individuals when exposed to environmental injury adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn M. Dysart
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Boris R. Galvis
- The School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Armistead G. Russell
- The School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Thomas H. Barker
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- The Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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78
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Okkelman IA, Sukaeva AZ, Kirukhina EV, Korneenko TV, Pestov NB. Nuclear translocation of lysyl oxidase is promoted by interaction with transcription repressor p66β. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 358:481-9. [PMID: 25118846 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1972-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase (LOX) is an amine oxidase involved in protein cross-linking of the extracellular matrix. Less well characterized is the role that LOX plays among nuclear proteins, and molecular mechanisms of its transport to the nucleus are currently unknown. Here, we have employed yeast two-hybrid library screening and found that the LOX catalytic domain interacts with the transcription repressor p66β. This interaction has been confirmed in vitro and has been found to be accomplished through the CR2-containing domain of p66β. Moreover, co-expression of p66β and LOX in living tumor cells leads to the nuclear accumulation of LOX. Thus, p66β might be important for the regulation of LOX in the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina A Okkelman
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, 117997, Russia
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79
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Three-dimensional multilayers of smooth muscle cells as a new experimental model for vascular elastic fiber formation studies. Atherosclerosis 2014; 233:590-600. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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80
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Zhang Y, Ghazwani M, Li J, Sun M, Stolz DB, He F, Fan J, Xie W, Li S. MiR-29b inhibits collagen maturation in hepatic stellate cells through down-regulating the expression of HSP47 and lysyl oxidase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 446:940-4. [PMID: 24650661 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Altered expression of miR-29b is implicated in the pathogenesis and progression of liver fibrosis. We and others previously demonstrated that miR-29b down-regulates the expression of several extracellular-matrix (ECM) genes including Col 1A1, Col 3A1 and Elastin via directly targeting their 3'-UTRs. However, whether or not miR-29b plays a role in the post-translational regulation of ECM biosynthesis has not been reported. Heat shock protein 47 (HSP47) and lysyl oxidase (LOX) are known to be essential for ECM maturation. In this study we have demonstrated that expression of HSP47 and LOX was significantly up-regulated in culture-activated primary rat hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), TGF-β stimulated LX-2 cells and liver tissue of CCl4-treated mice, which was accompanied by a decrease of miR-29b level. In addition, over-expression of miR-29b in LX-2 cells resulted in significant inhibition on HSP47 and LOX expression. Mechanistically, miR-29b inhibited the expression of a reporter gene that contains the respective full-length 3'-UTR from HSP47 and LOX gene, and this inhibitory effect was abolished by the deletion of a putative miR-29b targeting sequence from the 3'-UTRs. Transfection of LX-2 cells with miR-29b led to abnormal collagen structure as shown by electron-microscopy, presumably through down-regulation of the expression of molecules involved in ECM maturation including HSP47 and LOX. These results demonstrated that miR-29b is involved in regulating the post-translational processing of ECM and fibril formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Zhang
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States
| | - Mohammed Ghazwani
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States
| | - Jiang Li
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States
| | - Ming Sun
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States
| | - Donna B Stolz
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States
| | - Fengtian He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jie Fan
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States
| | - Wen Xie
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States
| | - Song Li
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States.
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81
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Farahani E, Patra HK, Jangamreddy JR, Rashedi I, Kawalec M, Rao Pariti RK, Batakis P, Wiechec E. Cell adhesion molecules and their relation to (cancer) cell stemness. Carcinogenesis 2014; 35:747-59. [PMID: 24531939 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgu045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite decades of search for anticancer drugs targeting solid tumors, this group of diseases remains largely incurable, especially if in advanced, metastatic stage. In this review, we draw comparison between reprogramming and carcinogenesis, as well as between stem cells (SCs) and cancer stem cells (CSCs), focusing on changing garniture of adhesion molecules. Furthermore, we elaborate on the role of adhesion molecules in the regulation of (cancer) SCs division (symmetric or asymmetric), and in evolving interactions between CSCs and extracellular matrix. Among other aspects, we analyze the role and changes of expression of key adhesion molecules as cancer progresses and metastases develop. Here, the role of cadherins, integrins, as well as selected transcription factors like Twist and Snail is highlighted, not only in the regulation of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition but also in the avoidance of anoikis. Finally, we briefly discuss recent developments and new strategies targeting CSCs, which focus on adhesion molecules or targeting tumor vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ensieh Farahani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Cell Biology and Integrative Regenerative Medicine Center (IGEN) and
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82
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Cui C, Wang S, Myneni VD, Hitomi K, Kaartinen MT. Transglutaminase activity arising from Factor XIIIA is required for stabilization and conversion of plasma fibronectin into matrix in osteoblast cultures. Bone 2014; 59:127-38. [PMID: 24246248 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Circulating plasma fibronectin (pFN), produced by hepatocytes, is a major component of the noncollagenous bone matrix where it was recently shown in vivo in mice to control the biomechanical quality as well as the mineral-to-matrix ratio in bone. FN fibrillogenesis is a process generally requiring FN binding to cellular integrins, and cellular tension to elongate and assemble the molecule. Whether soluble pFN undergoes cell-mediated assembly in bone is not fully established. FN is a well-known substrate for transglutaminases (TGs), which are protein-crosslinking enzymes capable of stabilizing macromolecular structures. The role of this modification regarding the function of FN in bone matrix has remained unknown. Osteoblasts express two TGs-transglutaminase 2 and Factor XIIIA-and we have shown that Factor XIIIA is the main TG active during osteoblast differentiation. In the present study, conducted using MC3T3-E1 osteoblast cultures and bone marrow stromal cells, we demonstrate that pFN requires a TG-mediated crosslinking step to form osteoblast matrix in vitro. This modification step is specific for pFN; cellular FN (EDA-FN) does not serve as a TG substrate. Inhibition of pFN assembly using a TG inhibitor, or depletion of pFN from cell culture serum, dramatically decreased total FN matrix assembly in the osteoblast cultures and affected both the quantity and quality of the type I collagen matrix, and decreased lysyl oxidase and alkaline phosphatase levels, resulting in decreased mineralization. Experiments with isozyme-specific substrate peptides showed that FXIIIA is responsible for the crosslinking of pFN. Addition of exogenous preactivated FXIIIA to osteoblast cultures promoted pFN assembly from the media into matrix. Exogenous TG2 had no effect. Analysis of pFN and EDA-FN fibrils by immunofluorescence microscopy demonstrated that they form distinct matrix network, albeit with minor overlap, suggesting different functions for the two FN forms. Further analysis using EDA-FN blocking antibody showed that it regulated preosteoblast proliferation whereas pFN depletion from the serum had no effect on this process. In conclusion, our study shows that pFN assembly into bone matrix in vitro requires FXIIIA transglutaminase activity making pFN assembly an active, osteoblast-mediated process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Cui
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Shuai Wang
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Vamsee D Myneni
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Kiyotaka Hitomi
- Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mari T Kaartinen
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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83
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Segond N, Degrelle SA, Berndt S, Clouqueur E, Rouault C, Saubamea B, Dessen P, Fong KSK, Csiszar K, Badet J, Evain-Brion D, Fournier T. Transcriptome analysis of PPARγ target genes reveals the involvement of lysyl oxidase in human placental cytotrophoblast invasion. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79413. [PMID: 24265769 PMCID: PMC3827157 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human placental development is characterized by invasion of extravillous cytotrophoblasts (EVCTs) into the uterine wall during the first trimester of pregnancy. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) plays a major role in placental development, and activation of PPARγ by its agonists results in inhibition of EVCT invasion in vitro. To identify PPARγ target genes, microarray analysis was performed using GeneChip technology on EVCT primary cultures obtained from first-trimester human placentas. Gene expression was compared in EVCTs treated with the PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone versus control. A total of 139 differentially regulated genes were identified, and changes in the expression of the following 8 genes were confirmed by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction: a disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain12 (ADAM12), connexin 43 (CX43), deleted in liver cancer 1 (DLC1), dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4), heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX-1), lysyl oxidase (LOX), plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) and PPARγ. Among the upregulated genes, lysyl oxidase (LOX) was further analyzed. In the LOX family, only LOX, LOXL1 and LOXL2 mRNA expression was significantly upregulated in rosiglitazone-treated EVCTs. RNA and protein expression of the subfamily members LOX, LOXL1 and LOXL2 were analyzed by absolute RT-qPCR and western blotting, and localized by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence-confocal microscopy. LOX protein was immunodetected in the EVCT cytoplasm, while LOXL1 was found in the nucleus and nucleolus. No signal was detected for LOXL2 protein. Specific inhibition of LOX activity by β-aminopropionitrile in cell invasion assays led to an increase in EVCT invasiveness. These results suggest that LOX, LOXL1 and LOXL2 are downstream PPARγ targets and that LOX activity is a negative regulator of trophoblastic cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Segond
- INSERM, UMR-S767, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- PremUP Foundation, Paris, France
| | - Séverine A. Degrelle
- INSERM, UMR-S767, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- PremUP Foundation, Paris, France
| | - Sarah Berndt
- INSERM, UMR-S767, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- PremUP Foundation, Paris, France
| | - Elodie Clouqueur
- INSERM, UMR-S767, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- PremUP Foundation, Paris, France
| | - Christine Rouault
- INSERM, UMR 872, Equipe 7, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Saubamea
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- INSERM, U705, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 8206, Paris, France
| | | | - Keith S. K. Fong
- John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Katalin Csiszar
- John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Josette Badet
- INSERM, UMR-S767, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Danièle Evain-Brion
- INSERM, UMR-S767, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- PremUP Foundation, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Fournier
- INSERM, UMR-S767, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- PremUP Foundation, Paris, France
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84
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Medina-Ortiz WE, Belmares R, Neubauer S, Wordinger RJ, Clark AF. Cellular fibronectin expression in human trabecular meshwork and induction by transforming growth factor-β2. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54:6779-88. [PMID: 24030464 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-12298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Levels of TGF-β2 are higher in POAG aqueous humor, causing deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, including fibronectin (FN), in the glaucomatous human trabecular meshwork (HTM) that may be responsible for elevated IOP. The purpose of this study was to identify the expression of cellular FN (cFN) isoforms (EDA and EDB) in HTM cells and tissues, and to determine whether TGF-β2 can induce cFN expression and fibril formation in cultured HTM cells. METHODS Expression of cFN mRNA isoforms and induction by recombinant TGF-β2 (5 ng/mL) were determined by quantitative RT-PCR. The TGF-β2 induction of EDA isoform protein expression and FN fibril formation were analyzed using Western immunoblots and immunocytochemistry (ICC), respectively. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis was used to examine total FN and EDA isoform expression in normal (NTM) and glaucomatous (GTM) trabecular meshwork (TM) tissues. RESULTS Both cFN mRNA isoforms were expressed in cultured HTM cells and were induced by TGF-β2 after 2, 4, and 7 days (P < 0.05). Similarly, EDA isoform protein and fibril formation were increased after 4 and 7 days of TGF-β2 treatment. Finally, GTM tissues had significantly greater EDA isoform protein levels (1.7-fold, P < 0.05) compared to NTM tissues. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that cFN isoforms are expressed and induced in HTM cells by TGF-β2. Also, increased EDA isoform protein levels were seen in GTM tissues. Our findings suggest that induction of cFN isoform expression in the TM ECM may be a novel pathologic mechanism involved in the TM changes associated with glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanda E Medina-Ortiz
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, and the North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
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85
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Schultz IR, Nagler JJ, Swanson P, Wunschel D, Skillman AD, Burnett V, Smith D, Barry R. Toxicokinetic, Toxicodynamic, and Toxicoproteomic Aspects of Short-term Exposure to Trenbolone in Female Fish. Toxicol Sci 2013; 136:413-29. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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86
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Mammoto T, Jiang A, Jiang E, Panigrahy D, Kieran MW, Mammoto A. Role of collagen matrix in tumor angiogenesis and glioblastoma multiforme progression. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 183:1293-1305. [PMID: 23928381 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is a highly vascularized brain tumor, and antiangiogenic therapy improves its progression-free survival. However, current antiangiogenic therapy induces serious adverse effects including neuronal cytotoxicity and tumor invasiveness and resistance to therapy. Although it has been suggested that the physical microenvironment has a key role in tumor angiogenesis and progression, the mechanism by which physical properties of extracellular matrix control tumor angiogenesis and glioblastoma progression is not completely understood. Herein we show that physical compaction (the process in which cells gather and pack together and cause associated changes in cell shape and size) of human glioblastoma cell lines U87MG, U251, and LN229 induces expression of collagen types IV and VI and the collagen crosslinking enzyme lysyl oxidase and up-regulates in vitro expression of the angiogenic factor vascular endothelial growth factor. The lysyl oxidase inhibitor β-aminopropionitrile disrupts collagen structure in the tumor and inhibits tumor angiogenesis and glioblastoma multiforme growth in a mouse orthotopic brain tumor model. Similarly, d-penicillamine, which inhibits lysyl oxidase enzymatic activity by depleting intracerebral copper, also exhibits antiangiogenic effects on brain tumor growth in mice. These findings suggest that tumor microenvironment controlled by collagen structure is important in tumor angiogenesis and brain tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadanori Mammoto
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Amanda Jiang
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Elisabeth Jiang
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dipak Panigrahy
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mark W Kieran
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Akiko Mammoto
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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87
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Control of lung vascular permeability and endotoxin-induced pulmonary oedema by changes in extracellular matrix mechanics. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1759. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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88
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Ji F, Wang Y, Qiu L, Li S, Zhu J, Liang Z, Wan Y, Di W. Hypoxia inducible factor 1α-mediated LOX expression correlates with migration and invasion in epithelial ovarian cancer. Int J Oncol 2013; 42:1578-88. [PMID: 23545606 PMCID: PMC3661201 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.1878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the role of LOX in promoting invasion and metastasis of epithelial ovarian cancer in a hypoxic environment and its specific signal transduction pathway. Immunohistochemical detection of HIF-1α and LOX protein expression was performed on formalin-fixed paraffin sections of normal ovary, benign ovarian tumors, borderline and malignant epithelial ovarian tumor paraffin sample, using Mann-Whitney U test for independent comparisons and Wilcoxon signed-ranks test for paired comparisons. HIF-1α and LOX were knocked down in epithelial ovarian cancer cells (EOC), and HIF-1α/LOX regulation mechanism and LOX catalytic activity under hypoxia/reoxygenation microenvironment were explored. Cell migration and invasion ability in LOX inhibited HO8910 cells were investigated under hypoxia/reoxygenation conditions, using matrigel cell invasion and migration assays. We found that HIF-1α and LOX are highly expressed in epithelial ovarian cancer tissues, and the expression of both proteins is significantly correlated with the tumor grade, tumor diameter and lymph node metastasis. HIF-1α expression is positively correlated with the expression of LOX. Specifically, the expression of LOX and HIF-1α markedly increases under hypoxic conditions and decreases after reoxygenation. siRNA knockdown of LOX or β-aminoproprionitrile (βAPN), an inhibitor of LOX activity, that attenuates LOX activity, downregulates HIF-1α protein expression and inhibits HO8910 migratory and invasive abilities. LOX catalytic activity is significantly reduced under hypoxic conditions. Moreover, EOC cells display a marked increase in LOX-dependent FAK/AKT activation and cell migration following hypoxia/reoxygenation. Collectively, our study demonstrates that the hypoxia-HIF-1α, LOX-FAK/AKT pathway regulates the migration and invasion of epithelial ovarian cancer cells under hypoxia/reoxygenation conditions, thus, promoting metastasis of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Ji
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, PR China
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89
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Servais C, Erez N. From sentinel cells to inflammatory culprits: cancer-associated fibroblasts in tumour-related inflammation. J Pathol 2012; 229:198-207. [DOI: 10.1002/path.4103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Servais
- Department of Pathology, Sackler School of Medicine; Tel Aviv University; Tel-Aviv Israel 69978
| | - Neta Erez
- Department of Pathology, Sackler School of Medicine; Tel Aviv University; Tel-Aviv Israel 69978
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90
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Abstract
The therapeutic targeting of extracellular proteins is becoming hugely attractive in light of evidence implicating the tumour microenvironment as pivotal in all aspects of tumour initiation and progression. Members of the lysyl oxidase (LOX) family of proteins are secreted by tumours and are the subject of much effort to understand their roles in cancer. In this Review we discuss the roles of members of this family in the remodelling of the tumour microenvironment and their paradoxical roles in tumorigenesis and metastasis. We also discuss how targeting this family of proteins might lead to a new avenue of cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly E Barker
- Hypoxia & Metastasis Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
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91
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The pre-metastatic niche: is metastasis random? BONEKEY REPORTS 2012; 1:80. [PMID: 27127624 DOI: 10.1038/bonekey.2012.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The metastasis of solid tumours is a vastly complex, dynamic and systemic process involving both primary tumour cells as well as a wide array of stromal and vascular cells. The recruitment and activation of host cells by tumours at both the primary and metastatic sites is crucial for successful metastatic dissemination highlighting the systemic nature of disease progression. The appropriation of distant metastatic sites by primary tumours and the generation of so-called pre-metastatic niches have gained much interest in the last decade complementing the century old 'seed and soil' hypothesis. The idea that tumours are capable of pre-defining future sites of metastasis is both exciting and terrifying as we try to understand the dynamic networks associated with solid tumour metastasis. Exactly how a tumour cell can alter the distant metastatic microenvironment is of great importance and will unlock novel strategies for successfully targeting these processes.
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92
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Abstract
Tumor initiation, growth, invasion, and metastasis occur as a consequence of a complex interplay between the host environment and cancer cells. Fibroblasts are now recognized as a key host cell type involved in host-cancer signaling. This review discusses some recent studies that highlight the roles of fibroblasts in tumor initiation, early progression, invasion, and metastasis. Some clinical studies describing the prognostic significance of fibroblast-derived markers and signatures are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Strell
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helene Rundqvist
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Arne Östman
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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93
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Lysyl oxidase, extracellular matrix remodeling and cancer metastasis. CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT 2012; 5:261-73. [PMID: 22528876 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-012-0105-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase (LOX) family oxidases, LOX and LOXL1-4, oxidize lysine residues in collagens and elastin, resulting in the covalent crosslinking and stabilization of these extracellular matrix (ECM) structural components, thus provide collagen and elastic fibers much of their tensile strength and structural integrity. Abnormality in LOX expression and/or activity results in connective tissue disorders and fibrotic diseases. Despite LOX family oxidases have been reported to function as tumor suppressors, recent studies have highlighted the roles of LOX family oxidases in promoting cancer metastasis. LOX family oxidases are highly expressed in invasive tumors, and are closely associated with metastasis and poor patient outcome. Consistent to their roles in connective tissue homeostasis, LOX family oxidases expedite tumorigenesis and metastasis through active remodeling of tumor microenvironment. LOX family oxidases are also actively involved in the process of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), an event critical in cancer cell invasion and metastasis. In this review, we will summarize the recent progress on LOX family oxidases, with much of the focus on the roles and mechanism of LOX in tumor progression and metastasis.
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94
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Piercy-Kotb SA, Mousa A, Al-Jallad HF, Myneni VD, Chicatun F, Nazhat SN, Kaartinen MT. Factor XIIIA transglutaminase expression and secretion by osteoblasts is regulated by extracellular matrix collagen and the MAP kinase signaling pathway. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:2936-46. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.23040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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95
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Tumor microenvironment: a main actor in the metastasis process. Clin Exp Metastasis 2012; 29:381-95. [PMID: 22322279 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-012-9457-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Over recent decades, various studies have argued that the metastatic tissue microenvironment is fully controlled by the intrinsic properties of the cancer cells (growth, motility and invasion, angiogenesis, extracellular matrix remodeling, immune escape) and additional cells types. Overall, the extrinsic factors and determinants mediate the contribution of the host microenvironment to metastasis formation. The tumor microenvironment carries out these functions by secretion of molecules that can influence and modulate its phenotype, making these complex interactions the basis for support for the progression of a cancer. Here, we undertake a summary of the "state of the art" of the functions and actions of these cells, as the main actors in the promotion of the formation of the microenvironment of the metastatic niche, and the associated network of interactions. The unraveling of the relationships between tumorigenic cells and their microenvironment represents an important issue for the development of new therapeutic agents that can fight both initiation and recurrence of cancer.
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96
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Perelmuter VM, Manskikh VN. Preniche as missing link of the metastatic niche concept explaining organ-preferential metastasis of malignant tumors and the type of metastatic disease. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2012; 77:111-8. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297912010142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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97
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Muir A, Greenspan DS. Metalloproteinases in Drosophila to humans that are central players in developmental processes. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:41905-41911. [PMID: 22027825 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r111.299768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Many secreted proteins are synthesized as precursors with propeptides that must be cleaved to yield the mature functional form of the molecule. In addition, various growth factors occur in extracellular latent complexes with protein antagonists and are activated upon cleavage of such antagonists. Research in the separate fields of embryonic patterning and extracellular matrix formation has identified members of the BMP1/Tolloid-like family of metalloproteinases as key players in these types of biosynthetic processing events in species ranging from Drosophila to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Muir
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53792
| | - Daniel S Greenspan
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53792.
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98
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Schwarzbauer JE, DeSimone DW. Fibronectins, their fibrillogenesis, and in vivo functions. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2011; 3:cshperspect.a005041. [PMID: 21576254 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a005041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Fibronectin (FN) is a multidomain protein with the ability to bind simultaneously to cell surface receptors, collagen, proteoglycans, and other FN molecules. Many of these domains and interactions are also involved in the assembly of FN dimers into a multimeric fibrillar matrix. When, where, and how FN binds to its various partners must be controlled and coordinated during fibrillogenesis. Steps in the process of FN fibrillogenesis including FN self-association, receptor activities, and intracellular pathways have been under intense investigation for years. In this review, the domain organization of FN including the extra domains and variable region that are controlled by alternative splicing are described. We discuss how FN-FN and cell-FN interactions play essential roles in the initiation and progression of matrix assembly using complementary results from cell culture and embryonic model systems that have enhanced our understanding of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean E Schwarzbauer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA.
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99
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The lysyl oxidase propeptide interacts with the receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase kappa and inhibits β-catenin transcriptional activity in lung cancer cells. Mol Cell Biol 2011; 31:3286-97. [PMID: 21690299 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01426-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The propeptide region of the lysyl oxidase proenzyme (LOX-PP) has been shown to inhibit Ras signaling in NIH 3T3 and lung cancer cells with activated RAS, but its mechanism of action is poorly understood. Here, a yeast two-hybrid assay of LOX-PP-interacting proteins identified a clone encoding the intracellular phosphatase domains of receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase kappa (RPTP-κ), and the interaction of the two proteins in mammalian cells was confirmed. RPTP-κ is proteolytically processed to isoforms that have opposing effects on β-catenin activity. The RPTP-κ transmembrane P subunit interacts with and sequesters β-catenin at the cell membrane, where it can associate with E-cadherin and promote intercellular interactions. At high cell density, further processing of the P subunit yields a phosphatase intracellular portion (PIC) subunit, which chaperones β-catenin to the nucleus, where it can function to activate transcription. Lung cancer cells were found to contain higher PIC levels than untransformed lung epithelial cells. In H1299 lung cancer cells, ectopic LOX-PP expression reduced the nuclear levels of PIC by increasing its turnover in the lysosome, thereby decreasing the nuclear levels and transcriptional activity of β-catenin while increasing β-catenin membrane localization. Thus, LOX-PP is shown to negatively regulate pro-oncogenic β-catenin signaling in lung cancer cells.
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100
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ZHANG YJ, JIANG JH, XIE J, YANG L, Paul SUNGKL. Lysyl Oxidases Related to Human Diseases*. PROG BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2011. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1206.2010.00468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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