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Abstract
The glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan (HA) is a key component of the microenvironment surrounding cells. In healthy tissues, HA molecules have extremely high molecular mass and consequently large hydrodynamic volumes. Tethered to the cell surface by clustered receptor proteins, HA molecules crowd each other, as well as other macromolecular species. This leads to severe nonideality in physical properties of the biomatrix, because steric exclusion leads to an increase in effective concentration of the macromolecules. The excluded volume depends on both polymer concentration and hydrodynamic volume/molecular mass. The biomechanical properties of the extracellular matrix, tissue hydration, receptor clustering, and receptor-ligand interactions are strongly affected by the presence of HA and by its molecular mass. In inflammation, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species fragment the HA chains. Depending on the rate of chain degradation relative to the rates of new synthesis and removal of damaged chains, short fragments of the HA molecules can be present at significant levels. Not only are the physical properties of the extracellular matrix affected, but the HA fragments decluster their primary receptors and act as endogenous danger signals. Bioanalytical methods to isolate and quantify HA fragments have been developed to determine profiles of HA content and size in healthy and diseased biological fluids and tissues. These methods have potential use in medical diagnostic tests. Therapeutic agents that modulate signaling by HA fragments show promise in wound healing and tissue repair without fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K Cowman
- Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, New York, NY, United States
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52
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Rose M, Meurer SK, Kloten V, Weiskirchen R, Denecke B, Antonopoulos W, Deckert M, Knüchel R, Dahl E. ITIH5 induces a shift in TGF-β superfamily signaling involving Endoglin and reduces risk for breast cancer metastasis and tumor death. Mol Carcinog 2017; 57:167-181. [PMID: 28940371 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
ITIH5 has been proposed being a novel tumor suppressor in various tumor entities including breast cancer. Recently, ITIH5 was furthermore identified as metastasis suppressor gene in pancreatic carcinoma. In this study we aimed to specify the impact of ITIH5 on metastasis in breast cancer. Therefore, DNA methylation of ITIH5 promoter regions was assessed in breast cancer metastases using the TCGA portal and methylation-specific PCR (MSP). We reveal that the ITIH5 upstream promoter region is particularly responsible for ITIH5 gene inactivation predicting shorter survival of patients. Notably, methylation of this upstream ITIH5 promoter region was associated with disease progression, for example, abundantly found in distant metastases. In vitro, stably ITIH5-overexpressing MDA-MB-231 breast cancer clones were used to analyze cell invasion and to identify novel ITIH5-downstream targets. Indeed, ITIH5 re-expression suppresses invasive growth of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells while modulating expression of genes involved in metastasis including Endoglin (ENG), an accessory TGF-β receptor, which was furthermore co-expressed with ITIH5 in primary breast tumors. By performing in vitro stimulation of TGF-β signaling using TGF-β1 and BMP-2 we show that ITIH5 triggered a TGF-β superfamily signaling switch contributing to downregulation of targets like Id1, known to endorse metastasis. Moreover, ITIH5 predicts longer overall survival (OS) only in those breast tumors that feature high ENG expression or inversely regulated ID1 suggesting a clinical and functional impact of an ITIH5-ENG axis for breast cancer progression. Hence, we provide evidence that ITIH5 may represent a novel modulator of TGF-β superfamily signaling involved in suppressing breast cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Rose
- Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty of the RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Steffen K Meurer
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, Medical Faculty of the RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Vera Kloten
- Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty of the RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, Medical Faculty of the RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Bernd Denecke
- IZKF Aachen, Medical Faculty of the RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Wiebke Antonopoulos
- Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty of the RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Martina Deckert
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ruth Knüchel
- Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty of the RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Edgar Dahl
- Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty of the RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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53
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Hyaluronan-mediated mononuclear leukocyte binding to gingival fibroblasts. Clin Oral Investig 2017; 22:1063-1070. [PMID: 28801807 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-017-2188-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Binding of mononuclear leukocytes to hyaluronan cable structures is a well-known pathomechanism in several chronic inflammatory diseases, but has not yet described for chronic oral inflammations. The aim of this study was to evaluate if and how binding of mononuclear leukocytes to pathologic hyaluronan cable structures can be induced in human gingival fibroblasts. MATERIAL AND METHODS Experiments were performed with human gingival fibroblasts and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from three healthy blood donors. Gingival fibroblasts were stimulated with (1) tunicamycin, (2) polyinosinic/polycytidylic acid (Poly:IC), and (3) lipopolysaccharides (LPS) to simulate (1) ER stress and (2) viral and (3) bacterial infections, respectively. Fibroblasts were then co-incubated with PBMCs, and the number of bound and fluorescently labeled PBMCs was assessed using a fluorescence reader and microscopy. For data analysis, a linear mixed model was used. RESULTS Hyaluronan-mediated binding of PBMCs to gingival fibroblasts was increased by tunicamycin and Poly(I:C) but not by LPS. Hyaluronidase treatment and co-incubation with hyaluronan transport inhibitors reduced this binding. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that hyaluronan-mediated binding of blood cells might play a role in oral inflammations. A potential superior role of viruses needs to be confirmed in further clinical studies. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The linkage between pathological hyaluronan matrices and oral infections opens up potential applications of hyaluronan transport inhibitors in the treatment of chronic oral inflammations.
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Dong Y, Arif A, Olsson M, Cali V, Hardman B, Dosanjh M, Lauer M, Midura RJ, Hascall VC, Brown KL, Johnson P. Endotoxin free hyaluronan and hyaluronan fragments do not stimulate TNF-α, interleukin-12 or upregulate co-stimulatory molecules in dendritic cells or macrophages. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36928. [PMID: 27869206 PMCID: PMC5116629 DOI: 10.1038/srep36928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix glycosaminoglycan, hyaluronan, has been described as a regulator of tissue inflammation, with hyaluronan fragments reported to stimulate innate immune cells. High molecular mass hyaluronan is normally present in tissues, but upon inflammation lower molecular mass fragments are generated. It is unclear if these hyaluronan fragments induce an inflammatory response or are a consequence of inflammation. In this study, mouse bone marrow derived macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) were stimulated with various sizes of hyaluronan from different sources, fragmented hyaluronan, hyaluronidases and heavy chain modified-hyaluronan (HA-HC). Key pro-inflammatory molecules, tumour necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-12, CCL3, and the co-stimulatory molecules, CD40 and CD86 were measured. Only human umbilical cord hyaluronan, bovine testes and Streptomyces hyaluronlyticus hyaluronidase stimulated macrophages and DCs, however, these reagents were found to be contaminated with endotoxin, which was not fully removed by polymyxin B treatment. In contrast, pharmaceutical grade hyaluronan and hyaluronan fragments failed to stimulate in vitro-derived or ex vivo macrophages and DCs, and did not induce leukocyte recruitment after intratracheal instillation into mouse lungs. Hence, endotoxin-free pharmaceutical grade hyaluronan does not stimulate macrophages and DCs in our inflammatory models. These results emphasize the importance of ensuring hyaluronan preparations are endotoxin free.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Dong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C. V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Arif Arif
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C. V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Mia Olsson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C. V6T 1Z3, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, B.C. Canada
| | - Valbona Cali
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, U.S.A
| | - Blair Hardman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C. V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Manisha Dosanjh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C. V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Mark Lauer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, U.S.A
| | - Ronald J Midura
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, U.S.A
| | - Vincent C Hascall
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, U.S.A
| | - Kelly L Brown
- Department of Pediatrics, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, B.C. Canada
| | - Pauline Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C. V6T 1Z3, Canada
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55
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Petrey AC, de la Motte CA. Thrombin Cleavage of Inter-α-inhibitor Heavy Chain 1 Regulates Leukocyte Binding to an Inflammatory Hyaluronan Matrix. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:24324-24334. [PMID: 27679489 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.755660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynamic alterations of the extracellular matrix in response to injury directly modulate inflammation and consequently the promotion and resolution of disease. During inflammation, hyaluronan (HA) is increased at sites of inflammation where it may be covalently modified with the heavy chains (HC) of inter-α-trypsin inhibitor. Deposition of this unique, pathological form of HA (HC-HA) leads to the formation of cable-like structures that promote adhesion of leukocytes. Naive mononuclear leukocytes bind specifically to inflammation-associated HA matrices but do not adhere to HA constitutively expressed under homeostatic conditions. In this study, we have directly investigated a role for the blood-coagulation protease thrombin in regulating the adhesion of monocytic cells to smooth muscle cells producing an inflammatory matrix. Our data demonstrate that the proteolytic activity of thrombin negatively regulates the adhesion of monocytes to an inflammatory HC-HA complex. This effect is independent of protease-activated receptor activation but requires proteolytic activity toward a novel substrate. Components of HC-HA complexes were predicted to contain conserved thrombin-susceptible cleavage sites based on sequence analysis, and heavy chain 1 (HC1) was confirmed to be a substrate of thrombin. Thrombin treatment is sufficient to cleave HC1 associated with either cell-surface HA or serum inter-α-trypsin inhibitor. Furthermore, thrombin treatment of the inflammatory matrix leads to dissolution of HC-HA cable structures and abolishes leukocyte adhesion. These data establish a novel mechanism whereby thrombin cleavage of HC1 regulates the adhesive properties of an inflammatory HA matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron C Petrey
- From the Department of Pathobiology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Carol A de la Motte
- From the Department of Pathobiology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio 44195.
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56
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Martin J, Midgley A, Meran S, Woods E, Bowen T, Phillips AO, Steadman R. Tumor Necrosis Factor-stimulated Gene 6 (TSG-6)-mediated Interactions with the Inter-α-inhibitor Heavy Chain 5 Facilitate Tumor Growth Factor β1 (TGFβ1)-dependent Fibroblast to Myofibroblast Differentiation. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:13789-801. [PMID: 27143355 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.670521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblasts are central to wound healing and fibrosis through TGFβ1-triggered differentiation into contractile, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA)-positive myofibroblasts. This is mediated by accumulation of a pericellular matrix of hyaluronan (HA) and the HA-dependent co-localization of CD44 with the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Interactions of HA with hyaladherins, such as inter-α-inhibitor (IαI) and tumor necrosis factor-stimulated gene-6 (TSG-6), are also essential for differentiation. This study investigated the mechanisms involved. TSG-6 and α-SMA had different kinetics of induction by TGFβ1, with TSG-6 peaking before α-SMA Si CD44 or EGFR inhibition prevented differentiation but had no effect on TSG-6 expression. TSG-6 was essential for differentiation, and mAb A38 (preventing IαI heavy chain (HC) transfer), HA-oligosaccharides, cobalt, or Si bikunin prevented TSG-6 activity, preventing differentiation. A38 also prevented the EGFR/CD44 association. This suggested that TSG-6/IαI HC interaction was necessary for the effect of TSG-6 and that HC stabilization of HA initiated the CD44/EGFR association. The newly described HC5 was shown to be the principal HC expressed, and its cell surface expression was prevented by siRNA inhibition of TSG-6 or bikunin. HC5 was released by hyaluronidase treatment, confirming its association with cell surface HA. Finally, HC5 knockdown by siRNA confirmed its role in myofibroblast differentiation. The current study describes a novel mechanism linking the TSG-6 transfer of the newly described HC5 to the HA-dependent control of cell phenotype. The interaction of HC5 with cell surface HA was essential for TGFβ1-dependent differentiation of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts, highlighting its importance as a novel potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Martin
- From the Department of Nephrology, Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine and Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Midgley
- From the Department of Nephrology, Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine and Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Soma Meran
- From the Department of Nephrology, Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine and Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Woods
- From the Department of Nephrology, Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine and Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy Bowen
- From the Department of Nephrology, Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine and Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Aled O Phillips
- From the Department of Nephrology, Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine and Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Steadman
- From the Department of Nephrology, Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine and Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
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57
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Tseng SCG. HC-HA/PTX3 Purified From Amniotic Membrane as Novel Regenerative Matrix: Insight Into Relationship Between Inflammation and Regeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2016; 57:ORSFh1-8. [PMID: 27116665 PMCID: PMC4855828 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-17637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Human limbal palisade of Vogt is an ideal model for studying and practicing regenerative medicine due to their accessibility. Nonresolving inflammation is a common manifestation of limbal stem cell deficiency, which is the major cause of corneal blindness, and presents as a threat to the success of transplanted limbal epithelial stem cells. Clinical studies have shown that the efficacy of transplantation of limbal epithelial stem cells can be augmented by transplantation of cryopreserved human amniotic membrane (AM), which exerts anti-inflammatory, antiscarring, and antiangiogenic action to promote wound healing. METHODS Review of published data to determine the molecular action mechanism explaining how AM exerts the aforementioned therapeutic actions. RESULTS From the water-soluble extract of cryopreserved AM, we have biochemically purified one novel matrix component termed heavy chain (HC)-hyaluronan (HA)/pentraxin 3 (PTX3) as the key relevant tissue characteristic responsible for the aforementioned AM's efficacy. Heavy chain-HA is a complex formed by a covalent linkage between HA and HC1 of inter-α-trypsin inhibitor (IαI) by tumor necrosis factor-stimulated gene-6 (TSG-6). This complex may then be tightly associated with PTX3 to form HC-HA/PTX3 complex. Besides exerting an anti-inflammatory, antiscarring, and antiangiogenic effects, HC-HA/PTX3 complex also uniquely maintains limbal niche cells to support the quiescence of limbal epithelial stem cells. CONCLUSIONS We envision that HC-HA/PTX3 purified from AM can be used as a unique substrate to refine ex vivo expansion of limbal epithelial stem cells by maintaining stem cell quiescence, self-renewal and fate decision. Furthermore, it can also be deployed as a platform to launch new therapeutics in regenerative medicine by mitigating nonresolving inflammation and reinforcing the well-being of stem cell niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scheffer C. G. Tseng
- The R&D Department of TissueTech Inc., Ocular Surface Center, and Ocular Surface Research and Education Foundation, Miami, Florida, United States
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58
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Lawrance W, Banerji S, Day AJ, Bhattacharjee S, Jackson DG. Binding of Hyaluronan to the Native Lymphatic Vessel Endothelial Receptor LYVE-1 Is Critically Dependent on Receptor Clustering and Hyaluronan Organization. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:8014-30. [PMID: 26823460 PMCID: PMC4825007 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.708305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic endothelial receptor LYVE-1 has been implicated in both uptake of hyaluronan (HA) from tissue matrix and in facilitating transit of leukocytes and tumor cells through lymphatic vessels based largely on in vitro studies with recombinant receptor in transfected fibroblasts. Curiously, however, LYVE-1 in lymphatic endothelium displays little if any binding to HA in vitro, and this has led to the conclusion that the native receptor is functionally silenced, a feature that is difficult to reconcile with its proposed in vivo functions. Nonetheless, as we reported recently, LYVE-1 can function as a receptor for HA-encapsulated Group A streptococci and mediate lymphatic dissemination in mice. Here we resolve these paradoxical findings and show that the capacity of LYVE-1 to bind HA is strictly dependent on avidity, demanding appropriate receptor self-association and/or HA multimerization. In particular, we demonstrate the prerequisite of a critical LYVE-1 threshold density and show that HA binding may be elicited in lymphatic endothelium by surface clustering with divalent LYVE-1 mAbs. In addition, we show that cross-linking of biotinylated HA in streptavidin multimers or supramolecular complexes with the inflammation-induced protein TSG-6 enables binding even in the absence of LYVE-1 cross-linking. Finally, we show that endogenous HA on the surface of macrophages can engage LYVE-1, facilitating their adhesion and transit across lymphatic endothelium. These results reveal LYVE-1 as a low affinity receptor tuned to discriminate between different HA configurations through avidity and establish a new mechanistic basis for the functions ascribed to LYVE-1 in matrix HA binding and leukocyte trafficking in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Lawrance
- From the MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom and
| | - Suneale Banerji
- From the MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom and
| | - Anthony J Day
- the Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Shaumick Bhattacharjee
- From the MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom and
| | - David G Jackson
- From the MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom and
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59
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Kim DK, Choi H, Nishida H, Oh JY, Gregory C, Lee RH, Yu JM, Watanabe J, An SY, Bartosh TJ, Prockop DJ. Scalable Production of a Multifunctional Protein (TSG-6) That Aggregates with Itself and the CHO Cells That Synthesize It. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147553. [PMID: 26793973 PMCID: PMC4721919 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
TNF-α stimulated gene/protein 6 (TNFAIP6/TSG-6) is a multifunctional protein that has a number of potential therapeutic applications. Experiments and clinical trials with TSG-6, however, have been limited by the technical difficulties of producing the recombinant protein. We prepared stable clones of CHO cells that expressed recombinant human TSG-6 (rhTSG-6) as a secreted glycoprotein. Paradoxically, both cell number and protein production decreased dramatically when the clones were expanded. The decreases occurred because the protein aggregated the synthesizing CHO cells by binding to the brush border of hyaluronan that is found around many cultured cells. In addition, the rhTSG-6 readily self-aggregated. To address these problems, we added to the medium an inhibitor of hyaluronan synthesis and heparin to compete with the binding of TSG-6 to hyaluronan. Also, we optimized the composition of the culture medium, and transferred the CHO cells from a spinner culture system to a bioreactor that controlled pH and thereby decreased pH-dependent binding properties of the protein. With these and other improvements in the culture conditions, we obtained 57.0 mg ± 9.16 S.D. of rhTSG-6 in 5 or 6 liter of medium. The rhTSG-6 accounted for 18.0% ± 3.76 S.D. of the total protein in the medium. We then purified the protein with a Ni-chelate column that bound the His tag engineered into the C-terminus of the protein followed by an anion exchange column. The yield of the purified monomeric rhTSG-6 was 4.1 mg to 5.6 mg per liter of culture medium. After intravenous injection into mice, the protein had a longer plasma half-life than commercially available rhTSG-6 isolated from a mammalian cell lysate, apparently because it was recovered as a secreted glycoprotein. The bioactivity of the rhTSG-6 in suppressing inflammation was demonstrated in a murine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Ki Kim
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine at Scott and White, Temple, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hosoon Choi
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine at Scott and White, Temple, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hidetaka Nishida
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine at Scott and White, Temple, Texas, United States of America
| | - Joo Youn Oh
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine at Scott and White, Temple, Texas, United States of America
| | - Carl Gregory
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine at Scott and White, Temple, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ryang Hwa Lee
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine at Scott and White, Temple, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ji Min Yu
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine at Scott and White, Temple, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jun Watanabe
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine at Scott and White, Temple, Texas, United States of America
| | - Su Yeon An
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine at Scott and White, Temple, Texas, United States of America
| | - Thomas J. Bartosh
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine at Scott and White, Temple, Texas, United States of America
| | - Darwin J. Prockop
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine at Scott and White, Temple, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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60
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Park Y, Jowitt TA, Day AJ, Prestegard JH. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Insight into the Multiple Glycosaminoglycan Binding Modes of the Link Module from Human TSG-6. Biochemistry 2016; 55:262-76. [PMID: 26685054 PMCID: PMC5073374 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b01148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-stimulated gene-6 (TSG-6) is a hyaluronan (HA)-binding protein that is essential for stabilizing and remodeling the extracellular matrix (ECM) during ovulation and inflammatory disease processes such as arthritis. The Link module, one of the domains of TSG-6, is responsible for binding hyaluronan and other glycosaminoglycans found in the ECM. In this study, we used a well-defined chondroitin sulfate (CS) hexasaccharide (ΔC444S) to determine the structure of the Link module, in solution, in its chondroitin sulfate-bound state. A variety of nuclear magnetic resonance techniques were employed, including chemical shift perturbation, residual dipolar couplings (RDCs), nuclear Overhauser effects, spin relaxation measurements, and paramagnetic relaxation enhancements from a spin-labeled analogue of ΔC444S. The binding site for ΔC444S on the Link module overlapped with that of HA. Surprisingly, ΔC444S binding induced dimerization of the Link module (as confirmed by analytical ultracentrifugation), and a second weak binding site that partially overlapped with a previously identified heparin site was detected. A dimer model was generated using chemical shift perturbations and RDCs as restraints in the docking program HADDOCK. We postulate that the molecular cross-linking enhanced by the multiple binding modes of the Link module might be critical for remodeling the ECM during inflammation/ovulation and might contribute to other functions of TSG-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younghee Park
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, 315 Riverbend Road, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Thomas A. Jowitt
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Anthony J. Day
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - James H. Prestegard
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, 315 Riverbend Road, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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61
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Ploutarchou P, Melo P, Day AJ, Milner CM, Williams SA. Molecular analysis of the cumulus matrix: insights from mice with O-glycan-deficient oocytes. Reproduction 2016; 149:533-43. [PMID: 25855670 PMCID: PMC4397614 DOI: 10.1530/rep-14-0503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
During follicle development, oocytes secrete factors that influence the development of granulosa and cumulus cells (CCs). In response to oocyte and somatic cell signals, CCs produce extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules resulting in cumulus expansion, which is essential for ovulation, fertilisation, and is predictive of oocyte quality. The cumulus ECM is largely made up of hyaluronan (HA), TNF-stimulated gene-6 (TSG-6, also known as TNFAIP6), pentraxin-3 (PTX3), and the heavy chains (HCs) of serum-derived inter-α-inhibitor proteins. In contrast to other in vivo models where modified expansion impairs fertility, the cumulus mass of C1galt1 Mutants, which have oocyte-specific deletion of core 1-derived O-glycans, is modified without impairing fertility. In this report, we used C1galt1 Mutant (C1galt1FF:ZP3Cre) and Control (C1galt1FF) mice to investigate how cumulus expansion is affected by oocyte-specific deletion of core 1-derived O-glycans without adversely affecting oocyte quality. Mutant cumulus–oocyte complexes (COCs) are smaller than Controls, with fewer CCs. Interestingly, the CCs in Mutant mice are functionally normal as each cell produced normal levels of the ECM molecules HA, TSG-6, and PTX3. However, HC levels were elevated in Mutant COCs. These data reveal that oocyte glycoproteins carrying core 1-derived O-glycans have a regulatory role in COC development. In addition, our study of Controls indicates that a functional COC can form provided all essential components are present above a minimum threshold level, and thus some variation in ECM composition does not adversely affect oocyte development, ovulation or fertilisation. These data have important implications for IVF and the use of cumulus expansion as a criterion for oocyte assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panayiota Ploutarchou
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and GynaecologyWomen's Centre, Level 3, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UKFaculty of Life SciencesUniversity of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UKWellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix ResearchFaculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Pedro Melo
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and GynaecologyWomen's Centre, Level 3, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UKFaculty of Life SciencesUniversity of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UKWellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix ResearchFaculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Anthony J Day
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and GynaecologyWomen's Centre, Level 3, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UKFaculty of Life SciencesUniversity of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UKWellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix ResearchFaculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and GynaecologyWomen's Centre, Level 3, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UKFaculty of Life SciencesUniversity of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UKWellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix ResearchFaculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Caroline M Milner
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and GynaecologyWomen's Centre, Level 3, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UKFaculty of Life SciencesUniversity of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UKWellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix ResearchFaculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Suzannah A Williams
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and GynaecologyWomen's Centre, Level 3, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UKFaculty of Life SciencesUniversity of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UKWellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix ResearchFaculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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Tseng SCG, He H, Zhang S, Chen SY. Niche Regulation of Limbal Epithelial Stem Cells: Relationship between Inflammation and Regeneration. Ocul Surf 2016; 14:100-12. [PMID: 26769483 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human limbal palisades of Vogt are the ideal site for studying and practicing regenerative medicine due to their accessibility. Nonresolving inflammation in limbal stroma is common manifestation of limbal stem cell (SC) deficiency and presents as a threat to the success of transplanted limbal epithelial SCs. This pathologic process can be overcome by transplantation of cryopreserved human amniotic membrane (AM), which exerts anti-inflammatory, antiscarring and anti-angiogenic action to promote wound healing. To determine how AM might exert anti-inflammation and promote regeneration, we have purified a novel matrix, HC-HA/PTX3, responsible for the efficacy of AM efficacy. HC-HA complex is covalently formed by hyaluronan (HA) and heavy chain 1 (HC1) of inter-α-trypsin inhibitor by the catalytic action of tumor necrosis factor-stimulated gene-6 (TSG-6) and are tightly associated with pentraxin 3 (PTX3) to form HC-HA/PTX3. In vitro reconstitution of the limbal niche can be established by reunion between limbal epithelial progenitors and limbal niche cells on different substrates. In 3-dimensional Matrigel, clonal expansion indicative of SC renewal is correlated with activation of canonical Wnt signaling and suppression of canonical bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling. In contrast, SC quiescence can be achieved in HC-HA/PTX3 by activation of canonical BMP signaling and non-canonical planar cell polarity (PCP) Wnt signaling, but suppression of canonical Wnt signaling. HC-HA/PTX3 is a novel matrix mitigating nonresolving inflammation and restoring SC quiescence in the niche for various applications in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scheffer C G Tseng
- R&D Department, TissueTech, Inc., Ocular Surface Center, and Ocular Surface Research and Education Foundation, Miami, Florida, USA.
| | - Hua He
- R&D Department, TissueTech, Inc., Ocular Surface Center, and Ocular Surface Research and Education Foundation, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Suzhen Zhang
- R&D Department, TissueTech, Inc., Ocular Surface Center, and Ocular Surface Research and Education Foundation, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Szu-Yu Chen
- R&D Department, TissueTech, Inc., Ocular Surface Center, and Ocular Surface Research and Education Foundation, Miami, Florida, USA
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63
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Scavenius C, Nikolajsen CL, Stenvang M, Thøgersen IB, Wyrożemski Ł, Wisniewski HG, Otzen DE, Sanggaard KW, Enghild JJ. The Compact and Biologically Relevant Structure of Inter-α-inhibitor Is Maintained by the Chondroitin Sulfate Chain and Divalent Cations. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:4658-70. [PMID: 26728454 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.678748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Inter-α-inhibitor is a proteoglycan of unique structure. The protein consists of three subunits, heavy chain 1, heavy chain 2, and bikunin covalently joined by a chondroitin sulfate chain originating at Ser-10 of bikunin. Inter-α-inhibitor interacts with an inflammation-associated protein, tumor necrosis factor-inducible gene 6 protein, in the extracellular matrix. This interaction leads to transfer of the heavy chains from the chondroitin sulfate of inter-α-inhibitor to hyaluronan and consequently to matrix stabilization. Divalent cations and heavy chain 2 are essential co-factors in this transfer reaction. In the present study, we have investigated how divalent cations in concert with the chondroitin sulfate chain influence the structure and stability of inter-α-inhibitor. The results showed that Mg(2+) or Mn(2+), but not Ca(2+), induced a conformational change in inter-α-inhibitor as evidenced by a decrease in the Stokes radius and a bikunin chondroitin sulfate-dependent increase of the thermodynamic stability. This structure was shown to be essential for the ability of inter-α-inhibitor to participate in extracellular matrix stabilization. In addition, the data revealed that bikunin was positioned adjacent to both heavy chains and that the two heavy chains also were in close proximity. The chondroitin sulfate chain interacted with all protein components and inter-α-inhibitor dissociated when it was degraded. Conventional purification protocols result in the removal of the Mg(2+) found in plasma and because divalent cations influence the conformation and affect function it is important to consider this when characterizing the biological activity of inter-α-inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Scavenius
- From the Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Science Park, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10C, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Camilla Lund Nikolajsen
- From the Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Science Park, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10C, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark, the Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark, and
| | - Marcel Stenvang
- From the Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Science Park, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10C, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark, the Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark, and
| | - Ida B Thøgersen
- From the Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Science Park, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10C, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Łukasz Wyrożemski
- From the Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Science Park, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10C, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Hans-Georg Wisniewski
- the Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
| | - Daniel E Otzen
- From the Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Science Park, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10C, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark, the Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark, and
| | - Kristian W Sanggaard
- From the Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Science Park, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10C, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jan J Enghild
- From the Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Science Park, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10C, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark, the Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark, and
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64
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Abbadi A, Lauer M, Swaidani S, Wang A, Hascall V. Hyaluronan Rafts on Airway Epithelial Cells. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:1448-55. [PMID: 26601955 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.704288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Many cells, including murine airway epithelial cells, respond to a variety of inflammatory stimuli by synthesizing leukocyte-adhesive hyaluronan (HA) cables that remain attached to their cell surfaces. This study shows that air-liquid interface cultures of murine airway epithelial cells (AECs) also actively synthesize and release a majority of their HA onto their ciliated apical surfaces to form a heavy chain hyaluronan (HC-HA) matrix in the absence of inflammatory stimuli. These matrices do not resemble the rope-like HA cables but occur in distinct sheets or rafts that can capture and embed leukocytes from cell suspensions. The HC-HA modification involves the transfer of heavy chains from the inter-α-inhibitor (IαI) proteoglycan, which has two heavy chains (HC1 and HC2) on its chondroitin sulfate chain. The transesterification transfer of HCs from chondroitin sulfate to HA is mediated by tumor necrosis factor-induced gene 6 (TSG-6), which is up-regulated in inflammatory reactions. Because the AEC cultures do not have TSG-6 nor serum, the source of IαI, assays for HCs and TSG-6 were done. The results show that AECs synthesize TSG-6 and their own heavy chain donor (pre-IαI) with a single heavy chain 3 (HC3), which are also constitutively expressed by human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells. These leukocyte adhesive HC3-HA structures were also found in the bronchoalveolar lavage of naïve mice and were observed on their apical ciliated surfaces. Thus, these leukocyte-adhesive HA rafts are now identified as HC3-HA complexes that could be part of a host defense mechanism filling some important gaps in our current understanding of murine airway epithelial biology and secretions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Abbadi
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio 44115
| | - Mark Lauer
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering and
| | - Shadi Swaidani
- Department of Pathobiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195 and
| | - Aimin Wang
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering and
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Briggs DC, Birchenough HL, Ali T, Rugg MS, Waltho JP, Ievoli E, Jowitt TA, Enghild JJ, Richter RP, Salustri A, Milner CM, Day AJ. Metal Ion-dependent Heavy Chain Transfer Activity of TSG-6 Mediates Assembly of the Cumulus-Oocyte Matrix. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:28708-23. [PMID: 26468290 PMCID: PMC4661386 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.669838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The matrix polysaccharide hyaluronan (HA) has a critical role in the expansion of the cumulus cell-oocyte complex (COC), a process that is necessary for ovulation and fertilization in most mammals. Hyaluronan is organized into a cross-linked network by the cooperative action of three proteins, inter-α-inhibitor (IαI), pentraxin-3, and TNF-stimulated gene-6 (TSG-6), driving the expansion of the COC and providing the cumulus matrix with its required viscoelastic properties. Although it is known that matrix stabilization involves the TSG-6-mediated transfer of IαI heavy chains (HCs) onto hyaluronan (to form covalent HC·HA complexes that are cross-linked by pentraxin-3) and that this occurs via the formation of covalent HC·TSG-6 intermediates, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not well understood. Here, we have determined the tertiary structure of the CUB module from human TSG-6, identifying a calcium ion-binding site and chelating glutamic acid residue that mediate the formation of HC·TSG-6. This occurs via an initial metal ion-dependent, non-covalent, interaction between TSG-6 and HCs that also requires the presence of an HC-associated magnesium ion. In addition, we have found that the well characterized hyaluronan-binding site in the TSG-6 Link module is not used for recognition during transfer of HCs onto HA. Analysis of TSG-6 mutants (with impaired transferase and/or hyaluronan-binding functions) revealed that although the TSG-6-mediated formation of HC·HA complexes is essential for the expansion of mouse COCs in vitro, the hyaluronan-binding function of TSG-6 does not play a major role in the stabilization of the murine cumulus matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Briggs
- From the Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research and the Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Holly L Birchenough
- From the Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research and the Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Tariq Ali
- From the Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research and the Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Marilyn S Rugg
- the Medical Research Council Immunochemistry Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Jon P Waltho
- the Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Ievoli
- the Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Thomas A Jowitt
- From the Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research and the Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Jan J Enghild
- the Department of Molecular Chemistry, University of Aarhus, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Ralf P Richter
- CIC biomaGUNE, 20009 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain, the Department of Molecular Chemistry, University Grenoble Alpes and CNRS, 38000 Grenoble, France, and the Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Antonietta Salustri
- the Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Caroline M Milner
- the Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony J Day
- From the Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research and the Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom,
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66
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Blaha M, Nemcova L, Kepkova KV, Vodicka P, Prochazka R. Gene expression analysis of pig cumulus-oocyte complexes stimulated in vitro with follicle stimulating hormone or epidermal growth factor-like peptides. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2015; 13:113. [PMID: 26445099 PMCID: PMC4596359 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-015-0112-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gonadotropin-induced resumption of oocyte meiosis in preovulatory follicles is preceded by expression of epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like peptides, amphiregulin (AREG) and epiregulin (EREG), in mural granulosa and cumulus cells. Both the gonadotropins and the EGF-like peptides possess the capacity to stimulate resumption of oocyte meiosis in vitro via activation of a broad signaling network in cumulus cells. To better understand the rapid genomic actions of gonadotropins (FSH) and EGF-like peptides, we analyzed transcriptomes of cumulus cells at 3 h after their stimulation. METHODS We hybridized aRNA from cumulus cells to a pig oligonucleotide microarray and compared the transcriptomes of FSH- and AREG/EREG-stimulated cumulus cells with untreated control cells and vice versa. The identified over- and underexpressed genes were subjected to functional genomic analysis according to their molecular and cellular functions. The expression pattern of 50 selected genes with a known or potential function in ovarian development was verified by real-time qRT-PCR. RESULTS Both FSH and AREG/EREG increased the expression of genes associated with regulation of cell proliferation, cell migration, blood coagulation and extracellular matrix remodeling. FSH alone induced the expression of genes involved in inflammatory response and in the response to reactive oxygen species. Moreover, FSH stimulated the expression of genes closely related to some ovulatory events either exclusively or significantly more than AREG/EREG (AREG, ADAMTS1, HAS2, TNFAIP6, PLAUR, PLAT, and HSD17B7). In contrast to AREG/EREG, FSH also increased the expression of genes coding for key transcription factors (CEBPB, FOS, ID1/3, and NR5A2), which may contribute to the differing expression profiles of FSH- and AREG/EREG-treated cumulus cells. CONCLUSIONS The impact of FSH on cumulus cell gene transcription was higher than the impact of EGF-like factors in terms of the number of cell functions affected as well as the number of over- and underexpressed genes. Both FSH and EGF-like factors overexpressed genes involved in the post-ovulatory switch in steroidogenesis and tissue remodelling. However, FSH was remarkably more efficient in the up-regulation of several specific genes essential for ovulation of matured oocytes and also genes that been reported to play an important role in maturation of cumulus-enclosed oocytes in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Blaha
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Rumburska 89, 277 21, Libechov, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Nemcova
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Rumburska 89, 277 21, Libechov, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Vodickova Kepkova
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Rumburska 89, 277 21, Libechov, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Vodicka
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Radek Prochazka
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Rumburska 89, 277 21, Libechov, Czech Republic.
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Sun YY, Keller KE. Hyaluronan cable formation by ocular trabecular meshwork cells. Exp Eye Res 2015; 139:97-107. [PMID: 26247678 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) in the ocular trabecular meshwork (TM) is a critical modulator of aqueous humor outflow. Individual HA strands in the pericellular matrix can coalesce to form cable-like structures, which have different functional properties. Here, we investigated HA structural configuration by TM cells in response to various stimuli known to stimulate extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. In addition, the effects of HA cable induction on aqueous outflow resistance was determined. Primary TM cell cultures grown on tissue culture-treated plastic were treated for 12-48 h with TNFα, IL-1α, or TGFβ2. TM cells grown on silicone membranes were subject to mechanical stretch, which induces synthesis and activation of ECM proteolytic enzymes. HA structural configuration was investigated by HA binding protein (HAbp) staining and confocal microscopy. HAbp-labeled cables were induced by TNFα, TGFβ2 and mechanical stretch, but not by IL-1α. HA synthase (HAS) gene expression was quantitated by quantitative RT-PCR and HA concentration was measured by ELISA assay. By quantitative RT-PCR, HAS-1, -2, and -3 genes were differentially up-regulated and showed temporal differences in response to each treatment. HA concentration was increased in the media by TNFα, TGFβ2 and IL-1α, but mechanical stretch decreased pericellular HA concentrations. Immunofluorescence and Western immunoblotting were used to investigate the distribution and protein levels of the HA-binding proteins, tumor necrosis factor-stimulated gene-6 (TSG-6) and inter-α-inhibitor (IαI). Western immunoblotting showed that TSG-6 and IαI were increased by TNFα, TGFβ2 and IL-1α, but mechanical stretch reduced their levels. The underlying substrate appears to affect the identity of IαI·TSG-6·HA complexes since different complexes were detected when TM cells were grown on a silicone substrate compared to a rigid plastic surface. Porcine anterior segments were perfused with 10 μg/ml polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (polyI:C), a potent inducer of HA cables, and outflow rates were monitored for 72 h. PolyI:C had no significant effect on outflow resistance in porcine anterior segments perfused at physiological pressure. Collectively, HAS gene expression, HA concentration and configuration are differentially modified in response to several treatments that induce ECM remodeling in TM cells. In ocular TM cells, our data suggests that the most important determinant of HA cable formation appears to be the ratio of HA chains produced by the different HAS genes. However, the act of rearranging pericellular HA into cable-like structures does not appear to influence aqueous outflow resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ying Sun
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Kate E Keller
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
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68
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Torihashi S, Ho M, Kawakubo Y, Komatsu K, Nagai M, Hirayama Y, Kawabata Y, Takenaka-Ninagawa N, Wanachewin O, Zhuo L, Kimata K. Acute and temporal expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-stimulated gene 6 product, TSG6, in mesenchymal stem cells creates microenvironments required for their successful transplantation into muscle tissue. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:22771-81. [PMID: 26178374 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.629774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we demonstrated that when mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from mouse ES cells were transplanted into skeletal muscle, more than 60% of them differentiated into muscles in the crush-injured tibialis anterior muscle in vivo, although MSCs neither differentiated nor settled in the intact muscle. Microenvironments, including the extracellular matrix between the injured and intact muscle, were quite different. In the injured muscle, hyaluronan (HA), heavy chains of inter-α-inhibitor (IαI), CD44, and TNF-α-stimulated gene 6 product (TSG-6) increased 24-48 h after injury, although basement membrane components of differentiated muscle such as perlecan, laminin, and type IV collagen increased gradually 4 days after the crush. We then investigated the microenvironments crucial for cell transplantation, using the lysate of C2C12 myotubules for mimicking injured circumstances in vivo. MSCs settled in the intact muscle when they were transplanted together with the C2C12 lysate or TSG6. MSCs produced and released TSG6 when they were cultured with C2C12 lysates in vitro. MSCs pretreated with the lysate also settled in the intact muscle. Furthermore, MSCs whose TSG6 was knocked down by shRNA, even if transplanted or pretreated with the lysate, could not settle in the muscle. Immunofluorescent staining showed that HA and IαI always co-localized or were distributed closely, suggesting formation of covalent complexes, i.e. the SHAP-HA complex in the presence of TSG6. Thus, TSG6, HA, and IαI were crucial factors for the settlement and probably the subsequent differentiation of MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeko Torihashi
- From the Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 461-9673, Japan
| | - Mioko Ho
- the Department of Physical Therapy, Nagoya University School of Health Sciences, Nagoya 461-8673, Japan
| | - Yuji Kawakubo
- the Department of Physical Therapy, Nagoya University School of Health Sciences, Nagoya 461-8673, Japan
| | - Kazumi Komatsu
- the Department of Physical Therapy, Nagoya University School of Health Sciences, Nagoya 461-8673, Japan
| | - Masataka Nagai
- the Department of Physical Therapy, Nagoya University School of Health Sciences, Nagoya 461-8673, Japan
| | - Yuri Hirayama
- the Department of Physical Therapy, Nagoya University School of Health Sciences, Nagoya 461-8673, Japan
| | - Yuka Kawabata
- From the Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 461-9673, Japan
| | - Nana Takenaka-Ninagawa
- From the Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 461-9673, Japan, the Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan, and
| | - Orawan Wanachewin
- the Advanced Medical Research Center and Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan, the Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Lisheng Zhuo
- the Advanced Medical Research Center and Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Koji Kimata
- the Advanced Medical Research Center and Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan,
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Huth S, Heise R, Vetter-Kauczok CS, Skazik C, Marquardt Y, Czaja K, Knüchel R, Merk HF, Dahl E, Baron JM. Inter-α-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 5 (ITIH5) is overexpressed in inflammatory skin diseases and affects epidermal morphology in constitutive knockout mice and murine 3D skin models. Exp Dermatol 2015; 24:663-8. [PMID: 25809190 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Inter-α-trypsin inhibitors are protease inhibitors that are thought to be important regulators in various acute-phase processes. They are composed of one light chain (bikunin) and different heavy chains (ITIHs). The only function known so far of ITIHs is the covalent linkage to hyaluronan (HA). As there is virtually no knowledge on the distribution and function of ITIH proteins in skin tissue, we performed a systematic characterization of ITIH expression in healthy and diseased skin. Using GeneChip(®) Human Exon 1.0 ST expression profiling, we found that ITIH5 represents the major ITIH family member expressed in human skin. Moreover, the use of quantitative reverse transcription PCR and a customized ITIH5-specific antibody indicated that ITIH5 is predominantly produced by dermal fibroblasts. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed a clearly detectable ITIH5 protein expression in normal skin. Interestingly, ITIH5 expression was significantly up-regulated in inflammatory skin diseases. Furthermore, 3D skin models employing murine Itih5(-/-) epidermal keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts as well as skin specimens of Itih5(-/-) mice revealed a significantly altered epidermal structure compared to wild-type controls. Hence, we can strengthen the presumption that ITIH5 may constitute a novel regulatory molecule of the human skin that could play an important role in inflammation via its interaction with HA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Huth
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the RWTH, Aachen, Germany.,Molecular Oncology Group, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of the RWTH, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ruth Heise
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the RWTH, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Claudia Skazik
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the RWTH, Aachen, Germany
| | - Yvonne Marquardt
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the RWTH, Aachen, Germany
| | - Katharina Czaja
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the RWTH, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ruth Knüchel
- Molecular Oncology Group, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of the RWTH, Aachen, Germany
| | - Hans F Merk
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the RWTH, Aachen, Germany
| | - Edgar Dahl
- Molecular Oncology Group, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of the RWTH, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jens M Baron
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the RWTH, Aachen, Germany
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Lee-Sayer SSM, Dong Y, Arif AA, Olsson M, Brown KL, Johnson P. The where, when, how, and why of hyaluronan binding by immune cells. Front Immunol 2015; 6:150. [PMID: 25926830 PMCID: PMC4396519 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan is made and extruded from cells to form a pericellular or extracellular matrix (ECM) and is present in virtually all tissues in the body. The size and form of hyaluronan present in tissues are indicative of a healthy or inflamed tissue, and the interactions of hyaluronan with immune cells can influence their response. Thus, in order to understand how inflammation is regulated, it is necessary to understand these interactions and their consequences. Although there is a large turnover of hyaluronan in our bodies, the large molecular mass form of hyaluronan predominates in healthy tissues. Upon tissue damage and/or infection, the ECM and hyaluronan are broken down and an inflammatory response ensues. As inflammation is resolved, the ECM is restored, and high molecular mass hyaluronan predominates again. Immune cells encounter hyaluronan in the tissues and lymphoid organs and respond differently to high and low molecular mass forms. Immune cells differ in their ability to bind hyaluronan and this can vary with the cell type and their activation state. For example, peritoneal macrophages do not bind soluble hyaluronan but can be induced to bind after exposure to inflammatory stimuli. Likewise, naïve T cells, which typically express low levels of the hyaluronan receptor, CD44, do not bind hyaluronan until they undergo antigen-stimulated T cell proliferation and upregulate CD44. Despite substantial knowledge of where and when immune cells bind hyaluronan, why immune cells bind hyaluronan remains a major outstanding question. Here, we review what is currently known about the interactions of hyaluronan with immune cells in both healthy and inflamed tissues and discuss how hyaluronan binding by immune cells influences the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally S M Lee-Sayer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada
| | - Yifei Dong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada
| | - Arif A Arif
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada
| | - Mia Olsson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada
| | - Kelly L Brown
- Department of Pediatrics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada
| | - Pauline Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada
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71
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Lamkin E, Cheng G, Calabro A, Hascall VC, Joo EJ, Li L, Linhardt RJ, Lauer ME. Heavy chain transfer by tumor necrosis factor-stimulated gene 6 to the bikunin proteoglycan. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:5156-5166. [PMID: 25561734 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.636258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We present data that hyaluronan (HA) polysaccharides, about 14-86 monosaccharides in length, are capable of accepting only a single heavy chain (HC) from inter-α-inhibitor via transfer by tumor necrosis factor-stimulated gene 6 (TSG-6) and that this transfer is irreversible. We propose that either the sulfate groups (or the sulfation pattern) at the reducing end of the chondroitin sulfate (CS) chain of bikunin, or the core protein itself, enables the bikunin proteoglycan (PG) to accept more than a single HC and permits TSG-6 to transfer these HCs from its relatively small CS chain to HA. To test these hypotheses, we investigated HC transfer to the intact CS chain of the bikunin PG, and to the free chain of bikunin. We observed that both the free CS chain and the intact bikunin PG were only able to accept a single HC from inter-α-inhibitor via transfer by TSG-6 and that HCs could be swapped from the bikunin PG and its free CS chain to HA. Furthermore, a significant portion of the bikunin PG was unable to accept a single heavy chain. We discuss explanations for these observations, including the intracellular assembly of inter-α-inhibitor. In summary, these data demonstrate that the sulfation of the CS chain of bikunin and/or its core protein promote HC transfer by TSG-6 to its relatively short CS chain, although they are insufficient to enable the CS chain of bikunin to accept more than one HC in the absence of other cofactors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Eun Ji Joo
- the Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chemical and Biological Engineering, Biology, and Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180
| | - Lingyun Li
- the Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chemical and Biological Engineering, Biology, and Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- the Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chemical and Biological Engineering, Biology, and Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180
| | - Mark E Lauer
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering and.
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72
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Lord MS, Farrugia BL, Rnjak-Kovacina J, Whitelock JM. Current serological possibilities for the diagnosis of arthritis with special focus on proteins and proteoglycans from the extracellular matrix. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 15:77-95. [DOI: 10.1586/14737159.2015.979158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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73
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Baranova NS, Inforzato A, Briggs DC, Tilakaratna V, Enghild JJ, Thakar D, Milner CM, Day AJ, Richter RP. Incorporation of pentraxin 3 into hyaluronan matrices is tightly regulated and promotes matrix cross-linking. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:30481-30498. [PMID: 25190808 PMCID: PMC4215230 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.568154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian oocytes are surrounded by a highly hydrated hyaluronan (HA)-rich extracellular matrix with embedded cumulus cells, forming the cumulus cell·oocyte complex (COC) matrix. The correct assembly, stability, and mechanical properties of this matrix, which are crucial for successful ovulation, transport of the COC to the oviduct, and its fertilization, depend on the interaction between HA and specific HA-organizing proteins. Although the proteins inter-α-inhibitor (IαI), pentraxin 3 (PTX3), and TNF-stimulated gene-6 (TSG-6) have been identified as being critical for COC matrix formation, its supramolecular organization and the molecular mechanism of COC matrix stabilization remain unknown. Here we used films of end-grafted HA as a model system to investigate the molecular interactions involved in the formation and stabilization of HA matrices containing TSG-6, IαI, and PTX3. We found that PTX3 binds neither to HA alone nor to HA films containing TSG-6. This long pentraxin also failed to bind to products of the interaction between IαI, TSG-6, and HA, among which are the covalent heavy chain (HC)·HA and HC·TSG-6 complexes, despite the fact that both IαI and TSG-6 are ligands of PTX3. Interestingly, prior encounter with IαI was required for effective incorporation of PTX3 into TSG-6-loaded HA films. Moreover, we demonstrated that this ternary protein mixture made of IαI, PTX3, and TSG-6 is sufficient to promote formation of a stable (i.e. cross-linked) yet highly hydrated HA matrix. We propose that this mechanism is essential for correct assembly of the COC matrix and may also have general implications in other inflammatory processes that are associated with HA cross-linking.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David C Briggs
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research and University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Viranga Tilakaratna
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research and University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Jan J Enghild
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Aarhus, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Dhruv Thakar
- Department of Molecular Chemistry, University Grenoble Alpes and CNRS, 38000 Grenoble, France, and
| | - Caroline M Milner
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony J Day
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research and University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom.
| | - Ralf P Richter
- CIC biomaGUNE, 20009 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain,; Department of Molecular Chemistry, University Grenoble Alpes and CNRS, 38000 Grenoble, France, and; Max-Planck-Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
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74
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Lauer ME, Hascall VC, Green DE, DeAngelis PL, Calabro A. Irreversible heavy chain transfer to chondroitin. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:29171-9. [PMID: 25135638 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.600809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recently demonstrated that the transfer of heavy chains (HCs) from inter-α-inhibitor, via the enzyme TSG-6 (tumor necrosis factor-stimulated gene 6), to hyaluronan (HA) oligosaccharides is an irreversible event in which subsequent swapping of HCs between HA molecules does not occur. We now describe our results of HC transfer experiments to chondroitin sulfate A, chemically desulfated chondroitin, chemoenzymatically synthesized chondroitin, unsulfated heparosan, heparan sulfate, and alginate. Of these potential HC acceptors, only chemically desulfated chondroitin and chemoenzymatically synthesized chondroitin were HC acceptors. The kinetics of HC transfer to chondroitin was similar to HA. At earlier time points, HCs were more widely distributed among the different sizes of chondroitin chains. As time progressed, the HCs migrated to lower molecular weight chains of chondroitin. Our interpretation is that TSG-6 swaps the HCs from the larger, reversible sites on chondroitin chains, which function as HC acceptors, onto smaller chondroitin chains, which function as irreversible HC acceptors. HCs transferred to smaller chondroitin chains were unable to be swapped off the smaller chondroitin chains and transferred to HA. HCs transferred to high molecular weight HA were unable to be swapped onto chondroitin. We also present data that although chondroitin was a HC acceptor, HA was the preferred acceptor when chondroitin and HA were in the same reaction mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Lauer
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195 and
| | - Vincent C Hascall
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195 and
| | - Dixy E Green
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma Center for Medical Glycobiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73126
| | - Paul L DeAngelis
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma Center for Medical Glycobiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73126
| | - Anthony Calabro
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195 and
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75
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Coulson-Thomas VJ, Gesteira TF, Hascall V, Kao W. Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells suppress host rejection: the role of the glycocalyx. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:23465-81. [PMID: 24986866 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.557447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (UMSCs) have unique immunosuppressive properties enabling them to evade host rejection and making them valuable tools for cell therapy. We previously showed that human UMSCs survive xenograft transplantation and successfully correct the corneal clouding defects associated with the mouse model for the congenital metabolic disorder mucopolysaccharidosis VII. However, the precise mechanism by which UMSCs suppress the immune system remains elusive. This study aimed to determine the key components involved in the ability of the UMSCs to modulate the inflammatory system and to identify the inflammatory cells that are regulated by the UMSCs. Our results show that human UMSCs transplanted into the mouse stroma 24 h after an alkali burn suppress the severe inflammatory response and enable the recovery of corneal transparency within 2 weeks. Furthermore, we demonstrated in vitro that UMSCs inhibit the adhesion and invasion of inflammatory cells and also the polarization of M1 macrophages. UMSCs also induced the maturation of T-regulatory cells and led to inflammatory cell death. Moreover, UMSCs exposed to inflammatory cells synthesize a rich extracellular glycocalyx composed of the chondroitin sulfate-proteoglycan versican bound to a heavy chain (HC)-modified hyaluronan (HA) matrix (HC-HA). This matrix also contains TNFα-stimulated gene 6 (TSG6), the enzyme that transfers HCs to HA, and pentraxin-3, which further stabilizes the matrix. Our results, both in vivo and in vitro, show that this glycocalyx confers the ability for UMSCs to survive the host immune system and to regulate the inflammatory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tarsis Ferreira Gesteira
- From the Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0838, the Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, and
| | - Vincent Hascall
- the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Winston Kao
- From the Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0838
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76
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Zhang S, Zhu YT, Chen SY, He H, Tseng SCG. Constitutive expression of pentraxin 3 (PTX3) protein by human amniotic membrane cells leads to formation of the heavy chain (HC)-hyaluronan (HA)-PTX3 complex. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:13531-42. [PMID: 24652286 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.525287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Heavy chain (HC)-hyaluronan (HA), a complex formed by the covalent linkage between HC1 from the inter-α-trypsin inhibitor (IαI) and HA, purified from the human amniotic membrane (AM), is responsible for the anti-inflammatory, antiscarring, and antiangiogenic actions of the AM. This HC-HA complex is produced by constitutive expression of TNF-stimulated gene 6 and endogenous production of IαI by AM cells. Pentraxin 3 (PTX3), a prototypic long pentraxin that plays a non-redundant role in innate immunity against selected pathogens, also helps stabilize HC-HA to ensure female fertility. Here we noted strong positive PTX3 staining in the AM epithelium and compact stroma. PTX3 was constitutively expressed and secreted by cultured AM epithelial and stromal cells and, further, greatly up-regulated by TNF and IL-1β. Using an agarose overlay to trap the HA-containing matrix, the HC-HA-PTX3 complex was formed, as analyzed by Western blot analysis, by AM cells but not human skin fibroblasts, despite being cultured in the presence of serum and TNF. However, exogenous PTX3 helps human skin fibroblasts form the HC-HA-PTX3 complex with an agarose overlay. Furthermore, PTX3 can be coimmunoprecipitated with the HC-HA complex from agarose-overlaid AM cell extracts by an anti-human IαI antibody. Such a HC-HA-PTX3 complex can be reconstituted in vitro and exhibit similar effects as those reported for AM HC-HA-PTX3 on polarization of M2 macrophages. The tight binding between PTX3 and AM HC-HA withstands four runs of CsCl ultracentrifugation in the presence of 4 m GnHCl. These results indicate that PTX3 is constitutively expressed and secreted by AM cells as an integral component of the AM HC-HA-PTX3 complex and contributes to the biological function of AM HC-HA-PTX3.
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77
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Petrey AC, de la Motte CA. Hyaluronan, a crucial regulator of inflammation. Front Immunol 2014; 5:101. [PMID: 24653726 PMCID: PMC3949149 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA), a major component of the extracellular matrix (ECM), plays a key role in regulating inflammation. Inflammation is associated with accumulation and turnover of HA polymers by multiple cell types. Increasingly through the years, HA has become recognized as an active participant in inflammatory, angiogenic, fibrotic, and cancer promoting processes. HA and its binding proteins regulate the expression of inflammatory genes, the recruitment of inflammatory cells, the release of inflammatory cytokines, and can attenuate the course of inflammation, providing protection against tissue damage. A growing body of evidence suggests the cell responses are HA molecular weight dependent. HA fragments generated by multiple mechanisms throughout the course of inflammatory pathologies, elicit cellular responses distinct from intact HA. This review focuses on the role of HA in the promotion and resolution of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron C Petrey
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation , Cleveland, OH , USA
| | - Carol A de la Motte
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation , Cleveland, OH , USA
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78
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Higman VA, Briggs DC, Mahoney DJ, Blundell CD, Sattelle BM, Dyer DP, Green DE, DeAngelis PL, Almond A, Milner CM, Day AJ. A refined model for the TSG-6 link module in complex with hyaluronan: use of defined oligosaccharides to probe structure and function. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:5619-34. [PMID: 24403066 PMCID: PMC3937638 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.542357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-stimulated gene-6 (TSG-6) is an inflammation-associated hyaluronan (HA)-binding protein that contributes to remodeling of HA-rich extracellular matrices during inflammatory processes and ovulation. The HA-binding domain of TSG-6 consists solely of a Link module, making it a prototypical member of the superfamily of proteins that interacts with this high molecular weight polysaccharide composed of repeating disaccharides of D-glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc). Previously we modeled a complex of the TSG-6 Link module in association with an HA octasaccharide based on the structure of the domain in its HA-bound conformation. Here we have generated a refined model for a HA/Link module complex using novel restraints identified from NMR spectroscopy of the protein in the presence of 10 distinct HA oligosaccharides (from 4- to 8-mers); the model was then tested using unique sugar reagents, i.e. chondroitin/HA hybrid oligomers and an octasaccharide in which a single sugar ring was (13)C-labeled. The HA chain was found to make more extensive contacts with the TSG-6 surface than thought previously, such that a D-glucuronic acid ring makes stacking and ionic interactions with a histidine and lysine, respectively. Importantly, this causes the HA to bend around two faces of the Link module (resembling the way that HA binds to CD44), potentially providing a mechanism for how TSG-6 can reorganize HA during inflammation. However, the HA-binding site defined here may not play a role in TSG-6-mediated transfer of heavy chains from inter-α-inhibitor onto HA, a process known to be essential for ovulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A. Higman
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - David C. Briggs
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT United Kingdom, and
| | - David J. Mahoney
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Charles D. Blundell
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT United Kingdom, and
| | - Benedict M. Sattelle
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT United Kingdom, and
| | - Douglas P. Dyer
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT United Kingdom, and
| | - Dixy E. Green
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma Center for Medical Glycobiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
| | - Paul L. DeAngelis
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma Center for Medical Glycobiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
| | - Andrew Almond
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT United Kingdom, and
| | - Caroline M. Milner
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT United Kingdom, and
| | - Anthony J. Day
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT United Kingdom, and
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79
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Capp E, Milner CM, Williams J, Hauck L, Jauckus J, Strowitzki T, Germeyer A. Modulation of tumor necrosis factor-stimulated gene-6 (TSG-6) expression in human endometrium. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2013; 289:893-901. [DOI: 10.1007/s00404-013-3080-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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80
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Baranova NS, Foulcer SJ, Briggs DC, Tilakaratna V, Enghild JJ, Milner CM, Day AJ, Richter RP. Inter-α-inhibitor impairs TSG-6-induced hyaluronan cross-linking. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:29642-53. [PMID: 24005673 PMCID: PMC3795262 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.477422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 08/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Under inflammatory conditions and in the matrix of the cumulus-oocyte complex, the polysaccharide hyaluronan (HA) becomes decorated covalently with heavy chains (HCs) of the serum glycoprotein inter-α-inhibitor (IαI). This alters the functional properties of the HA as well as its structural role within extracellular matrices. The covalent transfer of HCs from IαI to HA is catalyzed by TSG-6 (tumor necrosis factor-stimulated gene-6), but TSG-6 is also known as a HA cross-linker that induces condensation of the HA matrix. Here, we investigate the interplay of these two distinct functions of TSG-6 by studying the ternary interactions of IαI and TSG-6 with well defined films of end-grafted HA chains. We demonstrate that TSG-6-mediated cross-linking of HA films is impaired in the presence of IαI and that this effect suppresses the TSG-6-mediated enhancement of HA binding to CD44-positive cells. Furthermore, we find that the interaction of TSG-6 and IαI in the presence of HA gives rise to two types of complexes that independently promote the covalent transfer of heavy chains to HA. One type of complex interacts very weakly with HA and is likely to correspond to the previously reported covalent HC·TSG-6 complexes. The other type of complex is novel and binds stably but noncovalently to HA. Prolonged incubation with TSG-6 and IαI leads to HA films that contain, in addition to covalently HA-bound HCs, several tightly but noncovalently bound molecular species. These findings have important implications for understanding how the biological activities of TSG-6 are regulated, such that the presence or absence of IαI will dictate its function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia S. Baranova
- From the Biosurfaces Unit, CIC biomaGUNE, 20009 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Jan J. Enghild
- the Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Aarhus, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Caroline M. Milner
- the Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ralf P. Richter
- From the Biosurfaces Unit, CIC biomaGUNE, 20009 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
- the Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany, and
- the Department of Molecular Chemistry, Joseph Fourier University, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
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81
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Lu CH, Lee RKK, Hwu YM, Lin MH, Yeh LY, Chen YJ, Lin SP, Li SH. Involvement of the serine protease inhibitor, SERPINE2, and the urokinase plasminogen activator in cumulus expansion and oocyte maturation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74602. [PMID: 24023701 PMCID: PMC3758271 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade E, member 2 (SERPINE2) inhibits urokinase-type plasminogen activator (PLAU) and tissue-type plasminogen activator. Higher SERPINE2 expression levels were detected in cumulus cells of human immature oocytes than in those of mature oocytes. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether high SERPINE2 levels in cumulus cells are associated with oocyte immaturity. Using the mouse cumulus–oocyte complex as an experimental model, the effects of elimination and overexpression of SERPINE2 in cumulus cells on cumulus expansion and oocyte maturation were assayed by in vitro maturation. Serpine2 and PLAU transcripts were the most highly expressed serpins and plasminogen activators, respectively. Their expression was coordinately regulated in cumulus cells during gonadotropin-induced oocyte maturation. Silencing of Serpine2 expression using small interfering RNAs or blockage of SERPINE2 protein using a specific antibody had no effect on oocyte maturation. However, overexpression of Serpine2 or exogenous supplementation with high levels of SERPINE2 impaired cumulus expansion and oocyte maturation, probably by decreasing hyaluronan synthase 2 (Has2) and versican (Vcan) mRNA expression. Amiloride, a specific PLAU inhibitor, also suppressed these processes. PLAU supplementation of the oocyte in vitro maturation medium caused earlier and more extensive expansion of cumulus cells and oocyte maturation that may be mediated by increased Has2 mRNA expression. However, these effects were neutralized by coincubation with SERPINE2 or amiloride and PLAU. In conclusion, SERPINE2 and PLAU are involved in cumulus expansion and oocyte maturation. High SERPINE2 levels impair these processes, probably by decreasing cumulus matrix gene expression as well as reducing cumulus hyaluronan contents and inhibiting PLAU activity. These findings may explain why cumulus cells surrounding immature human oocytes express high SERPINE2 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Hao Lu
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Tamshui, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Robert Kuo-Kuang Lee
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Tamshui, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Ming Hwu
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Tamshui, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Mackay Medicine, Nursing and Management College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Huei Lin
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Tamshui, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Mackay Medicine, Nursing and Management College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Yu Yeh
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Tamshui, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Jie Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shau-Ping Lin
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Genomics Research Center and Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (SPL); (SHL)
| | - Sheng-Hsiang Li
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Tamshui, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Mackay Medicine, Nursing and Management College, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (SPL); (SHL)
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82
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Lord MS, Day AJ, Youssef P, Zhuo L, Watanabe H, Caterson B, Whitelock JM. Sulfation of the bikunin chondroitin sulfate chain determines heavy chain·hyaluronan complex formation. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:22930-41. [PMID: 23801333 PMCID: PMC3743471 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.404186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Inter-α-trypsin inhibitor (IαI) is a complex comprising two heavy chains (HCs) that are covalently bound by an ester bond to chondroitin sulfate (CS), which itself is attached to Ser-10 of bikunin. IαI is essential for the trans-esterification of HCs onto hyaluronan (HA). This process is important for the stabilization of HA-rich matrices during ovulation and some inflammatory processes. Bikunin has been isolated previously by anion exchange chromatography with a salt gradient up to 0.5 M NaCl and found to contain unsulfated and 4-sulfated CS disaccharides. In this study, bikunin-containing fractions in plasma and urine were separated by anion exchange chromatography with a salt gradient of 0.1-1.0 M NaCl, and fractions were analyzed for their reactivity with the 4-sulfated CS linkage region antibody (2B6). The fractions that reacted with the 2B6 antibody (0.5-0.8 M NaCl) were found to predominantly contain sulfated CS disaccharides, including disulfated disaccharides, whereas the fractions that did not react with this antibody (0.1-0.5 M NaCl) contained unsulfated and 4-sulfated CS disaccharides. IαI in the 0.5-0.8 M NaCl plasma fraction was able to promote the trans-esterification of HCs to HA in the presence of TSG-6, whereas the 0.1-0.5 M NaCl fraction had a much reduced ability to transfer HC proteins to HA, suggesting that the CS containing 4-sulfated linkage region structures and disulfated disaccharides are involved in the HC transfer. Furthermore, these data highlight that the structure of the CS attached to bikunin is important for the transfer of HC onto HA and emphasize a specific role of CS chain sulfation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan S Lord
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia.
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83
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Watanabe J, Shetty AK, Hattiangady B, Kim DK, Foraker JE, Nishida H, Prockop DJ. Administration of TSG-6 improves memory after traumatic brain injury in mice. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 59:86-99. [PMID: 23851308 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes multiple long-term defects including a loss of working memory that is frequently incapacitating. Administrations of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) previously produced beneficial effects in models of TBI as well as other disease models. In several models, the beneficial effects were explained by the MSCs being activated to express TSG-6, a multifunctional protein that modulates inflammation. In a mouse model of TBI, we found the initial mild phase of the inflammatory response persisted for at least 24h and was followed by secondary severe response that peaked at 3days. Intravenous human MSCs or TSG-6 during initial mild phase decreased neutrophil extravasation, expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9 by endothelial cells and neutrophils, and the subsequent blood brain barrier leakage in secondary phase. Administration of TSG-6 also decreased the lesion size at 2weeks. Importantly, the acute administration of TSG-6 within 24h of TBI was followed 6 to 10weeks later by improvements in memory, depressive-like behavior and the number of newly born-neurons. The data suggested that acute administration of TSG-6 may be an effective therapy for decreasing some of the long-term consequences of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Watanabe
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine at Scott & White, Temple, TX 76502, USA
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84
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Interleukin-1β induces hyaluronan and CD44-dependent cell protrusions that facilitate fibroblast-monocyte binding. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 182:2223-40. [PMID: 23583650 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Persistent inflammation is a well-known determinant of progressive tissue fibrosis; however, the mechanisms underlying this process remain unclear. There is growing evidence indicating a role of the cytokine IL-1β in profibrotic responses. We previously demonstrated that fibroblasts stimulated with IL-1β increased their generation of the polysaccharide hyaluronan (HA) and increased their expression of the HA synthase enzyme (HAS-2). The aim of this study was to determine the significance of IL-1β-induced changes in HA and HAS-2 generation. In this study, we found that stimulation of fibroblasts with IL-1β results in the relocalization of HA associated with the cell to the outer cell membrane, where it forms HAS2- and CD44-dependent cell membrane protrusions. CD44 is concentrated within the membrane protrusions, where it co-localizes with the intracellular adhesion molecule 1. Furthermore, we have identified that these cell protrusions enhance IL-1β-dependent fibroblast-monocyte binding through MAPK/ERK signaling. Although previous data have indicated the importance of the HA-binding protein TSG-6 in maintaining the transforming growth factor β1-dependent HA coat, TSG-6 was not essential for the formation of the IL-1β-dependent HA protrusions, thus identifying it as a key difference between IL-1β- and transforming growth factor β1-dependent HA matrices. In summary, these data suggest that IL-1β-dependent HA generation plays a role in fibroblast immune activation, leading to sequestration of monocytes within inflamed tissue and providing a possible mechanism for perpetual inflammation.
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85
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Happonen KE, Heinegård D, Saxne T, Blom AM. Interactions of the complement system with molecules of extracellular matrix: relevance for joint diseases. Immunobiology 2013; 217:1088-96. [PMID: 22964234 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2012.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a highly disabling disease affecting all structures of the joint. Understanding the pathology behind the development of RA is essential for developing targeted therapeutic strategies as well as for developing novel markers to predict disease onset. Several molecules normally hidden within the cartilage tissue are exposed to complement components in the synovial fluid upon cartilage breakdown. Some of these have been shown to activate complement and toll-like receptors, which may enhance an already existing inflammatory response, thereby worsening the course of disease. Other cartilage-resident molecules have in contrast shown to possess complement-inhibitory properties. Knowledge about mechanisms behind pathological complement activation in the joints will hopefully lead to methods which allow us to distinguish patients with pathological complement activation from those where other inflammatory pathways are predominant. This will help to elucidate which patients will benefit from complement inhibitory therapies, which are thought to aid a specific subset of patients or patients at a certain stage of disease. Future challenges are to target the complement inhibition specifically to the joints to minimize systemic complement blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisa E Happonen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Medical Protein Chemistry, Wallenberg Laboratory, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Sweden
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86
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Bollyky PL, Vernon RB, Falk BA, Preisinger A, Gooden MD, Nepom GT, Gebe JA. IL-10 induction from implants delivering pancreatic islets and hyaluronan. J Diabetes Res 2013; 2013:342479. [PMID: 23971054 PMCID: PMC3736405 DOI: 10.1155/2013/342479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Local induction of pro-tolerogenic cytokines, such as IL-10, is an appealing strategy to help facilitate transplantation of islets and other tissues. Here, we describe a pair of implantable devices that capitalize on our recent finding that hyaluronan (HA) promotes IL-10 production by activated T cells. The first device is an injectable hydrogel made of crosslinked HA and heparan sulfate loaded with anti-CD3/anti-CD28 antibodies and IL-2. T cells embedded within this hydrogel prior to polymerization go on to produce IL-10 in vivo. The second device is a bioengineered implant consisting of a polyvinyl alcohol sponge scaffold, supportive collagen hydrogel, and alginate spheres mediating sustained release of HA in fluid form. Pancreatic islets that expressed ovalbumin (OVA) antigen were implanted within this device for 14 days into immunodeficient mice that received OVA-specific DO.11.10 T cells and a subsequent immunization with OVA peptide. Splenocytes harvested from these mice produced IL-10 upon re-challenge with OVA or anti-CD3 antibodies. Both of these devices represent model systems that will be used, in future studies, to further evaluate IL-10 induction by HA, with the objective of improving the survival and function of transplanted islets in the setting of autoimmune (type 1) diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul L. Bollyky
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Grant Building, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5107, USA
| | - Robert B. Vernon
- Benaroya Research Institute, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101-2795, USA
| | - Ben A. Falk
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Grant Building, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5107, USA
| | - Anton Preisinger
- Benaroya Research Institute, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101-2795, USA
| | - Michel D. Gooden
- Benaroya Research Institute, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101-2795, USA
| | - Gerald T. Nepom
- Benaroya Research Institute, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101-2795, USA
| | - John A. Gebe
- Benaroya Research Institute, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101-2795, USA
- *John A. Gebe:
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87
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Lauer ME, Glant TT, Mikecz K, DeAngelis PL, Haller FM, Husni ME, Hascall VC, Calabro A. Irreversible heavy chain transfer to hyaluronan oligosaccharides by tumor necrosis factor-stimulated gene-6. J Biol Chem 2012; 288:205-14. [PMID: 23166324 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.403998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The covalent transfer of heavy chains (HCs) from inter-α-inhibitor (IαI) to hyaluronan (HA) via the protein product of tumor necrosis factor-stimulated gene-6 (TSG-6) forms the HC-HA complex, a pathological form of HA that promotes the adhesion of leukocytes to HA matrices. The transfer of HCs to high molecular weight (HMW) HA is a reversible event whereby TSG-6 can shuffle HCs from one HA molecule to another. Therefore, HMW HA can serve as both an HC acceptor and an HC donor. In the present study, we show that transfer of HCs to low molecular weight HA oligosaccharides is an irreversible event where subsequent shuffling does not occur, i.e. HA oligosaccharides from 8 to 21 monosaccharide units in length can serve as HC acceptors, but are unable to function as HC donors. We show that the HC-HA complex is present in the synovial fluid of mice subjected to systemic and monoarticular mouse models of rheumatoid arthritis. Furthermore, we demonstrate that HA oligosaccharides can be used, with TSG-6, to irreversibly shuffle HCs from pathological, HMW HC-HA to HA oligosaccharides, thereby restoring HC-HA matrices from the inflamed joint to their normal state, unmodified with HCs. This process was also effective for HC-HA in the synovial fluid of human rheumatoid arthritis patients (in vitro).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Lauer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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88
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Leali D, Inforzato A, Ronca R, Bianchi R, Belleri M, Coltrini D, Di Salle E, Sironi M, Norata GD, Bottazzi B, Garlanda C, Day AJ, Presta M. Long pentraxin 3/tumor necrosis factor-stimulated gene-6 interaction: a biological rheostat for fibroblast growth factor 2-mediated angiogenesis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32:696-703. [PMID: 22267482 PMCID: PMC3551298 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.243998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Angiogenesis is regulated by the balance between pro- and antiangiogenic factors and by extracellular matrix protein interactions. Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) is a major proangiogenic inducer inhibited by the interaction with the soluble pattern recognition receptor long pentraxin 3 (PTX3). PTX3 is locally coexpressed with its ligand tumor necrosis factor-stimulated gene-6 (TSG-6), a secreted glycoprotein that cooperates with PTX3 in extracellular matrix assembly. Here, we characterized the effect of TSG-6 on PTX3/FGF2 interaction and FGF2-mediated angiogenesis. METHODS AND RESULTS Solid phase binding and surface plasmon resonance assays show that TSG-6 and FGF2 bind the PTX3 N-terminal domain with similar affinity. Accordingly, TSG-6 prevents FGF2/PTX3 interaction and suppresses the inhibition exerted by PTX3 on heparan sulfate proteoglycan/FGF2/FGF receptor complex formation and on FGF2-dependent angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Also, endogenous PTX3 exerts an inhibitory effect on vascularization induced by FGF2 in a murine subcutaneous Matrigel plug assay, the inhibition being abolished in Ptx3-null mice or by TSG-6 treatment in wild-type animals. CONCLUSION TSG-6 reverts the inhibitory effects exerted by PTX3 on FGF2-mediated angiogenesis through competition of FGF2/PTX3 interaction. This may provide a novel mechanism to control angiogenesis in those pathological settings characterized by the coexpression of TSG-6 and PTX3, in which the relative levels of these proteins may fine-tune the angiogenic activity of FGF2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Leali
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
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89
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Chang MY, Chan CK, Braun KR, Green PS, O'Brien KD, Chait A, Day AJ, Wight TN. Monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation: synthesis and secretion of a complex extracellular matrix. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:14122-35. [PMID: 22351750 PMCID: PMC3340194 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.324988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Although monocyte- and macrophage-derived molecules are known to promote extracellular matrix (ECM) disruption and destabilization, it is less appreciated that they also synthesize molecules contributing to ECM formation, stabilization, and function. We have identified and characterized the synthesis of proteoglycans and related proteins, some not previously known to be associated with macrophages. Proteoglycan extracts of [35S]sulfate- and 35S-trans amino acid-radiolabeled culture media from THP-1 monocytes induced to differentiate by treatment with phorbol myristate acetate revealed three major proteins of ∼25, 90, and 100 kDa following chondroitin ABC lyase digestion. The 25-kDa protein was predominant for monocytes, whereas the 90- and 100-kDa proteins were predominant for macrophages. Tandem mass spectrometry identified (i) the 25-kDa core protein as serglycin, (ii) the 90-kDa core protein as inter-α-inhibitor heavy chain 2 (IαIHC2), and (iii) the 100-kDa core as amyloid precursor-like protein 2 (APLP2). Differentiation was also associated with (i) a >500-fold increase in mRNA for TNF-stimulated gene-6, an essential cofactor for heavy chain-mediated matrix stabilization; (ii) a >800-fold increase in mRNA for HAS2, which is responsible for hyaluronan synthesis; and (iii) a 3-fold increase in mRNA for versican, which interacts with hyaluronan. Biochemical evidence is also presented for an IαIHC2-APLP2 complex, and immunohistochemical staining of human atherosclerotic lesions demonstrates similar staining patterns for APLP2 and IαIHC2 with macrophages, whereas serglycin localizes to the underlying glycosaminoglycan-rich region. These findings indicate that macrophages synthesize many of the molecules participating in ECM formation and function, suggesting a novel role for these molecules in the differentiation of macrophages in the development of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Y Chang
- Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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90
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Zhang S, He H, Day AJ, Tseng SCG. Constitutive expression of inter-α-inhibitor (IαI) family proteins and tumor necrosis factor-stimulated gene-6 (TSG-6) by human amniotic membrane epithelial and stromal cells supporting formation of the heavy chain-hyaluronan (HC-HA) complex. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:12433-44. [PMID: 22351758 PMCID: PMC3320993 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.342873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, we reported HC-HA, a covalent complex formed between heavy chains (HCs) of inter-α-inhibitor (IαI) and hyaluronan (HA) by the catalytic action of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-stimulated gene-6 (TSG-6), is responsible for human amniotic membrane (AM) anti-inflammatory, anti-scarring, and anti-angiogenic actions. At the present time, the only well characterized source of IαI is serum being produced by the liver. This study showed that AM epithelial and stromal cells and stromal matrix all stained positively for HA, HC 1, 2, and 3, bikunin, and TSG-6. TSG-6 mRNA and protein were constitutively expressed by cultured AM epithelial and stromal cells without being up-regulated by TNF. In serum-free conditions, these cells expressed IαI, leading to the formation of HC-HA complex that contained both HC1 and HC2. In contrast, only HC1 was found in the HC-HA complex purified from AM. Local production of IαI, the HC-TSG-6 intermediate complex, and HC-HA were abolished when cells were treated with siRNA to HC1, HC2, bikunin (all of which impair the biosynthesis of IαI), or TSG-6 but not to HC3. Collectively, these results indicate that AM is another tissue in addition to the liver to constitutively produce IαI and that the HC-HA complex made by this tissue is different from that found at inflammatory sites (e.g. in asthma and arthritis) and in the matrix of the cumulus oocyte complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzhen Zhang
- Ocular Surface Research and Education Foundation, Miami, Florida 33173, USA
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91
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Abstract
Innate immunity represents the first line of defence against pathogens and plays key roles in activation and orientation of the adaptive immune response. The innate immune system comprises both a cellular and a humoral arm. Components of the humoral arm include soluble pattern recognition molecules (PRMs) that recognise pathogens associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and initiate the immune response in coordination with the cellular arm, therefore acting as functional ancestors of antibodies. The long pentraxin PTX3 is a prototypic soluble PRM that is produced at sites of infection and inflammation by both somatic and immune cells. Gene targeting of this evolutionarily conserved protein has revealed a non-redundant role in resistance to selected pathogens. Moreover, PTX3 exerts important functions at the crossroad between innate immunity, inflammation and female fertility. Here we review the studies on PTX3, with emphasis on pathogen recognition and crosstalk with other components of the innate immune system.
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92
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Nagyova E, Scsukova S, Nemcova L, Mlynarcikova A, Yi YJ, Sutovsky M, Sutovsky P. Inhibition of proteasomal proteolysis affects expression of extracellular matrix components and steroidogenesis in porcine oocyte-cumulus complexes. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2012; 42:50-62. [PMID: 22032857 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2011.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Porcine oocyte-cumulus complexes (OCCs) form an expanded cumulus extracellular matrix (ECM) in response to gonadotropins during meiotic maturation. Essential components of ECM are hyaluronan (HA), tumor necrosis factor α-induced protein 6 (TNFAIP6) and heavy chains (HC) of interalpha-trypsin inhibitor. To form expanded cumulus ECM, intermediate complexes (TNFAIP6-HC) must bind to HA to allow HC transfer onto HA. Protein turnover by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway is poorly characterized in this process. It is known that the specific proteasomal inhibitor MG132 prevents cumulus expansion and formation of ECM. To determine whether inhibition of proteasomal proteolysis with MG132 affects cumulus cell steroidogenesis and expression of the cumulus expansion-related components (hyaluronan synthase type 2, HAS2, TNFAIP6) we cultured porcine OCCs and granulosa cells (GCs) in a medium supplemented with FSH/LH. Methods performed included real-time reverse transcription PCR, immunofluorescence and RIAs. The expression of TNFAIP6 and HAS2 transcripts increased significantly after the stimulation of OCCs and GCs with FSH/LH. In contrast, treatment with MG132 reduced the expression of TNFAIP6 and HAS2. Hyaluronan was detected with biotinylated HA-binding proteins within FSH/LH-stimulated expanded OCCs but not in those treated with MG132. Progesterone production, although increased almost three times after OCCs stimulation with FSH/LH, was significantly suppressed by MG132. The FSH/LH-stimulated a 40-fold increase in progesterone secretion by GCs was inhibited in the presence of MG132. In conclusion, MG132 affects progesterone secretion and expression of cumulus expansion-related components by cumulus and GCs, suggesting the requirement of ubiquitin-proteasome pathway-regulated protein turnover for formation of ECM during cumulus expansion in the preovulatory period in the pig.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Nagyova
- Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, 27721 Libechov, Czech Republic.
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93
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Scavenius C, Sanggaard KW, Nikolajsen CL, Bak S, Valnickova Z, Thøgersen IB, Jensen ON, Højrup P, Enghild JJ. Human inter-α-inhibitor is a substrate for factor XIIIa and tissue transglutaminase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2011; 1814:1624-30. [PMID: 21939789 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2011.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we show that inter-α-inhibitor is a substrate for both factor XIIIa and tissue transglutaminase. These enzymes catalyze the incorporation of dansylcadaverine and biotin-pentylamine, revealing that inter-α-inhibitor contains reactive Gln residues within all three subunits. These findings suggest that transglutaminases catalyze the covalent conjugation of inter-α-inhibitor to other proteins. This was demonstrated by the cross-linking between inter-α-inhibitor and fibrinogen by either factor XIIIa or tissue transglutaminase. Finally, using quantitative mass spectrometry, we show that inter-α-inhibitor is cross-linked to the fibrin clot in a 1:20 ratio relative to the known factor XIIIa substrate α2-antiplasmin. This interaction may protect fibrin or other Lys-donating proteins from adventitious proteolysis by increasing the local concentration of bikunin. In addition, the reaction may influence the TSG-6/heavy Chain 2-mediated transfer of heavy chains observed during inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Scavenius
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark.
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94
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Sidgwick GP, Bayat A. Extracellular matrix molecules implicated in hypertrophic and keloid scarring. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2011; 26:141-52. [PMID: 21838832 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2011.04200.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tissue regeneration repairs the fabric of the skin to maintain homeostasis after injury. The expression and proliferation of extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules in the dermis, mediated by a range of growth factors and cytokines, is a fundamental element of wound repair. Previous work focused on how these complex molecular mechanisms relate to the formation of raised dermal scars, including keloid and hypertrophic scars, characterized by excessive deposition of ECM molecules. However, the mechanisms in the wound repair pathway which lead to the differential expression and organization of ECM molecules observed in different types of scar tissue are not fully understood. To summarize what is known about the expression and composition of ECM molecules in abnormal scarring, an extensive search of the literature was conducted, focusing on keywords connected to skin scarring, hypertrophic scars and keloid disease. The transcription and translation of collagen I and III, fibronectin, laminin, periostin and tenascin are all increased in raised dermal scar tissue. However, hyaluronic acid, dermatopontin and decorin are decreased, and the expression and localisation of fibrillin and elastin fibres in the dermis are altered compared with normal skin and scars. Recent whole genome profiling and proteomic studies have led to the identification of regulatory elements with different expression profiles in hypertrophic and keloid tissue. If the mechanisms of raised dermal scar formation are to be elucidated and effective therapeutic treatments developed, an integrated approach to research is required, focussing on the interactions between ECM molecules, regulatory elements and pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Sidgwick
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Research, School of Translational Medicine, Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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95
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Physiological function of hyaluronan in mammalian oocyte maturation. Reprod Med Biol 2011; 10:221-229. [PMID: 29699096 DOI: 10.1007/s12522-011-0093-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite its structural simplicity, hyaluronan exhibits a broad spectrum of biological activities. Cumulus expansion observed during oocyte maturation in mammals is also induced by hyaluronan accumulation in cumulus-oocyte complexes. It has been demonstrated that this volumetric change in cumulus-oocyte complexes correlates with the progression of oocyte maturation. We have investigated the molecular mechanism of oocyte maturation in mammals, focusing on hyaluronan accumulation in cumulus-oocyte complexes during cumulus expansion. In this review, we describe the physiological function of hyaluronan, emphasizing the progression of oocyte maturation in mammals based on our previous findings.
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96
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Pathogen recognition by the long pentraxin PTX3. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011:830421. [PMID: 21716666 PMCID: PMC3118294 DOI: 10.1155/2011/830421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity represents the first line of defence against pathogens and plays key roles in activation and orientation of the adaptive immune response. The innate immune system comprises both a cellular and a humoral arm. Components of the humoral arm include soluble pattern recognition molecules (PRMs) that recognise pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and initiate the immune response in coordination with the cellular arm, therefore acting as functional ancestors of antibodies. The long pentraxin PTX3 is a prototypic soluble PRM that is produced at sites of infection and inflammation by both somatic and immune cells. Gene targeting of this evolutionarily conserved protein has revealed a nonredundant role in resistance to selected pathogens. Moreover, PTX3 exerts important functions at the cross-road between innate immunity, inflammation, and female fertility. Here, we review the studies on PTX3, with emphasis on pathogen recognition and cross-talk with other components of the innate immune system.
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97
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Tan KT, McGrouther DA, Day AJ, Milner CM, Bayat A. Characterization of hyaluronan and TSG-6 in skin scarring: differential distribution in keloid scars, normal scars and unscarred skin. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2011; 25:317-27. [PMID: 20642475 PMCID: PMC3504979 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2010.03792.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Hyaluronan (HA) is a major component of the extracellular matrix (ECM) with increased synthesis during tissue repair. Tumour necrosis factor-stimulated gene-6 (TSG-6) is known to catalyze the covalent transfer of heavy chains (HC1 and HC2) from inter-α-inhibitor (IαI) onto HA, and resultant HC•HA complexes have been implicated in physiological and pathological processes related to remodelling and inflammation. Objective The aims of this study were to determine the expression of HA, TSG-6 and the IαI polypeptides in unscarred skin, normal scars and keloid scars. Methods Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections of unscarred skin, normal scars and keloid scars were prepared from patient samples collected during scar revision surgery. Haematoxylin and eosin, as well as immunofluorescent staining for HA, TSG-6 and the three polypeptide chains of IαI (i.e. HC1, HC2 and bikunin) were performed. Results All skin types stained positive for TSG-6, HC1, HC2 and bikunin, associated with keratinocytes, fibroblasts and skin appendages all in close proximity to HA. Keloid lesions showed altered HA organization patterns compared with unscarred skin and normal scars. TSG-6 staining was significantly more intense in the epidermis compared with the dermis of all sample types. There was a significant reduction in TSG-6 levels within keloid lesions compared with the dermis of unscarred skin (P = 0.017). Conclusion TSG-6 is expressed in unscarred skin, where its close association with HA and IαI could give rise to TSG-6-mediated HC•HA formation within this tissue. A reduction in the beneficial effects of TSG-6, caused by diminished protein levels in keloid lesions, could contribute to this abnormal scarring process.
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Affiliation(s)
- K T Tan
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, and Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery Research, Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Baranova NS, Nilebäck E, Haller FM, Briggs DC, Svedhem S, Day AJ, Richter RP. The inflammation-associated protein TSG-6 cross-links hyaluronan via hyaluronan-induced TSG-6 oligomers. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:25675-86. [PMID: 21596748 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.247395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-stimulated gene-6 (TSG-6) is a hyaluronan (HA)-binding protein that plays important roles in inflammation and ovulation. TSG-6-mediated cross-linking of HA has been proposed as a functional mechanism (e.g. for regulating leukocyte adhesion), but direct evidence for cross-linking is lacking, and we know very little about its impact on HA ultrastructure. Here we used films of polymeric and oligomeric HA chains, end-grafted to a solid support, and a combination of surface-sensitive biophysical techniques to quantify the binding of TSG-6 into HA films and to correlate binding to morphological changes. We find that full-length TSG-6 binds with pronounced positive cooperativity and demonstrate that it can cross-link HA at physiologically relevant concentrations. Our data indicate that cooperative binding of full-length TSG-6 arises from HA-induced protein oligomerization and that the TSG-6 oligomers act as cross-linkers. In contrast, the HA-binding domain of TSG-6 (the Link module) alone binds without positive cooperativity and weaker than the full-length protein. Both the Link module and full-length TSG-6 condensed and rigidified HA films, and the degree of condensation scaled with the affinity between the TSG-6 constructs and HA. We propose that condensation is the result of protein-mediated HA cross-linking. Our findings firmly establish that TSG-6 is a potent HA cross-linking agent and might hence have important implications for the mechanistic understanding of the biological function of TSG-6 (e.g. in inflammation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia S Baranova
- Biosurfaces Unit, CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo Miramon 182, 20009 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
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Ievoli E, Lindstedt R, Inforzato A, Camaioni A, Palone F, Day AJ, Mantovani A, Salvatori G, Salustri A. Implication of the oligomeric state of the N-terminal PTX3 domain in cumulus matrix assembly. Matrix Biol 2011; 30:330-7. [PMID: 21619930 PMCID: PMC3507621 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) plays a key role in the formation of the hyaluronan-rich matrix of the cumulus oophorus surrounding ovulated eggs that is required for successful fertilization and female fertility. PTX3 is a multimeric protein consisting of eight identical protomers held together by a combination of non-covalent interactions and disulfide bonds. Recent findings suggest that the oligomeric status of PTX3 is important for stabilizing the cumulus matrix. Because the role of PTX3 in the cumulus resides in the unique N-terminal sequence of the protomer, we investigated further this issue by testing the ability of distinct Cys/Ser mutants of recombinant N-terminal region of PTX3 (N_PTX3) with different oligomeric arrangement to promote in vitro normal expansion in cumuli from Ptx3-null mice. Here we report that the dimer of the N_PTX3 is unable to rescue cumulus matrix organization, and that the tetrameric assembly of the protein is the minimal oligomeric state required for accomplishing this function. We have previously demonstrated that PTX3 binds to HCs of IαI and TSG-6, which are essential for cumulus matrix formation and able to interact with hyaluronan. Interestingly, here we show by solid-phase binding experiments that the dimer of the N_PTX3 retains the ability to bind to both IαI and TSG-6, suggesting that the octameric structure of PTX3 provides multiple binding sites for each of these ligands. These findings support the hypothesis that PTX3 contributes to cumulus matrix organization by cross-linking HA polymers through interactions with multiple HCs of IαI and/or TSG-6. The N-terminal PTX3 tetrameric oligomerization was recently reported to be also required for recognition and inhibition of FGF2. Given that this growth factor has been detected in the mammalian preovulatory follicle, we wondered whether FGF2 negatively influences cumulus expansion and PTX3 may also serve in vivo to antagonize its activity. We found that a molar excess of FGF2, above PTX3 binding capacity, does not affect in vitro cumulus matrix formation thus ruling out this possibility. In conclusion, the data strength the view that PTX3 acts as a nodal molecule in cross-linking HA in the matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Ievoli
- Department of Public Health and Cell Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
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Shay E, He H, Sakurai S, Tseng SCG. Inhibition of angiogenesis by HC·HA, a complex of hyaluronan and the heavy chain of inter-α-inhibitor, purified from human amniotic membrane. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:2669-78. [PMID: 21228375 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-5888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether antiangiogenic action of the amniotic membrane (AM) can be mediated by HC·HA, a covalent complex of hyaluronan (HA) and the heavy chain (HC) of inter-α-inhibitor, purified from AM soluble extract. METHODS HC·HA action on viability, proliferation, attachment, death, migration, and differentiation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and neovascularization in chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) was examined by MTT assay, BrdU labeling, cell proliferation assay, cell death detection ELISA, transwell assay, tube formation assay, and CAM assay. RESULTS HC·HA suppressed HUVEC viability more significantly than HA and AM stromal extract, and such suppression was not mediated by CD44. HC·HA also caused HUVECs to become small and rounded, with a decrease in spreading and filamentous actin. Without promoting cell detachment or death, HC·HA dose dependently inhibited proliferation (IC(50), 2.3 μg/mL) and was 100-fold more potent than HA. Migration triggered by VEGF and tube formation was also significantly inhibited by HC·HA. Purified HC·HA did not contain PEDF and TSP-1 but did contain IGFBP-1 and platelet factor 4 while significantly suppressing neovascularization in CAM. CONCLUSIONS The antiangiogenic activity of HC·HA might explain why AM is developmentally avascular and how AM might exert an antiangiogenic action when transplanted to the ocular surface, and it might indicate a potential therapeutic effect of HC·HA in diseases manifesting pathogenic angiogenesis. Roles of IGFBP-1 and platelet factor 4 in HC·HA antiangiogenic action warrant further investigation.
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