51
|
O'Leary TR, Xu Y, Liu J. Investigation of the substrate specificity of K5 lyase A from K5A bacteriophage. Glycobiology 2012; 23:132-41. [PMID: 23019155 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cws136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
K5 lyase A (KflA) is a tailspike protein from the K5A phage that catalyzes the degradation of the capsule polysaccharide of K5 strains of Escherichia coli. The K5 E. coli capsule polysaccharide, also known as heparosan, is composed of the disaccharide repeating unit of [-4)-GlcA-β(1,4)-GlcNAc-α(1-] and therefore identical to the biological precursor of heparin and heparan sulfate (HS). KflA could supplement the heparin lyases for heparin and HS analysis. The first part of this study aimed to clarify ambiguity resulting from the revision of the KflA amino acid sequence in 2010 from that published in 2000. We found that only the expression of the updated sequence gave a soluble active enzyme, which produced heparosan degradation products similar to those of previous studies. Next, we examined the specificity of KflA toward heparosan oligosaccharides of varying sizes, all containing a single N-sulfated glucosamine (GlcNS) residue. The presence of GlcNS in an octasaccharide and a nonasaccharide chain directed cleavage by KflA to a single position at the reducing end of the substrate. However, an N-sulfated decasaccharide exhibited extensive cleavage at the nonreducing end of the chain, illustrating a distinct change in the cleavage pattern of KflA toward substrates of differing sizes. Because KflA is able to cleave a substrate containing isolated GlcNS residues, this enzyme could be used for the analysis of low-sulfate content HS domains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R O'Leary
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
52
|
Xu Y, Pempe EH, Liu J. Chemoenzymatic synthesis of heparin oligosaccharides with both anti-factor Xa and anti-factor IIa activities. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:29054-61. [PMID: 22773834 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.358523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) and heparin are highly sulfated polysaccharides. Heparin is a commonly used anticoagulant drug that inhibits the activities of factors Xa and IIa (also known as thrombin) to prevent blood clot formation. Here, we report the synthesis of a series of size-defined oligosaccharides to probe the minimum size requirement for an oligosaccharide with anti-IIa activity. The synthesis was completed by a chemoenzymatic approach involving glycosyltransferases, HS sulfotransferases, and C(5)-epimerase. We demonstrate the ability to synthesize highly purified N-sulfo-oligosaccharides having up to 21 saccharide residues. The results from anti-Xa and anti-IIa activity measurements revealed that an oligosaccharide longer than 19 saccharide residues is necessary to display anti-IIa activity. The oligosaccharides also exhibit low binding toward platelet factor 4, raising the possibility of preparing a synthetic heparin with a reduced effect of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. The results from this study demonstrate the ability to synthesize large HS oligosaccharides and provide a unique tool to probe the structure and function relationships of HS that require the use of large HS fragments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongmei Xu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
53
|
Zhou X, O'Leary TR, Xu Y, Sheng J, Liu J. Chemoenzymatic synthesis of heparan sulfate and heparin. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2012. [DOI: 10.3109/10242422.2012.681852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
54
|
Pempe EH, Xu Y, Gopalakrishnan S, Liu J, Harris EN. Probing structural selectivity of synthetic heparin binding to Stabilin protein receptors. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:20774-83. [PMID: 22547069 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.320069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As one of the most widely used drugs worldwide, heparin is an essential anticoagulant required for surgery, dialysis, treatment of thrombosis, cancer, and general circulatory management. Stabilin-2 is a scavenger clearance receptor with high expression in the sinusoidal endothelium of liver. It is believed that Stabilin-2 is the primary receptor for the clearance of unfractionated and low molecular weight heparins in the liver. Here, we identify the modifications and length of the heparin polymer that are required for binding and endocytosis by both human Stabilin receptors: Stabilin-2 and its homolog Stabilin-1 (also found in liver endothelium). Using enzymatically synthesized (35)S-labeled heparan sulfate oligomers, we identified that sulfation of the 3-OH position of N-sulfated glucosamine (GlcNS) is the most beneficial modification for binding and endocytosis via both Stabilin receptors. In addition, our data suggest that a decasaccharide is the minimal size for binding to the Stabilin receptors. These findings define the physical parameters of the heparin structure required for efficient clearance from blood circulation. These results will also aid in the design of synthetic heparins with desired clearance rates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth H Pempe
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
55
|
Li P, Sheng J, Liu Y, Li J, Liu J, Wang F. Heparosan-derived heparan sulfate/heparin-like compounds: one kind of potential therapeutic agents. Med Res Rev 2012; 33:665-92. [PMID: 22495734 DOI: 10.1002/med.21263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) is a highly sulfated glycosaminoglycan and exists in all animal tissues. HS and heparin are very similar, except that heparin has higher level of sulfation and higher content of iduronic acid. Despite the fact that it is a century-old drug, heparin remains as a top choice for treating thrombotic disorders. Pharmaceutical heparin is derived from porcine intestine or bovine lung via a long supply chain. This supply chain is vulnerable to the contamination of animal pathogens. Therefore, new methods for manufacturing heparin or heparin-like substances devoid of animal tissues have been explored by many researchers, among which, modifications of heparosan, the capsular polysaccharide of Escherichia coli K5 strain, is one of the promising approaches. Heparosan has a structure similar to unmodified backbone of natural HS and heparin. It is feasible to obtain HS or heparin derivatives by modifying heparosan with chemical or enzymatic methods. These derivatives display different biological activities, such as anticoagulant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antiviral activities. This review focuses on the recent studies of synthesis, activity, and structure-activity relationship of HS/heparin-like derivatives prepared from heparosan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pingli Li
- Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drug & National Glycoengineering Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
56
|
Effects of carbon sources and feeding strategies on heparosan production by Escherichia coli K5. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2012; 35:1209-18. [PMID: 22367530 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-012-0708-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2011] [Accepted: 02/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This work aimed to develop an optimal carbon source feeding strategy to achieve maximal production of heparosan as a precursor of bioengineered heparin by Escherichia coli K5. Glycerol gave higher heparosan titer and productivity compared to glucose. The maximum heparosan production (187 mg/L) and heparosan productivity (5.19 mg/L/h) in glycerol-defined medium were 26.4% higher than the heparosan production (148 mg/L) and heparosan productivity (4.11 mg/L/h) in glucose-defined medium. DO-stat feeding approach as compared to pH-stat feeding, exponential feeding, exponential combined with pH-stat feeding, and constant rate feeding gave the highest heparosan titer at 8.63 g/L, which was nine times that of batch culture. The obtained optimal glycerol feeding strategy may be useful for the scaling-up of microbial heparosan production.
Collapse
|
57
|
Baik JY, Gasimli L, Yang B, Datta P, Zhang F, Glass CA, Esko JD, Linhardt RJ, Sharfstein ST. Metabolic engineering of Chinese hamster ovary cells: towards a bioengineered heparin. Metab Eng 2012; 14:81-90. [PMID: 22326251 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2012.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Heparin is the most widely used pharmaceutical to control blood coagulation in modern medicine. A health crisis that took place in 2008 led to a demand for production of heparin from non-animal sources. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, commonly used mammalian host cells for production of foreign pharmaceutical proteins in the biopharmaceutical industry, are capable of producing heparan sulfate (HS), a related polysaccharide naturally. Since heparin and HS share the same biosynthetic pathway, we hypothesized that heparin could be produced in CHO cells by metabolic engineering. Based on the expression of endogenous enzymes in the HS/heparin pathways of CHO-S cells, human N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase (NDST2) and mouse heparan sulfate 3-O-sulfotransferase 1 (Hs3st1) genes were transfected sequentially into CHO host cells growing in suspension culture. Transfectants were screened using quantitative RT-PCR and Western blotting. Out of 120 clones expressing NDST2 and Hs3st1, 2 clones, Dual-3 and Dual-29, were selected for further analysis. An antithrombin III (ATIII) binding assay using flow cytometry, designed to recognize a key sugar structure characteristic of heparin, indicated that Hs3st1 transfection was capable of increasing ATIII binding. An anti-factor Xa assay, which affords a measure of anticoagulant activity, showed a significant increase in activity in the dual-expressing cell lines. Disaccharide analysis of the engineered HS showed a substantial increase in N-sulfo groups, but did not show a pattern consistent with pharmacological heparin, suggesting that further balancing the expression of transgenes with the expression levels of endogenous enzymes involved in HS/heparin biosynthesis might be necessary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jong Youn Baik
- College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University at Albany-State University of New York, 257 Fuller Road, Albany, NY 12203, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
58
|
Dulaney SB, Huang X. Strategies in synthesis of heparin/heparan sulfate oligosaccharides: 2000-present. Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 2012; 67:95-136. [PMID: 22794183 PMCID: PMC3646295 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-396527-1.00003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven B Dulaney
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
59
|
Hsu CH, Hung SC, Wu CY, Wong CH. Toward automated oligosaccharide synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:11872-923. [PMID: 22127846 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201100125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrates have been shown to play important roles in biological processes. The pace of development in carbohydrate research is, however, relatively slow due to the problems associated with the complexity of carbohydrate structures and the lack of general synthetic methods and tools available for the study of this class of biomolecules. Recent advances in synthesis have demonstrated that many of these problems can be circumvented. In this Review, we describe the methods developed to tackle the problems of carbohydrate-mediated biological processes, with particular focus on the issue related to the development of the automated synthesis of oligosaccharides. Further applications of carbohydrate microarrays and vaccines to human diseases are also highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Che-Hsiung Hsu
- The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
60
|
Hsu CH, Hung SC, Wu CY, Wong CH. Auf dem Weg zur automatisierten Oligosaccharid- Synthese. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201100125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
61
|
Bhaskar U, Sterner E, Hickey AM, Onishi A, Zhang F, Dordick JS, Linhardt RJ. Engineering of routes to heparin and related polysaccharides. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 93:1-16. [PMID: 22048616 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3641-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Revised: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Anticoagulant heparin has been shown to possess important biological functions that vary according to its fine structure. Variability within heparin's structure occurs owing to its biosynthesis and animal tissue-based recovery and adds another dimension to its complex polymeric structure. The structural variations in chain length and sulfation patterns mediate its interaction with many heparin-binding proteins, thereby eliciting complex biological responses. The advent of novel chemical and enzymatic approaches for polysaccharide synthesis coupled with high throughput combinatorial approaches for drug discovery have facilitated an increased effort to understand heparin's structure-activity relationships. An improved understanding would offer potential for new therapeutic development through the engineering of polysaccharides. Such a bioengineering approach requires the amalgamation of several different disciplines, including carbohydrate synthesis, applied enzymology, metabolic engineering, and process biochemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ujjwal Bhaskar
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
62
|
Xu Y, Masuko S, Takieddin M, Xu H, Liu R, Jing J, Mousa SA, Linhardt RJ, Liu J. Chemoenzymatic synthesis of homogeneous ultralow molecular weight heparins. Science 2011; 334:498-501. [PMID: 22034431 PMCID: PMC3425363 DOI: 10.1126/science.1207478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ultralow molecular weight (ULMW) heparins are sulfated glycans that are clinically used to treat thrombotic disorders. ULMW heparins range from 1500 to 3000 daltons, corresponding from 5 to 10 saccharide units. The commercial drug Arixtra (fondaparinux sodium) is a structurally homogeneous ULMW heparin pentasaccharide that is synthesized through a lengthy chemical process. Here, we report 10- and 12-step chemoenzymatic syntheses of two structurally homogeneous ULMW heparins (MW = 1778.5 and 1816.5) in 45 and 37% overall yield, respectively, starting from a simple disaccharide. These ULMW heparins display excellent in vitro anticoagulant activity and comparable pharmacokinetic properties to Arixtra, as demonstrated in a rabbit model. The chemoenzymatic approach is scalable and shows promise for a more efficient route to synthesize this important class of medicinal agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongmei Xu
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Sayaka Masuko
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Majde Takieddin
- Pharma-ceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Haoming Xu
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Renpeng Liu
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Juliana Jing
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Shaker A. Mousa
- Pharma-ceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY 12208, USA
- College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudia Arabia
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Jian Liu
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Wang Z, Dordick JS, Linhardt RJ. Escherichia coli K5 heparosan fermentation and improvement by genetic engineering. Bioeng Bugs 2011; 2:63-7. [PMID: 21636991 DOI: 10.4161/bbug.2.1.14201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
N-acetyl heparosan is the precursor for the biosynthesis of the important anticoagulant drug heparin. The E. coli K5 capsular heparosan polysaccharide provides a promising precursor for in vitro chemoenzymatic production of bioengineered heparin. This article explores the improvements of heparosan production for bioengineered heparin by fermentation process engineering and genetic engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Wang
- Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
64
|
Wang Z, Li J, Cheong S, Bhaskar U, Akihiro O, Zhang F, Dordick JS, Linhardt RJ. Response surface optimization of the heparosan N-deacetylation in producing bioengineered heparin. J Biotechnol 2011; 156:188-96. [PMID: 21925548 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2011.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The chemical step in the chemoenzymatic synthesis of bioengineered heparin has been examined and optimized statistically using a response surface methodology. A four factor, two level full factorial design experiment and a three factor Box-Behnken design were carried out. The goal was to establish a method to prepare N-sulfo, N-acetyl heparosan of the desired N-acetyl content, number average molecular weight, and in maximum yield by controlling the reactant concentrations, reaction time and reaction temperature. The response surface models obtained were used to predict the reaction conditions required to optimally prepare N-sulfo, N-acetyl heparosan from Escherichia coli generated heparosan starting material of different molecular weights.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Wang
- Department of Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
65
|
Xu Y, Wang Z, Liu R, Bridges AS, Huang X, Liu J. Directing the biological activities of heparan sulfate oligosaccharides using a chemoenzymatic approach. Glycobiology 2011; 22:96-106. [PMID: 21835782 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwr109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) and heparin are highly sulfated polysaccharides exhibiting essential physiological functions. The sulfation patterns determine the functional selectivity for HS and heparin. Chemical synthesis of HS, especially those larger than a hexasaccharide, remains challenging. Enzymatic synthesis of HS has recently gained momentum. Here we describe the divergent assembly of HS heptasaccharides and nonasaccharides from a common hexasaccharide precursor. The hexasaccharide precursor was synthesized via a chemical method. The subsequent elongation, sulfation and epimerization were completed by glycosyltransferases, HS sulfotransferases and epimerase. Using the synthesized heptasaccharides, we discovered that the iduronic acid is critical for binding to fibroblast growth factor-2. We also designed a synthetic path to prepare a nonasaccharide with an antithrombin-binding affinity of 3 nM. Our method demonstrated the feasibility of combining chemical and enzymatic synthesis to prepare structurally defined HS oligosaccharides with desired biological activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongmei Xu
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University ofNorth Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
66
|
Otto NJ, Solakyildirim K, Linhardt RJ, DeAngelis PL. Comamonas testosteronan synthase, a bifunctional glycosyltransferase that produces a unique heparosan polysaccharide analog. Glycobiology 2011; 21:1331-40. [PMID: 21610195 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwr072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are linear hexosamine-containing polysaccharides. These polysaccharides are synthesized by some pathogenic bacteria to form an extracellular coating or capsule. This strategy forms the basis of molecular camouflage since vertebrates possess naturally occurring GAGs that are essential for life. A recent sequence database search identified a putative protein from the opportunistic pathogen Comamonas testosteroni that exhibits similarity with the Pasteurella multocida GAG synthase PmHS1, which is responsible for the synthesis of a heparosan polysaccharide capsule. Initial supportive evidence included glucuronic acid (GlcUA)-containing polysaccharides extracted from C. testosteroni KF-1. We describe here the cloning and analysis of a novel Comamonas GAG synthase, CtTS. The GAG produced by CtTS in vitro consists of the sugars d-GlcUA and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, but is insensitive to digestion by GAG digesting enzymes, thus has distinct glycosidic linkages from vertebrate GAGs. The backbone structure of the polysaccharide product [-4-D-GlcUA-α1,4-D-GlcNAc-α1-](n) was confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance. Therefore, this novel GAG, testosteronan, consists of the same sugars as the biomedically relevant GAGs heparosan (N-acetyl-heparosan) and hyaluronan but may have distinct properties useful for future medical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nigel J Otto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma Center for Medical Glycobiology, Oklahoma City, OK 73126, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
67
|
Abstract
Heparan sulfate is a highly sulfated polysaccharide that exhibits important physiological and pathological functions. The glucosamine residue of heparan sulfate can carry sulfo groups at the 2-N, 3-O, and 6-O positions, leading to diverse polysaccharide structures. 6-O-Sulfation at the glucosamine residue contributes to a wide range of biological functions. Here, we report a method for controlling the positioning of 6-O-sulfo groups in oligosaccharides. This was achieved by synthesizing oligosaccharide backbones from a disaccharide building block utilizing glycosyltransferases followed by modifications using heparan sulfate N-sulfotransferase and 6-O-sulfotransferases. This method offers a viable approach for preparing heparan sulfate oligosaccharides with precisely located 6-O-sulfo groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renpeng Liu
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
68
|
Kang Y, Gwon K, Shin JH, Nam H, Meyerhoff ME, Cha GS. Highly sensitive potentiometric strip test for detecting high charge density impurities in heparin. Anal Chem 2011; 83:3957-62. [PMID: 21500820 DOI: 10.1021/ac103090m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Contamination of heparin with oversulfated chondroitin sulfate (OSCS) became a matter of grave concern in the medical field after many fatal responses to OSCS tainted heparin products occurred during the 2007-2008 period. Even though standard lab-based analytical techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and strong anion-exchange high performance liquid chromatography (SAX-HPLC) have proven useful for monitoring the OSCS content in heparin products, an easy-to-use, quick, portable, and cost-efficient method is still needed for on-site monitoring during and after the heparin production. In this report, a disposable strip-type electrochemical polyion sensor is described for detection of low levels of OSCS contamination in heparin. A magnetic actuator is incorporated into this simple electrode-based microfluidic device in order to create the mixing effect necessary to achieve equilibrium potential changes of the sensor within a microfluidic channel. The planar membrane electrode detector within the sample channel is prepared with a tridodecylmethylammonium chloride (TDMAC)-doped poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) membrane essentially equivalent to previously reported polyanion-sensitive electrodes. When the concentration of heparin applied to the single-use strip device is 57 mg/mL (in only 20 μL of sample), the same concentration recommended in the NMR analysis protocol for detecting OSCS in heparin, the detection limit is 0.005 wt % of OSCS, which is ca. 20 times lower than the reported detection limit of the NMR method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youngjea Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 139-701, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
69
|
Wang Z, Yang B, Zhang Z, Ly M, Takieddin M, Mousa S, Liu J, Dordick JS, Linhardt RJ. Control of the heparosan N-deacetylation leads to an improved bioengineered heparin. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 91:91-9. [PMID: 21484210 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3231-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The production of the anticoagulant drug heparin from non-animal sources has a number of advantages over the current commercial production of heparin. These advantages include better source material availability, improved quality control, and reduced concerns about animal virus or prion impurities. A bioengineered heparin would have to be chemically and biologically equivalent to be substituted for animal-sourced heparin as a pharmaceutical. In an effort to produce bioengineered heparin that more closely resembles pharmaceutical heparin, we have investigated a key step in the process involving the N-deacetylation of heparosan. The extent of N-deacetylation directly affects the N-acetyl/N-sulfo ratio in bioengineered heparin and also impacts its molecular weight. Previous studies have demonstrated that the presence and quantity of N-acetylglucosamine in the nascent glycosaminoglycan chain, serving as the substrate for the subsequent enzymatic modifications (C5 epimerization and O-sulfonation), can impact the action of these enzymes and, thus, the content and distribution of iduronic acid and O-sulfo groups. In this study, we control the N-deacetylation of heparosan to produce a bioengineered heparin with an N-acetyl/N-sulfo ratio and molecular weight that is similar to animal-sourced pharmaceutical heparin. The structural composition and anticoagulant activity of the resultant bioengineered heparin was extensively characterized and compared to pharmaceutical heparin obtained from porcine intestinal mucosa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Wang
- Department of Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
70
|
Zhou X, Chandarajoti K, Pham TQ, Liu R, Liu J. Expression of heparan sulfate sulfotransferases in Kluyveromyces lactis and preparation of 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate. Glycobiology 2011; 21:771-80. [PMID: 21224284 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwr001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) belongs to a major class of glycans that perform central physiological functions. Heparin is a specialized form of HS and is a clinically used anticoagulant drug. Heparin is a natural product isolated from pig intestine. There is a strong demand to replace natural heparin with a synthetic counterpart. Although a chemoenzymatic approach has been employed to prepare synthetic heparin, the scale of the synthesis is limited by the availability of sulfotransferases and the cofactor, 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS). Here, we present a novel method to produce secreted forms of sulfotransferases in the yeast cells, Kluyveromyces lactis. Five sulfotransferases including N-sulfotransferase, 2-O-sulfotransferase, 3-O-sulfotransferase 1 and 6-O-sulfotransferases 1 and 3 were expressed using this method. Unlike bacterial-expressed sulfotransferases, the yeast proteins can be directly used to modify polysaccharides without laborious purification. The yeast-expressed sulfotransferases also tend to have higher specific activity and thermostability. Furthermore, we demonstrated the possibility for the gram-scale synthesis of PAPS from adenosine 5'-triphosphate at only 1/5000th of the price purchased from a commercial source. Our results pave the way to conduct the enzymatic synthesis of heparin in large quantities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianxuan Zhou
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
71
|
Keire DA, Mans DJ, Ye H, Kolinski RE, Buhse LF. Assay of possible economically motivated additives or native impurities levels in heparin by 1H NMR, SAX-HPLC, and anticoagulation time approaches. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 52:656-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2009] [Revised: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
72
|
Liu R, Xu Y, Chen M, Weïwer M, Zhou X, Bridges AS, DeAngelis PL, Zhang Q, Linhardt RJ, Liu J. Chemoenzymatic design of heparan sulfate oligosaccharides. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:34240-9. [PMID: 20729556 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.159152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate is a sulfated glycan that exhibits essential physiological functions. Interrogation of the specificity of heparan sulfate-mediated activities demands a library of structurally defined oligosaccharides. Chemical synthesis of large heparan sulfate oligosaccharides remains challenging. We report the synthesis of oligosaccharides with different sulfation patterns and sizes from a disaccharide building block using glycosyltransferases, heparan sulfate C(5)-epimerase, and sulfotransferases. This method offers a generic approach to prepare heparan sulfate oligosaccharides possessing predictable structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renpeng Liu
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
73
|
Keire DA, Ye H, Trehy ML, Ye W, Kolinski RE, Westenberger BJ, Buhse LF, Nasr M, Al-Hakim A. Characterization of currently marketed heparin products: key tests for quality assurance. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 399:581-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4023-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Revised: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 07/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
74
|
|
75
|
Yuan L, Yue Z, Chen H, Huang H, Zhao T. Biomacromolecular affinity: Interactions between lysozyme and regioselectively sulfated chitosan. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2009; 73:346-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2009.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2009] [Revised: 06/02/2009] [Accepted: 06/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
76
|
Laremore TN, Zhang F, Dordick JS, Liu J, Linhardt RJ. Recent progress and applications in glycosaminoglycan and heparin research. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2009; 13:633-40. [PMID: 19781979 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2009] [Revised: 08/11/2009] [Accepted: 08/21/2009] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Heparin, the focus of this review, is a crucially important anticoagulant drug produced from animal sources, which was contaminated last year leading to a number of adverse side effects, some resulting in death. Heparin is a highly acidic polysaccharide and a member of a family of biopolymers called glycosaminoglycans. The structure and activities of heparin are detailed along with recent advances in heparin structural analysis and biological evaluation. Current state-of-the-art chemical and chemoenzymatic synthesis of heparin and new approaches for its metabolic engineering are described. New technologies, including microarrays and digital microfluidics, are proposed for high-throughput synthesis and screening of heparin and for the fabrication of an artificial Golgi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana N Laremore
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
77
|
Guimarães FAG, Taha MO, Fagundes DJ, Simões RS, Simões MJ, Caricati-Neto A. Heparin and hyperbaric oxygenation in enteric autonomic neuron preservation for transplant. Transplant Proc 2009; 41:824-6. [PMID: 19376362 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2009.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have suggested that the addition of heparin to a preservation solution attenuated the autonomic dysfunction observed in rat jejunum and in addition that hypothermic hyperbaric oxygenation may play a role as a preservation technique. However, these studies did not address the lesion indices of the autonomic enteric neurons. We sought to investigate whether the autonomic enteric neurons are injured during cold ischemic preservation and whether administration of heparin or hyperbaric oxygenation prevents this lesion. METHODS Jejunal segments (2 cm; n = 20) of Wistar rats (12-16 weeks old) were maintained in lactated Ringer's solution without or with heparin (H- and H+, respectively) at 4 degrees C under normobaric conditions. Other jejunal segments (n = 10) were maintained at 4 degrees C in H- under hyperbaric oxygenation conditions (HBO). After preservation for 12 hours, H-, H+, and HBO preparations fixed in 10% formaldehyde were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The lesion indices were expressed as the mean number of affected neurons (karyorhexis, nuclear dislocation, cytoplasmic vacuolisation) per 100 neurons present in intramural ganglia. Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney test (P < .05). RESULTS The histologic studies showed that enteric autonomic neurons were damaged in H- jejunal segments. The lesion indices observed were: karyorhexis 90/100, nuclear dislocation 85/100, and cytoplasmic vacuolization 82/100. The autonomic neurons in H+ and HBO segments seemed to be normal and significantly well-preserved (P < .001). CONCLUSION Hypothermic hyperbaric oxygenation and heparin prevented lesions in cold ischemic preservation of enteric autonomic neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F A G Guimarães
- Departments of Science and Tecnology, Universidade Santa Cecília (UNISANTA), Santos, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
78
|
Li B, Suwan J, Martin JG, Zhang F, Zhang Z, Hoppensteadt D, Clark M, Fareed J, Linhardt RJ. Oversulfated chondroitin sulfate interaction with heparin-binding proteins: new insights into adverse reactions from contaminated heparins. Biochem Pharmacol 2009; 78:292-300. [PMID: 19389385 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2009.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Revised: 04/06/2009] [Accepted: 04/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An oversulfated chondroitin sulfate (OSCS) was identified as a contaminant to pharmaceutical heparin and severe anaphylactoid reactions were ascribed to this contaminant. An examination of the biochemistry underlying both the anticoagulant activity and the toxic effects of oversulfated chondroitin sulfate was undertaken. This study demonstrates that the anticoagulant activity of this oversulfated chondroitin sulfate is primarily dependent on heparin cofactor II mediated inhibition of thrombin. Heparin and oversulfated chondroitin sulfate binding to coagulation, kinin-kallikrein and complement proteins were studied by surface plasmon resonance. While oversulfated chondroitin sulfate binds tightly to antithrombin III, unlike heparin, OSCS does not induce antithrombin III to undergo the conformational change required for its inactivation of thrombin and factor Xa. In contrast to heparin, oversulfated chondroitin sulfate tightly binds factor XIIa suggesting a biochemical mechanism for the factor XIIa-based enhancement of vasoactive bradykinin production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boyangzi Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
79
|
Peterson S, Frick A, Liu J. Design of biologically active heparan sulfate and heparin using an enzyme-based approach. Nat Prod Rep 2009; 26:610-27. [DOI: 10.1039/b803795g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
80
|
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) is one of many pathogens that use the cell surface glycosaminoglycan heparan sulfate as a receptor. Heparan sulfate is highly expressed on the surface and extracellular matrix of virtually all cell types making it an ideal receptor. Heparan sulfate interacts with HSV-1 envelope glycoproteins gB and gC during the initial attachment step during HSV-1 entry. In addition, a modified form of heparan sulfate, known as 3-O-sulfated heparan sulfate, interacts with HSV-1 gD to induce fusion between the viral envelope and host cell membrane. The 3-O-sulfation of heparan sulfate is a rare modification which occurs during the biosynthesis of heparan sulfate that is carried out by a family of enzymes known as 3-O-sulfotransferases. Due to its involvement in multiple steps of the infection process, heparan sulfate has been a prime target for the development of agents to inhibit HSV entry. Understanding how heparan sulfate functions during HSV-1 infection may not only be critical for inhibiting infection by this virus, but it may also be crucial in the fight against many other pathogens as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D O'Donnell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
81
|
Inhibition of Taq polymerase as a method for screening heparin for oversulfated contaminants. Biomaterials 2008; 29:4808-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2008] [Accepted: 08/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
82
|
Redirecting the substrate specificity of heparan sulfate 2-O-sulfotransferase by structurally guided mutagenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:18724-9. [PMID: 19022906 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0806975105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) is a polysaccharide involved in essential physiological functions from regulating cell growth to blood coagulation. HS biosynthesis involves multiple specialized sulfotransferases such as 2-O-sulfotransferase (2OST) that transfers the sulfo group to the 2-OH position of iduronic acid (IdoA) or glucuronic acid (GlcA) within HS. Here, we report the homotrimeric crystal structure of 2OST from chicken, in complex with 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphate. Structural based mutational analysis has identified amino acid residues that are responsible for substrate specificity. The mutant R189A only transferred sulfates to GlcA moieties within the polysaccharide whereas mutants Y94A and H106A preferentially transferred sulfates to IdoA units. Our results demonstrate the feasibility for manipulating the substrate specificity of 2OST to synthesize HS with unique sulfation patterns. This work will aid the development of an enzymatic approach to synthesize heparin-based therapeutics.
Collapse
|
83
|
Weïwer M, Sherwood T, Green DE, Chen M, DeAngelis PL, Liu J, Linhardt RJ. Synthesis of uridine 5'-diphosphoiduronic acid: a potential substrate for the chemoenzymatic synthesis of heparin. J Org Chem 2008; 73:7631-7. [PMID: 18759479 PMCID: PMC2639712 DOI: 10.1021/jo801409c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An improved understanding of the biological activities of heparin requires structurally defined heparin oligosaccharides. The chemoenzymatic synthesis of heparin oligosaccharides relies on glycosyltransferases that use UDP-sugar nucleotides as donors. Uridine 5'-diphosphoiduronic acid (UDP-IdoA) and uridine 5'-diphosphohexenuronic acid (UDP-HexUA) have been synthesized as potential analogues of uridine 5'-diphosphoglucuronic acid (UDP-GlcA) for enzymatic incorporation into heparin oligosaccharides. Non-natural UDP-IdoA and UDP-HexUA were tested as substrates for various glucuronosyltransferases to better understand enzyme specificity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michel Weïwer
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 Eighth Street, Troy, New York 12180
| | - Trevor Sherwood
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 Eighth Street, Troy, New York 12180
| | - Dixy E. Green
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 940 Stanton L. Young Blvd., Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Miao Chen
- University of North Carolina School of Pharmacy, Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, CB no. 7360 Beard Hall, Room 309, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7360
| | - Paul L. DeAngelis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 940 Stanton L. Young Blvd., Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Jian Liu
- University of North Carolina School of Pharmacy, Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, CB no. 7360 Beard Hall, Room 309, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7360
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 Eighth Street, Troy, New York 12180
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Department of Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 Eighth Street, Troy, New York 12180
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Zhang Z, McCallum SA, Xie J, Nieto L, Corzana F, Jiménez-Barbero J, Chen M, Liu J, Linhardt RJ. Solution structures of chemoenzymatically synthesized heparin and its precursors. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:12998-3007. [PMID: 18767845 DOI: 10.1021/ja8026345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report the first chemoenzymatic synthesis of the stable isotope-enriched heparin from a uniformly labeled [(13)C,(15)N]N-acetylheparosan (-GlcA(1,4)GlcNAc-) prepared from E. coli K5. Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) precursors and heparin were formed from N-acetylheparosan by the following steps: chemical N-deacetylation and N-sulfonation leading to N-sulfoheparosan (-GlcA(1,4)GlcNS-); enzyme-catalyzed C5-epimerization and 2-O-sulfonation leading to undersulfated heparin (-IdoA2S(1,4)GlcNS-); enzymatic 6-O-sulfonation leading to the heparin backbone (-IdoA2S(1,4)GlcNS6S-); and selective enzymatic 3-O-sulfonation leading to the anticoagulant heparin, containing the GlcNS6S3S residue. Heteronuclear, multidimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was employed to analyze the chemical composition and solution structure of [(13)C,(15)N]N-acetylheparosan, precursors, and heparin. Isotopic enrichment was found to provide well-resolved (13)C spectra with the high sensitivity required for conformational studies of these biomolecules. Stable isotope-labeled heparin was indistinguishable from heparin derived from animal tissues and is a novel reagent for studying the interaction of heparin with proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenqing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
85
|
Copeland R, Balasubramaniam A, Tiwari V, Zhang F, Bridges A, Linhardt RJ, Shukla D, Liu J. Using a 3-O-sulfated heparin octasaccharide to inhibit the entry of herpes simplex virus type 1. Biochemistry 2008; 47:5774-83. [PMID: 18457417 PMCID: PMC2504729 DOI: 10.1021/bi800205t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) is a highly sulfated polysaccharide and is present in large quantities on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix. Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) utilizes a specialized cell surface HS, known as 3-O-sulfated HS, as an entry receptor to establish infection. Here, we exploit an approach to inhibiting HSV-1 infection by using a 3-O-sulfated octasaccharide, mimicking the active domain of the entry receptor. The 3-O-sulfated octasaccharide was synthesized by incubating a heparin octasaccharide (3-OH octasaccharide) with HS 3-O-sulfotransferase isoform 3. The resultant 3-O-sulfated octasaccharide has a structure of Delta UA2S-GlcNS6S-IdoUA2S-GlcNS6S-IdoUA2S-GlcNS3S6S-IdoUA2S-GlcNS6S (where Delta UA is 4-deoxy-alpha-L-threo-hex-4-enopyranosyluronic acid, GlcN is D-glucosamine, and IdoUA is L-iduronic acid). Results from cell-based assays revealed that the 3-O-sulfated octasaccharide has stronger activity in blocking HSV-1 infection than that of the 3-OH octasaccharide, suggesting that the inhibition of HSV-1 infection requires a unique sulfation moiety. Our results suggest the feasibility of inhibiting HSV-1 infection by blocking viral entry with a specific oligosaccharide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Copeland
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Arun Balasubramaniam
- Departments of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences and Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Vaibhav Tiwari
- Departments of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences and Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biology and Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, 12180
| | - Arlene Bridges
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biology and Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, 12180
| | - Deepak Shukla
- Departments of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences and Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Jian Liu
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Chen J, Jones CL, Liu J. Using an enzymatic combinatorial approach to identify anticoagulant heparan sulfate structures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 14:986-93. [PMID: 17884631 PMCID: PMC4809194 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2007.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2007] [Revised: 07/23/2007] [Accepted: 07/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) represents a major class of glycans that perform central physiological functions. Emerging HS and glycosaminoglycan microarray techniques are used to interrogate the structure and function relationship to develop novel therapeutic agents. Availability of HS with specific sulfation patterns has been a limiting factor and impedes the accuracy of HS glycomics studies. Although organic synthesis provides oligosaccharides, these may not fully represent the biological functions of polysaccharides. Here, we present a study for developing an enzyme-based approach to synthesize a polysaccharide library with different sulfation patterns. Using different combinations of biosynthetic enzymes, we synthesized eight unique polysaccharides. We discovered that polysaccharides without the iduronic acid residue displayed strong binding affinity to antithrombin and high anti-Xa and anti-IIa activities. The enzyme-based synthetic approach could become a general method for discovering new HS structures with unique biological functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jian Liu
- Corresponding author: Jian Liu, Rm 309, Beard Hall, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599. Tel.: 919-843-6511; Fax: 919-843-5432;
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Abstract
Escherichia coli K5 heparosan was enzymatically modified by Chen and colleagues to construct a library of heparan sulfate polysaccharides for evaluation, leading to the discovery that a 2-O-sulfoiduronic acid residue is not essential for antithrombin-mediated anticoagulant activity in larger oligosaccharide and polysaccharide structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
88
|
Abstract
Heparin and its low molecular weight heparin derivatives, widely used as clinical anticoagulants, are acidic polysaccharide members of a family of biomacromolecules called glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Heparin and the related heparan sulfate are biosynthesized in the Golgi apparatus of eukaryotic cells. Heparin is a polycomponent drug that currently is prepared for clinical use by extraction from animal tissues. A heparin pentasaccharide, fondaparinux, has also been prepared through chemical synthesis for use as a homogenous anticoagulant drug. Recent enabling technologies suggest that it may now be possible to synthesize heparin and its derivatives enzymatically. Moreover, new technologies including advances in synthetic carbohydrate synthesis, enzyme-based GAG synthesis, micro- and nano-display of GAGs, rapid on-line structural analysis, and microarray/microfluidic technologies might be applied to the enzymatic synthesis of heparins with defined structures and exhibiting selected activities. The advent of these new technologies also makes it possible to consider the construction of an artificial Golgi to increase our understanding of the cellular control of GAG biosyntheses in this organelle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
89
|
Abstract
Carbohydrate modification is a common phenomenon in nature. Many carbohydrate modifications such as some epimerization, O-acetylation, O-sulfation, O-methylation, N-deacetylation, and N-sulfation, take place after the formation of oligosaccharide or polysaccharide backbones. These modifications can be categorized as carbohydrate post-glycosylational modifications (PGMs). Carbohydrate PGMs further extend the complexity of the structures and the synthesis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates. They also increase the capacity of the biological regulation that is achieved by finely tuning the structures of carbohydrates. Developing efficient methods to obtain structurally defined naturally occurring oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, and glycoconjugates with carbohydrate PGMs is essential for understanding the biological significance of carbohydrate PGMs. Combined with high-throughput screening methods, synthetic carbohydrates with PGMs are invaluable probes in structure-activity relationship studies. We illustrate here several classes of carbohydrates with PGMs and their applications. Recent progress in chemical, enzymatic, and chemoenzymatic syntheses of these carbohydrates and their derivatives are also presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA. Fax: 01 530 752 8995; Tel: 01 530 754 6037; E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
Xu D, Song D, Pedersen LC, Liu J. Mutational study of heparan sulfate 2-O-sulfotransferase and chondroitin sulfate 2-O-sulfotransferase. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:8356-67. [PMID: 17227754 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m608062200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) are highly sulfated polysaccharides with a wide range of biological functions. Heparan sulfate 2-O-sulfotransferase (HS-2OST) transfers the sulfo group from 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) to the 2-OH position of the hexauronic acid that is adjacent to N-sulfated glucosamine, whereas chondroitin sulfate 2-O-sulfotransferase (CS-2OST) transfers the sulfo group to the hexauronic acid that is adjacent to N-acetylated galactosamine. Here we report a systematic mutagenesis study of HS-2OST and CS-2OST based on their structural homology to estrogen sulfotransferase and HS 3-O-sulfotransferase isoform 3 (3-OST3), for which crystal structures exist. We have identified six residues possibly involved in binding to PAPS. HS-2OST carrying mutations of these residues lacks sulfotransferase activity and the ability to bind 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphate, a PAPS analogue, as determined by isothermal titration calorimetry. Similar residues involved in binding to PAPS were also identified in CS-2OST. Additional residues that participate in carbohydrate substrate binding were also identified in both enzymes. Mutations at these residues led to the loss of sulfotransferase activity but maintained the ability to bind to phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphate. The catalytic function of HS-2OST appears to involve two histidine residues (His140 and His142), whereas only one histidine (His168) of CS 2-OST is likely to be critical. This unique feature of HS 2-OST catalytic residues directed us to characterize the Drosophila heparan sulfate 2-O-sulfotransferase. The results from this study provide insight into the differences and similarities various residues play in the biological roles of the HS-2OST and CS-2OST enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ding Xu
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
91
|
Liu J, Pedersen LC. Anticoagulant heparan sulfate: structural specificity and biosynthesis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2006; 74:263-72. [PMID: 17131147 PMCID: PMC1876722 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-006-0722-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2006] [Revised: 10/11/2006] [Accepted: 10/12/2006] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) is present on the surface of endothelial and surrounding tissues in large quantities. It plays important roles in regulating numerous functions of the blood vessel wall, including blood coagulation, inflammation response, and cell differentiation. HS is a highly sulfated polysaccharide containing glucosamine and glucuronic/iduronic acid repeating disaccharide units. The unique sulfated saccharide sequences of HS determine its specific functions. Heparin, an analog of HS, is the most commonly used anticoagulant drug. Because of its wide range of biological functions, HS has become an interesting molecule to biochemists, medicinal chemists, and developmental biologists. In this review, we summarize recent progress toward understanding the interaction between HS and blood-coagulating factors, the biosynthesis of anticoagulant HS and the mechanism of action of HS biosynthetic enzymes. Furthermore, knowledge of the biosynthesis of HS facilitates the development of novel enzymatic approaches to synthesize HS from bacterial capsular polysaccharides and to produce polysaccharide end products with high specificity for the biological target. These advancements provide the foundation for the development of polysaccharide-based therapeutic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liu
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Rm 309, Beard Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
92
|
McDowell LM, Frazier BA, Studelska DR, Giljum K, Chen J, Liu J, Yu K, Ornitz DM, Zhang L. Inhibition or Activation of Apert Syndrome FGFR2 (S252W) Signaling by Specific Glycosaminoglycans. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:6924-30. [PMID: 16373332 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m512932200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Most Apert syndrome patients harbor a single amino acid mutation (S252W) in fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor 2 (FGFR2), which leads to abnormal FGF/FGFR2 signaling. Here we show that specific combinations of FGFs and glycosaminoglycans activate both alternative splice forms of the mutant but not of the wild-type FGF receptors. More importantly, 2-O- and N-sulfated heparan sulfate, prepared by a combined chemical and enzymatic synthesis, antagonized the over-activated FGFR2b (S252W) to basal levels at nanomolar concentrations. These studies demonstrated that specific glycosaminoglycans could be useful in treating ligand-dependent FGFR signaling-related diseases, such as Apert syndrome and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lynda M McDowell
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
93
|
Abstract
We identified 1113 articles (103 reviews, 1010 primary research articles) published in 2005 that describe experiments performed using commercially available optical biosensors. While this number of publications is impressive, we find that the quality of the biosensor work in these articles is often pretty poor. It is a little disappointing that there appears to be only a small set of researchers who know how to properly perform, analyze, and present biosensor data. To help focus the field, we spotlight work published by 10 research groups that exemplify the quality of data one should expect to see from a biosensor experiment. Also, in an effort to raise awareness of the common problems in the biosensor field, we provide side-by-side examples of good and bad data sets from the 2005 literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Rich
- Center for Biomolecular Interaction Analysis, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
94
|
Muñoz E, Xu D, Avci F, Kemp M, Liu J, Linhardt RJ. Enzymatic synthesis of heparin related polysaccharides on sensor chips: rapid screening of heparin-protein interactions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 339:597-602. [PMID: 16310167 PMCID: PMC4140613 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2005] [Accepted: 11/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The biological roles of heparin (HP) and heparan sulfate (HS) are mediated mainly through their interaction with proteins. In the present work, we provide a rapid method for screening HP/HS-protein interactions providing structural data on the key sulfo groups that participate in the binding. A library of polysaccharides structurally related to HP was prepared by immobilizing the biotinylated N-sulfated K5 polysaccharide (N-sulfoheparosan) on sensor chips followed by selective modification of this polysaccharide with enzymes that participate in HP/HS biosynthesis. The polysaccharides synthesized on the surface of the sensor chips differ in the number and position of sulfo groups present both on uronic acid and glucosamine residues. Surface plasmon resonance was used to measure the interaction of each member of this polysaccharide library with antithrombin III (ATIII), to afford structural information on sulfo groups required for this HP/HS-protein interaction. This method is viewed as widely applicable for the study of the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of HP/HS-protein interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Muñoz
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- Department of Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Ding Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Fikri Avci
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- Department of Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Melissa Kemp
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- Department of Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- Department of Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- Corresponding author. Fax: +1 518 276 3405. (R.J. Linhardt)
| |
Collapse
|