51
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Structural Determinants of MALT1 Protease Activity. J Mol Biol 2012; 419:4-21. [PMID: 22366302 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2012.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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52
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Kuper-Hommel MJJ, van Krieken JHJM. Molecular pathogenesis and histologic and clinical features of extranodal marginal zone lymphomas of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue type. Leuk Lymphoma 2012; 53:1032-45. [DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2011.631157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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53
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Crystal structure of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma translocation 1 (MALT1) paracaspase region. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:21004-9. [PMID: 22158899 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1111708108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma translocation 1 (MALT1) paracaspase, a key component of the Carma1/Bcl10/MALT1 signalosome, is critical for NF-κB signaling in multiple contexts. MALT1 is thought to function as a scaffold and protease to promote signaling; however, the biochemical and structural basis of paracaspase action remains largely unknown. Here we report the 1.75-Å resolution crystal structure of the MALT1 paracaspase region, which contains the paracaspase domain and an ensuing Ig-like domain. The paracaspase and the Ig domains appear as a single folding unit and interact with each other through extensive van der Waals contacts and hydrogen bonds. The paracaspase domain adopts a fold that is nearly identical to that of classic caspases and homodimerizes similarly to form an active protease. Unlike caspases, the active and mature form of the paracaspase domain remains a single uncleaved polypeptide and specifically recognizes the bound peptide inhibitor Val-Arg-Pro-Arg. In particular, the carboxyl-terminal amino acid Arg of the inhibitor is coordinated by three highly conserved acidic residues. This structure serves as an important framework for deciphering the function and mechanism of paracaspases exemplified by MALT1.
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54
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Stempin CC, Chi L, Giraldo-Vela JP, High AA, Häcker H, Redecke V. The E3 ubiquitin ligase mind bomb-2 (MIB2) protein controls B-cell CLL/lymphoma 10 (BCL10)-dependent NF-κB activation. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:37147-57. [PMID: 21896478 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.263384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
B-cell CLL/lymphoma 10 (BCL10) is crucial for the activation of NF-κB in numerous immune receptor signaling pathways, including the T-cell receptor (TCR) and B-cell receptor signaling pathways. However, the molecular mechanisms that lead to signal transduction from BCL10 to downstream NF-κB effector kinases, such as TAK1 and components of the IKK complex, are not entirely understood. Here we used a proteomic approach and identified the E3 ligase MIB2 as a novel component of the activated BCL10 complex. In vitro translation and pulldown assays suggest direct interaction between BCL10 and MIB2. Overexpression experiments show that MIB2 controls BCL10-mediated activation of NF-κB by promoting autoubiquitination and ubiquitination of IKKγ/NEMO, as well as recruitment and activation of TAK1. Knockdown of MIB2 inhibited BCL10-dependent NF-κB activation. Together, our results identify MIB2 as a novel component of the activated BCL10 signaling complex and a missing link in the BCL10-dependent NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinthia C Stempin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
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55
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McAllister-Lucas LM, Baens M, Lucas PC. MALT1 protease: a new therapeutic target in B lymphoma and beyond? Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:6623-31. [PMID: 21868762 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-0467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The identification of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma translocation 1 (MALT1) as a gene that is perturbed in the B-cell neoplasm MALT lymphoma, already more than a decade ago, was the starting point for an intense area of research. The fascination with MALT1 was fueled further by the observation that it contains a domain homologous to the catalytic domain of caspases and thus, potentially, could function as a protease. Discoveries since then initially revealed that MALT1 is a key adaptor molecule in antigen receptor signaling to the transcription factor NF-κB, which is crucial for lymphocyte function. However, recent discoveries show that this function of MALT1 is not restricted to lymphocytes, witnessed by the ever-increasing list of receptors from cells within and outside of the immune system that require MALT1 for NF-κB activation. Yet, a role for MALT1 protease activity was shown only recently in immune signaling, and its importance was then further strengthened by the dependency of NF-κB-addicted B-cell lymphomas on this proteolytic activity. Therapeutic targeting of MALT1 protease activity might, therefore, become a useful approach for the treatment of these lymphomas and, additionally, an effective strategy for treating other neoplastic and inflammatory disorders associated with deregulated NF-κB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M McAllister-Lucas
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
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56
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Abstract
Extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma is characterized genetically by several recurrent, but mutually exclusive, chromosome translocations. To date, it has been shown that at least the oncogenic products of t(1;14)(p22;q32)/BCL10-IGH, t(14;18)(q32;21)/IGH-MALT1 and t(11;18)(q21;q21)/API2-MALT1 activate the nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation pathway. Recently, A20, an essential global NF-κB inhibitor, was found to be inactivated by somatic deletion and/or mutation in translocation-negative MALT lymphomas. However, these genetic abnormalities alone are not sufficient for malignant transformation and thus need to cooperate with other factors in MALT lymphomagenesis. Recent studies have shown steady, exciting progresses in our understanding of the biological functions of BCL10, MALT1 and A20 in the regulation of the NF-κB activation pathways and the biology of lymphocytes. This review discusses the implication of these recent advances in the molecular pathogenesis of MALT lymphoma, and explores how the above genetic abnormalities cooperate with immunological stimulation in the development of lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Qing Du
- Division of Molecular Histopathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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57
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Arcipowski KM, Stunz LL, Graham JP, Kraus ZJ, Bush TJV, Bishop GA. Molecular mechanisms of TNFR-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) utilization by the oncogenic viral mimic of CD40, latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1). J Biol Chem 2011; 286:9948-55. [PMID: 21262968 PMCID: PMC3060549 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.185983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Revised: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1), encoded by Epstein-Barr virus, is required for EBV-mediated B cell transformation and plays a significant role in the development of posttransplant B cell lymphomas. LMP1 has also been implicated in exacerbation of autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus. LMP1 is a constitutively active functional mimic of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member CD40, utilizing tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF) adaptor proteins to induce signaling. However, LMP1-mediated B cell activation is amplified and sustained compared with CD40. We have previously shown that LMP1 and CD40 use TRAFs 1, 2, 3, and 5 differently. TRAF6 is important for CD40 signaling, but the role of TRAF6 in LMP1 signaling in B cells is not clear. Although TRAF6 binds directly to CD40, TRAF6 interaction with LMP1 in B cells has not been characterized. Here we tested the hypothesis that TRAF6 is a critical regulator of LMP1 signaling in B cells, either as part of a receptor-associated complex and/or as a cytoplasmic adaptor protein. Using TRAF6-deficient B cells, we determined that TRAF6 was critical for LMP1-mediated B cell activation. Although CD40-mediated TRAF6-dependent signaling does not require the TRAF6 receptor-binding domain, we found that LMP1 signaling required the presence of this domain. Furthermore, TRAF6 was recruited to the LMP1 signaling complex via the TRAF1/2/3/5 binding site within the cytoplasmic domain of LMP1.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- B-Lymphocytes/virology
- CD40 Antigens/genetics
- CD40 Antigens/immunology
- CD40 Antigens/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Viral/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Viral/immunology
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/immunology
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/metabolism
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/genetics
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/immunology
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/metabolism
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/virology
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/genetics
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/immunology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/metabolism
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Molecular Mimicry/genetics
- Molecular Mimicry/immunology
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 6/genetics
- TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 6/immunology
- TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 6/metabolism
- Viral Matrix Proteins/genetics
- Viral Matrix Proteins/immunology
- Viral Matrix Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M. Arcipowski
- From the Interdisciplinary Graduate Programs in Molecular and Cellular Biology and
| | | | | | | | | | - Gail A. Bishop
- From the Interdisciplinary Graduate Programs in Molecular and Cellular Biology and
- Immunology and
- the Departments of Microbiology and
- Internal Medicine, University of Iowa and
- the Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
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58
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Rosebeck S, Madden L, Jin X, Gu S, Apel IJ, Appert A, Hamoudi RA, Noels H, Sagaert X, Van Loo P, Baens M, Du MQ, Lucas PC, McAllister-Lucas LM. Cleavage of NIK by the API2-MALT1 fusion oncoprotein leads to noncanonical NF-kappaB activation. Science 2011; 331:468-72. [PMID: 21273489 PMCID: PMC3124150 DOI: 10.1126/science.1198946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Proper regulation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) transcriptional activity is required for normal lymphocyte function, and deregulated NF-κB signaling can facilitate lymphomagenesis. We demonstrate that the API2-MALT1 fusion oncoprotein created by the recurrent t(11;18)(q21;q21) in mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma induces proteolytic cleavage of NF-κB-inducing kinase (NIK) at arginine 325. NIK cleavage requires the concerted actions of both fusion partners and generates a C-terminal NIK fragment that retains kinase activity and is resistant to proteasomal degradation. The resulting deregulated NIK activity is associated with constitutive noncanonical NF-κB signaling, enhanced B cell adhesion, and apoptosis resistance. Our study reveals the gain-of-function proteolytic activity of a fusion oncoprotein and highlights the importance of the noncanonical NF-κB pathway in B lymphoproliferative disease.
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MESH Headings
- Apoptosis
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Adhesion
- Cell Line
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- I-kappa B Kinase/metabolism
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/genetics
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/metabolism
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- NF-kappa B p52 Subunit/metabolism
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/chemistry
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Substrate Specificity
- NF-kappaB-Inducing Kinase
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun Rosebeck
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Lisa Madden
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Xiaohong Jin
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Shufang Gu
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Ingrid J. Apel
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Alex Appert
- Division of Molecular Histopathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Lab Block Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Rifat A. Hamoudi
- Division of Molecular Histopathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Lab Block Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Heidi Noels
- Human Genome Laboratory, Molecular Genetics, Center for Human Genetics, Catholic University Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Human Genome Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Developmental Genetics, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Xavier Sagaert
- Section of Morphology and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Catholic University Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Van Loo
- Human Genome Laboratory, Molecular Genetics, Center for Human Genetics, Catholic University Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Human Genome Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Developmental Genetics, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mathijs Baens
- Human Genome Laboratory, Molecular Genetics, Center for Human Genetics, Catholic University Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Human Genome Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Developmental Genetics, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ming-Qing Du
- Division of Molecular Histopathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Lab Block Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Peter C. Lucas
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Linda M. McAllister-Lucas
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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59
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Abstract
Caspases are intracellular proteases that are best known for their function in apoptosis signaling. It has become evident that many caspases also function in other signaling pathways that propagate cell proliferation and inflammation, but studies on the inflammatory function of caspases have mainly been limited to caspase-1-mediated cytokine processing. Emerging evidence, however, indicates an important contribution of caspases as mediators or regulators of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling, which plays a key role in inflammation and immunity. Much still needs to be learned about the mechanisms that govern the activation and regulation of NF-κB by caspases, and this review provides an update of this area. Whereas apoptosis signaling is dependent on the catalytic activity of caspases, they mainly act as scaffolding platforms for other signaling proteins in the case of NF-κB signaling. Caspase proteolytic activity, however, counteracts the pro-survival function of NF-κB by cleaving specific signaling molecules. A striking exception is the paracaspase mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue 1 (MALT1), whose adaptor and proteolytic activity are both needed to initiate a full blown NF-κB response in antigen-stimulated lymphocytes. Understanding the role of caspases and MALT1 in the regulation of NF-κB signaling is of high interest for therapeutic immunomodulation.
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60
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Conze DB, Zhao Y, Ashwell JD. Non-canonical NF-κB activation and abnormal B cell accumulation in mice expressing ubiquitin protein ligase-inactive c-IAP2. PLoS Biol 2010; 8:e1000518. [PMID: 21048983 PMCID: PMC2964333 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal translocations between loci encoding MALT1 and c-IAP2 are common in MALT lymphomas. The resulting fusion proteins lack the c-IAP2 RING domain, the region responsible for its ubiquitin protein ligase (E3) activity. Ectopic expression of the fusion protein activates the canonical NF-κB signaling cascade, but how it does so is controversial and how it promotes MALT lymphoma is unknown. Considering recent reports implicating c-IAP1 and c-IAP2 E3 activity in repression of non-canonical NF-κB signaling, we asked if the c-IAP2/MALT fusion protein can initiate non-canonical NF-κB activation. Here we show that in addition to canonical activation, the fusion protein stabilizes NIK and activates non-canonical NF-κB. Canonical but not non-canonical activation depended on MALT1 paracaspase activity, and expression of E3-inactive c-IAP2 activated non-canonical NF-κB. Mice in which endogenous c-IAP2 was replaced with an E3-inactive mutant accumulated abnormal B cells with elevated non-canonical NF-κB and had increased numbers of B cells with a marginal zone phenotype, gut-associated lymphoid hyperplasia, and other features of MALT lymphoma. Thus, the c-IAP2/MALT1 fusion protein activates NF-κB by two distinct mechanisms, and loss of c-IAP2 E3 activity in vivo is sufficient to induce abnormalities common to MALT lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietrich B. Conze
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yongge Zhao
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jonathan D. Ashwell
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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61
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Thome M, Charton JE, Pelzer C, Hailfinger S. Antigen receptor signaling to NF-kappaB via CARMA1, BCL10, and MALT1. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2010; 2:a003004. [PMID: 20685844 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a003004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The signaling pathway controlling antigen receptor-induced regulation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB plays a key role in lymphocyte activation and development and the generation of lymphomas. Work of the past decade has led to dramatic progress in the identification and characterization of new players in the pathway. Moreover, novel enzymatic activities relevant for this pathway have been discovered, which represent interesting drug targets for immuno-suppression or lymphoma treatment. Here, we summarize these findings and give an outlook on interesting open issues that need to be addressed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot Thome
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses 155, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.
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62
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Shinohara H, Kurosaki T. Comprehending the complex connection between PKCbeta, TAK1, and IKK in BCR signaling. Immunol Rev 2010; 232:300-18. [PMID: 19909372 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2009.00836.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) contributes to many events in the immune system. Characterization of NF-kappaB has facilitated our understanding of immune cell differentiation, survival, proliferation, and effector functions. Intense research continues to elucidate the role of NF-kappaB, which is shared in several receptor signaling pathways, such as Toll-like receptors, the tumor necrosis factor receptor, and antigen receptors. The specificity of cellular responses emanating from stimulation of these receptors is determined by post-translational modification, or 'fine tuning', which regulates spatiotemporal dynamics of downstream signaling. Understanding the fine tuning mechanisms of NF-kappaB activation is crucial for insights into biological regulation and for understanding how cellular signaling pathways are tightly regulated to guide different cell fates. In this review, we focus on recent advances that illuminate the fine tuning mechanisms of NF-kappaB activation by BCR signaling and have increased our comprehension of complex signal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisaaki Shinohara
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte Differentiation, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.
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63
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Abstract
Recent genetic evidence has established a pathogenetic role for NF-kappaB signaling in cancer. NF-kappaB signaling is engaged transiently when normal B lymphocytes respond to antigens, but lymphomas derived from these cells accumulate genetic lesions that constitutively activate NF-kappaB signaling. Many genetic aberrations in lymphomas alter CARD11, MALT1, or BCL10, which constitute a signaling complex that is intermediate between the B-cell receptor and IkappaB kinase. The activated B-cell-like subtype of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma activates NF-kappaB by a variety of mechanisms including oncogenic mutations in CARD11 and a chronic active form of B-cell receptor signaling. Normal plasma cells activate NF-kappaB in response to ligands in the bone marrow microenvironment, but their malignant counterpart, multiple myeloma, sustains a variety of genetic hits that stabilize the kinase NIK, leading to constitutive activation of the classical and alternative NF-kappaB pathways. Various oncogenic abnormalities in epithelial cancers, including mutant K-ras, engage unconventional IkappaB kinases to activate NF-kappaB. Inhibition of constitutive NF-kappaB signaling in each of these cancer types induces apoptosis, providing a rationale for the development of NF-kappaB pathway inhibitors for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis M Staudt
- Metabolism Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute/NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-8322, USA.
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64
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Gupta SC, Sundaram C, Reuter S, Aggarwal BB. Inhibiting NF-κB activation by small molecules as a therapeutic strategy. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2010; 1799:775-87. [PMID: 20493977 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2010.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 569] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Because nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is a ubiquitously expressed proinflammatory transcription factor that regulates the expression of over 500 genes involved in cellular transformation, survival, proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, metastasis, and inflammation, the NF-κB signaling pathway has become a potential target for pharmacological intervention. A wide variety of agents can activate NF-κB through canonical and noncanonical pathways. Canonical pathway involves various steps including the phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and degradation of the inhibitor of NF-κB (IκBα), which leads to the nuclear translocation of the p50-p65 subunits of NF-κB followed by p65 phosphorylation, acetylation and methylation, DNA binding, and gene transcription. Thus, agents that can inhibit protein kinases, protein phosphatases, proteasomes, ubiquitination, acetylation, methylation, and DNA binding steps have been identified as NF-κB inhibitors. Because of the critical role of NF-κB in cancer and various chronic diseases, numerous inhibitors of NF-κB have been identified. In this review, however, we describe only small molecules that suppress NF-κB activation, and the mechanism by which they block this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subash C Gupta
- Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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65
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Sun W, Yang J. Molecular basis of lysophosphatidic acid-induced NF-κB activation. Cell Signal 2010; 22:1799-803. [PMID: 20471472 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2010.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2010] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PKC, β-arrestin 2, CARMA3, BCL10, MALT1, TRAF6 and MEKK3 are signaling proteins that have a key role in G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)-mediated activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway in nonhematopoietic cells in response to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) stimulation. The PKC, β-arrestin 2, CARMA3-BCL10-MALT1-TRAF6 signalosome, and MEKK3 functions as a link between GPCR signaling and IKK-NF-κB activation. Here we briefly summarize recent progress in the understanding of the molecular and biological functions of these proteins in GPCR-mediated NF-κB activation in nonhematopoietic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Sun
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza-BCM320, 6621 Fannin St., MC 3-3320, Houston, TX 77030, United States
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66
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Shi R, Re D, Dudl E, Cuddy M, Okolotowicz KJ, Dahl R, Su Y, Hurder A, Kitada S, Peddibhotla S, Roth GP, Smith LH, Kipps TJ, Cosford N, Cashman J, Reed JC. Chemical biology strategy reveals pathway-selective inhibitor of NF-kappaB activation induced by protein kinase C. ACS Chem Biol 2010; 5:287-99. [PMID: 20141195 DOI: 10.1021/cb9003089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of NF-kappaB activity contributes to many autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. At least nine pathways for NF-kappaB activation have been identified, most of which converge on the IkappaB kinases (IKKs). Although IKKs represent logical targets for potential drug discovery, chemical inhibitors of IKKs suppress all known NF-kappaB activation pathways and thus lack the selectivity required for safe use. A unique NF-kappaB activation pathway is initiated by protein kinase C (PKC) that is stimulated by antigen receptors and many growth factor receptors. Using a cell-based high-throughput screening (HTS) assay and chemical biology strategy, we identified a 2-aminobenzimidazole compound, CID-2858522, which selectively inhibits the NF-kappaB pathway induced by PKC, operating downstream of PKC but upstream of IKKbeta, without inhibiting other NF-kappaB activation pathways. In human B cells stimulated through surface immunoglobulin, CID-2858522 inhibited NF-kappaB DNA-binding activity and expression of endogenous NF-kappaB-dependent target gene, TRAF1. Altogether, as a selective chemical inhibitor of the NF-kappaB pathway induced by PKC, CID-2858522 serves as a powerful research tool and may reveal new paths toward therapeutically useful NF-kappaB inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranxin Shi
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92037
| | - Daniel Re
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92037
| | - Eric Dudl
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92037
| | - Michael Cuddy
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92037
| | | | - Russell Dahl
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92037
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92037 and Lake Nona, Orlando, Florida 32819
| | - Ying Su
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92037
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92037 and Lake Nona, Orlando, Florida 32819
| | - Andrew Hurder
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92037
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92037 and Lake Nona, Orlando, Florida 32819
| | - Shinichi Kitada
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92037
| | | | - Gregory P. Roth
- Lake Nona, Orlando, Florida 32819
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92037 and Lake Nona, Orlando, Florida 32819
| | - Layton H. Smith
- Lake Nona, Orlando, Florida 32819
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92037 and Lake Nona, Orlando, Florida 32819
| | - Thomas J. Kipps
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Nicholas Cosford
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92037
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92037 and Lake Nona, Orlando, Florida 32819
| | - John Cashman
- Human Biomolecular Research Institute, San Diego, California 92121
| | - John C. Reed
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92037
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92037 and Lake Nona, Orlando, Florida 32819
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67
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Malt1 and cIAP2-Malt1 as effectors of NF-kappaB activation: kissing cousins or distant relatives? Cell Signal 2009; 22:9-22. [PMID: 19772915 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2009.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Malt1 is a multi-domain cytosolic signaling molecule that was originally identified as the target of recurrent translocations in a large fraction of MALT lymphomas. The product of this translocation is a chimeric protein in which the N-terminus is contributed by the apoptosis inhibitor, cIAP2, and the C-terminus is contributed by Malt1. Early studies suggested that Malt1 is an essential intermediate in antigen receptor activation of NF-kappaB, and that the juxtaposition of the cIAP2 N-terminus and the Malt1 C-terminus results in deregulation of Malt1 NF-kappaB stimulatory activity. Initial experimental data further suggested that the molecular mechanisms of Malt1- and cIAP-Malt1-mediated NF-kappaB activation were quite similar. However, a number of more recent studies of both Malt1 and cIAP2-Malt1 now reveal that these proteins influence NF-kappaB activation by multiple distinct mechanisms, several of which are non-overlapping. Currently available data suggest a revised model in which cIAP2-Malt1 induces NF-kappaB activation via a mechanism that depends equally on domains contributed by cIAP2 and Malt1, which confer spontaneous oligomerization activity, polyubiquitin binding, proteolytic activity, and association with and activation of TRAF2 and TRAF6 at several independent binding sites. By contrast, emerging data suggest that the wild-type Malt1 protein uniquely contributes to NF-kappaB activation primarily through the control of two proteolytic cleavage mechanisms. Firstly, Malt1 directly cleaves and inactivates A20, a negative regulator of the antigen receptor-to-NF-kappaB pathway. Secondly, Malt1 interacts with caspase-8, inducing caspase-8 cleavage of c-FLIP(L), initiating a pathway that contributes to activation of the I kappaB kinase (IKK) complex. Furthermore, data suggest that Malt1 plays a more limited and focused role in antigen receptor activation of NF-kappaB, serving to augment weak antigen signals and stimulate a defined subset of NF-kappaB dependent responses. Thus, the potent activation of NF-kappaB by cIAP2-Malt1 contrasts with the more subtle role of Malt1 in regulating specific NF-kappaB responses downstream of antigen receptor ligation.
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Abstract
The ubiquitin system is a network of proteins dedicated to the ubiquitylation of cellular targets and the subsequent control of numerous cellular functions. The deregulation of components of this elaborate network leads to human pathogenesis, including the development of many types of tumour. Alterations in the ubiquitin system that occur during the initiation and progression of cancer are now being uncovered, and this knowledge is starting to be exploited for both molecular diagnostics and the development of novel strategies to combat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Hoeller
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Innsbruck Medical University, Biocenter, Fritz-Pregl-Strasse 3, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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69
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Auto-ubiquitination-induced degradation of MALT1-API2 prevents BCL10 destabilization in t(11;18)(q21;q21)-positive MALT lymphoma. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4822. [PMID: 19279678 PMCID: PMC2652110 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2008] [Accepted: 02/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The translocation t(11;18)(q21;q21) is the most frequent chromosomal aberration associated with MALT lymphoma and results in constitutive NF-κB activity via the expression of an API2-MALT1 fusion protein. The properties of the reciprocal MALT1-API2 were never investigated as it was reported to be rarely transcribed. Principal Findings Our data indicate the presence of MALT1-API2 transcripts in the majority of t(11;18)(q21;q21)-positive MALT lymphomas. Based on the breakpoints in the MALT1 and API2 gene, the MALT1-API2 protein contains the death domain and one or both immunoglobulin-like domains of MALT1 (∼90% of cases) - mediating the possible interaction with BCL10 - fused to the RING domain of API2. Here we show that this RING domain enables MALT1-API2 to function as an E3 ubiquitin ligase for BCL10, inducing its ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation in vitro. Expression of MALT1-API2 transcripts in t(11;18)(q21;q21)-positive MALT lymphomas was however not associated with a reduction of BCL10 protein levels. Conclusion As we observed MALT1-API2 to be an efficient target of its own E3 ubiquitin ligase activity, our data suggest that this inherent instability of MALT1-API2 prevents its accumulation and renders a potential effect on MALT lymphoma development via destabilization of BCL10 unlikely.
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70
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TRAF2-binding BIR1 domain of c-IAP2/MALT1 fusion protein is essential for activation of NF-kappaB. Oncogene 2009; 28:1584-93. [PMID: 19234489 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2009.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Marginal zone mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) B-cell lymphoma is the most common extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The t(11;18)(q21;q21) translocation occurs frequently in MALT lymphomas and creates a chimeric NF-kappaB-activating protein containing the baculoviral IAP repeat (BIR) domains of c-IAP2 (inhibitor of apoptosis protein 2) fused with portions of the MALT1 protein. The BIR1 domain of c-IAP2 interacts directly with TRAF2 (TNFalpha-receptor-associated factor-2), but its role in NF-kappaB activation is still unclear. Here, we investigated the role of TRAF2 in c-IAP2/MALT1-induced NF-kappaB activation. We show the BIR1 domain of c-IAP2 is essential for NF-kappaB activation, whereas BIR2 and BIR3 domains are not. Studies of c-IAP2/MALT1 BIR1 mutant (E47A/R48A) that fails to activate NF-kappaB showed loss of TRAF2 binding, but retention of TRAF6 binding, suggesting that interaction of c-IAP2/MALT1 with TRAF6 is insufficient for NF-kappaB induction. In addition, a dominant-negative TRAF2 mutant or downregulation of TRAF2 achieved by small interfering RNA inhibited NF-kappaB activation by c-IAP2/MALT1 showing that TRAF2 is indispensable. Comparisons of the bioactivity of intact c-IAP2/MALT1 oncoprotein and BIR1 E47A/R48A c-IAP2/MALT1 mutant that cannot bind TRAF2 in a lymphoid cell line provided evidence that TRAF2 interaction is critical for c-IAP2/MALT1-mediated increases in the NF-kappaB activity, increased expression of endogenous NF-kappaB target genes (c-FLIP, TRAF1), and resistance to apoptosis.
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LaCasse EC, Mahoney DJ, Cheung HH, Plenchette S, Baird S, Korneluk RG. IAP-targeted therapies for cancer. Oncogene 2008; 27:6252-75. [PMID: 18931692 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2008.302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
DNA damage, chromosomal abnormalities, oncogene activation, viral infection, substrate detachment and hypoxia can all trigger apoptosis in normal cells. However, cancer cells acquire mutations that allow them to survive these threats that are part and parcel of the transformation process or that may affect the growth and dissemination of the tumor. Eventually, cancer cells accumulate further mutations that make them resistant to apoptosis mediated by standard cytotoxic chemotherapy or radiotherapy. The inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) family members, defined by the presence of a baculovirus IAP repeat (BIR) protein domain, are key regulators of cytokinesis, apoptosis and signal transduction. Specific IAPs regulate either cell division, caspase activity or survival pathways mediated through binding to their BIR domains, and/or through their ubiquitin-ligase RING domain activity. These protein-protein interactions and post-translational modifications are the subject of intense investigations that shed light on how these proteins contribute to oncogenesis and resistance to therapy. In the past several years, we have seen multiple approaches of IAP antagonism enter the clinic, and the rewards of such strategies are about to reap benefit. Significantly, small molecule pan-IAP antagonists that mimic an endogenous inhibitor of the IAPs, called Smac, have demonstrated an unexpected ability to sensitize cancer cells to tumor necrosis factor-alpha and to promote autocrine or paracrine production of this cytokine by the tumor cell and possibly, other cells too. This review will focus on these and other developmental therapeutics that target the IAPs in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C LaCasse
- Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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IAPs contain an evolutionarily conserved ubiquitin-binding domain that regulates NF-kappaB as well as cell survival and oncogenesis. Nat Cell Biol 2008; 10:1309-17. [PMID: 18931663 DOI: 10.1038/ncb1789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2008] [Accepted: 09/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The covalent attachment of ubiquitin to target proteins influences various cellular processes, including DNA repair, NF-kappaB signalling and cell survival. The most common mode of regulation by ubiquitin-conjugation involves specialized ubiquitin-binding proteins that bind to ubiquitylated proteins and link them to downstream biochemical processes. Unravelling how the ubiquitin-message is recognized is essential because aberrant ubiquitin-mediated signalling contributes to tumour formation. Recent evidence indicates that inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins are frequently overexpressed in cancer and their expression level is implicated in contributing to tumorigenesis, chemoresistance, disease progression and poor patient-survival. Here, we have identified an evolutionarily conserved ubiquitin-associated (UBA) domain in IAPs, which enables them to bind to Lys 63-linked polyubiquitin. We found that the UBA domain is essential for the oncogenic potential of cIAP1, to maintain endothelial cell survival and to protect cells from TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis. Moreover, the UBA domain is required for XIAP and cIAP2-MALT1 to activate NF-kappaB. Our data suggest that the UBA domain of cIAP2-MALT1 stimulates NF-kappaB signalling by binding to polyubiquitylated NEMO. Significantly, 98% of all cIAP2-MALT1 fusion proteins retain the UBA domain, suggesting that ubiquitin-binding contributes to the oncogenic potential of cIAP2-MALT1 in MALT lymphoma. Our data identify IAPs as ubiquitin-binding proteins that contribute to ubiquitin-mediated cell survival, NF-kappaB signalling and oncogenesis.
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Abstract
The activation of T cells is vital to the successful elimination of pathogens, but can also have a deleterious role in autoimmunity and transplant rejection. Various signalling pathways are triggered by the T-cell receptor; these have key roles in the control of the T-cell response and represent interesting targets for therapeutic immunomodulation. Recent findings define MALT1 (mucosa-associated-lymphoid-tissue lymphoma-translocation gene 1) as a protein with proteolytic activity that controls T-cell activation by regulating key molecules in T-cell-receptor-induced signalling pathways.
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In silico identification, molecular cloning and verification of a novel pig gene homologous to human BCL10of innate immunity and its preliminary expression profiles in pigs. YI CHUAN = HEREDITAS 2008; 30:747-54. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1005.2008.00747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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T cell antigen receptor stimulation induces MALT1 paracaspase-mediated cleavage of the NF-kappaB inhibitor A20. Nat Immunol 2008; 9:263-71. [PMID: 18223652 DOI: 10.1038/ni1561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 348] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2007] [Accepted: 01/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The paracaspase MALT1 mediates T cell antigen receptor-induced signaling to the transcription factor NF-kappaB and is indispensable for T cell activation and proliferation. Enhanced expression of MALT1 or aberrant expression of a fusion protein of the apoptosis inhibitor API2 and MALT1 has been linked to mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. Despite the presence of a caspase-like domain, MALT1 proteolytic activity has not yet been demonstrated. Here we show that T cell antigen receptor stimulation induced recruitment of the NF-kappaB inhibitor A20 into a complex of MALT1 and the adaptor protein Bcl-10, leading to MALT1-mediated processing of A20. API2-MALT1 expression likewise resulted in cleavage of A20. MALT1 cleaved human A20 after arginine 439 and impaired its NF-kappaB-inhibitory function. Our studies identify A20 as a substrate of MALT1 and emphasize the importance of MALT1 proteolytic activity in the 'fine tuning' of T cell antigen receptor signaling.
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