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Rigoldi F, Donini S, Redaelli A, Parisini E, Gautieri A. Review: Engineering of thermostable enzymes for industrial applications. APL Bioeng 2018; 2:011501. [PMID: 31069285 PMCID: PMC6481699 DOI: 10.1063/1.4997367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The catalytic properties of some selected enzymes have long been exploited to carry out efficient and cost-effective bioconversions in a multitude of research and industrial sectors, such as food, health, cosmetics, agriculture, chemistry, energy, and others. Nonetheless, for several applications, naturally occurring enzymes are not considered to be viable options owing to their limited stability in the required working conditions. Over the years, the quest for novel enzymes with actual potential for biotechnological applications has involved various complementary approaches such as mining enzyme variants from organisms living in extreme conditions (extremophiles), mimicking evolution in the laboratory to develop more stable enzyme variants, and more recently, using rational, computer-assisted enzyme engineering strategies. In this review, we provide an overview of the most relevant enzymes that are used for industrial applications and we discuss the strategies that are adopted to enhance enzyme stability and/or activity, along with some of the most relevant achievements. In all living species, many different enzymes catalyze fundamental chemical reactions with high substrate specificity and rate enhancements. Besides specificity, enzymes also possess many other favorable properties, such as, for instance, cost-effectiveness, good stability under mild pH and temperature conditions, generally low toxicity levels, and ease of termination of activity. As efficient natural biocatalysts, enzymes provide great opportunities to carry out important chemical reactions in several research and industrial settings, ranging from food to pharmaceutical, cosmetic, agricultural, and other crucial economic sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Rigoldi
- Biomolecular Engineering Lab, Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Stefano Donini
- Center for Nano Science and Technology at Polimi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via G. Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Alberto Redaelli
- Biomolecular Engineering Lab, Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Emilio Parisini
- Center for Nano Science and Technology at Polimi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via G. Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Alfonso Gautieri
- Biomolecular Engineering Lab, Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Ligaba-Osena A, Jones J, Donkor E, Chandrayan S, Pole F, Wu CH, Vieille C, Adams MWW, Hankoua BB. Novel Bioengineered Cassava Expressing an Archaeal Starch Degradation System and a Bacterial ADP-Glucose Pyrophosphorylase for Starch Self-Digestibility and Yield Increase. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:192. [PMID: 29541080 PMCID: PMC5836596 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
To address national and global low-carbon fuel targets, there is great interest in alternative plant species such as cassava (Manihot esculenta), which are high-yielding, resilient, and are easily converted to fuels using the existing technology. In this study the genes encoding hyperthermophilic archaeal starch-hydrolyzing enzymes, α-amylase and amylopullulanase from Pyrococcus furiosus and glucoamylase from Sulfolobus solfataricus, together with the gene encoding a modified ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (glgC) from Escherichia coli, were simultaneously expressed in cassava roots to enhance starch accumulation and its subsequent hydrolysis to sugar. A total of 13 multigene expressing transgenic lines were generated and characterized phenotypically and genotypically. Gene expression analysis using quantitative RT-PCR showed that the microbial genes are expressed in the transgenic roots. Multigene-expressing transgenic lines produced up to 60% more storage root yield than the non-transgenic control, likely due to glgC expression. Total protein extracted from the transgenic roots showed up to 10-fold higher starch-degrading activity in vitro than the protein extracted from the non-transgenic control. Interestingly, transgenic tubers released threefold more glucose than the non-transgenic control when incubated at 85°C for 21-h without exogenous application of thermostable enzymes, suggesting that the archaeal enzymes produced in planta maintain their activity and thermostability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayalew Ligaba-Osena
- College of Agriculture and Related Sciences, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, United States
| | - Jenna Jones
- College of Agriculture and Related Sciences, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, United States
| | - Emmanuel Donkor
- College of Agriculture and Related Sciences, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, United States
| | - Sanjeev Chandrayan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Farris Pole
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Chang-Hao Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Claire Vieille
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Michael W. W. Adams
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Bertrand B. Hankoua
- College of Agriculture and Related Sciences, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, United States
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Rezaul Kar KM, Husaini A, Tasnim T. Production and Characterization of Crude Glucoamylase from Newly Isolated Aspergillus flavus NSH9 in Liquid Culture. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.3923/ajbmb.2017.118.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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54
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Towards a sustainable biobased industry - Highlighting the impact of extremophiles. N Biotechnol 2017; 40:144-153. [PMID: 28512003 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The transition of the oil-based economy towards a sustainable economy completely relying on biomass as renewable feedstock requires the concerted action of academia, industry, politics and civil society. An interdisciplinary approach of various fields such as microbiology, molecular biology, chemistry, genetics, chemical engineering and agriculture in addition to cross-sectional technologies such as economy, logistics and digitalization is necessary to meet the future global challenges. The genomic era has contributed significantly to the exploitation of naturés biodiversity also from extreme habitats. By applying modern technologies it is now feasible to deliver robust enzymes (extremozymes) and robust microbial systems that are active at temperatures up to 120°C, at pH 0 and 12 and at 1000bar. In the post-genomic era, different sophisticated "omics" analyses will allow the identification of countless novel enzymes regardless of the lack of cultivability of most microorganisms. Furthermore, elaborate protein-engineering methods are clearing the way towards tailor-made robust biocatalysts. Applying environmentally friendly and efficient biological processes, terrestrial and marine biomass can be converted to high value products e.g. chemicals, building blocks, biomaterials, pharmaceuticals, food, feed and biofuels. Thus, further application of extremophiles has the potential to improve sustainability of existing biotechnological processes towards a greener biobased industry.
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Carrasco M, Alcaíno J, Cifuentes V, Baeza M. Purification and characterization of a novel cold adapted fungal glucoamylase. Microb Cell Fact 2017; 16:75. [PMID: 28464820 PMCID: PMC5414198 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-017-0693-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Amylases are used in various industrial processes and a key requirement for the efficiency of these processes is the use of enzymes with high catalytic activity at ambient temperature. Unfortunately, most amylases isolated from bacteria and filamentous fungi have optimal activity above 45 °C and low pH. For example, the most commonly used industrial glucoamylases, a type of amylase that degrades starch to glucose, are produced by Aspergillus strains displaying optimal activities at 45–60 °C. Thus, isolating new amylases with optimal activity at ambient temperature is essential for improving industrial processes. In this report, a glucoamylase secreted by the cold-adapted yeast Tetracladium sp. was isolated and biochemically characterized. Results The effects of physicochemical parameters on enzyme activity were analyzed, and pH and temperature were found to be key factors modulating the glucoamylase activity. The optimal conditions for enzyme activity were 30 °C and pH 6.0, and the Km and kcat using soluble starch as substrate were 4.5 g/L and 45 min−1, respectively. Possible amylase or glucoamylase encoding genes were identified, and their transcript levels using glucose or soluble starch as the sole carbon source were analyzed. Transcription levels were highest in medium supplemented with soluble starch for the potential glucoamylase encoding gene. Comparison of the structural model of the identified Tetracladium sp. glucoamylase with the solved structure of the Hypocrea jecorina glucoamylase revealed unique structural features that may explain the thermal lability of the glucoamylase from Tetracladium sp. Conclusion The glucoamylase secreted by Tetracladium sp. is a novel cold-adapted enzyme and its properties should render this enzyme suitable for use in industrial processes that require cold-active amylases, such as biofuel production. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-017-0693-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Carrasco
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 342, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jennifer Alcaíno
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 342, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile
| | - Víctor Cifuentes
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 342, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcelo Baeza
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 342, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile.
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Development of a method for efficient cost-effective screening of Aspergillus niger mutants having increased production of glucoamylase. Biotechnol Lett 2017; 39:739-744. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-017-2291-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Ayodeji AO, Bamidele OS, Kolawole AO, Ajele JO. Physicochemical and kinetic properties of a high salt tolerant Aspergillus flavus glucoamylase. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Sakaguchi M, Matsushima Y, Nagamine Y, Matsuhashi T, Honda S, Okuda S, Ohno M, Sugahara Y, Shin Y, Oyama F, Kawakita M. Functional dissection of the N-terminal sequence of Clostridium sp. G0005 glucoamylase: identification of components critical for folding the catalytic domain and for constructing the active site structure. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 101:2415-2425. [PMID: 27942757 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-8024-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium sp. G0005 glucoamylase (CGA) is composed of a β-sandwich domain (BD), a linker, and a catalytic domain (CD). In the present study, CGA was expressed in Escherichia coli as inclusion bodies when the N-terminal region (39 amino acid residues) of the BD was truncated. To further elucidate the role of the N-terminal region of the BD, we constructed N-terminally truncated proteins (Δ19, Δ24, Δ29, and Δ34) and assessed their solubility and activity. Although all evaluated proteins were soluble, their hydrolytic activities toward maltotriose as a substrate varied: Δ19 and Δ24 were almost as active as CGA, but the activity of Δ29 was substantially lower, and Δ34 exhibited little hydrolytic activity. Subsequent truncation analysis of the N-terminal region sequence between residues 25 and 28 revealed that truncation of less than 26 residues did not affect CGA activity, whereas truncation of 26 or more residues resulted in a substantial loss of activity. Based on further site-directed mutagenesis and N-terminal sequence analysis, we concluded that the 26XaaXaaTrp28 sequence of CGA is important in exhibiting CGA activity. These results suggest that the N-terminal region of the BD in bacterial GAs may function not only in folding the protein into the correct structure but also in constructing a competent active site for catalyzing the hydrolytic reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Sakaguchi
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, 2,665-1 Nakano-cho, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0015, Japan.
| | - Yudai Matsushima
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, 2,665-1 Nakano-cho, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0015, Japan
| | - Yusuke Nagamine
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, 2,665-1 Nakano-cho, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0015, Japan
| | - Tomoki Matsuhashi
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, 2,665-1 Nakano-cho, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0015, Japan
| | - Shotaro Honda
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, 2,665-1 Nakano-cho, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0015, Japan
| | - Shoi Okuda
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, 2,665-1 Nakano-cho, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0015, Japan
| | - Misa Ohno
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, 2,665-1 Nakano-cho, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0015, Japan
| | - Yasusato Sugahara
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, 2,665-1 Nakano-cho, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0015, Japan
| | - Yongchol Shin
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, 2,665-1 Nakano-cho, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0015, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Oyama
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, 2,665-1 Nakano-cho, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0015, Japan
| | - Masao Kawakita
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, 2,665-1 Nakano-cho, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0015, Japan
- Stem Cell Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kami-kitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
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Heterologous, Expression, and Characterization of Thermostable Glucoamylase Derived from Aspergillus flavus NSH9 in Pichia pastoris. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:5962028. [PMID: 27504454 PMCID: PMC4967687 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5962028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A novel thermostable glucoamylase cDNA without starch binding domain (SBD) of Aspergillus flavus NSH9 was successfully identified, isolated, and overexpressed in Pichia pastoris GS115. The complete open reading frame of glucoamylase from Aspergillus flavus NSH9 was identified by employing PCR that encodes 493 amino acids lacking in the SBD. The first 17 amino acids were presumed to be a signal peptide. The cDNA was cloned into Pichia pastoris and the highest expression of recombinant glucoamylase (rGA) was observed after 8 days of incubation period with 1% methanol. The molecular weight of the purified rGA was about 78 kDa and exhibited optimum catalytic activity at pH 5.0 and temperature of 70°C. The enzyme was stable at higher temperature with 50% of residual activity observed after 20 min at 90°C and 100°C. Low concentration of metal (Mg++, Fe++, Zn++, Cu++, and Pb++) had positive effect on rGA activity. This rGA has the potential for use and application in the saccharification steps, due to its thermostability, in the starch processing industries.
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Izmirlioglu G, Demirci A. Strain selection and medium optimization for glucoamylase production from industrial potato waste by Aspergillus niger. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2016; 96:2788-2795. [PMID: 26333342 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucoamylase is one of the most common enzymes used in the food industry to break down starch into its monomers. Glucoamylase production and its activity are highly dependent on medium composition. Starch is well known as a glucoamylase inducer, and utilization of industrial starchy potato waste is an inexpensive way of improving glucoamylase production. Since glucoamylase production is highly dependent on medium composition, in this study medium optimization for glucoamylase production was considered to enhance glucoamylase activity. RESULTS Among the evaluated microbial species, Aspergillus niger van Tieghem was found to be the best glucoamylase-producing fungus. The Plackett-Burman design was used to screen various medium ingredients, and malt extract, FeSO4 .7H2 O and CaCl2 ·2H2 O were found to have significant effects on glucoamylase production. Finally, malt extract, FeSO4 .7H2 O and CaCl2 .2H2 O were optimized by using a central composite design of response surface methodology. The results showed that the optimal medium composition for A. niger van Tieghem was 50 g L(-1) industrial waste potato mash supplemented with 51.82 g L(-1) malt extract, 9.27 g L(-1) CaCl2 ·2H2 O and 0.50 g L(-1) FeSO4 .7H2 O. CONCLUSION At the end of optimization, glucoamylase activity and glucose production were improved 126% and 98% compared to only industrial waste potato mash basal medium; 274.4 U mL(-1) glucoamylase activity and 41.7 g L(-1) glucose levels were achieved, respectively. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulten Izmirlioglu
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Ali Demirci
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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61
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Maicas S, Caminero A, Martínez JP, Sentandreu R, Valentín E. The GCA1 gene encodes a glycosidase-like protein in the cell wall of Candida albicans. FEMS Yeast Res 2016; 16:fow032. [PMID: 27189368 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fow032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans Gca1p is a putative glucoamylase enzyme which contains 946 amino acids, 11 putative sites for N-glycosylation and 9 for O-glycosylation. Gca1p was identified in β-mercaptoethanol extracts from isolated cell walls of strain C. albicans SC5314 and it is involved in carbohydrate metabolism. The significance and the role of this protein within the cell wall structure were studied in the corresponding mutants. The homozygous mutant showed that GCA1 was not an essential gene for cell viability. Subsequent phenotypic analysis performed in the mutants obtained did not show significant difference in the behavior of mutant when compared with the wild strain SC5314. Zymoliase, Calcofluor White, Congo red, SDS, caffeine or inorganic compounds did not affect the integrity of the cell wall. No differences were observed when hyphal formation assays were carried out. However, an enzyme assay in the presence of substrate p-nitrophenyl-α-D-glucopyranoside enabled us to detect a significant decrease in glycosidase activity in the mutants compared with the parental strain, revealing the function of Gca1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Maicas
- Departament de Microbiologia i Ecologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de València, 46100-E, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Antonio Caminero
- Departament de Microbiologia i Ecologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, 46100-E, Burjassot, Spain
| | - José Pedro Martínez
- Departament de Microbiologia i Ecologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, 46100-E, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Rafael Sentandreu
- Departament de Microbiologia i Ecologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, 46100-E, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Eulogio Valentín
- Departament de Microbiologia i Ecologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, 46100-E, Burjassot, Spain
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Lan T, Zhang J, Lu Y. Transforming the blood glucose meter into a general healthcare meter for in vitro diagnostics in mobile health. Biotechnol Adv 2016; 34:331-41. [PMID: 26946282 PMCID: PMC4833671 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in mobile network and smartphones have provided an enormous opportunity for transforming in vitro diagnostics (IVD) from central labs to home or other points of care (POC). A major challenge to achieving the goal is a long time and high costs associated with developing POC IVD devices in mobile Health (mHealth). Instead of developing a new POC device for every new IVD target, we and others are taking advantage of decades of research, development, engineering and continuous improvement of the blood glucose meter (BGM), including those already integrated with smartphones, and transforming the BGM into a general healthcare meter for POC IVDs of a wide range of biomarkers, therapeutic drugs and other analytical targets. In this review, we summarize methods to transduce and amplify selective binding of targets by antibodies, DNA/RNA aptamers, DNAzyme/ribozymes and protein enzymes into signals such as glucose or NADH that can be measured by commercially available BGM, making it possible to adapt many clinical assays performed in central labs, such as immunoassays, aptamer/DNAzyme assays, molecular diagnostic assays, and enzymatic activity assays onto BGM platform for quantification of non-glucose targets for a wide variety of IVDs in mHealth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Lan
- GlucoSentient, Inc., 60 Hazelwood Drive, Champaign, IL 61820, USA.
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 601 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 601 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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63
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Tian ML, Fang T, Du MY, Zhang FS. Effects of Pulsed Electric Field (PEF) Treatment on Enhancing Activity and Conformation of α-Amylase. Protein J 2016; 35:154-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s10930-016-9649-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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64
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Jang SW, Kim JS, Park JB, Jung JH, Park CS, Shin WC, Ha SJ. Characterization of the starch degradation activity from newly isolated Rhizopus oryzae WCS-1 and mixed cultures with Saccharomyces cerevisiae for efficient ethanol production from starch. Food Sci Biotechnol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-015-0235-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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65
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Toeroek C, Cserjan-Puschmann M, Bayer K, Striedner G. Fed-batch like cultivation in a micro-bioreactor: screening conditions relevant for Escherichia coli based production processes. SPRINGERPLUS 2015; 4:490. [PMID: 26380166 PMCID: PMC4567571 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-1313-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Recombinant protein production processes in Escherichia coli are usually operated in fed-batch mode; therefore, the elaboration of a fed-batch cultivation protocol in microtiter plates that allows for screening under production like conditions is particularly appealing. Results A highly reproducible fed-batch like microtiter plate cultivation protocol for E. coli in a micro-bioreactor system with advanced online monitoring capabilities was developed. A synthetic enzymatic glucose release medium was employed to provide carbon limited growth conditions without external substrate feed and the required buffer capacity to keep the pH value within 7 ± 1. Accurate process design allowed for cultivation up to cell densities of 10 g biomass l−1 without any limitations in oxygen supply [dissolved oxygen (DO) level above 30 %]. In the micro-bioreactor system (BioLector) online monitoring of cell growth, DO and pH was performed. Furthermore, the influence of the cultivation temperature, the applicability for different host strains as well as the transferability of results to lab-scale bioreactor cultivations was evaluated. Conclusion This robust microtiter plate cultivation protocol allows for screening of E. coli systems under conditions comparable to lab-scale bioreactor cultivations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csilla Toeroek
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Muthgasse 11, Vienna, 1190 Austria
| | - Monika Cserjan-Puschmann
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Muthgasse 11, Vienna, 1190 Austria.,Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Karl Bayer
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerald Striedner
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Muthgasse 11, Vienna, 1190 Austria.,Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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Yu HY, Li X. Characterization of an organic solvent-tolerant thermostable glucoamylase from a halophilic isolate, Halolactibacillus sp. SK71 and its application in raw starch hydrolysis for bioethanol production. Biotechnol Prog 2014; 30:1262-8. [PMID: 25138675 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A halophilic bacterium Halolactibacillus sp. SK71 producing extracellular glucoamylase was isolated from saline soil of Yuncheng Salt Lake, China. Enzyme production was strongly influenced by the salinity of growth medium with maximum in the presence of 5% NaCl. The glucoamylase was purified to homogeneity with a molecular mass of 78.5 kDa. It showed broad substrate specificity and raw starch hydrolyzing activity. Analysis of hydrolysis products from soluble starch by thin-layer chromatography revealed that glucose was the sole end-product, indicating the enzyme was a true glucoamylase. Optimal enzyme activity was found to be at 70°C, pH 8.0, and 7.5% NaCl. In addition, it was highly active and stable over broad ranges of temperature (0-100°C), pH (7.0-12.0), and NaCl concentration (0-20%), showing excellent thermostable, alkali stable, and halotolerant properties. Furthermore, it displayed high stability in the presence of hydrophobic organic solvents. The purified glucoamylase was applied for raw corn starch hydrolysis and subsequent bioethanol production using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The yield in terms of grams of ethanol produced per gram of sugar consumed was 0.365 g/g, with 71.6% of theoretical yield from raw corn starch. This study demonstrated the feasibility of using enzymes from halophiles for further application in bioenergy production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ying Yu
- Life Science College, Yuncheng University, 1155 Fudan West Street, Yuncheng, 044000, Shanxi, China
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68
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Hiteshi K, Gupta R. Thermal adaptation of α-amylases: a review. Extremophiles 2014; 18:937-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s00792-014-0674-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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69
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Elleuche S, Schröder C, Sahm K, Antranikian G. Extremozymes--biocatalysts with unique properties from extremophilic microorganisms. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2014; 29:116-23. [PMID: 24780224 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Extremozymes are enzymes derived from extremophilic microorganisms that are able to withstand harsh conditions in industrial processes that were long thought to be destructive to proteins. Heat-stable and solvent-tolerant biocatalysts are valuable tools for processes in which for example hardly decomposable polymers need to be liquefied and degraded, while cold-active enzymes are of relevance for food and detergent industries. Extremophilic microorganisms are a rich source of naturally tailored enzymes, which are more superior over their mesophilic counterparts for applications at extreme conditions. Especially lignocellulolytic, amylolytic, and other biomass processing extremozymes with unique properties are widely distributed in thermophilic prokaryotes and are of high potential for versatile industrial processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skander Elleuche
- Institute of Technical Microbiology, Hamburg University of Technology (TUHH), Kasernenstr. 12, D-21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Carola Schröder
- Institute of Technical Microbiology, Hamburg University of Technology (TUHH), Kasernenstr. 12, D-21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Sahm
- Institute of Technical Microbiology, Hamburg University of Technology (TUHH), Kasernenstr. 12, D-21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Garabed Antranikian
- Institute of Technical Microbiology, Hamburg University of Technology (TUHH), Kasernenstr. 12, D-21073 Hamburg, Germany.
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70
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Toyotome T, Satoh M, Yahiro M, Watanabe A, Nomura F, Kamei K. Glucoamylase is a major allergen ofSchizophyllum commune. Clin Exp Allergy 2014; 44:450-7. [DOI: 10.1111/cea.12260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Toyotome
- Division of Clinical Research; Medical Mycology Research Center; Chiba University; Chiba Japan
- Research Center for Animal Hygiene and Food Safety; Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine; Hokkaido Japan
| | - M. Satoh
- Clinical Proteomics Research Center; Chiba University Hospital; Chiba Japan
| | - M. Yahiro
- Division of Clinical Research; Medical Mycology Research Center; Chiba University; Chiba Japan
| | - A. Watanabe
- Division of Clinical Research; Medical Mycology Research Center; Chiba University; Chiba Japan
- Division of Control and Treatment of Infectious Diseases; Chiba University Hospital; Chiba Japan
| | - F. Nomura
- Clinical Proteomics Research Center; Chiba University Hospital; Chiba Japan
- Department of Molecular Diagnosis; Graduate School of Medicine; Chiba University; Chiba Japan
| | - K. Kamei
- Division of Clinical Research; Medical Mycology Research Center; Chiba University; Chiba Japan
- Division of Control and Treatment of Infectious Diseases; Chiba University Hospital; Chiba Japan
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Sakaguchi M, Matsushima Y, Nankumo T, Seino J, Miyakawa S, Honda S, Sugahara Y, Oyama F, Kawakita M. Glucoamylase of Caulobacter crescentus CB15: cloning and expression in Escherichia coli and functional identification. AMB Express 2014; 4:5. [PMID: 24468405 PMCID: PMC3917699 DOI: 10.1186/2191-0855-4-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The biochemical properties of the maltodextrin-hydrolyzing enzymes of cold-tolerant proteobacterium Caulobacter crescentus CB15 remain to be elucidated, although whose maltodextrin transport systems were well investigated. We cloned the putative glucoamylase of C. crescentus CB15 (CauloGA) gene. The CauloGA gene product that was expressed in E. coli was prone to forming inclusion bodies; however, most of the gene product was expressed in a soluble and active form when it was expressed as a fusion protein with Staphylococcus Protein A. The fusion protein was purified using an IgG Sepharose column and was identified as the active GA. The optimum temperature and pH for the activity of this GA toward maltotriose as a substrate were approximately 40°C and 5.0, respectively, and a differential scanning fluorimetry (DSF) analysis revealed that the melting temperature (Tm) of CauloGA was 42.9°C. The kinetic analyses with maltotriose and other maltodextrins as the substrates indicated that CauloGA has higher kcat and smaller Km values at 30°C with both substrates compared with other GAs at lower substrate concentration. However, the enzyme activities toward the substrates decreased as the substrate concentrations increased at concentrations higher than approximately 10-fold the Km. The function-based identification of thermolabile Caulobacter GA contributes to the understanding of the maltodextrin-degradation system of C. crescentus as well as the bacterial GA’s function-structure relationship.
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Liu Y, Li QS, Zhu HL, Meng ZL, Xiang HY, Xie QH. Purification and characterization of two thermostable glucoamylases produced from Aspergillus niger B-30. Chem Res Chin Univ 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-013-3074-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Li Z, Wei P, Cheng H, He P, Wang Q, Jiang N. Functional role of β domain in the Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis glucoamylase. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 98:2091-9. [PMID: 23852641 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5051-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis MB4 glucoamylase (TteGA) contains a catalytic domain (CD), which is structurally similar to eukaryotic GA, and a β domain (BD) with ambiguous function. Firstly, BD is found to be essential to TteGA activity because CD alone could not hydrolyze soluble starch. However, starch hydrolysis activity, similar to that of intact TteGA, was restored to CD in the presence of BD. Secondly, BD is found to be an important helper in the correct folding of CD because CD was mainly expressed in the inclusion bodies on its own in Escherichia coli. By contrast, intact TteGA, BD, and CD combined with BD could be expressed as soluble proteins. Additionally, BD is essential to the thermostability of TteGA because CD displayed lower thermostability compared with the intact TteGA and exhibited enhanced thermostability in the presence of BD in vitro. Truncation of TteGA or mutagenesis of the residues that participate in the interdomain interaction at its BD also led to the reduced thermostability of TteGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilong Li
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China
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74
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Benassi VM, Pasin TM, Facchini FDA, Jorge JA, Teixeira de Moraes Polizeli MDL. A novel glucoamylase activated by manganese and calcium produced in submerged fermentation by Aspergillus phoenicis. J Basic Microbiol 2013; 54:333-9. [PMID: 23681744 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201200515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the production of glucoamylase from Aspergillus phoenicis in Machado Benassi (MB) medium using 1% maltose as carbon source. The maximum amylase activity was observed after four days of cultivation, on static conditions at 30 °C. Glucoamylase production was induced by maltose and inhibited by different glucose concentrations. The optimum of temperature and pH were 60-65 °C, and 4.5 or 5.0 to sodium acetate and Mcllvaine buffers, respectively. It was observed that the enzyme was totally stable at 30-65 °C for 1 h, and the pH range was 3.0-6.0. The enzyme was mainly activated by manganese (176%), and calcium (130%) ions. The products of starch hydrolysis were analyzed by thin layer chromatography and after 3 h, only glucose was detected, characterizing the amylolytic activity as a glucoamylase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Machado Benassi
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Kwon MJ, Jørgensen TR, Nitsche BM, Arentshorst M, Park J, Ram AFJ, Meyer V. The transcriptomic fingerprint of glucoamylase over-expression in Aspergillus niger. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:701. [PMID: 23237452 PMCID: PMC3554566 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Filamentous fungi such as Aspergillus niger are well known for their exceptionally high capacity for secretion of proteins, organic acids, and secondary metabolites and they are therefore used in biotechnology as versatile microbial production platforms. However, system-wide insights into their metabolic and secretory capacities are sparse and rational strain improvement approaches are therefore limited. In order to gain a genome-wide view on the transcriptional regulation of the protein secretory pathway of A. niger, we investigated the transcriptome of A. niger when it was forced to overexpression the glaA gene (encoding glucoamylase, GlaA) and secrete GlaA to high level. Results An A. niger wild-type strain and a GlaA over-expressing strain, containing multiple copies of the glaA gene, were cultivated under maltose-limited chemostat conditions (specific growth rate 0.1 h-1). Elevated glaA mRNA and extracellular GlaA levels in the over-expressing strain were accompanied by elevated transcript levels from 772 genes and lowered transcript levels from 815 genes when compared to the wild-type strain. Using GO term enrichment analysis, four higher-order categories were identified in the up-regulated gene set: i) endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane translocation, ii) protein glycosylation, iii) vesicle transport, and iv) ion homeostasis. Among these, about 130 genes had predicted functions for the passage of proteins through the ER and those genes included target genes of the HacA transcription factor that mediates the unfolded protein response (UPR), e.g. bipA, clxA, prpA, tigA and pdiA. In order to identify those genes that are important for high-level secretion of proteins by A. niger, we compared the transcriptome of the GlaA overexpression strain of A. niger with six other relevant transcriptomes of A. niger. Overall, 40 genes were found to have either elevated (from 36 genes) or lowered (from 4 genes) transcript levels under all conditions that were examined, thus defining the core set of genes important for ensuring high protein traffic through the secretory pathway. Conclusion We have defined the A. niger genes that respond to elevated secretion of GlaA and, furthermore, we have defined a core set of genes that appear to be involved more generally in the intensified traffic of proteins through the secretory pathway of A. niger. The consistent up-regulation of a gene encoding the acetyl-coenzyme A transporter suggests a possible role for transient acetylation to ensure correct folding of secreted proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jin Kwon
- Department Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Andrioli WJ, Silva TM, da Silva VB, Damásio AR, Maller A, Conti R, Jorge JA, Araújo JM, Silva CH, Pupo MT, Polizeli ML, Bastos JK. The fungal metabolite eugenitin as additive for Aspergillus niveus glucoamylase activation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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78
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Fatima B, Ali S. Kinetics of improved 1,4-alpha-D-glucan glucohydrolase biosynthesis from a newly isolated Aspergillus oryzae IIB-6 and parameter significance analysis by 2-factorial design. SPRINGERPLUS 2012; 1:32. [PMID: 23961361 PMCID: PMC3725902 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-1-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Sixteen different mould cultures viz. Aspergillus, Alternaria, Arthroderma, Trichoderma, Fusarium, Penicillium, Rhizopus and Chochliobolus were isolated from the soil samples of Qatar by serial dilution method. The preliminary screening of isolates was done by selecting initial colonies showing relatively bigger zones of starch hydrolysis on nutrient agar plates. The isolates were then subjected to secondary screening by submerged fermentation (SmF). The 1,4-α-D-glucan glucohydrolase (GGH) activity ranged from 1.906-12.675 U/ml/min. The product yield was analysed in dependence of mycelial morphology, biomass level and protein content. The isolate Aspergillus oryzae llB-6 which gave maximum enzyme production was incubated in M3 medium containing 20 g/l starch, 10 g/l lactose, 8.5 g/l yeast extract, 6 g/l corn steep liquor (CSL), 1.2 g/l MgSO4.7H2O, 1.3 g/l NH4Cl, 0.6 g/l CaCl2.2H2O, pH 5 at 30±2°C and 200 rpm. On the basis of kinetic variables, notably Qp (0.058±0.01a U/g/h), Yp/s (0.308±0.03ab U/g) and qp (0.210±0.032abc U/g fungal biomass/h), A. oryzae IIB-6 was found to be a hyper producer of GGH (LSD 0.0345) compared to A. kawachii IIB-2. A noticeable enhancement in enzyme activity of over 30% was observed (13.917±1.01 U/ml/min) when the process parameters viz. cultural conditions (pH 5, incubation period 72 h) and nutritional requirements (6 g/l CSL, 9.5 g/l yeast extract, 10 g/l starch, 20 g/l lactose) were further optimized using a 2-factorial Plackett-Burman design. The model terms were found to be highly significant (HS, p≤0.05), indicating the potential utility of the culture (dof~3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilqees Fatima
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology (IIB), GC University Lahore, H.30, St.7, Tezab Ahata, Lahore-39, Pakistan
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Cuyvers S, Dornez E, Delcour JA, Courtin CM. Occurrence and functional significance of secondary carbohydrate binding sites in glycoside hydrolases. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2011; 32:93-107. [DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2011.561537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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80
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SATO T, FUKUDA T, MORITA H. Glucoamylse Production in Submerged Co-Culture System of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Rhizopus cohnii. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.11301/jsfe.12.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro SATO
- Graduate School of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu
| | | | - Hiroshi MORITA
- Graduate School of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu
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Glucoamylases: structural and biotechnological aspects. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 89:1267-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-3034-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Revised: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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82
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Marín-Navarro J, Gurgu L, Alamar S, Polaina J. Structural and functional analysis of hybrid enzymes generated by domain shuffling between Saccharomyces cerevisiae (var. diastaticus) Sta1 glucoamylase and Saccharomycopsis fibuligera Bgl1 β-glucosidase. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 89:121-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2845-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Revised: 08/11/2010] [Accepted: 08/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Jami MS, García-Estrada C, Barreiro C, Cuadrado AA, Salehi-Najafabadi Z, Martín JF. The Penicillium chrysogenum extracellular proteome. Conversion from a food-rotting strain to a versatile cell factory for white biotechnology. Mol Cell Proteomics 2010; 9:2729-44. [PMID: 20823121 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m110.001412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The filamentous fungus Penicillium chrysogenum is well-known by its ability to synthesize β-lactam antibiotics as well as other secondary metabolites. Like other filamentous fungi, this microorganism is an excellent host for secretion of extracellular proteins because of the high capacity of its protein secretion machinery. In this work, we have characterized the extracellular proteome reference map of P. chrysogenum Wisconsin 54-1255 by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. This method allowed the correct identification of 279 spots by peptide mass fingerprinting and tandem MS. These 279 spots included 328 correctly identified proteins, which corresponded to 131 different proteins and their isoforms. One hundred and two proteins out of 131 were predicted to contain either classical or nonclassical secretion signal peptide sequences, providing evidence of the authentic extracellular location of these proteins. Proteins with higher representation in the extracellular proteome were those involved in plant cell wall degradation (polygalacturonase, pectate lyase, and glucan 1,3-β-glucosidase), utilization of nutrients (extracellular acid phosphatases and 6-hydroxy-d-nicotine oxidase), and stress response (catalase R). This filamentous fungus also secretes enzymes specially relevant for food industry, such as sulfydryl oxidase, dihydroxy-acid dehydratase, or glucoamylase. The identification of several antigens in the extracellular proteome also highlights the importance of this microorganism as one of the main indoor allergens. Comparison of the extracellular proteome among three strains of P. chrysogenum, the wild-type NRRL 1951, the Wis 54-1255 (an improved, moderate penicillin producer), and the AS-P-78 (a penicillin high-producer), provided important insights to consider improved strains of this filamentous fungus as versatile cell-factories of interest, beyond antibiotic production, for other aspects of white biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad-Saeid Jami
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
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