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Sanders SS, Martin DDO, Butland SL, Lavallée-Adam M, Calzolari D, Kay C, Yates JR, Hayden MR. Curation of the Mammalian Palmitoylome Indicates a Pivotal Role for Palmitoylation in Diseases and Disorders of the Nervous System and Cancers. PLoS Comput Biol 2015; 11:e1004405. [PMID: 26275289 PMCID: PMC4537140 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Palmitoylation involves the reversible posttranslational addition of palmitate to cysteines and promotes membrane binding and subcellular localization. Recent advancements in the detection and identification of palmitoylated proteins have led to multiple palmitoylation proteomics studies but these datasets are contained within large supplemental tables, making downstream analysis and data mining time-consuming and difficult. Consequently, we curated the data from 15 palmitoylation proteomics studies into one compendium containing 1,838 genes encoding palmitoylated proteins; representing approximately 10% of the genome. Enrichment analysis revealed highly significant enrichments for Gene Ontology biological processes, pathway maps, and process networks related to the nervous system. Strikingly, 41% of synaptic genes encode a palmitoylated protein in the compendium. The top disease associations included cancers and diseases and disorders of the nervous system, with Schizophrenia, HD, and pancreatic ductal carcinoma among the top five, suggesting that aberrant palmitoylation may play a pivotal role in the balance of cell death and survival. This compendium provides a much-needed resource for cell biologists and the palmitoylation field, providing new perspectives for cancer and neurodegeneration. Protein localization is essential for mediating protein function within the cellular context. Mislocalization of proteins can offset cellular balance, influencing whether a cell lives or dies. Many proteins are directed to cellular membranes through the addition of fats, or lipidation. In particular, palmitoylation involves the reversible addition of the fatty acid palmitate to cysteines. Its reversibility makes it a unique form of lipidation allowing its dynamic regulation. Recent advancements in fast, sensitive, non-radioactive methods to detect palmitoylation have led to an explosion in the identification of palmitoylated proteins through proteomics studies. However, the data is hidden in large supplemental tables in various formats. Thus, we curated a list of palmitoylated proteins revealing that approximately 10 percent of the human genome encodes for a proteoform that is palmitoylated. Computational analysis confirmed that palmitoylation is involved in protein localization and indicated a new role in metabolism. Importantly, we found that palmitoylation was enriched at neuronal synapses and in disorders of the nervous system, including Schizophrenia and Huntington disease. Interestingly, palmitoylation was equally enriched in cancers. Consequently, we suggest that palmitoylation plays a critical role in cell fate and our compendium provides a plethora of targets for neurodegeneration and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun S. Sanders
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Department of Medical Genetics, Child & Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Dale D. O. Martin
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Department of Medical Genetics, Child & Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Stefanie L. Butland
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Department of Medical Genetics, Child & Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mathieu Lavallée-Adam
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Diego Calzolari
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Chris Kay
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Department of Medical Genetics, Child & Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - John R. Yates
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Michael R. Hayden
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Department of Medical Genetics, Child & Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Albisetti A, Wiese S, Schneider A, Niemann M. A component of the mitochondrial outer membrane proteome of T. brucei probably contains covalent bound fatty acids. Exp Parasitol 2015; 155:49-57. [PMID: 25982029 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A subclass of eukaryotic proteins is subject to modification with fatty acids, the most common of which are palmitic and myristic acid. Protein acylation allows association with cellular membranes in the absence of transmembrane domains. Here we examine POMP39, a protein previously described to be present in the outer mitochondrial membrane proteome (POMP) of the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei. POMP39 lacks canonical transmembrane domains, but is likely both myristoylated and palmitoylated on its N-terminus. Interestingly, the protein is also dually localized on the surface of the mitochondrion as well as in the flagellum of both insect-stage and the bloodstream form of the parasites. Upon abolishing of global protein acylation or mutation of the myristoylation site, POMP39 relocates to the cytosol. RNAi-mediated ablation of the protein neither causes a growth phenotype in insect-stage nor bloodstream form trypanosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Albisetti
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Wiese
- Core Unit Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Medical Faculty, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - André Schneider
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - Moritz Niemann
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, Bern 3012, Switzerland.
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Abstract
Protein S-acylation, the only fully reversible posttranslational lipid modification of proteins, is emerging as a ubiquitous mechanism to control the properties and function of a diverse array of proteins and consequently physiological processes. S-acylation results from the enzymatic addition of long-chain lipids, most typically palmitate, onto intracellular cysteine residues of soluble and transmembrane proteins via a labile thioester linkage. Addition of lipid results in increases in protein hydrophobicity that can impact on protein structure, assembly, maturation, trafficking, and function. The recent explosion in global S-acylation (palmitoyl) proteomic profiling as a result of improved biochemical tools to assay S-acylation, in conjunction with the recent identification of enzymes that control protein S-acylation and de-acylation, has opened a new vista into the physiological function of S-acylation. This review introduces key features of S-acylation and tools to interrogate this process, and highlights the eclectic array of proteins regulated including membrane receptors, ion channels and transporters, enzymes and kinases, signaling adapters and chaperones, cell adhesion, and structural proteins. We highlight recent findings correlating disruption of S-acylation to pathophysiology and disease and discuss some of the major challenges and opportunities in this rapidly expanding field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke H Chamberlain
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Strathclyde University, Glasgow, United Kingdom; and Centre for Integrative Physiology, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Shipston
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Strathclyde University, Glasgow, United Kingdom; and Centre for Integrative Physiology, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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The palmitoyl acyltransferase DHHC2 regulates recycling endosome exocytosis and synaptic potentiation through palmitoylation of AKAP79/150. J Neurosci 2015; 35:442-56. [PMID: 25589740 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2243-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of AMPA-type ionotropic glutamate receptors (AMPARs) by kinases and phosphatases and interactions with scaffold proteins play essential roles in regulating channel biophysical properties and trafficking events that control synaptic strength during NMDA receptor-dependent synaptic plasticity, such as LTP and LTD. We previously demonstrated that palmitoylation of the AMPAR-linked scaffold protein A-kinase anchoring protein (AKAP) 79/150 is required for its targeting to recycling endosomes in dendrites, where it regulates exocytosis from these compartments that is required for LTP-stimulated enlargement of postsynaptic dendritic spines, delivery of AMPARs to the plasma membrane, and maintenance of synaptic potentiation. Here, we report that the recycling endosome-resident palmitoyl acyltransferase DHHC2 interacts with and palmitoylates AKAP79/150 to regulate these plasticity signaling mechanisms. In particular, RNAi-mediated knockdown of DHHC2 expression in rat hippocampal neurons disrupted stimulation of exocytosis from recycling endosomes, enlargement of dendritic spines, AKAP recruitment to spines, and potentiation of AMPAR-mediated synaptic currents that occur during LTP. Importantly, expression of a palmitoylation-independent lipidated AKAP mutant in DHHC2-deficient neurons largely restored normal plasticity regulation. Thus, we conclude that DHHC2-AKAP79/150 signaling is an essential regulator of dendritic recycling endosome exocytosis that controls both structural and functional plasticity at excitatory synapses.
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Abstract
Huntington disease (HD) is an adult-onset neurodegenerative disease caused by a CAG expansion in the HTT gene. HD is characterized by striatal atrophy and is associated with motor, cognitive and psychiatric deficits. In the presence of the HD mutation, the interactions between huntingtin (HTT) and huntingtin interacting protein 14 (HIP14 or DHHC17) and HIP14-like (DHHC13, a HIP14 orthologue), palmitoyl acyltransferases for HTT, are disturbed, resulting in reduced palmitoylation of HTT. Genetic ablation of either Hip14 or Hip14l recapitulates many features of HD, including striatal atrophy and motor deficits. However, there are no changes in palmitoylation of HTT in either mouse model and, subsequently, the similarities between the phenotypes of these two mouse models and the HD mouse model are believed to result from underpalmitoylation of other HIP14 and HIP14L substrates. HTT acts as a modulator of HIP14 activity such that in the presence of the HD mutation, HIP14 is less active. Consequently, HIP14 substrates are less palmitoylated, leading to neuronal toxicity. This suggests that altered HIP14–HTT and HIP14L–HTT interactions in the presence of the HD mutation reduces palmitoylation and promotes mislocalization of HTT and other HIP14/HIP14L substrates. Ultimately, HD may be, in part, a disease of altered palmitoylation.
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Zhang X, Cheong SM, Amado NG, Reis AH, MacDonald BT, Zebisch M, Jones EY, Abreu JG, He X. Notum is required for neural and head induction via Wnt deacylation, oxidation, and inactivation. Dev Cell 2015; 32:719-30. [PMID: 25771893 PMCID: PMC4375027 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Secreted Wnt morphogens are essential for embryogenesis and homeostasis and require a lipid/palmitoleoylate modification for receptor binding and activity. Notum is a secreted Wnt antagonist that belongs to the α/β hydrolase superfamily, but its mechanism of action and roles in vertebrate embryogenesis are not fully understood. Here, we report that Notum hydrolyzes the Wnt palmitoleoylate adduct extracellularly, resulting in inactivated Wnt proteins that form oxidized oligomers incapable of receptor binding. Thus, Notum is a Wnt deacylase, and palmitoleoylation is obligatory for the Wnt structure that maintains its active monomeric conformation. Notum is expressed in naive ectoderm and neural plate in Xenopus and is required for neural and head induction. These findings suggest that Notum is a prerequisite for the "default" neural fate and that distinct mechanisms of Wnt inactivation by the Tiki protease in the Organizer and the Notum deacylase in presumptive neuroectoderm orchestrate vertebrate brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Seong-Moon Cheong
- Department of Neurology, The F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nathalia G Amado
- Department of Neurology, The F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alice H Reis
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Bryan T MacDonald
- Department of Neurology, The F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Matthias Zebisch
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - E Yvonne Jones
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Jose Garcia Abreu
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Xi He
- Department of Neurology, The F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Dual lipidation of the brain-specific Cdc42 isoform regulates its functional properties. Biochem J 2015; 456:311-22. [PMID: 24059268 DOI: 10.1042/bj20130788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cdc42 (cell division cycle 42) is a member of the Rho GTPase family which regulates a variety of cellular activities by controlling actin cytoskeleton and gene expression. Cdc42 is expressed in the form of two splice variants. The canonical Cdc42 isoform is prenylated (Cdc42-prenyl), whereas the brainspecific isoform can be palmitoylated (Cdc42-palm). In the present study we have demonstrated palmitoylation of endogenous Cdc42 in rodent and human brains and identified Cys(188) and Cys(189) as acylation sites of Cdc42-palm. Moreover, we have shown that Cys(188) can also be prenylated. Analysis of acylation-deficient mutants revealed that lipidation of Cys(188) is essential for proper membrane binding of Cdc42-palm as well as for Cdc42-mediated regulation of gene transcription and induction of densely packed filopodia in neuroblastoma cells. We also found that Cdc42-prenyl is a dominant splice variant in a wide range of commonly used cell lines as well as in the cerebellum, whereas Cdc42-palm is the main Cdc42 isoform in hippocampus, where it is critically involved in the formation of dendritic filopodia and spines. Replacement of endogenous Cdc42 by its acylation-deficient mutants revealed the importance of Cdc42-palm lipidation for its morphogenic and synaptogenic effects in neurons. These findings demonstrate that dual lipidation of Cdc42-palm represents an important regulator of morphogenic signalling in hippocampal neurons.
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Fatty acylated caveolin-2 is a substrate of insulin receptor tyrosine kinase for insulin receptor substrate-1-directed signaling activation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1853:1022-34. [PMID: 25667086 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Here, we demonstrate that insulin receptor (IR) tyrosine kinase catalyzes Tyr-19 and Tyr-27 phosphorylation of caveolin-2 (cav-2), leading to stimulation of signaling proteins downstream of IR, and that the catalysis is dependent on fatty acylation status of cav-2, promoting its interaction with IR. Cav-2 is myristoylated at Gly-2 and palmitoylated at Cys-109, Cys-122, and Cys-145. The fatty acylation deficient mutants are unable to localize in the plasma membrane and not phosphorylated by IR tyrosine kinase. IR interacts with the C-terminal domain of cav-2 containing the cysteines for palmitoylation. IR mutants, Y999F and K1057A, but not W1220S, fail interaction with cav-2. Insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) is recruited to interact with the IR-catalyzed phospho-tyrosine cav-2, which facilitates IRS-1 association with and activation by IR to initiate IRS-1-mediated downstream signaling. Cav-2 fatty acylation and tyrosine phosphorylation are necessary for the IRS-1-dependent PI3K-Akt and ERK activations responsible for glucose uptake and cell survival and proliferation. In conclusion, fatty acylated cav-2 is a new substrate of IR tyrosine kinase, and the fatty acylation and phosphorylation of cav-2 present novel mechanisms by which insulin signaling is activated.
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Chum T, Glatzová D, Kvíčalová Z, Malínský J, Brdička T, Cebecauer M. The role of palmitoylation and transmembrane domain in sorting of transmembrane adaptor proteins. J Cell Sci 2015; 129:95-107. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.175190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma membrane proteins synthesised at the endoplasmic reticulum are delivered to cell surface via sorting pathways. Hydrophobic mismatch theory based on the length of transmembrane domain (TMD) dominates discussion about determinants required for protein sorting to the plasma membrane. Transmembrane adaptor proteins (TRAP) are involved in signalling events taking place at the plasma membrane. Members of this protein family have TMD of varying length. We were interested whether palmitoylation or other motifs contribute to the effective sorting of TRAP proteins. We found that palmitoylation is essential for some but not all TRAP proteins independent of their TMD length. We also provide evidence that palmitoylation and proximal sequences can modulate sorting of artificial proteins with TMD of suboptimal length. Our observations point to a unique character of each TMD defined by its primary amino acid sequence and its impact on membrane protein localisation. We conclude that, in addition to the TMD length, secondary sorting determinants such as palmitoylation or flanking sequences have evolved for the localisation of membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Chum
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejskova 3, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Daniela Glatzová
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejskova 3, Prague, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Leukocyte Signaling, Institute of Molecule Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Kvíčalová
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejskova 3, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Malínský
- Microscopy Unit, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Brdička
- Laboratory of Leukocyte Signaling, Institute of Molecule Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Cebecauer
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejskova 3, Prague, Czech Republic
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Han J, Wu P, Wang F, Chen J. S-palmitoylation regulates AMPA receptors trafficking and function: a novel insight into synaptic regulation and therapeutics. Acta Pharm Sin B 2015; 5:1-7. [PMID: 26579419 PMCID: PMC4629138 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamate acting on AMPA-type ionotropic glutamate receptor (AMPAR) mediates the majority of fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the mammalian central nervous system. Dynamic regulation of AMPAR by post-translational modifications is one of the key elements that allow the nervous system to adapt to environment stimulations. S-palmitoylation, an important lipid modification by post-translational addition of a long-chain fatty acid to a cysteine residue, regulates AMPA receptor trafficking, which dynamically affects multiple fundamental brain functions, such as learning and memory. In vivo, S-palmitoylation is controlled by palmitoyl acyl transferases and palmitoyl thioesterases. In this review, we highlight advances in the mechanisms for dynamic AMPA receptors palmitoylation, and discuss how palmitoylation affects AMPA receptors function at synapses in recent years. Pharmacological regulation of S-palmitoylation may serve as a novel therapeutic strategy for neurobiological diseases.
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Key Words
- 17-ODYA, 17-octadecynoic acid
- ABE, acyl-biotinyl exchange
- ABP, AMPA receptor binding protein
- AD, Alzheimer׳s disease
- AKAP79/150, A-kinase anchoring protein 79/150
- AMPA receptors
- AMPAR, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid receptor
- APT1, acyl-protein thioesterase-1
- APT2, acyl-protein thioesterase-2
- CP-AMPARs, Ca2+-permeable AMPARs
- DHHC
- DHHC, aspartate-histidine-histidine-cysteine
- FMRP, fragile X mental retardation protein
- FXS, Fragile X syndrome
- GAP-43, growth associated protein-43
- GRIP, glutamate receptor interacting protein
- LTD, long-term depression
- LTP, long-term potentiation
- PATs, palmitoyl acyl transferases
- PDZ, postsynaptic density-95/discs large/zona occludens-1
- PICK1, protein interacting with C-kinase 1
- PKA, protein kinase A
- PKC, protein kinase C
- PPT1, palmitoyl-protein thioesterase-1
- PSD-95, postsynaptic density-95
- Palmitoylation
- Ras, rat sarcoma
- SNAP-23, soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein-attachment protein receptor protein-23
- Trafficking
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Hornemann T. Palmitoylation and depalmitoylation defects. J Inherit Metab Dis 2015; 38:179-86. [PMID: 25091425 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-014-9753-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Palmitoylation describes the enzymatic attachment of a 16-carbon atom fatty acid to a target protein. Such lipidation events occur in all eukaryotes and can be of reversible (S-palmitoylation) or irreversible (N-palmitoylation) nature. In particular S-palmitoylation is dynamically regulated by two opposing types of enzymes which add (palmitoyl acyltransferases - PAT) or remove (acyl protein thioesterases) palmitate from proteins. Protein palmitoylation is an important process that dynamically regulates the assembly and compartmentalization of many neuronal proteins at specific subcellular sites. Enzymes that regulate protein palmitoylation are critical for several biological processes. To date, eight palmitoylation related genes have been reported to be associated with human disease. This review intends to give an overview on the pathological changes which are associated with defects in the palmitoylation/depalmitoylation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Hornemann
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, CH-8091, Zurich, Switzerland,
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63
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Shipston MJ. S-acylation dependent post-translational cross-talk regulates large conductance calcium- and voltage- activated potassium (BK) channels. Front Physiol 2014; 5:281. [PMID: 25140154 PMCID: PMC4122160 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms that control surface expression and/or activity of large conductance calcium-activated potassium (BK) channels are important determinants of their (patho)physiological function. Indeed, BK channel dysfunction is associated with major human disorders ranging from epilepsy to hypertension and obesity. S-acylation (S-palmitoylation) represents a major reversible, post-translational modification controlling the properties and function of many proteins including ion channels. Recent evidence reveals that both pore-forming and regulatory subunits of BK channels are S-acylated and control channel trafficking and regulation by AGC-family protein kinases. The pore-forming α-subunit is S-acylated at two distinct sites within the N- and C-terminus, each site being regulated by different palmitoyl acyl transferases (zDHHCs) and acyl thioesterases (APTs). S-acylation of the N-terminus controls channel trafficking and surface expression whereas S-acylation of the C-terminal domain determines regulation of channel activity by AGC-family protein kinases. S-acylation of the regulatory β4-subunit controls ER exit and surface expression of BK channels but does not affect ion channel kinetics at the plasma membrane. Furthermore, a significant number of previously identified BK-channel interacting proteins have been shown, or are predicted to be, S-acylated. Thus, the BK channel multi-molecular signaling complex may be dynamically regulated by this fundamental post-translational modification and thus S-acylation likely represents an important determinant of BK channel physiology in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Shipston
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh, UK
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Roberts BJ, Johnson KE, McGuinn KP, Saowapa J, Svoboda RA, Mahoney MG, Johnson KR, Wahl JK. Palmitoylation of plakophilin is required for desmosome assembly. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:3782-93. [PMID: 25002405 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.149849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Desmosomes are prominent adhesive junctions found in various epithelial tissues. The cytoplasmic domains of desmosomal cadherins interact with a host of desmosomal plaque proteins, including plakophilins, plakoglobin and desmoplakin, which, in turn, recruit the intermediate filament cytoskeleton to sites of cell-cell contact. Although the individual components of the desmosome are known, mechanisms regulating the assembly of this junction are poorly understood. Protein palmitoylation is a posttranslational lipid modification that plays an important role in protein trafficking and function. Here, we demonstrate that multiple desmosomal components are palmitoylated in vivo. Pharmacologic inhibition of palmitoylation disrupts desmosome assembly at cell-cell borders. We mapped the site of plakophilin palmitoylation to a conserved cysteine residue present in the armadillo repeat domain. Mutation of this single cysteine residue prevents palmitoylation, disrupts plakophilin incorporation into the desmosomal plaque and prevents plakophilin-dependent desmosome assembly. Finally, plakophilin mutants unable to become palmitoylated act in a dominant-negative manner to disrupt proper localization of endogenous desmosome components and decrease desmosomal adhesion. Taken together, these data demonstrate that palmitoylation of desmosomal components is important for desmosome assembly and adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett J Roberts
- The University of Nebraska Medical Center, College of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biology, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Kristen E Johnson
- The University of Nebraska Medical Center, College of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biology, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Kathleen P McGuinn
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Jintana Saowapa
- The University of Nebraska Medical Center, College of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biology, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Robert A Svoboda
- The University of Nebraska Medical Center, College of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biology, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - My G Mahoney
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Keith R Johnson
- The University of Nebraska Medical Center, College of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biology, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - James K Wahl
- The University of Nebraska Medical Center, College of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biology, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
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Chavda B, Arnott JA, Planey SL. Targeting protein palmitoylation: selective inhibitors and implications in disease. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2014; 9:1005-19. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2014.933802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Burzin Chavda
- The Commonwealth Medical College, Department of Basic Sciences, Scranton, PA 18509, USA
| | - John A Arnott
- The Commonwealth Medical College, Department of Basic Sciences, Scranton, PA 18509, USA
| | - Sonia Lobo Planey
- The Commonwealth Medical College, Department of Basic Sciences, Scranton, PA 18509, USA
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Shipston MJ. Ion channel regulation by protein S-acylation. J Gen Physiol 2014; 143:659-78. [PMID: 24821965 PMCID: PMC4035745 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201411176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein S-acylation, the reversible covalent fatty-acid modification of cysteine residues, has emerged as a dynamic posttranslational modification (PTM) that controls the diversity, life cycle, and physiological function of numerous ligand- and voltage-gated ion channels. S-acylation is enzymatically mediated by a diverse family of acyltransferases (zDHHCs) and is reversed by acylthioesterases. However, for most ion channels, the dynamics and subcellular localization at which S-acylation and deacylation cycles occur are not known. S-acylation can control the two fundamental determinants of ion channel function: (1) the number of channels resident in a membrane and (2) the activity of the channel at the membrane. It controls the former by regulating channel trafficking and the latter by controlling channel kinetics and modulation by other PTMs. Ion channel function may be modulated by S-acylation of both pore-forming and regulatory subunits as well as through control of adapter, signaling, and scaffolding proteins in ion channel complexes. Importantly, cross-talk of S-acylation with other PTMs of both cysteine residues by themselves and neighboring sites of phosphorylation is an emerging concept in the control of ion channel physiology. In this review, I discuss the fundamentals of protein S-acylation and the tools available to investigate ion channel S-acylation. The mechanisms and role of S-acylation in controlling diverse stages of the ion channel life cycle and its effect on ion channel function are highlighted. Finally, I discuss future goals and challenges for the field to understand both the mechanistic basis for S-acylation control of ion channels and the functional consequence and implications for understanding the physiological function of ion channel S-acylation in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Shipston
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD Scotland, UK
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67
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Progress in Research Methods for Protein Palmitoylation. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(13)60727-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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68
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Blaskovic S, Adibekian A, Blanc M, van der Goot GF. Mechanistic effects of protein palmitoylation and the cellular consequences thereof. Chem Phys Lipids 2014; 180:44-52. [PMID: 24534427 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
S-palmitoylation involves the attachment of a 16-carbon long fatty acid chain to the cysteine residues of proteins. The process is enzymatic and dynamic with DHHC enzymes mediating palmitoylation and acyl-protein thioesterases reverting the reaction. Proteins that undergo this modification span almost all cellular functions. While the increase in hydrophobicity generated by palmitoylation has the obvious consequence of triggering membrane association, the effects on transmembrane proteins are less intuitive and span a vast range. We review here the current knowledge on palmitoylating and depalmitoylating enzymes, the methods that allow the study of this lipid modification and which drugs can affect it, and finally we focus on four cellular processes for which recent studies reveal an involvement of palmitoylation: endocytosis, reproduction and cell growth, fat and sugar homeostasis and signal transduction at the synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Blaskovic
- Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 19, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Adibekian
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mathieu Blanc
- Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 19, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gisou F van der Goot
- Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 19, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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69
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Frénal K, Kemp LE, Soldati-Favre D. Emerging roles for protein S-palmitoylation in Toxoplasma biology. Int J Parasitol 2014; 44:121-31. [PMID: 24184909 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications are refined, rapidly responsive and powerful ways to modulate protein function. Among post-translational modifications, acylation is now emerging as a widespread modification exploited by eukaryotes, bacteria and viruses to control biological processes. Protein palmitoylation involves the attachment of palmitic acid, also known as hexadecanoic acid, to cysteine residues of integral and peripheral membrane proteins and increases their affinity for membranes. Importantly, similar to phosphorylation, palmitoylation is reversible and is becoming recognised as instrumental for the regulation of protein function by modulating protein interactions, stability, folding, trafficking and signalling. Palmitoylation appears to play a central role in the biology of the Apicomplexa, regulating critical processes such as host cell invasion which is vital for parasite survival and dissemination. The recent identification of over 400 palmitoylated proteins in Plasmodium falciparum erythrocytic stages illustrates the broad spread and impact of this modification on parasite biology. The main enzymes responsible for protein palmitoylation are multi-membrane protein S-acyl transferases harbouring a catalytic Asp-His-His-Cys (DHHC) motif. A global functional analysis of the repertoire of protein S-acyl transferases in Toxoplasma gondii and Plasmodium berghei has recently been performed. The essential nature of some of these enzymes illustrates the key roles played by this post-translational modification in the corresponding substrates implicated in fundamental processes such as parasite motility and organelle biogenesis. Toward a better understanding of the depalmitoylation event, a protein with palmitoyl protein thioesterase activity has been identified in T. gondii. TgPPT1/TgASH1 is the main target of specific acyl protein thioesterase inhibitors but is dispensable for parasite survival, suggesting the implication of other genes in depalmitoylation. Palmitoylation/depalmitoylation cycles are now emerging as potential novel regulatory networks and T. gondii represents a superb model organism in which to explore their significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Frénal
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, 1 rue Michel-Servet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
| | - Louise E Kemp
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, 1 rue Michel-Servet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Soldati-Favre
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, 1 rue Michel-Servet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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70
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Jia L, Chisari M, Maktabi MH, Sobieski C, Zhou H, Konopko AM, Martin BR, Mennerick SJ, Blumer KJ. A mechanism regulating G protein-coupled receptor signaling that requires cycles of protein palmitoylation and depalmitoylation. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:6249-57. [PMID: 24385443 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.531475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Reversible attachment and removal of palmitate or other long-chain fatty acids on proteins has been hypothesized, like phosphorylation, to control diverse biological processes. Indeed, palmitate turnover regulates Ras trafficking and signaling. Beyond this example, however, the functions of palmitate turnover on specific proteins remain poorly understood. Here, we show that a mechanism regulating G protein-coupled receptor signaling in neuronal cells requires palmitate turnover. We used hexadecyl fluorophosphonate or palmostatin B to inhibit enzymes in the serine hydrolase family that depalmitoylate proteins, and we studied R7 regulator of G protein signaling (RGS)-binding protein (R7BP), a palmitoylated allosteric modulator of R7 RGS proteins that accelerate deactivation of Gi/o class G proteins. Depalmitoylation inhibition caused R7BP to redistribute from the plasma membrane to endomembrane compartments, dissociated R7BP-bound R7 RGS complexes from Gi/o-gated G protein-regulated inwardly rectifying K(+) (GIRK) channels and delayed GIRK channel closure. In contrast, targeting R7BP to the plasma membrane with a polybasic domain and an irreversibly attached lipid instead of palmitate rendered GIRK channel closure insensitive to depalmitoylation inhibitors. Palmitate turnover therefore is required for localizing R7BP to the plasma membrane and facilitating Gi/o deactivation by R7 RGS proteins on GIRK channels. Our findings broaden the scope of biological processes regulated by palmitate turnover on specific target proteins. Inhibiting R7BP depalmitoylation may provide a means of enhancing GIRK activity in neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Jia
- From the Departments of Cell Biology and Physiology
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71
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Lichti CF, Wildburger NC, Emmett MR, Mostovenko E, Shavkunov AS, Strain SK, Nilsson CL. Post-translational Modifications in the Human Proteome. TRANSLATIONAL BIOINFORMATICS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-9202-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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72
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Sondhi D, Rosenberg JB, Van de Graaf BG, Kaminsky SM, Crystal RG. Advances in the treatment of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2013. [DOI: 10.1517/21678707.2013.852081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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73
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Pedro MP, Vilcaes AA, Tomatis VM, Oliveira RG, Gomez GA, Daniotti JL. 2-Bromopalmitate reduces protein deacylation by inhibition of acyl-protein thioesterase enzymatic activities. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75232. [PMID: 24098372 PMCID: PMC3788759 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
S-acylation, the covalent attachment of palmitate and other fatty acids on cysteine residues, is a reversible post-translational modification that exerts diverse effects on protein functions. S-acylation is catalyzed by protein acyltransferases (PAT), while deacylation requires acyl-protein thioesterases (APT), with numerous inhibitors for these enzymes having already been developed and characterized. Among these inhibitors, the palmitate analog 2-brompalmitate (2-BP) is the most commonly used to inhibit palmitoylation in cells. Nevertheless, previous results from our laboratory have suggested that 2-BP could affect protein deacylation. Here, we further investigated in vivo and in vitro the effect of 2-BP on the acylation/deacylation protein machinery, with it being observed that 2-BP, in addition to inhibiting PAT activity in vivo, also perturbed the acylation cycle of GAP-43 at the level of depalmitoylation and consequently affected its kinetics of membrane association. Furthermore, 2-BP was able to inhibit in vitro the enzymatic activities of human APT1 and APT2, the only two thioesterases shown to mediate protein deacylation, through an uncompetitive mechanism of action. In fact, APT1 and APT2 hydrolyzed both the monomeric form as well as the micellar state of the substrate palmitoyl-CoA. On the basis of the obtained results, as APTs can mediate deacylation on membrane bound and unbound substrates, this suggests that the access of APTs to the membrane interface is not a necessary requisite for deacylation. Moreover, as the enzymatic activity of APTs was inhibited by 2-BP treatment, then the kinetics analysis of protein acylation using 2-BP should be carefully interpreted, as this drug also inhibits protein deacylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria P. Pedro
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Aldo A. Vilcaes
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Vanesa M. Tomatis
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rafael G. Oliveira
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Guillermo A. Gomez
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jose L. Daniotti
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- * E-mail:
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74
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Regulation of large conductance calcium- and voltage-activated potassium (BK) channels by S-palmitoylation. Biochem Soc Trans 2013; 41:67-71. [PMID: 23356260 DOI: 10.1042/bst20120226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BK (large conductance calcium- and voltage-activated potassium) channels are important determinants of physiological control in the nervous, endocrine and vascular systems with channel dysfunction associated with major disorders ranging from epilepsy to hypertension and obesity. Thus the mechanisms that control channel surface expression and/or activity are important determinants of their (patho)physiological function. BK channels are S-acylated (palmitoylated) at two distinct sites within the N- and C-terminus of the pore-forming α-subunit. Palmitoylation of the N-terminus controls channel trafficking and surface expression whereas palmitoylation of the C-terminal domain determines regulation of channel activity by AGC-family protein kinases. Recent studies are beginning to reveal mechanistic insights into how palmitoylation controls channel trafficking and cross-talk with phosphorylation-dependent signalling pathways. Intriguingly, each site of palmitoylation is regulated by distinct zDHHCs (palmitoyl acyltransferases) and APTs (acyl thioesterases). This supports that different mechanisms may control substrate specificity by zDHHCs and APTs even within the same target protein. As palmitoylation is dynamically regulated, this fundamental post-translational modification represents an important determinant of BK channel physiology in health and disease.
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75
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Kemp LE, Rusch M, Adibekian A, Bullen HE, Graindorge A, Freymond C, Rottmann M, Braun-Breton C, Baumeister S, Porfetye AT, Vetter IR, Hedberg C, Soldati-Favre D. Characterization of a serine hydrolase targeted by acyl-protein thioesterase inhibitors in Toxoplasma gondii. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:27002-27018. [PMID: 23913689 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.460709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotic organisms, cysteine palmitoylation is an important reversible modification that impacts protein targeting, folding, stability, and interactions with partners. Evidence suggests that protein palmitoylation contributes to key biological processes in Apicomplexa with the recent palmitome of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum reporting over 400 substrates that are modified with palmitate by a broad range of protein S-acyl transferases. Dynamic palmitoylation cycles require the action of an acyl-protein thioesterase (APT) that cleaves palmitate from substrates and conveys reversibility to this posttranslational modification. In this work, we identified candidates for APT activity in Toxoplasma gondii. Treatment of parasites with low micromolar concentrations of β-lactone- or triazole urea-based inhibitors that target human APT1 showed varied detrimental effects at multiple steps of the parasite lytic cycle. The use of an activity-based probe in combination with these inhibitors revealed the existence of several serine hydrolases that are targeted by APT1 inhibitors. The active serine hydrolase, TgASH1, identified as the homologue closest to human APT1 and APT2, was characterized further. Biochemical analysis of TgASH1 indicated that this enzyme cleaves substrates with a specificity similar to APTs, and homology modeling points toward an APT-like enzyme. TgASH1 is dispensable for parasite survival, which indicates that the severe effects observed with the β-lactone inhibitors are caused by the inhibition of non-TgASH1 targets. Other ASH candidates for APT activity were functionally characterized, and one of them was found to be resistant to gene disruption due to the potential essential nature of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise E Kemp
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center (CMU), University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Alexander Adibekian
- Department of Biochemistry, Sciences II, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hayley E Bullen
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center (CMU), University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Arnault Graindorge
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center (CMU), University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Céline Freymond
- Department of Parasite Chemotherapy, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, P. O. Box, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Rottmann
- Department of Parasite Chemotherapy, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, P. O. Box, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Stefan Baumeister
- Departments of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Arthur T Porfetye
- Departments of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ingrid R Vetter
- Departments of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Dominique Soldati-Favre
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center (CMU), University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
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76
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Blaskovic S, Blanc M, van der Goot FG. What does S-palmitoylation do to membrane proteins? FEBS J 2013; 280:2766-74. [PMID: 23551889 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
S-palmitoylation is post-translational modification, which consists in the addition of a C16 acyl chain to cytosolic cysteines and which is unique amongst lipid modifications in that it is reversible. It can thus, like phosphorylation or ubiquitination, act as a switch. While palmitoylation of soluble proteins allows them to interact with membranes, the consequences of palmitoylation for transmembrane proteins are more enigmatic. We briefly review the current knowledge regarding the enzymes responsible for palmitate addition and removal. We then describe various observed consequences of membrane protein palmitoylation. We propose that the direct effects of palmitoylation on transmembrane proteins, however, might be limited to four non-mutually exclusive mechanistic consequences: alterations in the conformation of transmembrane domains, association with specific membrane domains, controlled interactions with other proteins and controlled interplay with other post-translational modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Blaskovic
- Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland
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77
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Filippova EV, Weston LA, Kuhn ML, Geissler B, Gehring AM, Armoush N, Adkins CT, Minasov G, Dubrovska I, Shuvalova L, Winsor JR, Lavis LD, Satchell KJF, Becker DP, Anderson WF, Johnson RJ. Large scale structural rearrangement of a serine hydrolase from Francisella tularensis facilitates catalysis. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:10522-35. [PMID: 23430251 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.446625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tularemia is a deadly, febrile disease caused by infection by the gram-negative bacterium, Francisella tularensis. Members of the ubiquitous serine hydrolase protein family are among current targets to treat diverse bacterial infections. Herein we present a structural and functional study of a novel bacterial carboxylesterase (FTT258) from F. tularensis, a homologue of human acyl protein thioesterase (hAPT1). The structure of FTT258 has been determined in multiple forms, and unexpectedly large conformational changes of a peripheral flexible loop occur in the presence of a mechanistic cyclobutanone ligand. The concomitant changes in this hydrophobic loop and the newly exposed hydrophobic substrate binding pocket suggest that the observed structural changes are essential to the biological function and catalytic activity of FTT258. Using diverse substrate libraries, site-directed mutagenesis, and liposome binding assays, we determined the importance of these structural changes to the catalytic activity and membrane binding activity of FTT258. Residues within the newly exposed hydrophobic binding pocket and within the peripheral flexible loop proved essential to the hydrolytic activity of FTT258, indicating that structural rearrangement is required for catalytic activity. Both FTT258 and hAPT1 also showed significant association with liposomes designed to mimic bacterial or human membranes, respectively, even though similar structural rearrangements for hAPT1 have not been reported. The necessity for acyl protein thioesterases to have maximal catalytic activity near the membrane surface suggests that these conformational changes in the protein may dually regulate catalytic activity and membrane association in bacterial and human homologues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina V Filippova
- Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases and the Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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78
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Kong E, Peng S, Chandra G, Sarkar C, Zhang Z, Bagh MB, Mukherjee AB. Dynamic palmitoylation links cytosol-membrane shuttling of acyl-protein thioesterase-1 and acyl-protein thioesterase-2 with that of proto-oncogene H-ras product and growth-associated protein-43. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:9112-25. [PMID: 23396970 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.421073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Acyl-protein thioesterase-1 (APT1) and APT2 are cytosolic enzymes that catalyze depalmitoylation of membrane-anchored, palmitoylated H-Ras and growth-associated protein-43 (GAP-43), respectively. However, the mechanism(s) of cytosol-membrane shuttling of APT1 and APT2, required for depalmitoylating their substrates H-Ras and GAP-43, respectively, remained largely unknown. Here, we report that both APT1 and APT2 undergo palmitoylation on Cys-2. Moreover, blocking palmitoylation adversely affects membrane localization of both APT1 and APT2 and that of their substrates. We also demonstrate that APT1 not only catalyzes its own depalmitoylation but also that of APT2 promoting dynamic palmitoylation (palmitoylation-depalmitoylation) of both thioesterases. Furthermore, shRNA suppression of APT1 expression or inhibition of its thioesterase activity by palmostatin B markedly increased membrane localization of APT2, and shRNA suppression of APT2 had virtually no effect on membrane localization of APT1. In addition, mutagenesis of the active site Ser residue to Ala (S119A), which renders catalytic inactivation of APT1, also increased its membrane localization. Taken together, our findings provide insight into a novel mechanism by which dynamic palmitoylation links cytosol-membrane trafficking of APT1 and APT2 with that of their substrates, facilitating steady-state membrane localization and function of both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eryan Kong
- Section on Developmental Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1830, USA
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79
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Jones ML, Tay CL, Rayner JC. Getting stuck in: protein palmitoylation in Plasmodium. Trends Parasitol 2012; 28:496-503. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2012.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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80
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Young FB, Franciosi S, Spreeuw A, Deng Y, Sanders S, Tam NCM, Huang K, Singaraja RR, Zhang W, Bissada N, Kay C, Hayden MR. Low levels of human HIP14 are sufficient to rescue neuropathological, behavioural, and enzymatic defects due to loss of murine HIP14 in Hip14-/- mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36315. [PMID: 22649491 PMCID: PMC3359340 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntingtin Interacting Protein 14 (HIP14) is a palmitoyl acyl transferase (PAT) that was first identified due to altered interaction with mutant huntingtin, the protein responsible for Huntington Disease (HD). HIP14 palmitoylates a specific set of neuronal substrates critical at the synapse, and downregulation of HIP14 by siRNA in vitro results in increased cell death in neurons. We previously reported that mice lacking murine Hip14 (Hip14-/-) share features of HD. In the current study, we have generated human HIP14 BAC transgenic mice and crossed them to the Hip14-/- model in order to confirm that the defects seen in Hip14-/- mice are in fact due to loss of Hip14. In addition, we sought to determine whether human HIP14 can provide functional compensation for loss of murine Hip14. We demonstrate that despite a relative low level of expression, as assessed via Western blot, BAC-derived human HIP14 compensates for deficits in neuropathology, behavior, and PAT enzyme function seen in the Hip14-/- model. Our findings yield important insights into HIP14 function in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona B. Young
- Department of Medical Genetics and Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sonia Franciosi
- Department of Medical Genetics and Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Amanda Spreeuw
- Department of Medical Genetics and Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Yu Deng
- Department of Medical Genetics and Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Shaun Sanders
- Department of Medical Genetics and Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Natalie C. M. Tam
- Department of Medical Genetics and Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kun Huang
- Department of Medical Genetics and Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Roshni R. Singaraja
- Department of Medical Genetics and Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Weining Zhang
- Department of Medical Genetics and Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nagat Bissada
- Department of Medical Genetics and Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Chris Kay
- Department of Medical Genetics and Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael R. Hayden
- Department of Medical Genetics and Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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81
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Young FB, Butland SL, Sanders SS, Sutton LM, Hayden MR. Putting proteins in their place: Palmitoylation in Huntington disease and other neuropsychiatric diseases. Prog Neurobiol 2012; 97:220-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2011] [Revised: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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82
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Tian L, McClafferty H, Knaus HG, Ruth P, Shipston MJ. Distinct acyl protein transferases and thioesterases control surface expression of calcium-activated potassium channels. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:14718-25. [PMID: 22399288 PMCID: PMC3340283 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.335547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein palmitoylation is rapidly emerging as an important determinant in the regulation of ion channels, including large conductance calcium-activated potassium (BK) channels. However, the enzymes that control channel palmitoylation are largely unknown. Indeed, although palmitoylation is the only reversible lipid modification of proteins, acyl thioesterases that control ion channel depalmitoylation have not been identified. Here, we demonstrate that palmitoylation of the intracellular S0-S1 loop of BK channels is controlled by two of the 23 mammalian palmitoyl-transferases, zDHHC22 and zDHHC23. Palmitoylation by these acyl transferases is essential for efficient cell surface expression of BK channels. In contrast, depalmitoylation is controlled by the cytosolic thioesterase APT1 (LYPLA1), but not APT2 (LYPLA2). In addition, we identify a splice variant of LYPLAL1, a homolog with ∼30% identity to APT1, that also controls BK channel depalmitoylation. Thus, both palmitoyl acyltransferases and acyl thioesterases display discrete substrate specificity for BK channels. Because depalmitoylated BK channels are retarded in the trans-Golgi network, reversible protein palmitoylation provides a critical checkpoint to regulate exit from the trans-Golgi network and thus control BK channel cell surface expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Tian
- From the Centre for Integrative Physiology, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, Scotland
| | - Heather McClafferty
- From the Centre for Integrative Physiology, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, Scotland
| | - Hans-Guenther Knaus
- the Division of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria, and
| | - Peter Ruth
- the Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen 72076, Germany
| | - Michael J. Shipston
- From the Centre for Integrative Physiology, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, Scotland
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83
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Görmer K, Bürger M, Kruijtzer JAW, Vetter I, Vartak N, Brunsveld L, Bastiaens PIH, Liskamp RMJ, Triola G, Waldmann H. Chemical-biological exploration of the limits of the Ras de- and repalmitoylating machinery. Chembiochem 2012; 13:1017-23. [PMID: 22488913 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201200078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A dynamic de-/repalmitoylation cycle determines localization and activity of H- and N-Ras. This combined cellular de- and repalmitoylation machinery has been shown to be substrate tolerant--it accepts variation of amino acid sequence, structure and configuration. Here, semisynthetic Ras-proteins in which the C-terminal amino acids are replaced by peptoid residues are used to reveal the first limitations of substrate recognition by the de- and repalmitoylating machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Görmer
- Abteilung Chemische Biologie, Max-Planck-Institut für molekulare Physiologie, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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84
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Zeidman R, Buckland G, Cebecauer M, Eissmann P, Davis DM, Magee AI. DHHC2 is a protein S-acyltransferase for Lck. Mol Membr Biol 2012; 28:473-86. [PMID: 22034844 DOI: 10.3109/09687688.2011.630682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Lck is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase of the Src family that is essential for T cell activation. Dual N-terminal acylation of Lck with myristate (N-acylation) and palmitate (S-acylation) is essential for its membrane association and function. Reversible S-acylation of Lck is observed in vivo and may function as a control mechanism. Here we identify the DHHC family protein S-acyltransferase DHHC2 as an enzyme capable of palmitoylating of Lck in T cells. Reducing the DHHC2 level in Jurkat T cells using siRNA causes decreased Lck S-acylation and partial dislocation from membranes, and conversely overexpression of DHHC2 increases S-acylation of an Lck surrogate, LckN10-GFP. DHHC2 localizes primarily to the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus suggesting that it is involved in S-acylation of newly-synthesized or recycling Lck involved in T cell signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Zeidman
- Molecular Medicine Section, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, South Kensington, London, UK
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85
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Abstract
The classical view of heterotrimeric G protein signaling places G -proteins at the cytoplasmic surface of the cell's plasma membrane where they are activated by an appropriate G protein-coupled receptor. Once activated, the GTP-bound Gα and the free Gβγ are able to regulate plasma membrane-localized effectors, such as adenylyl cyclase, phospholipase C-β, RhoGEFs and ion channels. Hydrolysis of GTP by the Gα subunit returns the G protein to the inactive Gαβγ heterotrimer. Although all of these events in the G protein cycle can be restricted to the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane, G protein localization is dynamic. Thus, it has become increasingly clear that G proteins are able to move to diverse subcellular locations where they perform non-canonical signaling functions. This chapter will highlight our current understanding of trafficking pathways that target newly synthesized G proteins to the plasma membrane, activation-induced and reversible translocation of G proteins from the plasma membrane to intracellular locations, and constitutive trafficking of G proteins.
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86
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Ahearn IM, Haigis K, Bar-Sagi D, Philips MR. Regulating the regulator: post-translational modification of RAS. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2011; 13:39-51. [PMID: 22189424 PMCID: PMC3879958 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 402] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
RAS proteins are monomeric GTPases that act as binary molecular switches to regulate a wide range of cellular processes. The exchange of GTP for GDP on RAS is regulated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs), which regulate the activation state of RAS without covalently modifying it. By contrast, post-translational modifications (PTMs) of RAS proteins direct them to various cellular membranes and, in some cases, modulate GTP-GDP exchange. Important RAS PTMs include the constitutive and irreversible remodelling of its carboxy-terminal CAAX motif by farnesylation, proteolysis and methylation, reversible palmitoylation, and conditional modifications, including phosphorylation, peptidyl-prolyl isomerisation, monoubiquitylation, diubiquitylation, nitrosylation, ADP ribosylation and glucosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Ahearn
- NYU School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
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87
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Korycka J, Łach A, Heger E, Bogusławska DM, Wolny M, Toporkiewicz M, Augoff K, Korzeniewski J, Sikorski AF. Human DHHC proteins: a spotlight on the hidden player of palmitoylation. Eur J Cell Biol 2011; 91:107-17. [PMID: 22178113 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2011.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Palmitoylation is one of the most common posttranslational lipid modifications of proteins and we now know quite a lot about it. However, the state of knowledge about the enzymes that catalyze this process is clearly insufficient. This review is focused on 23 human DHHC genes and their products - protein palmitoyltransferases. Here we describe mainly the structure and function of these proteins, but also, to a lesser degree, what the substrates of the enzymes are and whether they are related to various diseases. The main aim of this review was to catalogue existing information concerning the human DHHC family of genes/proteins, making them and their functions easier to understand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Korycka
- University of Wrocław, Laboratory of Cytobiochemistry, Biotechnology Faculty, Przybyszewskiego 63-77, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland
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88
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Protein palmitoylation and subcellular trafficking. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2011; 1808:2981-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2011.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Revised: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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89
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Intrinsic membrane association of the cytoplasmic tail of influenza virus M2 protein and lateral membrane sorting regulated by cholesterol binding and palmitoylation. Biochem J 2011; 437:389-97. [PMID: 21592088 DOI: 10.1042/bj20110706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The influenza virus transmembrane protein M2 is a proton channel, but also plays a role in the scission of nascent virus particles from the plasma membrane. An amphiphilic helix in the CT (cytoplasmic tail) of M2 is supposed to insert into the lipid bilayer, thereby inducing curvature. Palmitoylation of the helix and binding to cholesterol via putative CRAC (cholesterol recognition/interaction amino acid consensus) motifs are believed to target M2 to the edge of rafts, the viral-budding site. In the present study, we tested pre-conditions of this model, i.e. that the CT interacts with membranes, and that acylation and cholesterol binding affect targeting of M2. M2-CT, purified as a glutathione transferase fusion protein, associated with [3H]photocholesterol and with liposomes. Mutation of tyrosine residues in the CRAC motifs prevented [(3)H]photocholesterol labelling and reduced liposome binding. M2-CT fused to the yellow fluorescent protein localized to the Golgi in transfected cells; membrane targeting was dependent on CRAC and (to a lesser extent) on palmitoylation. Preparation of giant plasma membrane vesicles from cells expressing full-length M2-GFP (green fluorescent protein) showed that the protein is partly present in the raft domain. Raft targeting required palmitoylation, but not the CRAC motifs. Thus palmitoylation and cholesterol binding differentially affect the intrinsic membrane binding of the amphiphilic helix.
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90
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Hedberg C, Dekker FJ, Rusch M, Renner S, Wetzel S, Vartak N, Gerding-Reimers C, Bon RS, Bastiaens PIH, Waldmann H. Development of Highly Potent Inhibitors of the Ras-Targeting Human Acyl Protein Thioesterases Based on Substrate Similarity Design. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:9832-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201102965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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91
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Rusch M, Zimmermann TJ, Bürger M, Dekker FJ, Görmer K, Triola G, Brockmeyer A, Janning P, Böttcher T, Sieber SA, Vetter IR, Hedberg C, Waldmann H. Identification of Acyl Protein Thioesterases 1 and 2 as the Cellular Targets of the Ras-Signaling Modulators Palmostatin B and M. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201102967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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92
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Rusch M, Zimmermann TJ, Bürger M, Dekker FJ, Görmer K, Triola G, Brockmeyer A, Janning P, Böttcher T, Sieber SA, Vetter IR, Hedberg C, Waldmann H. Identification of acyl protein thioesterases 1 and 2 as the cellular targets of the Ras-signaling modulators palmostatin B and M. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:9838-42. [PMID: 21905186 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201102967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Revised: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Finding the target: activity-based proteomic profiling probes based on the depalmitoylation inhibitors palmostatin B and M have been synthesized and were found to target acyl protein thioesterase 1 (APT1) and 2 (APT2) in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Rusch
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Abt. Chemische Biologie, Dortmund, Germany
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93
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Hedberg C, Dekker FJ, Rusch M, Renner S, Wetzel S, Vartak N, Gerding-Reimers C, Bon RS, Bastiaens PIH, Waldmann H. Development of Highly Potent Inhibitors of the Ras-Targeting Human Acyl Protein Thioesterases Based on Substrate Similarity Design. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201102965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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94
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Lazarow PB. Viruses exploiting peroxisomes. Curr Opin Microbiol 2011; 14:458-69. [PMID: 21824805 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2011.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Viruses that are of great importance for global public health, including HIV, influenza and rotavirus, appear to exploit a remarkable organelle, the peroxisome, during intracellular replication in human cells. Peroxisomes are sites of lipid biosynthesis and catabolism, reactive oxygen metabolism, and other metabolic pathways. Viral proteins are targeted to peroxisomes (the spike protein of rotavirus) or interact with peroxisomal proteins (HIV's Nef and influenza's NS1) or use the peroxisomal membrane for RNA replication. The Nef interaction correlates strongly with the crucial Nef function of CD4 downregulation. Viral exploitation of peroxisomal lipid metabolism appears likely. Mostly, functional significance and mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Recently, peroxisomes were discovered to play a crucial role in the innate immune response by signaling the presence of intracellular virus, leading to the first rapid antiviral response. This review unearths, interprets and connects old data, in the hopes of stimulating new and promising research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul B Lazarow
- Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
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95
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Conibear E, Davis NG. Palmitoylation and depalmitoylation dynamics at a glance. J Cell Sci 2011; 123:4007-10. [PMID: 21084560 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.059287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Conibear
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
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96
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Jia L, Linder ME, Blumer KJ. Gi/o signaling and the palmitoyltransferase DHHC2 regulate palmitate cycling and shuttling of RGS7 family-binding protein. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:13695-703. [PMID: 21343290 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.193763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
R7BP (RGS7 family-binding protein) has been proposed to function in neurons as a palmitoylation-regulated protein that shuttles heterodimeric, G(i/o)α-specific GTPase-activating protein (GAP) complexes composed of Gβ5 and RGS7 (R7) isoforms between the plasma membrane and nucleus. To test this hypothesis we studied R7BP palmitoylation and localization in neuronal cells. We report that R7BP undergoes dynamic, signal-regulated palmitate turnover; the palmitoyltransferase DHHC2 mediates de novo and turnover palmitoylation of R7BP; DHHC2 silencing redistributes R7BP from the plasma membrane to the nucleus; and G(i/o) signaling inhibits R7BP depalmitoylation whereas G(i/o) inactivation induces nuclear accumulation of R7BP. In concert with previous evidence, our findings suggest that agonist-induced changes in palmitoylation state facilitate GAP action by (i) promoting Giα depalmitoylation to create optimal GAP substrates, and (ii) inhibiting R7BP depalmitoylation to stabilize membrane association of R7-Gβ5 GAP complexes. Regulated palmitate turnover may also enable R7BP-bound GAPs to shuttle between sites of low and high G(i/o) activity or the plasma membrane and nucleus, potentially providing spatio-temporal control of signaling by G(i/o)-coupled receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Jia
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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97
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Ladygina N, Martin BR, Altman A. Dynamic palmitoylation and the role of DHHC proteins in T cell activation and anergy. Adv Immunol 2011; 109:1-44. [PMID: 21569911 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-387664-5.00001-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although protein S-palmitoylation was first characterized >30 years ago, and is implicated in the function, trafficking, and localization of many proteins, little is known about the regulation and physiological implications of this posttranslational modification. Palmitoylation of various signaling proteins required for TCR-induced T cell activation is also necessary for their proper function. Linker for activation of T cells (LAT) is an essential scaffolding protein involved in T cell development and activation, and we found that its palmitoylation is selectively impaired in anergic T cells. The recent discovery of the DHHC family of palmitoyl acyl transferases and the establishment of sensitive and quantitative proteomics-based methods for global analysis of the palmitoyl proteome led to significant progress in studying the biology and underlying mechanisms of cellular protein palmitoylation. We are using these approaches to explore the palmitoyl proteome in T lymphocytes and, specifically, the mechanistic basis for the impaired palmitoylation of LAT in anergic T cells. This chapter reviews the history of protein palmitoylation and its role in T cell activation, the DHHC family and new methodologies for global analysis of the palmitoyl proteome, and summarizes our recent work in this area. The new methodologies will accelerate the pace of research and provide a greatly improved mechanistic and molecular understanding of the complex process of protein palmitoylation and its regulation, and the substrate specificity of the novel DHHC family. Reversible protein palmitoylation will likely prove to be an important posttranslational mechanism that regulates cellular responses, similar to protein phosphorylation and ubiquitination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadejda Ladygina
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, California, USA
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98
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Tomatis VM, Trenchi A, Gomez GA, Daniotti JL. Acyl-protein thioesterase 2 catalyzes the deacylation of peripheral membrane-associated GAP-43. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15045. [PMID: 21152083 PMCID: PMC2994833 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An acylation/deacylation cycle is necessary to maintain the steady-state subcellular distribution and biological activity of S-acylated peripheral proteins. Despite the progress that has been made in identifying and characterizing palmitoyltransferases (PATs), much less is known about the thioesterases involved in protein deacylation. In this work, we investigated the deacylation of growth-associated protein-43 (GAP-43), a dually acylated protein at cysteine residues 3 and 4. Using fluorescent fusion constructs, we measured in vivo the rate of deacylation of GAP-43 and its single acylated mutants in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-K1 and human HeLa cells. Biochemical and live cell imaging experiments demonstrated that single acylated mutants were completely deacylated with similar kinetic in both cell types. By RT-PCR we observed that acyl-protein thioesterase 1 (APT-1), the only bona fide thioesterase shown to mediate deacylation in vivo, is expressed in HeLa cells, but not in CHO-K1 cells. However, APT-1 overexpression neither increased the deacylation rate of single acylated GAP-43 nor affected the steady-state subcellular distribution of dually acylated GAP-43 both in CHO-K1 and HeLa cells, indicating that GAP-43 deacylation is not mediated by APT-1. Accordingly, we performed a bioinformatic search to identify putative candidates with acyl-protein thioesterase activity. Among several candidates, we found that APT-2 is expressed both in CHO-K1 and HeLa cells and its overexpression increased the deacylation rate of single acylated GAP-43 and affected the steady-state localization of diacylated GAP-43 and H-Ras. Thus, the results demonstrate that APT-2 is the protein thioesterase involved in the acylation/deacylation cycle operating in GAP-43 subcellular distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanesa M. Tomatis
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC, UNC-CONICET), Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Alejandra Trenchi
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC, UNC-CONICET), Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Guillermo A. Gomez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC, UNC-CONICET), Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Jose L. Daniotti
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC, UNC-CONICET), Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- * E-mail:
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99
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Rocks O, Gerauer M, Vartak N, Koch S, Huang ZP, Pechlivanis M, Kuhlmann J, Brunsveld L, Chandra A, Ellinger B, Waldmann H, Bastiaens PIH. The palmitoylation machinery is a spatially organizing system for peripheral membrane proteins. Cell 2010; 141:458-71. [PMID: 20416930 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2010.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2009] [Revised: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Reversible S-palmitoylation of cysteine residues critically controls transient membrane tethering of peripheral membrane proteins. Little is known about how the palmitoylation machinery governs their defined localization and function. We monitored the spatially resolved reaction dynamics and substrate specificity of the core mammalian palmitoylation machinery using semisynthetic substrates. Palmitoylation is detectable only on the Golgi, whereas depalmitoylation occurs everywhere in the cell. The reactions are not stereoselective and lack any primary consensus sequence, demonstrating that substrate specificity is not essential for de-/repalmitoylation. Both palmitate attachment and removal require seconds to accomplish. This reaction topography and rapid kinetics allows the continuous redirection of mislocalized proteins via the post-Golgi sorting apparatus. Unidirectional secretion ensures the maintenance of a proper steady-state protein distribution between the Golgi and the plasma membrane, which are continuous with endosomes. This generic spatially organizing system differs from conventional receptor-mediated targeting mechanisms and efficiently counteracts entropy-driven redistribution of palmitoylated peripheral membrane proteins over all membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Rocks
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany
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100
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Yang W, Di Vizio D, Kirchner M, Steen H, Freeman MR. Proteome scale characterization of human S-acylated proteins in lipid raft-enriched and non-raft membranes. Mol Cell Proteomics 2009; 9:54-70. [PMID: 19801377 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m800448-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein S-acylation (palmitoylation), a reversible post-translational modification, is critically involved in regulating protein subcellular localization, activity, stability, and multimeric complex assembly. However, proteome scale characterization of S-acylation has lagged far behind that of phosphorylation, and global analysis of the localization of S-acylated proteins within different membrane domains has not been reported. Here we describe a novel proteomics approach, designated palmitoyl protein identification and site characterization (PalmPISC), for proteome scale enrichment and characterization of S-acylated proteins extracted from lipid raft-enriched and non-raft membranes. In combination with label-free spectral counting quantitation, PalmPISC led to the identification of 67 known and 331 novel candidate S-acylated proteins as well as the localization of 25 known and 143 novel candidate S-acylation sites. Palmitoyl acyltransferases DHHC5, DHHC6, and DHHC8 appear to be S-acylated on three cysteine residues within a novel CCX(7-13)C(S/T) motif downstream of a conserved Asp-His-His-Cys cysteine-rich domain, which may be a potential mechanism for regulating acyltransferase specificity and/or activity. S-Acylation may tether cytoplasmic acyl-protein thioesterase-1 to membranes, thus facilitating its interaction with and deacylation of membrane-associated S-acylated proteins. Our findings also suggest that certain ribosomal proteins may be targeted to lipid rafts via S-acylation, possibly to facilitate regulation of ribosomal protein activity and/or dynamic synthesis of lipid raft proteins in situ. In addition, bioinformatics analysis suggested that S-acylated proteins are highly enriched within core complexes of caveolae and tetraspanin-enriched microdomains, both cholesterol-rich membrane structures. The PalmPISC approach and the large scale human S-acylated protein data set are expected to provide powerful tools to facilitate our understanding of the functions and mechanisms of protein S-acylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Department of Urology, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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