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Nandan S, Singh SK, Singh P, Bajpai V, Mishra AK, Joshi T, Mahar R, Shukla SK, Mishra DK, Kanojiya S. Quantitative Analysis of Bioactive Carbazole Alkaloids in Murraya koenigii (L.) from Six Different Climatic Zones of India Using UPLC/MS/MS and Their Principal Component Analysis. Chem Biodivers 2021; 18:e2100557. [PMID: 34643999 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202100557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng (Curry leaf) is a commercially important medicinal plant in South Asia, containing therapeutically valuable carbazole alkaloids (CAs). Thus, the quantitative evaluation of these compounds from different climatic zones of India are an important aspect for quality assessment and economic isolation of targeted compounds from the plant. In this study, quantitative estimation of CAs among 34 Indian natural populations of M. koenigii was assessed using UPLC/MS/MS. The collected populations represent the humid subtropical, tropical wet & dry, tropical wet, semi-arid, arid, and montane climatic zones of India. A total of 11 CAs viz. koenine-I, murrayamine A, koenigine, koenimbidine, koenimbine, O-methylmurrayamine A, girinimbine, mahanine, 8,8''-biskoenigine, isomahanimbine, and mahanimbine were quantified using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) experiments within 5.0 min. The respective range for natural abundance of CAs were observed as 0.097-1.222, 0.092-5.014, 0.034-0.661, 0.010-1.673, 0.013-7.336, 0.010-0.310, 0.010-0.114, 0.049-5.288, 0.031-1.731, 0.491-3.791, and 0.492-5.399 mg/g in leaves of M. koenigii. The developed method shown linearity regression coefficient (r2 >0.9995), LOD (0.003-0.248 ng/mL), LOQ (0.009-0.754 ng/mL), and the recovery was between 88.803-103.729 %. The bulk of these CAs were recorded in their highest concentrations in the humid subtropical zone, followed by the tropical wet & dry zones of India. Further, principal component analysis (PCA) was performed which differentiated the climatic zones according to the dominant and significant CAs contents within the populations. The study concludes that the method established is simple, rapid, with high sample throughput, and can be used as a tool for commercial purposes and quality control of M. koenigii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiv Nandan
- Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility & Research, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Sumit K Singh
- Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility & Research, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Pratibha Singh
- Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility & Research, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Vikas Bajpai
- Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility & Research, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Ashwanee K Mishra
- Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility & Research, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Trapti Joshi
- Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility & Research, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Rohit Mahar
- Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility & Research, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Sanjeev K Shukla
- Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility & Research, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Dipak K Mishra
- Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility & Research, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Sanjeev Kanojiya
- Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility & Research, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
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52
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Sirin S, Duyar H, Aslım B, Seferoğlu Z. Synthesis and biological activity of pyrrolidine/piperidine substituted 3-amido-9-ethylcarbazole derivatives. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.130687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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53
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Design concepts of half-sandwich organoruthenium anticancer agents based on bidentate bioactive ligands. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.213950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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54
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A Nitrocarbazole as a New Microtubule-Targeting Agent in Breast Cancer Treatment. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11199139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is still considered a high-incidence disease, and numerous are the research efforts for the development of new useful and effective therapies. Among anticancer drugs, carbazole compounds are largely studied for their anticancer properties and their ability to interfere with specific targets, such as microtubule components. The latter are involved in vital cellular functions, and the perturbation of their dynamics leads to cell cycle arrest and subsequent apoptosis. In this context, we report the anticancer activity of a series of carbazole analogues 1–8. Among them, 2-nitrocarbazole 1 exhibited the best cytotoxic profile, showing good anticancer activity against two breast cancer cell lines, namely MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231, with IC50 values of 7 ± 1.0 and 11.6 ± 0.8 μM, respectively. Furthermore, compound 1 did not interfere with the growth of the normal cell line MCF-10A, contrarily to Ellipticine, a well-known carbazole derivative used as a reference molecule. Finally, in vitro immunofluorescence analysis and in silico studies allowed us to demonstrate the ability of compound 1 to interfere with tubulin organization, similarly to vinblastine: a feature that results in triggering MCF-7 cell death by apoptosis, as demonstrated using a TUNEL assay.
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55
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Song F, Liu D, Huo X, Qiu D. The anticancer activity of carbazole alkaloids. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2021; 355:e2100277. [PMID: 34486161 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202100277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy is the first choice for the majority of cancers, but severe side effects and drug resistance restrict the actual clinical efficacy. Carbazole alkaloids, mainly from the Rutaceae family, possess favorable donor ability, good planarity, rich photophysical properties, and excellent biocompatibility. Carbazole alkaloids could not only intercalate in DNA but could also inhibit telomerase and topoisomerase and regulate protein phosphorylation. Hence, carbazole alkaloids are useful in providing lead hits/candidates for the development of novel anticancer agents. This review summarizes the research progress made regarding the anticancer properties of carbazole alkaloids, covering articles published from January 2010 to June 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Song
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou, Shandong, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Dezhou Number One Middle School, Dezhou, Shandong, China
| | - Xiankai Huo
- Department of Medical Imaging, Dezhou People's Hospital, Dezhou, Shandong, China
| | - Di Qiu
- Department of Hematology, Zhuji Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
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56
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Müller D, Saha P, Panda D, Dash J, Schwalbe H. Insights from Binding on Quadruplex Selective Carbazole Ligands. Chemistry 2021; 27:12726-12736. [PMID: 34138492 PMCID: PMC8518889 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Polymorphic G-quadruplex (G4) secondary DNA structures have received increasing attention in medicinal chemistry owing to their key involvement in the regulation of the maintenance of genomic stability, telomere length homeostasis and transcription of important proto-oncogenes. Different classes of G4 ligands have been developed for the potential treatment of several human diseases. Among them, the carbazole scaffold with appropriate side chain appendages has attracted much interest for designing G4 ligands. Because of its large and rigid π-conjugation system and ease of functionalization at three different positions, a variety of carbazole derivatives have been synthesized from various natural or synthetic sources for potential applications in G4-based therapeutics and biosensors. Herein, we provide an updated close-up of the literatures on carbazole-based G4 ligands with particular focus given on their detailed binding insights studied by NMR spectroscopy. The structure-activity relationships and the opportunities and challenges of their potential applications as biosensors and therapeutics are also discussed. This review will provide an overall picture of carbazole ligands with remarkable G4 topological preference, fluorescence properties and significant bioactivity; portraying carbazole as a very promising scaffold for assembling G4 ligands with a range of novel functional applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Müller
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Chemical BiologyCenter for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ)Goethe University FrankfurtMax-von-Laue Strasse 7Frankfurt am Main60438Germany
| | - Puja Saha
- School of Chemical SciencesIndian Association for the Cultivation of ScienceJadavpurKolkata-700032India
| | - Deepanjan Panda
- School of Chemical SciencesIndian Association for the Cultivation of ScienceJadavpurKolkata-700032India
| | - Jyotirmayee Dash
- School of Chemical SciencesIndian Association for the Cultivation of ScienceJadavpurKolkata-700032India
| | - Harald Schwalbe
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Chemical BiologyCenter for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ)Goethe University FrankfurtMax-von-Laue Strasse 7Frankfurt am Main60438Germany
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57
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Points GL, Beaudry CM. Regioselective Synthesis of Substituted Carbazoles, Bicarbazoles, and Clausine C. Org Lett 2021; 23:6882-6885. [PMID: 34424701 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Substituted carbazoles are efficiently constructed from 3-triflato-2-pyrones and alkynyl anilines. Multiple substituents are tolerated on the carbazole, and complete control of regiochemistry is observed. Complicated and sterically congested substitution patterns are produced. This strategy is also used to prepare substituted bicarbazoles and related biaryls. Finally, the method was showcased in a synthesis of the carbazole natural product clausine C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary L Points
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Christopher M Beaudry
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
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Lupidi G, Bassetti B, Ballini R, Petrini M, Palmieri A. A New and Effective One‐Pot Synthesis of Polysubstituted Carbazoles Starting from β‐Nitro‐β,γ‐Unsaturated‐Ketones and Indoles. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Lupidi
- Green Chemistry Group School of Sciences and Technology Chemistry Division University of Camerino Via S. Agostino n. 1 MC 62032 Camerino Italy
| | - Benedetta Bassetti
- Green Chemistry Group School of Sciences and Technology Chemistry Division University of Camerino Via S. Agostino n. 1 MC 62032 Camerino Italy
| | - Roberto Ballini
- Green Chemistry Group School of Sciences and Technology Chemistry Division University of Camerino Via S. Agostino n. 1 MC 62032 Camerino Italy
| | - Marino Petrini
- Green Chemistry Group School of Sciences and Technology Chemistry Division University of Camerino Via S. Agostino n. 1 MC 62032 Camerino Italy
| | - Alessandro Palmieri
- Green Chemistry Group School of Sciences and Technology Chemistry Division University of Camerino Via S. Agostino n. 1 MC 62032 Camerino Italy
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59
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Patel M, Pandey N, Timaniya J, Parikh P, Chauhan A, Jain N, Patel K. Coumarin-carbazole based functionalized pyrazolines: synthesis, characterization, anticancer investigation and molecular docking. RSC Adv 2021; 11:27627-27644. [PMID: 35480680 PMCID: PMC9037808 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra03970a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of novel pyrazoline scaffolds from coumarin-carbazole chalcones were synthesized. We explored various acetyl, amide, and phenyl substituents at the N-1 position of the pyrazoline core. The synthesized compounds were characterized by FTIR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, DEPT, and mass spectroscopic techniques. The in vitro cytotoxicity study of all the synthesized compounds was evaluated against HeLa, NCI-H520 and NRK-52E cell lines. Compounds 4a and 7b became the most active compounds and exhibited their potential to arrest the cell cycle progression and induce apoptosis in both the cell lines. In addition, molecular docking studies revealed a higher binding affinity of both the molecules with CDK2 protein. Based on the obtained results, a comprehensive analysis is warranted to establish the role of compounds 4a and 7b as promising cancer therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrugesh Patel
- Department of Advanced Organic Chemistry, P. D. Patel Institute of Applied Sciences, Charotar University of Science and Technology Gujarat 388421 India
| | - Nilesh Pandey
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Charotar Institute of Paramedical Sciences, Charotar University of Science and Technology Gujarat 388421 India
| | - Jignesh Timaniya
- Department of Advanced Organic Chemistry, P. D. Patel Institute of Applied Sciences, Charotar University of Science and Technology Gujarat 388421 India
| | - Paranjay Parikh
- Department of Advanced Organic Chemistry, P. D. Patel Institute of Applied Sciences, Charotar University of Science and Technology Gujarat 388421 India
| | - Alex Chauhan
- Department of Biological Sciences, P. D. Patel Institute of Applied Sciences, Charotar University of Science and Technology Gujarat 388421 India
| | - Neeraj Jain
- Department of Biological Sciences, P. D. Patel Institute of Applied Sciences, Charotar University of Science and Technology Gujarat 388421 India
| | - Kaushal Patel
- Department of Advanced Organic Chemistry, P. D. Patel Institute of Applied Sciences, Charotar University of Science and Technology Gujarat 388421 India
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60
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Pocock IA, Alotaibi AM, Jagdev K, Prior C, Burgess GR, Male L, Grainger RS. Direct formation of 4,5-disubstituted carbazoles via regioselective dilithiation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:7252-7255. [PMID: 34190745 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02892h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Carbazoles are widely exploited for their interesting photophysical and electronic properties, however bay (4,5-) functionalization is challenging, and previously inaccessible through carbazole C-H activation. We report a simple methodology which introduces a range of versatile 4,5-functionality, enabling the wider investigation of ring annulation and close proximity effects on carbazole properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A Pocock
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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Abstract
The carbazole class is made up of heterocyclically structured compounds first isolated from coal tar. Their structural motif is preponderant in different synthetic materials and naturally occurring alkaloids extracted from the taxonomically related higher plants of the genus Murraya, Glycosmis, and Clausena from the Rutaceae family. Concerning the biological activity of these compounds, many research groups have assessed their antiproliferative action of carbazoles on different types of tumoral cells, such as breast, cervical, ovarian, hepatic, oral cavity, and small-cell lung cancer, and underlined their potential effects against psoriasis. One of the principal mechanisms likely involved in these effects is the ability of carbazoles to target the JAK/STATs pathway, considered essential for cell differentiation, proliferation, development, apoptosis, and inflammation. In this review, we report the studies carried out, over the years, useful to synthesize compounds with carbazole moiety designed to target these kinds of kinases.
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Kaur M, Mehta V, Abdullah Wani A, Arora S, Bharatam PV, Sharon A, Singh S, Kumar R. Synthesis of 1,4-dihydropyrazolo[4,3-b]indoles via intramolecular C(sp 2)-N bond formation involving nitrene insertion, DFT study and their anticancer assessment. Bioorg Chem 2021; 114:105114. [PMID: 34243073 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We herein report a new synthetic route for a series of unreported 1,4-dihydropyrazolo[4,3-b]indoles (6-8) via deoxygenation of o-nitrophenyl-substituted N-aryl pyrazoles and subsequent intramolecular (sp2)-N bond formation under microwave irradiation expedite modified Cadogan condition. This method allows access to NH-free as well as N-substituted fused indoles. DFT study and controlled experiments highlighted the role of nitrene insertion as one of the plausible reaction mechanisms. Furthermore, the target compounds exhibited cytotoxicity at low micromolar concentration against lung (A549), colon (HCT-116), and breast (MDA-MB-231, and MCF-7) cancer cell lines, induced the ROS generation and altered the mitochondrial membrane potential of highly aggressive MDA-MB-231 cells. Further investigations revealed that these compounds were selective Topo I (6h) or Topo II (7a, 7b) inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manpreet Kaur
- Laboratory for Drug Design and Synthesis, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda-151401, Punjab, India
| | - Vikrant Mehta
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda-151401, Punjab, India
| | - Aabid Abdullah Wani
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), SAS. Nagar, India
| | - Sahil Arora
- Laboratory for Drug Design and Synthesis, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda-151401, Punjab, India
| | - Prasad V Bharatam
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), SAS. Nagar, India
| | - Ashoke Sharon
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 835215, India
| | - Sandeep Singh
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda-151401, Punjab, India.
| | - Raj Kumar
- Laboratory for Drug Design and Synthesis, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda-151401, Punjab, India.
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63
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Ma XL, Zhu SS, Liu Y, Chen HW, Shi YT, Zeng KW, Tu PF, Jiang Y. Carbazole alkaloids with potential cytotoxic activities targeted on PCK2 protein from Murraya microphylla. Bioorg Chem 2021; 114:105113. [PMID: 34175718 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
From the 95% aqueous ethanol extract of Murraya microphylla, five pairs of new carbazole alkaloid enantiomers, (+/-)-microphylines N-R (1a/1b-5a/5b), were isolated, together with 20 known carbazole alkaloids. The structures of the new compounds were determined by the HRMS and NMR spectroscopic data, along with the calculated electronic circular dichroism (ECD) and Mo2(AcO)4-induced CD data. The known compound (+)-mahanine (21) showed significant cytotoxicities against Du145, HepG2, HeLa, and HCT-116 cell lines, and its possible mechanism was deduced to target on phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 2 (PCK2) protein via surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and molecular docking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Li Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Si-Si Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Tao Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke-Wu Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng-Fei Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China.
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A carbazole compound, 9-ethyl-9H-carbazole-3-carbaldehyde, plays an antitumor function through reactivation of the p53 pathway in human melanoma cells. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:591. [PMID: 34103468 PMCID: PMC8187445 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03867-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
p53, the major tumor suppressor, is frequently mutated in many cancers, and up to 84% of human melanomas harbor wild-type p53, which is considered to be an ideal target for melanoma therapy. Here, we evaluated the antitumor activity of a carbazole derivative, 9-ethyl-9H-carbazole-3-carbaldehyde (ECCA), on melanoma cells. ECCA had a selectively strong inhibitory activity against the growth of BRAF-mutated and BRAF-wild-type melanoma cells but had little effect on normal human primary melanocytes. ECCA inhibited melanoma cell growth by increasing cell apoptosis, which was associated with the upregulation of caspase activities and was significantly abrogated by the addition of a caspase inhibitor. In vivo assays confirmed that ECCA suppressed melanoma growth by enhancing cell apoptosis and reducing cell proliferation, and importantly ECCA did not have any evident toxic effects on normal tissues. RNA-Seq analysis identified several pathways related to cell apoptosis that were affected by ECCA, notably, activation of the p53 signaling pathway. Biochemical assays demonstrated that ECCA enhanced the phosphorylation of p53 at Ser15 in melanoma cells harboring wild-type p53, and importantly, the knockdown or deletion of p53 in those cells counteracted the ECCA-induced apoptosis, as well as senescence. Further investigations revealed that ECCA enhanced the phosphorylation of p38-MAPK and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and treatment with either a p38-MAPK or a JNK inhibitor rescued the cell growth inhibition elicited by ECCA, which depended on the expression of the p53 gene. Finally, the combination of ECCA with a BRAF inhibitor significantly enhanced the growth inhibition of melanoma cells. In summary, our study demonstrates that the carbazole derivative, ECCA, induces melanoma cell apoptosis and senescence through the activation of p53 to significantly and selectively suppress the growth of melanoma cells without affecting normal human melanocytes, suggesting its potential to develop a new drug for melanoma therapy.
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65
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Sathiya Kamatchi T, Mohamed Subarkhan MK, Ramesh R, Wang H, Małecki JG. Investigation into antiproliferative activity and apoptosis mechanism of new arene Ru(ii) carbazole-based hydrazone complexes. Dalton Trans 2021; 49:11385-11395. [PMID: 32776042 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt01476a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ruthenium complexes with bioactive ligands are becoming promising substitutes for platinum complexes due to their precise action against various cancers. In the present study, the synthesis of three new arene Ru(ii) complexes containing new carbazole-based hydrazone ligands of general formula [(η6-benzene)Ru(L)Cl] (1-3; L = carbazolone benzhydrazone ligands), and their anticancer properties are described. The structural characterization of the ligands and their ruthenium complexes has been realized with the aid of elemental analysis, IR, UV-vis, NMR and HR-MS techniques. The molecular structures of all three complexes have been elucidated by single crystal X-ray crystallography and reveal the existence of pseudo-octahedral geometry around the ruthenium. The in vitro cancer cell growth inhibition property of the complexes against A549 (lung carcinoma), A2780 (ovarian adenocarcinoma) and non-cancerous 16HBE (human lung bronchial epithelium) cells were examined by MTT assay. All the complexes display good cytotoxicity towards both of these types of cancer cell compared to the standard drug cisplatin, with low IC50 values. Remarkably, complex 3, which contains an electron-donating substituent, induces a significant reduction of viability in A2780 cells. The inhibition capacity of the complexes towards A2780 cells proliferation was further confirmed using 5-ethynyl-2-deoxyuridine (EdU) assay via minimal DNA synthesis. The result of the acridine orange-ethidium bromide (AO-EB) fluorescent staining assay establishes that the cytotoxicity of the complexes was mediated by apoptosis in cancer cells. Furthermore, flow cytometry using Annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide (PI) double staining determines the quantitative discrimination of early apoptosis by the externalization of phosphatidylserine. In addition, cell cycle distribution indicates that the complexes block the cell cycle progression in the S-phase. The outcome of our investigation shows the promising scope and potency of tailored arene ruthenium complexes for precise cancer chemotherapy beyond platinum drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thangavel Sathiya Kamatchi
- Centre for Organometallic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli-620 024, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Mohamed Kasim Mohamed Subarkhan
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, PR China
| | - Rengan Ramesh
- Centre for Organometallic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli-620 024, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Hangxiang Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, PR China
| | - Jan Grzegorz Małecki
- Department of Crystallography, Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, 40-006, Katowice, Poland
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66
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Zhang Z, Zhang H, Yang H, Xu Z. Heptaphylline inhibits the proliferation and epithelial to mesenchymal transition of human pancreatic cancer cells via induction of apoptosis and autophagy. ALL LIFE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/26895293.2021.1925357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyan Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Weifang People’s Hospital, Weifang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongyan Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory, Binzhou People’s Hospital, Binzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huanlian Yang
- Department of Oncology, Binzhou People’s Hospital, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenglei Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
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67
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Polley A, Varalaxmi K, Nandi A, Jana R. Divergent Total Synthesis of (±)‐Mahanine and Other Carbazole Alkaloids. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arghya Polley
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur Kolkata 700032 West Bengal India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Kolkata 700032 West Bengal (India
| | - Kasarla Varalaxmi
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur Kolkata 700032 West Bengal India
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Kolkata 700054 West Bengal India
| | - Arijit Nandi
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur Kolkata 700032 West Bengal India
| | - Ranjan Jana
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur Kolkata 700032 West Bengal India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Kolkata 700032 West Bengal (India
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68
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Luparello C, Cruciata I, Joerger AC, Ocasio CA, Jones R, Tareque RK, Bagley MC, Spencer J, Walker M, Austin C, Ferrara T, D′Oca P, Bellina R, Branni R, Caradonna F. Genotoxicity and Epigenotoxicity of Carbazole-Derived Molecules on MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073410. [PMID: 33810274 PMCID: PMC8038095 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The carbazole compounds PK9320 (1-(9-ethyl-7-(furan-2-yl)-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-N-methylmethanamine) and PK9323 (1-(9-ethyl-7-(thiazol-4-yl)-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-N-methylmethanamine), second-generation analogues of PK083 (1-(9-ethyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-N-methylmethanamine), restore p53 signaling in Y220C p53-mutated cancer cells by binding to a mutation-induced surface crevice and acting as molecular chaperones. In the present paper, these three molecules have been tested for mutant p53-independent genotoxic and epigenomic effects on wild-type p53 MCF-7 breast adenocarcinoma cells, employing a combination of Western blot for phospho-γH2AX histone, Comet assay and methylation-sensitive arbitrarily primed PCR to analyze their intrinsic DNA damage-inducing and DNA methylation-changing abilities. We demonstrate that small modifications in the substitution patterns of carbazoles can have profound effects on their intrinsic genotoxic and epigenetic properties, with PK9320 and PK9323 being eligible candidates as “anticancer compounds” and “anticancer epi-compounds” and PK083 a “damage-corrective” compound on human breast adenocarcinoma cells. Such different properties may be exploited for their use as anticancer agents and chemical probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Luparello
- Department of Biological Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 16, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (I.C.); (T.F.); (P.D.); (R.B.); (R.B.)
- Correspondence: (C.L.); (J.S.); (F.C.)
| | - Ilenia Cruciata
- Department of Biological Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 16, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (I.C.); (T.F.); (P.D.); (R.B.); (R.B.)
| | - Andreas C. Joerger
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany;
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC), 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Cory A. Ocasio
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QJ, UK; (C.A.O.); (R.J.); (R.K.T.); (M.C.B.)
| | - Rhiannon Jones
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QJ, UK; (C.A.O.); (R.J.); (R.K.T.); (M.C.B.)
| | - Raysa Khan Tareque
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QJ, UK; (C.A.O.); (R.J.); (R.K.T.); (M.C.B.)
| | - Mark C. Bagley
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QJ, UK; (C.A.O.); (R.J.); (R.K.T.); (M.C.B.)
| | - John Spencer
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QJ, UK; (C.A.O.); (R.J.); (R.K.T.); (M.C.B.)
- Correspondence: (C.L.); (J.S.); (F.C.)
| | - Martin Walker
- Eurofins Integrated Discovery UK Ltd., Fyfield Business & Research Park, Fyfield Road, Ongar, Essex CM5 0GS, UK; (M.W.); (C.A.)
| | - Carol Austin
- Eurofins Integrated Discovery UK Ltd., Fyfield Business & Research Park, Fyfield Road, Ongar, Essex CM5 0GS, UK; (M.W.); (C.A.)
| | - Tiziana Ferrara
- Department of Biological Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 16, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (I.C.); (T.F.); (P.D.); (R.B.); (R.B.)
| | - Pietro D′Oca
- Department of Biological Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 16, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (I.C.); (T.F.); (P.D.); (R.B.); (R.B.)
| | - Rossella Bellina
- Department of Biological Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 16, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (I.C.); (T.F.); (P.D.); (R.B.); (R.B.)
| | - Rossella Branni
- Department of Biological Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 16, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (I.C.); (T.F.); (P.D.); (R.B.); (R.B.)
| | - Fabio Caradonna
- Department of Biological Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 16, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (I.C.); (T.F.); (P.D.); (R.B.); (R.B.)
- Correspondence: (C.L.); (J.S.); (F.C.)
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69
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Grover M, Behl T, Sanduja M, Habibur Rahman M, Ahmadi A. Exploring the Potential of Aromatherapy as an Adjuvant Therapy in Cancer and its Complications: A Comprehensive Update. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 22:629-653. [PMID: 33563202 DOI: 10.2174/1871520621666210204201937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aromatherapy is a traditional practice of employing essential oils for the therapeutic purposes, currently headed under the category of complementary and adjuvant medicine. OBJECTIVE The aim of this review article is to summarize the potential health benefits of aromatic essential oil from traditional times till the present. It also proposed some mechanisms which can be utilized as basis for using aromatherapy in cancer and cancer linked complications. METHODS To find out the relevant and authentic data, several search engines like Science direct, Pubmed, research gate, etc. were thoroughly checked by inserting key words like aromatherapy, complementary, adjuvant therapy etc. to collect the relevant material in context of article. Also, the chemical components of essential oil were classified based on the presence of functional groups, which are further explored for their cytotoxic potential. RESULTS The result depicted the anti-cancer potential of chemical constituents of essential oil against different types of cancer. Moreover, the essential oils show promising anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-oxidant and anti-mutagenic potential in several studies, which collectively can form the basis for initiation of its anti-cancer utility. CONCLUSION Aromatherapy can serve as adjuvant economic therapy in cancer after the standardization of protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhuri Grover
- B.S. Anangpuria Institute of Pharmacy, Faridabad, Haryana, . India
| | - Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, . India
| | | | - Md Habibur Rahman
- Department of Global Medical Science, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, . South Korea
| | - Amirhossein Ahmadi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari. Iran
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70
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Kasama K, Kanomata K, Hinami Y, Mizuno K, Uetake Y, Amaya T, Sako M, Takizawa S, Sasai H, Akai S. Chemo- and regioselective cross-dehydrogenative coupling reaction of 3-hydroxycarbazoles with arenols catalyzed by a mesoporous silica-supported oxovanadium. RSC Adv 2021; 11:35342-35350. [PMID: 35493149 PMCID: PMC9042799 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra07723f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-dehydrogenative coupling between 3-hydroxycarbazoles and 2-naphthols has been achieved by using a mesoporous silica-supported oxovanadium catalyst. Cross-dehydrogenative coupling between 3-hydroxycarbazoles and 2-naphthols has been achieved by using a mesoporous silica-supported oxovanadium catalyst.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Kengo Kasama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kyohei Kanomata
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuya Hinami
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Karin Mizuno
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuta Uetake
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI) Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toru Amaya
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8501, Japan
| | - Makoto Sako
- SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Shinobu Takizawa
- SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Sasai
- SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Shuji Akai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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71
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Shalini, Kumar V. Have molecular hybrids delivered effective anti-cancer treatments and what should future drug discovery focus on? Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 16:335-363. [PMID: 33305635 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2021.1850686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cancer continues to be a big threat and its treatment is a huge challenge among the medical fraternity. Conventional anti-cancer agents are losing their efficiency which highlights the need to introduce new anti-cancer entities for treating this complex disease. A hybrid molecule has a tendency to act through varied modes of action on multiple targets at a given time. Thus, there is the significant scope with hybrid compounds to tackle the existing limitations of cancer chemotherapy. AREA COVERED This perspective describes the most significant hybrids that spring hope in the field of cancer chemotherapy. Several hybrids with anti-proliferative/anti-tumor properties currently approved or in clinical development are outlined, along with a description of their mechanism of action and identified drug targets. EXPERT OPINION The success of molecular hybridization in cancer chemotherapy is quite evident by the number of molecules entering into clinical trials and/or have entered the drug market over the past decade. Indeed, the recent advancements and co-ordinations in the interface between chemistry, biology, and pharmacology will help further the advancement of hybrid chemotherapeutics in the future.List of abbreviations: Deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA; national cancer institute, NCI; peripheral blood mononuclear cells, PBMC; food and drug administration, FDA; histone deacetylase, HDAC; epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, VEGFR; suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid, SAHA; farnesyltransferase inhibitor, FTI; adenosine triphosphate, ATP; Tamoxifen, TAM; selective estrogen receptor modulator, SERM; structure activity relationship, SAR; estrogen receptor, ER; lethal dose, LD; half maximal growth inhibitory concentration, GI50; half maximal inhibitory concentration, IC50.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar-India
| | - Vipan Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar-India
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72
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Lang DK, Kaur R, Arora R, Saini B, Arora S. Nitrogen-Containing Heterocycles as Anticancer Agents: An Overview. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2020; 20:2150-2168. [DOI: 10.2174/1871520620666200705214917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Background:
Cancer is spreading all over the world, and it is becoming the leading cause of major
deaths. Today’s most difficult task for every researcher is to invent a new drug that can treat cancer with minimal
side effects. Many factors, including pollution, modern lifestyle and food habits, exposure to oncogenic
agents or radiations, enhanced industrialization, etc. can cause cancer. Treatment of cancer is done by various
methods that include chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery and immunotherapy in combination or singly along
with kinase inhibitors. Most of the anti-cancer drugs use the concept of kinase inhibition.
Objective:
The number of drugs being used in chemotherapy has heterocycles as their basic structure in spite of
various side effects. Medicinal chemists are focusing on nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds like pyrrole,
pyrrolidine, pyridine, imidazole, pyrimidines, pyrazole, indole, quinoline, oxadiazole, azole, benzimidazole,
etc. as the key building blocks to develop active biological compounds. The aim of this study is to attempt
to compile a dataset of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic anti-cancer drugs.
Methods:
We adopted a structural search on notorious journal publication websites and electronic databases
such as Bentham Science, Science Direct, PubMed, Scopus, USFDA, etc. for the collection of peer-reviewed
research and review articles for the present review. The quality papers were retrieved, studied, categorized into
different sections, analyzed and used for article writing.
Conclusion:
As per FDA databases, nitrogen-based heterocycles in the drug design are almost 60% of unique
small-molecule drugs. Some of the nitrogen-containing heterocyclic anti-cancer drugs are Axitinib, Bosutinib,
Cediranib, Dasatanib (Sprycel®), Erlotinib (Tarceva®), Gefitinib (Iressa®), Imatinib (Gleevec®), Lapatinib (Tykerb
®), Linifanib, Sorafenib (Nexavar®), Sunitinib (Sutent®), Tivozanib, etc. In the present review, we shall focus
on the overview of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic active compounds as anti-cancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rajwinder Kaur
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Rashmi Arora
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Balraj Saini
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Sandeep Arora
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
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73
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Dierks A, Fliegel L, Schmidtmann M, Christoffers J. Preparation of Hexahydrocarbazole Derivatives by Reductive Indolization. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202001226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Dierks
- Institut für Chemie Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg 26111 Oldenburg Germany
| | - Lukas Fliegel
- Institut für Chemie Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg 26111 Oldenburg Germany
| | - Marc Schmidtmann
- Institut für Chemie Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg 26111 Oldenburg Germany
| | - Jens Christoffers
- Institut für Chemie Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg 26111 Oldenburg Germany
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Pandey V, Raza MK, Sonowal M, Gupta I. BODIPY based red emitters: Synthesis, computational and biological studies. Bioorg Chem 2020; 106:104467. [PMID: 33223201 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Donor-Acceptor type BODIPYs with strong absorption and fluorescence in the red region (550-800 nm) are reported. The aromatic groups like N-butylcarbazole/ N-butylphenothiazine/ benzothiadiazole were attached to the C-8 position of the BODIPY core with furan or thiophene spacers. TD-DFT studies indicated significant charge distribution between C-8 aromatic heterocycles and BODIPY core in all the molecules. The in-vitro studies of the N-butylcarbazole substituted BODIPYs indicated significant localization in the endoplasmic reticulum and lysosomes of the cancer cells. The BODIPYs showed decent cytotoxicity after 48 h incubation period (14.9 to 31.8 μM) in HeLa and A549 cancer cells, indicating their potential application as theranostic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayalakshmi Pandey
- Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj Campus, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Md Kausar Raza
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Mridupavan Sonowal
- Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj Campus, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Iti Gupta
- Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj Campus, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India.
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75
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Bondock S, Nasr T, Alqahtanti S. Synthesis and In Vitro Antitumor Evaluation of Some Carbazole‐Based Thiazole, Thiophene, and 1,3,4‐Thiadiazole Derivatives. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202002912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samir Bondock
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science King Khalid University 9004 Abha Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Mansoura University ET 35516 Mansoura Egypt
| | - Tamer Nasr
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Faculty of Pharmacy Helwan University 11795 Helwan Cairo Egypt
| | - Salwa Alqahtanti
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Arts King Khalid University Sarat Abidah Saudi Arabia
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76
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Debnath S, Das T, Pati TK, Majumdar S, Maiti DK. Metal-Free Indole-Phenacyl Bromide Cyclization: A Regioselective Synthesis of 3,5-Diarylcarbazoles. J Org Chem 2020; 85:13272-13279. [PMID: 33006280 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A metal-free, simultaneous triple C-C coupling cyclization reaction between phenacyl bromides and indoles is discovered in a highly regioselective fashion to furnish 3,5-diarylcarbazoles. DMAP is utilized as the only reagent for the unusual and rapid cyclization reaction to furnish all new carbazole compounds through installation of a great diversity of substituents. A plausible radical mechanism for the new reaction is predicted by conducting various control experiments, competitive reactions, furoindole formation, and ESI-MS analyses of the ongoing cyclization reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudipto Debnath
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92, A. P. C. Road, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Tuluma Das
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92, A. P. C. Road, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Tanmay K Pati
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92, A. P. C. Road, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Swapan Majumdar
- Department of Chemistry, Tripura University, Suryamaninagar 799 022, India
| | - Dilip K Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92, A. P. C. Road, Kolkata 700009, India
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77
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Bondock S, Alqahtani S, Fouda AM. Synthesis and anticancer evaluation of some new pyrazolo[3,4‐
d
][1,2,3]triazin‐4‐ones, pyrazolo[1,5‐
a
]pyrimidines, and imidazo[1,2‐
b
]pyrazoles clubbed with carbazole. J Heterocycl Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.4148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samir Bondock
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science King Khalid University Abha Saudi Arabia
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science Mansoura University Mansoura Egypt
| | - Salwa Alqahtani
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Arts King Khalid University Sarat Abidah Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M. Fouda
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science King Khalid University Abha Saudi Arabia
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78
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Tanaka S, Asako T, Ota E, Yamaguchi J. Synthesis of a Pentaarylcarbazole: Installation of Different Aryl Groups on a Benzenoid Moiety. CHEM LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.200302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Tanaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Takashi Asako
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Eisuke Ota
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Junichiro Yamaguchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
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79
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Chylewska A, Dąbrowska AM, Ramotowska S, Maciejewska N, Olszewski M, Bagiński M, Makowski M. Photosensitive and pH-dependent activity of pyrazine-functionalized carbazole derivative as promising antifungal and imaging agent. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11767. [PMID: 32678219 PMCID: PMC7367338 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68758-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbazole skeleton plays a significant role as a structural scaffold of many pharmacologically active compounds. Pyrazine-functionalized carbazole derivative was constructed by coupling 2-amino-5-bromo-3-methylaminepyrazine (ABMAP) into 3 and 6 positions of the carbazole ring. Multi-experimental methods were used, e.g., potentiometric, spectroscopic (ATR, UV, XRD powder,1H and13C NMR), electrochemical (cyclic voltammetry), and optical techniques, to receive the complete structural analysis, physicochemical (pKa, logP) and biological profile of a new carbazole derivative with acronym 3,6-PIRAMICAR. The interaction ability of the compound studied with potential cellular targets like Calf Thymus DNA (CT-DNA), or Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) were also taken into account. Experiments showed the existence of strong binding, but no DNA or BSA cleavage was observed. The comparative analyzes of compounds anti-Candida action clearly show pH-dependent antifungal activity of 3,6-PIRAMICAR, which was strongly stimulated in the acidic media. Surprisingly, the titled compound turn out to be much more effective (14 times by MIC50; 8 times by MIC; c.a. 4 times by MFC) against Candida krusei than fluconazole at pH 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Chylewska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | | | - Sandra Ramotowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Natalia Maciejewska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Mateusz Olszewski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Maciej Bagiński
- Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Mariusz Makowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland.
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80
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Choi S, Park J, Yu E, Sim J, Park CM. Electrosynthesis of Dihydropyrano[4,3-b]indoles Based on a Double Oxidative [3+3] Cycloaddition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:11886-11891. [PMID: 32329937 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202003364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative [3+3] cycloadditions offer an efficient route for six-membered-ring formation. This approach has been realized based on an electrochemical oxidative coupling of indoles/enamines with active methylene compounds followed by tandem 6π-electrocyclization leading to the synthesis of dihydropyrano[4,3-b]indoles and 2,3-dihydrofurans. The radical-radical cross-coupling of the radical species generated by anodic oxidation combined with the cathodic generation of the base from O2 allows for mild reaction conditions for the synthesis of structurally complex heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subin Choi
- Department of Chemistry, UNIST (Ulsan National Institute of Science & Technology), Ulsan, 44919, Korea
| | - Jinhwi Park
- Department of Chemistry, UNIST (Ulsan National Institute of Science & Technology), Ulsan, 44919, Korea
| | - Eunsoo Yu
- Department of Chemistry, UNIST (Ulsan National Institute of Science & Technology), Ulsan, 44919, Korea
| | - Jeongwoo Sim
- Department of Chemistry, UNIST (Ulsan National Institute of Science & Technology), Ulsan, 44919, Korea
| | - Cheol-Min Park
- Department of Chemistry, UNIST (Ulsan National Institute of Science & Technology), Ulsan, 44919, Korea
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81
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Choi S, Park J, Yu E, Sim J, Park C. Electrosynthesis of Dihydropyrano[4,3‐
b
]indoles Based on a Double Oxidative [3+3] Cycloaddition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202003364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Subin Choi
- Department of Chemistry UNIST (Ulsan National Institute of Science & Technology) Ulsan 44919 Korea
| | - Jinhwi Park
- Department of Chemistry UNIST (Ulsan National Institute of Science & Technology) Ulsan 44919 Korea
| | - Eunsoo Yu
- Department of Chemistry UNIST (Ulsan National Institute of Science & Technology) Ulsan 44919 Korea
| | - Jeongwoo Sim
- Department of Chemistry UNIST (Ulsan National Institute of Science & Technology) Ulsan 44919 Korea
| | - Cheol‐Min Park
- Department of Chemistry UNIST (Ulsan National Institute of Science & Technology) Ulsan 44919 Korea
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82
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Wu G, Yan Y, Zhou Y, Duan Y, Zeng S, Wang X, Lin W, Ou C, Zhou J, Xu Z. Sulforaphane: Expected to Become a Novel Antitumor Compound. Oncol Res 2020; 28:439-446. [PMID: 32111265 PMCID: PMC7851526 DOI: 10.3727/096504020x15828892654385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural products are becoming increasingly popular in a variety of traditional, complementary, and alternative systems due to their potency and slight side effects. Natural compounds have been shown to be effective against many human diseases, especially cancers. Sulforaphane (SFE) is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have been conducted to evaluate the antitumor effect of SFE. The roles of SFE in cancers are mainly through the regulation of potential biomarkers to activate or inhibit related signaling pathways. SFE has exhibited promising inhibitory effects on breast cancer, lung cancer, liver cancer, and other malignant tumors. In this review, we summarized the reports on the activity and functional mechanisms of SFE in cancer treatment and explored the efficacy and toxicity of SFE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geting Wu
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangshaP.R. China
| | - Yuanliang Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangshaP.R. China
| | - Yangying Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangshaP.R. China
| | - Yumei Duan
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangshaP.R. China
| | - Shuangshuang Zeng
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangshaP.R. China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangshaP.R. China
| | - Wei Lin
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangshaP.R. China
| | - Chunlin Ou
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangshaP.R. China
| | - Jianhua Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangshaP.R. China
| | - Zhijie Xu
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangshaP.R. China
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83
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Saha S, Maji MS. One-pot access to tetrahydrobenzo[c]carbazoles from simple ketones by using O2 as an oxidant. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:1765-1768. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ob02751c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
An effective and operationally simple one-pot Brønsted acid catalyzed cascade method is demonstrated for the synthesis of diversely functionalized carbazole frameworks starting from protecting group free 2-alkenyl indoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuvendu Saha
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
- Kharagpur 721302
- India
| | - Modhu Sudan Maji
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
- Kharagpur 721302
- India
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84
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Xie J, Gore JC. The Potential Targets and Mechanisms of a Carbazole and Pyrazole Containing Anticancer Compound. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2020; 20:364-371. [PMID: 31951182 PMCID: PMC10563180 DOI: 10.2174/1568009620666200115162343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Characterization of a small anticancer compound. BACKGROUND The development of small molecules as new anti-cancer therapeutics is necessary to improve anti-tumor efficacy and reduce toxicities, especially for the treatment of brain tumors, where only small molecules can effectively cross the brain-blood barrier. Several novel hits were previously selected by concurrently screening colon and glioma cancer cell lines with a sensorconjugated reporter system. Here, we focused on one of them. OBJECTIVE Elucidating the potential target(s) of a novel anticancer compound. METHODS Computer-assisted structural and motif analysis (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator or LASSO score) was used to assess compound's targets, then direct kinase activity assays were used for the confirmation; Western blot of phosphorylated kinases, as well as FACS and caspase 3/7 activity assays, were used to decipher the action mechanisms. Finally, the expression profiling of proteins involved in various G-protein pathways by real-time PCR was performed. RESULTS The small chemical, (4E)-4-[2-(9-ethyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)hydrazin-1-ylidene]-3-methyl- 4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-5-one, with a formula C18H17N5O and MW of 319.36, designated as VUGX01, was predicted to be a ligand/inhibitor to receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) by computer analysis (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator or LASSO score). However, direct analysis with recombinant kinases showed that it is not an effective inhibitor to the popular receptor kinases at 1μM concentration. This compound can activate caspases in some tumor cell lines but has minimal effects on the cell cycle. Drug treatments lead to the changes in phosphorylation of AKT and c- RAF, as well as the expression level of MAP2K, suggesting this compound may interact with Gprotein coupled receptors (GPCRs). The expression profiling of 82 proteins involved in various Gprotein pathways by real-time PCR showed that the treatment up-regulates the expression of several proteins, including angiotensinogen, angiotensin II receptor, and IP3-kinase catalytic subunit gamma. CONCLUSION VUGX01 can effectively block proliferation and induce apoptosis of certain types of cancer cells, even it is predicted by high LASSO score, but it is not an effective RTKs inhibitor, it may inhibit cell growth through acting as a novel ligand to one or several GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingping Xie
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - John C. Gore
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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85
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Yaragorla S, Dada R, Bag D. An Expeditious Benzannulation Reaction of Indol-3-yl-but-3-yn-2-ols to Substituted 2-Iodocarbazoles via Domino 5-endo
Spirocyclization/Selective Vinyl Shift and Aromatization. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasarao Yaragorla
- School of Chemistry; University of Hyderabad; Prof. C. R. Rao Road Gachibowli Hyderabad 500046 India
| | - Ravikrishna Dada
- School of Chemistry; University of Hyderabad; Prof. C. R. Rao Road Gachibowli Hyderabad 500046 India
| | - Debojyoti Bag
- School of Chemistry; University of Hyderabad; Prof. C. R. Rao Road Gachibowli Hyderabad 500046 India
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