51
|
The Immunopathology of Complement Proteins and Innate Immunity in Autoimmune Disease. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2020; 58:229-251. [PMID: 31834594 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-019-08774-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The complement is a powerful cascade of the innate immunity and also acts as a bridge between innate and acquired immune defence. Complement activation can occur via three distinct pathways, the classical, alternative and lectin pathways, each resulting in the common terminal pathway. Complement activation results in the release of a range of biologically active molecules that significantly contribute to immune surveillance and tissue homeostasis. Several soluble and membrane-bound regulatory proteins restrict complement activation in order to prevent complement-mediated autologous damage, consumption and exacerbated inflammation. The crucial role of complement in the host homeostasis is illustrated by association of both complement deficiency and overactivation with severe and life-threatening diseases. Autoantibodies targeting complement components have been described to alter expression and/or function of target protein resulting in a dysregulation of the delicate equilibrium between activation and inhibition of complement. The spectrum of diseases associated with complement autoantibodies depends on which complement protein and activation pathway are targeted, ranging from autoimmune disorders to kidney and vascular diseases. Nevertheless, these autoantibodies have been identified as differential biomarkers for diagnosis or follow-up of disease only in a small number of clinical conditions. For some autoantibodies, a clear relationship with clinical manifestations has been identified, such as anti-C1q, anti-Factor H, anti-C1 Inhibitor antibodies and C3 nephritic factor. For other autoantibodies, the origin and the functional consequences still remain to be elucidated, questioning about the pathophysiological significance of these autoantibodies, such as anti-mannose binding lectin, anti-Factor I, anti-Factor B and anti-C3b antibodies. The detection of autoantibodies targeting complement components is performed in specialized laboratories; however, there is no consensus on detection methods and standardization of the assays is a real challenge. This review summarizes the current panorama of autoantibodies targeting complement recognition proteins of the classical and lectin pathways, associated proteases, convertases, regulators and terminal components, with an emphasis on autoantibodies clearly involved in clinical conditions.
Collapse
|
52
|
McMahon JT, Faraj RR, Adamson DC. Emerging and investigational targeted chemotherapy and immunotherapy agents for metastatic brain tumors. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2020; 29:1389-1406. [PMID: 33040640 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2020.1836154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Metastases to the central nervous system are the most common cause of malignant intracranial tumors in adults. Current standard of care includes surgery and radiation, but overall survival remains poor. A range of systemic therapies are emerging as promising treatment options for these patients. AREAS COVERED This study reviews novel drug regimens that are under investigation in phase 1 and 2 clinical trials. To identify relevant therapies under clinical investigation, a search was performed on http://clinicaltrials.gov and Pubmed with the keywords brain metastasis, Phase I clinical trial, and Phase II clinical trial from 2016 to 2020. The authors detail the mechanisms of action of all trial agents, outline evidence for their utility, and summarize the current state of the field. EXPERT OPINION Current advancements in the medical management of brain metastases can be categorized into targeted therapies, methods of overcoming treatment resistance, novel combinations of therapies, and modulation of the tumor microenvironment with a specific focus on immunotherapy. Each of these realms holds great promise for the field going forward. A more streamlined structure for enrollment into clinical trials will be a crucial step in accelerating progress in this area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Razan R Faraj
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University , Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - David Cory Adamson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University , Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Atlanta VA Medical Center , Decatur, GA
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Tang Y, Cao Y. Modeling the dynamics of antibody-target binding in living tumors. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16764. [PMID: 33028895 PMCID: PMC7542163 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73711-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies have become an attractive class of therapeutic agents for solid tumors, mainly because of their high target selectivity and affinity. The target binding properties of antibodies are critical for their efficacy and toxicity. Our lab has developed a bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) imaging approach that directly supports the measurement of the binding dynamics between antibodies and their targets in the native tumor environment. In the present study, we have developed a spatially resolved computational model analyzing the longitudinal BRET imaging data of antibody–target binding and exploring the mechanisms of biphasic binding dynamics between a model antibody cetuximab and its target, the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). The model suggested that cetuximab is bound differently to EGFR in the stroma-rich area than in stroma-poor regions, which was confirmed by immunofluorescence staining. Compared to the binding in vitro, cetuximab bound to EGFR to a “slower-but-tighter” degree in the living tumors. These findings have provided spatially resolved characterizations of antibody–target binding in living tumors and have yielded many mechanistic insights into the factors that affect antibody interactions with its targets and treatment efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Tang
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Yanguang Cao
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA. .,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
A cost analysis study of the implementation of fixed-dosing of monoclonal antibodies in the Netherlands Cancer Institute. Int J Clin Pharm 2020; 43:181-190. [PMID: 32909221 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-020-01131-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Background There is a strong rationale for fixed-dosing of monoclonal antibodies in oncology. Although fixed-dosing of recently introduced monoclonal antibodies is well accepted, the rationale is also applicable for other monoclonal antibodies that already have been used for years, but are still body-size-based dosed in many hospitals. In the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (NKI-AVL), fixed-dosing has been implemented now for all monoclonal antibodies and, therefore, this site offers an ideal opportunity for a cost analysis study. Objective To investigate the financial impact of switching to fixed-dosing in the NKI-AVL. Setting The NKI-AVL. Method Information on the preparations of monoclonal antibodies was collected from August 2017 to February 2020. We compared the number of vials needed during preparation for fixed-dosing and body-size -based dosing strategies. The economic impact was calculated for 2 scenarios: scenario 1 assumed clustering of all preparations per day and scenario 2 assumed no clustering of preparations. Main outcome measure Number of saved vials and the correlating savings in health care costs. Results The implementation of fixed-dosing resulted in a substantial reduction in vials used for almost all monoclonal antibodies. The economic savings were calculated to be €0,8 and €3,1 million per year for scenario 1 and 2, respectively. Conclusion Fixed-dosing resulted in substantial savings in health care costs.
Collapse
|
55
|
Ai L, Chen J, Yan H, He Q, Luo P, Xu Z, Yang X. Research Status and Outlook of PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitors for Cancer Therapy. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2020; 14:3625-3649. [PMID: 32982171 PMCID: PMC7490077 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s267433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors are a group of immune checkpoint inhibitors as front-line treatment of multiple types of cancer. However, the serious immune-related adverse reactions limited the clinical application of PD-1/PD-L1 monoclonal antibodies, despite the promising curative effects. Therefore, it is urgent to develop novel inhibitors, such as small molecules, peptides or macrocycles, targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis to meet the increasing clinical demands. Our review discussed the mechanism of action of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors and presented clinical trials of currently approved PD-1/PD-L1 targeted drugs and the incidence of related adverse reactions, helping clinicians pay more attention to them, better formulate their intervention and resolution strategies. At last, some new inhibitors whose patent have been published are listed, which provide development ideas and judgment basis for the efficacy and safety of novel PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Ai
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Chen
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Yan
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiaojun He
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Peihua Luo
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhifei Xu
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaochun Yang
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Jones HM, Tolsma J, Zhang Z, Jasper P, Luo H, Weber GL, Wright K, Bard J, Bell R, Messing D, Kelleher K, Piche-Nicholas N, Webster R. A Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Model for the Prediction of "Half-Life Extension" and "Catch and Release" Monoclonal Antibody Pharmacokinetics. CPT-PHARMACOMETRICS & SYSTEMS PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 9:534-541. [PMID: 32697437 PMCID: PMC7499188 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) can be engineered to have “extended half‐life” and “catch and release” properties to improve target coverage. We have developed a mAb physiologically‐based pharmacokinetic model that describes intracellular trafficking, neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) recycling, and nonspecific clearance of mAbs. We extended this model to capture target binding as a function of target affinity, expression, and turnover. For mAbs engineered to have an extended half‐life, the model was able to accurately predict the terminal half‐life (82% within 2‐fold error of the observed value) in the human FcRn transgenic (Tg32) homozygous mouse and human. The model also accurately captures the trend in pharmacokinetic and target coverage data for a set of mAbs with differing catch and release properties in the Tg32 mouse. The mechanistic nature of this model allows us to explore different engineering techniques early in drug discovery, potentially expanding the number of “druggable” targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Jones
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | - Haobin Luo
- RES Group Inc., Needham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gregory L Weber
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Katherine Wright
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Andover, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joel Bard
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Robert Bell
- Rare Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dean Messing
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kerry Kelleher
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Robert Webster
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Mao Y, Kleinberg A, Li N. Isobaric Tandem Mass Tag Multiplexed Post-Translational Modification Quantitation of Biopharmaceuticals by Targeted High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2020; 92:9682-9690. [PMID: 32559367 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Peptide mapping coupled with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) has become an essential analytical technique to quantify the quality attributes (e.g., post-translational modifications [PTMs]) of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) during drug development. However, the traditional label-free approach for relative quantitation of PTMs requires a great amount of instrument time for LC-MS data acquisition of individual digested samples, which limits the efficiency of peptide mapping when there is an increasing demand for protein characterization. Here, we developed a tandem mass tag (TMT)-based approach in combination with targeted mass spectrometry for multiplexed site-specific PTM quantitation of monoclonal antibodies to overcome this limitation. This approach enables the simultaneous quantitation of quality attributes (e.g., PTMs) for multiple samples in a single LC-MS run. By adjusting higher-energy collision dissociation (HCD) normalized collisional energies (NCEs) from 35 to 90, different types of PTMs were quantified with percentages comparable to those obtained using the conventional approach. The TMT overlabeling on the off-target amino acid residues serine, threonine, and tyrosine was observed to pose a challenge for this targeted MS/MS-based PTM quantitation. However, we inhibited this off-target overlabeling by adding a small-molecule additive during the TMT labeling as a decoy reagent to deplete the excess amount of TMT reagent. The PTM quantitative performance of this approach demonstrated high sensitivity and reproducibility of PTM quantitation with levels as low as 1.0%. Finally, this approach has been utilized to quantify the PTMs for forced degradation samples, comparability samples, and trisulfide standards of monoclonal antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Mao
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591, United States
| | - Andrew Kleinberg
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591, United States
| | - Ning Li
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591, United States
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Datta-Mannan A, Estwick S, Zhou C, Choi H, Douglass NE, Witcher DR, Lu J, Beidler C, Millican R. Influence of physiochemical properties on the subcutaneous absorption and bioavailability of monoclonal antibodies. MAbs 2020; 12:1770028. [PMID: 32486889 PMCID: PMC7531508 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2020.1770028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Many therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were initially developed for intravenous (IV) administration. As a means to improve mAb drug-ability and the patient experience, subcutaneous (SC) administration is an increasingly important delivery route for mAbs. Unlike IV administration, bioavailability limitations for antibodies have been reported following SC injection and can dictate whether a mAb is administered via this parenteral route. The SC bioavailability of antibodies has been difficult to predict, and it can be variable and partial, with values ranging from ~50% to 100%. The mechanisms leading to the incomplete bioavailability of some mAbs relative to others are not well understood. There are some limited data that suggest the physiochemical properties inherent to a mAb can contribute to its SC absorption, bioavailability, and in vivo fate. In this study, we evaluated the integrated influence of multiple mAb physiochemical factors on the SC absorption and bioavailability of six humanized mAbs in both rats and cynomolgus monkeys. We demonstrate the physiochemical properties of mAbs are critical to their rate and extent of SC absorption. The combination of high positive charge and hydrophobic interaction significantly reduced the rate of the evaluated mAb’s SC absorption and bioavailability. Reduction or balancing of both these attributes via re-engineering the mAbs restored desirable properties of the molecules assessed. This included reduced association with SC tissue, improvements in mAb absorption from the SC space and overall SC bioavailability. Our findings point to the importance of evaluating the relative balance between various physiochemical factors, including charge, hydrophobicity, and stability, to improve the SC drug-ability of mAbs for selecting or engineering mAbs with enhanced in vivo absorption and bioavailability following SC administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amita Datta-Mannan
- Departments of Exploratory Medicine and Pharmacology, Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center , Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Selina Estwick
- External Innovation, Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center , Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Hiuwan Choi
- Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center , Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Nicole E Douglass
- Clinical Design/Delivery/Analytics, Lilly Research Laboratories Lilly Corporate Center , Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Derrick R Witcher
- Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center , Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jirong Lu
- Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center , Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Catherine Beidler
- Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center , Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Rohn Millican
- Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center , Indianapolis, IN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Cameron B, Dabdoubi T, Berthou-Soulié L, Gagnaire M, Arnould I, Severac A, Soubrier F, Morales J, Leighton PA, Harriman W, Ching K, Abdiche Y, Radošević K, Bouquin T. Complementary epitopes and favorable developability of monoclonal anti-LAMP1 antibodies generated using two transgenic animal platforms. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235815. [PMID: 32673351 PMCID: PMC7365404 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for therapeutic applications should be as similar to native human antibodies as possible to minimize their immunogenicity in patients. Several transgenic animal platforms are available for the generation of fully human mAbs. Attributes such as specificity, efficacy and Chemistry, Manufacturing and Controls (CMC) developability of antibodies against a specific target are typically established for antibodies obtained from one platform only. In this study, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) cross-reactive against human and cynomolgus LAMP1 were derived from the human immunoglobulin transgenic TRIANNI mouse and OmniChicken® platforms and assessed for their specificity, sequence diversity, ability to bind to and internalize into tumor cells, expected immunogenicity and CMC developability. Our results show that the two platforms were complementary at providing a large diversity of mAbs with respect to epitope coverage and antibody sequence diversity. Furthermore, most antibodies originating from either platform exhibited good manufacturability characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Anne Severac
- Biologics Research, Sanofi R&D, Boufféré, France
| | | | - Jacqueline Morales
- Ligand Pharmaceuticals Inc., San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Philip A. Leighton
- Ligand Pharmaceuticals Inc., San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - William Harriman
- Ligand Pharmaceuticals Inc., San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Kathryn Ching
- Ligand Pharmaceuticals Inc., San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Yasmina Abdiche
- Carterra Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
60
|
Ciekot J, Psurski M, Jurec K, Boratyński J. Hydroxyethylcellulose as a methotrexate carrier in anticancer therapy. Invest New Drugs 2020; 39:15-23. [PMID: 32643014 PMCID: PMC7851029 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-020-00972-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Clinical and experimental cancer therapy is multifaceted; one such facet is the use of drug carriers. Drug carriers are various nano- and macromolecules, e.g., oligosaccharides, proteins, and liposomes. The present study aimed to verify the suitability of cellulose as a carrier for methotrexate (MTX). Hydroxyethylcellulose, with a molecular weight of 90 kDa and soluble in water, was used. Methotrexate was linked to cellulose by methyl ester bonds. A conjugate containing on average 9.5 molecules of MTX per molecule of cellulose was developed. Gel filtration HPLC analysis showed that the conjugate contained approximately 2% free drug. Dynamic light scattering analysis showed an increase in the polydispersity of the conjugate. The degradation of the conjugate in phosphate buffer and plasma followed first-order kinetics. The conjugate showed the lowest stability (half-life 154 h) in plasma. The conjugate showed 10-fold lower cytotoxicity to the 4 T1 mammary tumour cell line than the free drug. In the in vivo experiment to treat orthotopically implanted mammary tumours, the conjugate and the free drug, both applied intravenously, showed maximum inhibition of tumour growth of 48.4% and 11.2%, respectively. In conclusion, cellulose, which is a non-biodegradable chain glucose polymer, can be successfully used as a drug carrier, which opens up new research perspectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jarosław Ciekot
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Mateusz Psurski
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Jurec
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Janusz Boratyński
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114, Wroclaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Bayat AA, Sadeghi N, Fatemi R, Nowroozi MR, Ohadian Moghadam S, Borzuee M, Radmanesh A, Khodadoost M, Sarrafzadeh AR, Zarei O, Rabbani H. Monoclonal Antibody Against ROR1 Induces Apoptosis in Human Bladder Carcinoma Cells. Avicenna J Med Biotechnol 2020; 12:165-171. [PMID: 32695279 PMCID: PMC7368111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Receptor tyrosine kinase-like Orphan Receptor 1 (ROR1) is one of the promising cell surface antigens for targeting cancer cells. The aim of this study was to evaluate ROR1 cell surface expression in bladder cancer cells using a murine anti-ROR1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) called 5F1-B10 as well as investigate its potential in apoptosis induction. METHODS Expression of ROR1 in two human bladder cell lines, 5637 and EJ138, as well as a non-cancerous human cell line, Human Fetal Foreskin Fibroblast (HFFF), was examined by flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry. Immunohistochemical staining of cancer and normal bladder tissues was also performed. RESULTS The flow cytometry results showed that 5F1-B10 mAb could recognize ROR1 molecules in 86.1% and 45.6% of 5637 and EJ138 cells, respectively. The expression level of ROR1 was 5.49% in HFFF cells. The immunocytochemistry and immunohistochemistry staining results also confirmed the presence of ROR1 on the surface of both bladder cancer cells and tissues, respectively. The obtained data from apoptosis assay demonstrated that 5F1-B10 mAb could induce apoptosis in both 5637 and EJ138 cell lines. CONCLUSION Taken together, our finding indicates the role of ROR1 in bladder cancer cell survival and suggests this receptor might be a promising target for developing novel therapeutic agents against bladder carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali-Ahmad Bayat
- Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Niloufar Sadeghi
- Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramina Fatemi
- Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Mohadeseh Borzuee
- Uro-Oncology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amin Radmanesh
- Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmood Khodadoost
- Faculty of Traditional Medicine, Traditional Medicine and Materia Medica Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Omid Zarei
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Hodjattallah Rabbani
- Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Affiliation(s)
- James S Huston
- Editor of the PEDS Antibody Special Issue, Chairman of The Antibody Society
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Monoclonal Antibody-Based Treatments for Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders: From Bench to Bedside. Neurosci Bull 2020; 36:1213-1224. [PMID: 32533450 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-020-00525-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica (NMO)/NMO spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is a chronic, recurrent, antibody-mediated, inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, characterized by optic neuritis and transverse myelitis. The binding of NMO-IgG with astrocytic aquaporin-4 (AQP4) functions directly in the pathogenesis of >60% of NMOSD patients, and causes astrocyte loss, secondary inflammatory infiltration, demyelination, and neuron death, potentially leading to paralysis and blindness. Current treatment options, including immunosuppressive agents, plasma exchange, and B-cell depletion, are based on small retrospective case series and open-label studies. It is noteworthy that monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapy is a better option for autoimmune diseases due to its high efficacy and tolerability. Although the pathophysiological mechanisms of NMOSD remain unknown, increasingly, therapeutic studies have focused on mAbs, which target B cell depletion, complement and inflammation cascade inactivation, blood-brain-barrier protection, and blockade of NMO-IgG-AQP4 binding. Here, we review the targets, characteristics, mechanisms of action, development, and potential efficacy of mAb trials in NMOSD, including preclinical and experimental investigations.
Collapse
|
64
|
Oldham RJ, Mockridge CI, James S, Duriez PJ, Chan HTC, Cox KL, Pitic VA, Glennie MJ, Cragg MS. FcγRII (CD32) modulates antibody clearance in NOD SCID mice leading to impaired antibody-mediated tumor cell deletion. J Immunother Cancer 2020; 8:e000619. [PMID: 32554613 PMCID: PMC7304853 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-000619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune compromised mice are increasingly used for the preclinical development of monoclonal antibodies (mAb). Most common are non-obese diabetic (NOD) severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) and their derivatives such as NOD SCID interleukin-2 γ-/- (NSG), which are attractive hosts for patient-derived xenografts. Despite their widespread use, the relative biological performance of mAb in these strains has not been extensively studied. METHODS Clinically relevant mAb of various isotypes were administered to tumor and non-tumor-bearing SCID and NOD SCID mice and the mAb clearance monitored by ELISA. Expression analysis of surface proteins in both strains was carried out by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence microscopy. Further analysis was performed in vitro by surface plasmon resonance to assess mAb affinity for Fcγ receptors (FcγR) at pH 6 and pH 7.4. NOD SCID mice genetically deficient in different FcγR were used to delineate their involvement. RESULTS Here, we show that strains on the NOD SCID background have significantly faster antibody clearance than other strains leading to reduced antitumor efficacy of clinically relevant mAb. This rapid clearance is dependent on antibody isotype, the presence of Fc glycosylation (at N297) and expression of FcγRII. Comparable effects were not seen in the parental NOD or SCID strains, demonstrating the presence of a compound defect requiring both genotypes. The absence of endogenous IgG was the key parameter transferred from the SCID as reconstituting NOD SCID or NSG mice with exogenous IgG overcame the rapid clearance and recovered antitumor efficacy. In contrast, the NOD strain was associated with reduced expression of the neonatal Fc Receptor (FcRn). We propose a novel mechanism for the rapid clearance of certain mAb isotypes in NOD SCID mouse strains, based on their interaction with FcγRII in the context of reduced FcRn. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the importance of understanding the limitation of the mouse strain being used for preclinical evaluation, and demonstrates that NOD SCID strains of mice should be reconstituted with IgG prior to studies of mAb efficacy.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/immunology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/pharmacology
- Apoptosis
- Cell Proliferation
- Disease Models, Animal
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neoplasms, Experimental/drug therapy
- Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/physiology
- Receptors, IgG/immunology
- Receptors, IgG/metabolism
- Rituximab/immunology
- Rituximab/pharmacology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Oldham
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, UK
| | - C Ian Mockridge
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, UK
| | - Sonya James
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, UK
| | - Patrick J Duriez
- Southampton Experimental Cancer Medicine/CRUK Centre, Protein Core Facility, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - H T Claude Chan
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, UK
| | - Kerry L Cox
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, UK
| | - Vicentiu A Pitic
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, UK
| | - Martin J Glennie
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, UK
| | - Mark S Cragg
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, UK
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Combination of intact, middle-up and bottom-up levels to characterize 7 therapeutic monoclonal antibodies by capillary electrophoresis – Mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 182:113107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
66
|
Moos WH, Faller DV, Glavas IP, Harpp DN, Kanara I, Mavrakis AN, Pernokas J, Pernokas M, Pinkert CA, Powers WR, Sampani K, Steliou K, Vavvas DG, Zamboni RJ, Kodukula K, Chen X. Klotho Pathways, Myelination Disorders, Neurodegenerative Diseases, and Epigenetic Drugs. Biores Open Access 2020; 9:94-105. [PMID: 32257625 PMCID: PMC7133426 DOI: 10.1089/biores.2020.0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review we outline a rationale for identifying neuroprotectants aimed at inducing endogenous Klotho activity and expression, which is epigenetic action, by definition. Such an approach should promote remyelination and/or stimulate myelin repair by acting on mitochondrial function, thereby heralding a life-saving path forward for patients suffering from neuroinflammatory diseases. Disorders of myelin in the nervous system damage the transmission of signals, resulting in loss of vision, motion, sensation, and other functions depending on the affected nerves, currently with no effective treatment. Klotho genes and their single-pass transmembrane Klotho proteins are powerful governors of the threads of life and death, true to the origin of their name, Fates, in Greek mythology. Among its many important functions, Klotho is an obligatory co-receptor that binds, activates, and/or potentiates critical fibroblast growth factor activity. Since the discovery of Klotho a little over two decades ago, it has become ever more apparent that when Klotho pathways go awry, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction take over, and age-related chronic disorders are likely to follow. The physiological consequences can be wide ranging, potentially wreaking havoc on the brain, eye, kidney, muscle, and more. Central nervous system disorders, neurodegenerative in nature, and especially those affecting the myelin sheath, represent worthy targets for advancing therapies that act upon Klotho pathways. Current drugs for these diseases, even therapeutics that are disease modifying rather than treating only the symptoms, leave much room for improvement. It is thus no wonder that this topic has caught the attention of biomedical researchers around the world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Walter H. Moos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- ShangPharma Innovation, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Douglas V. Faller
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Cancer Research Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ioannis P. Glavas
- Department of Ophthalmology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - David N. Harpp
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Anastasios N. Mavrakis
- Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, St. Elizabeth's Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Julie Pernokas
- Advanced Dental Associates of New England, Woburn, Massachusetts
| | - Mark Pernokas
- Advanced Dental Associates of New England, Woburn, Massachusetts
| | - Carl A. Pinkert
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Whitney R. Powers
- Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Anatomy, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Konstantina Sampani
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Beetham Eye Institute, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kosta Steliou
- Cancer Research Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- PhenoMatriX, Inc., Natick, Massachusetts
| | - Demetrios G. Vavvas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Xiaohong Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Asano R, Hosokawa K, Taki S, Konno S, Shimomura I, Ogata H, Okada M, Arai K, Onitsuka M, Omasa T, Nakanishi T, Umetsu M, Kumagai I. Build-up functionalization of anti-EGFR × anti-CD3 bispecific diabodies by integrating high-affinity mutants and functional molecular formats. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4913. [PMID: 32188928 PMCID: PMC7080790 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61840-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Designing non-natural antibody formats is a practical method for developing highly functional next-generation antibody drugs, particularly for improving the therapeutic efficacy of cancer treatments. One approach is constructing bispecific antibodies (bsAbs). We previously reported a functional humanized bispecific diabody (bsDb) that targeted epidermal growth factor receptor and CD3 (hEx3-Db). We enhanced its cytotoxicity by constructing an Fc fusion protein and rearranging order of the V domain. In this study, we created an additional functional bsAb, by integrating the molecular formats of bsAb and high-affinity mutants previously isolated by phage display in the form of Fv. Introducing the high-affinity mutations into bsDbs successfully increased their affinities and enhanced their cytotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. However, there were some limitations to affinity maturation of bsDb by integrating high-affinity Fv mutants, particularly in Fc-fused bsDb with intrinsic high affinity, because of their bivalency. The tetramers fractionated from the bsDb mutant exhibited the highest in vitro growth inhibition among the small bsAbs and was comparable to the in vivo anti-tumor effects of Fc-fused bsDbs. This molecule shows cost-efficient bacterial production and high therapeutic potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryutaro Asano
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan. .,Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan.
| | - Katsuhiro Hosokawa
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Shintaro Taki
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Shota Konno
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Ippei Shimomura
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Hiromi Ogata
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Mai Okada
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Kyoko Arai
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Onitsuka
- Institute of Technology and Science, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8506, Japan
| | - Takeshi Omasa
- Institute of Technology and Science, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8506, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nakanishi
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Umetsu
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Izumi Kumagai
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Dickgiesser S, Rieker M, Mueller-Pompalla D, Schröter C, Tonillo J, Warszawski S, Raab-Westphal S, Kühn S, Knehans T, Könning D, Dotterweich J, Betz UAK, Anderl J, Hecht S, Rasche N. Site-Specific Conjugation of Native Antibodies Using Engineered Microbial Transglutaminases. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:1070-1076. [PMID: 32134638 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Site-specific bioconjugation technologies are frequently employed to generate homogeneous antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) and are generally considered superior to stochastic approaches like lysine coupling. However, most of the technologies developed so far require undesired manipulation of the antibody sequence or its glycan structures. Herein, we report the successful engineering of microbial transglutaminase enabling efficient, site-specific conjugation of drug-linker constructs to position HC-Q295 of native, fully glycosylated IgG-type antibodies. ADCs generated via this approach demonstrate excellent stability in vitro as well as strong efficacy in vitro and in vivo. As it employs different drug-linker structures and several native antibodies, our study additionally proves the broad applicability of this approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcel Rieker
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany.,Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | | | - Jason Tonillo
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | | | - Stefanie Kühn
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Tim Knehans
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Doreen Könning
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | | | - Jan Anderl
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Stefan Hecht
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Nicolas Rasche
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Efficient Acquisition of Fully Human Antibody Genes against Self-Proteins by Sorting Single B Cells Stimulated with Vaccines Based on Nitrated T Helper Cell Epitopes. J Immunol Res 2020; 2019:7914326. [PMID: 32083142 PMCID: PMC7012236 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7914326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Single B cell antibody technology is a method for isolating antigen-specific B cells from human peripheral blood and obtaining antibody genes in developing antibody drugs. However, owing to immune tolerance to autoantigen, human autoantigen-specific B cells are difficult to acquire by conventional single B cell technology. In this study, we constructed a nitrated T-cell epitope named NitraTh by incorporating p-nitrophenylalanine into a universal T helper epitope. NitraTh had enhanced ability to activate CD4+ T cells and can be recognized by CD4+ T cells with different HLA class II haplotypes. This NitraTh can also break immune tolerance to autoantigens, such as human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) and cannabinoid receptor 1, and induce strong specific IgM+ B cell responses in vitro. HER2-NitraTh vaccine can also stimulate the generation of HER2-specific IgG+ B cells in human immune system mice, which was established by cotransplanting lymphocytes and autologous dendritic cells in immunodeficient mice. We obtained 30 fully human IgG antibody genes by sorting single B cells from the human immune system mice immunized with HER2-NitraTh vaccine. The analysis of antibody genes showed that sorted B cells underwent the extensive somatic mutation of the antibody genes. We randomly selected eight genes for cloning, six of which expressed antibodies that can bind to HER2. Hence, we provided a convenient and effective method in acquiring fully human antibody genes against self-proteins, which can be used in developing therapeutic antibody drugs.
Collapse
|
70
|
Abstract
The advent of biologic therapies, particularly antibody therapeutics, has revolutionized the pharmacological treatment of many rheumatic diseases. Antibody discovery began with the immunization of mice for the production of rodent immunoglobulins, but advances in protein and genetic engineering have now made it possible to generate fully human antibodies, which are better tolerated by patients. For most clinical applications in rheumatology, antibodies have been used as blocking agents capable of neutralizing the function of pro-inflammatory proteins, such as TNF. The latest strategies involve antibody products armed with effector moieties, such as anti-inflammatory drugs or cytokines, or antibody products that are specific for multiple targets for the selective inhibition of inflammation at sites of disease. Antibodies are some of the best-selling drugs in the world, and with further advances in antibody development, engineering of armed antibodies and bispecific products will have an important role in the treatment of rheumatic diseases.
Collapse
|
71
|
Generic MS-based method for the bioanalysis of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies in nonclinical studies. Bioanalysis 2020; 12:231-243. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2019-0253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: A generic bioanalytical method was developed to quantify therapeutic IgG1 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in mouse sera by combining an easy sample preparation method with LC/MS using selected reaction monitoring. Materials & methods: Rituximab and trastuzumab were used as model mAbs. A synthetic stable isotope-labeled peptide or a stable isotope-labeled mAb was used as an internal standard. The method feasibility was evaluated by a collaborative study involving six laboratories. Results: The calibration curve ranged from 1.0 to 1000.0 μg/ml (correlation coefficient >0.99). The validation parameters including selectivity, linearity of calibration curve, accuracy and precision met the predefined acceptance criteria. Conclusion: Our method is a useful bioanalytical method for the quantification of therapeutic IgG mAbs in nonclinical animal studies.
Collapse
|
72
|
Carillo S, Pérez-Robles R, Jakes C, Ribeiro da Silva M, Millán Martín S, Farrell A, Navas N, Bones J. Comparing different domains of analysis for the characterisation of N-glycans on monoclonal antibodies. J Pharm Anal 2020; 10:23-34. [PMID: 32123597 PMCID: PMC7037591 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2019.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
With the size of the biopharmaceutical market exponentially increasing, there is an aligned growth in the importance of data-rich analyses, not only to assess drug product safety but also to assist drug development driven by the deeper understanding of structure/function relationships. In monoclonal antibodies, many functions are regulated by N-glycans present in the constant region of the heavy chains and their mechanisms of action are not completely known. The importance of their function focuses analytical research efforts on the development of robust, accurate and fast methods to support drug development and quality control. Released N-glycan analysis is considered as the gold standard for glycosylation characterisation; however, it is not the only method for quantitative analysis of glycoform heterogeneity. In this study, ten different analytical workflows for N-glycan analysis were compared using four monoclonal antibodies. While observing good comparability between the quantitative results generated, it was possible to appreciate the advantages and disadvantages of each technique and to summarise all the observations to guide the choice of the most appropriate analytical workflow according to application and the desired depth of data generated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Carillo
- Characterisation and Comparability Laboratory, NIBRT – the National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, A94 X099, Ireland
| | - Raquel Pérez-Robles
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Biohealth Research Institute (ibs.GRANADA), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Craig Jakes
- Characterisation and Comparability Laboratory, NIBRT – the National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, A94 X099, Ireland
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Meire Ribeiro da Silva
- Characterisation and Comparability Laboratory, NIBRT – the National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, A94 X099, Ireland
| | - Silvia Millán Martín
- Characterisation and Comparability Laboratory, NIBRT – the National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, A94 X099, Ireland
| | - Amy Farrell
- Characterisation and Comparability Laboratory, NIBRT – the National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, A94 X099, Ireland
| | - Natalia Navas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Biohealth Research Institute (ibs.GRANADA), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jonathan Bones
- Characterisation and Comparability Laboratory, NIBRT – the National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, A94 X099, Ireland
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Handlogten MW, Wang J, Ahuja S. Online control of cell culture redox potential prevents antibody interchain disulfide bond reduction. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:1329-1336. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.27281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jihong Wang
- Analytical SciencesAstraZenecaGaithersburg Maryland
| | - Sanjeev Ahuja
- Cell Culture and Fermentation SciencesAstraZenecaGaithersburg Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Kreer C, Döring M, Lehnen N, Ercanoglu MS, Gieselmann L, Luca D, Jain K, Schommers P, Pfeifer N, Klein F. openPrimeR for multiplex amplification of highly diverse templates. J Immunol Methods 2020; 480:112752. [PMID: 31991148 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2020.112752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
To study the diversity of immune receptors and pathogens, multiplex PCR has become a central approach in research and diagnostics. However, insufficient primer design against highly diverse templates often prevents amplification and therefore limits the correct understanding of biological processes. Here, we present openPrimeR, an R-based tool for evaluating and designing multiplex PCR primers. openPrimeR provides a functional and intuitive interface and uses either a greedy algorithm or an integer linear program to compute the minimal set of primers that performs full target coverage. As proof of concept, we used openPrimeR to find optimal primer sets for the amplification of highly mutated immunoglobulins. Comprehensive analyses on specifically generated immunoglobulin variable gene segment libraries resulted in the composition of highly effective primer sets (oPR-IGHV, oPR-IGKV and oPR-IGLV) that demonstrated to be particularly suitable for the isolation of novel human antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Kreer
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Matthias Döring
- Department of Computational Biology and Applied Algorithmics, Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarland Informatics Campus, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Nathalie Lehnen
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Meryem S Ercanoglu
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Lutz Gieselmann
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Domnica Luca
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Kanika Jain
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Philipp Schommers
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Nico Pfeifer
- Department of Computational Biology and Applied Algorithmics, Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarland Informatics Campus, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; Methods in Medical Informatics, Department of Computer Science, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Medical Faculty, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Florian Klein
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Characterization of IgG1 Fc Deamidation at Asparagine 325 and Its Impact on Antibody-dependent Cell-mediated Cytotoxicity and FcγRIIIa Binding. Sci Rep 2020; 10:383. [PMID: 31941950 PMCID: PMC6962426 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-57184-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) is an important mechanism of action for many therapeutic antibodies. A therapeutic immunoglobulin (Ig) G1 monoclonal antibody lost more than half of its ADCC activity after heat stress at 40 °C for 4 months. Size-exclusion and ion-exchange chromatography were used to fractionate various size and charge variants from the stressed IgG1. Physicochemical characterization of these fractions revealed that a rarely seen crystallizable fragment (Fc) modification, N325 deamidation, exhibited a positive correlation with the loss of ADCC activity. A further surface plasmon resonance study showed that this modification disrupted the binding between the IgG1 Fc and Fcγ receptor IIIa, resulting in decreased ADCC activity of the IgG1 antibody. Mutants of N325/D and N325/Q were made to confirm the effect of N325 deamidation on ADCC. We hypothesize that N325 deamidation altered the local three-dimensional structure, which might interfere with the binding and interaction with the effector cell. Because of its impact on biological activity, N325 deamidation is a critical quality attribute for products whose mechanism of action includes ADCC. A thorough understanding of the criticality of N325 deamidation and appropriate monitoring can help ensure the safety and efficacy of IgG1 or Fc-fusion products.
Collapse
|
76
|
Upadhyaya C, Jiao X, Ashton A, Patel K, Kossenkov AV, Pestell RG. The G protein coupled receptor CCR5 in cancer. Adv Cancer Res 2020; 145:29-47. [PMID: 32089164 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The G coupled protein receptor CC chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) has the unusual characteristic in humans of being a developmentally non-essential gene that participates in several pathological processes including infection with HIV (Dean et al., 1996; Gupta et al., 2019; Samson et al., 1996), progression of stroke (Joy et al., 2019), osteoporosis (Xie et al., 2019) and the metastasis of cancer (Jiao et al., 2018; Velasco-Velazquez et al., 2012, 2014) (Reviewed in: Jiao, Nawab, et al., 2019; Jiao, Wang, & Pestell, 2019). The importance of CCR5 in HIV led to recent genetic engineering of humans to recreate a non-functional CCR5 gene. Thus, although the application of gene-editing tools, to manipulate human embryos is prohibited in the United States, and China. at the Second International Summit on Human Genome Editing in Hong Kong (http://www.nationalacademies.org/), it was claimed that CRISPR-Cas9 systems had been used to edit the CCR5 gene in twin baby girls. The importance of CCR5 in stroke has led to clinical trials using maraviroc (NCT03172026). The key function of CCR5 in cancer metastasis and homing (Jiao et al., 2018; Jiao, Nawab, et al., 2019; Velasco-Velazquez et al., 2012, 2014) has led to three active clinical trials for metastatic cancer using CCR5 antagonists (Jiao, Nawab, et al., 2019; Jiao, Wang, & Pestell, 2019). Thus, it was surprising to find that the all-cause mortality rate in individuals who are homozygous for the CCR5△32 allele in the United Kingdom normal population was increased >20% increase, with an almost 2 year reduction overall lifespan (Wei & Nielsen, 2019). The current review herein discusses the distinct functions of CCR5 in human disease and potential avenues for further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chandan Upadhyaya
- Pennsylvania Cancer and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, Wynnewood, PA, United States; Xavier University School of Medicine, Woodbury, NY, United States
| | - Xuanmao Jiao
- Pennsylvania Cancer and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, Wynnewood, PA, United States
| | - Anthony Ashton
- Pennsylvania Cancer and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, Wynnewood, PA, United States; Division of Perinatal Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Kishan Patel
- Pennsylvania Cancer and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, Wynnewood, PA, United States; Xavier University School of Medicine, Woodbury, NY, United States
| | | | - Richard G Pestell
- Pennsylvania Cancer and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, Wynnewood, PA, United States; Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Xavier University School of Medicine, Woodbury, NY, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Saadé J, Gahoual R, Beck A, Leize-Wagner E, François YN. Characterization of the Primary Structure of Cysteine-Linked Antibody-Drug Conjugates Using Capillary Electrophoresis with Mass Spectrometry. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2078:263-272. [PMID: 31643063 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9929-3_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS) enables the characterization of the primary structure of ADCs. An analytical method based on a derived bottom-up proteomic workflow is designed to provide detailed information about the amino acid sequence, the glycosylation profiling, and the location on the peptide backbone of the conjugated drugs. Here we describe the experimental protocol applied on the characterization of cysteine-linked brentuximab vedotin (Adcetris®).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josiane Saadé
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse des Interactions et des Systèmes (LSMIS), UMR 7140 (Unistra-CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Rabah Gahoual
- Laboratoire Vecteurs Pour l'Imagerie Moléculaire et le Ciblage Thérapeutique (VICT), Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Alain Beck
- Pierre Fabre Laboratories, IRPF-Centre d'Immunologie Pierre Fabre (CIPF), Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Emmanuelle Leize-Wagner
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse des Interactions et des Systèmes (LSMIS), UMR 7140 (Unistra-CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Yannis-Nicolas François
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse des Interactions et des Systèmes (LSMIS), UMR 7140 (Unistra-CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies are among the most significant biological tools used in medicine and biology that have revolutionized the field of diagnostics, therapeutics, and targeted drug delivery systems for many diseases. Among them, rabbit monoclonal antibodies have attracted significant attention for having high affinity and specificity. During the past few decades, different techniques have been developed to produce monoclonal antibodies. Single B cell cloning technology offers many advantages compared to other methods and has been used to generate monoclonal antibodies from different species including rabbits. This review briefly describes some of these methods, with main focus on single B cell cloning and production of rabbit monoclonal antibodies.
Collapse
|
79
|
Abstract
Asthma is a heterogeneous inflammatory disease of the airways that is associated with airway hyperresponsiveness and airflow limitation. Although asthma was once simply categorized as atopic or nonatopic, emerging analyses over the last few decades have revealed a variety of asthma endotypes that are attributed to numerous pathophysiological mechanisms. The classification of asthma by endotype is primarily routed in different profiles of airway inflammation that contribute to bronchoconstriction. Many asthma therapeutics target G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which either enhance bronchodilation or prevent bronchoconstriction. Short-acting and long-acting β 2-agonists are widely used bronchodilators that signal through the activation of the β 2-adrenergic receptor. Short-acting and long-acting antagonists of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors are used to reduce bronchoconstriction by blocking the action of acetylcholine. Leukotriene antagonists that block the signaling of cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 are used as an add-on therapy to reduce bronchoconstriction and inflammation induced by cysteinyl leukotrienes. A number of GPCR-targeting asthma drug candidates are also in different stages of development. Among them, antagonists of prostaglandin D2 receptor 2 have advanced into phase III clinical trials. Others, including antagonists of the adenosine A2B receptor and the histamine H4 receptor, are in early stages of clinical investigation. In the past decade, significant research advancements in pharmacology, cell biology, structural biology, and molecular physiology have greatly deepened our understanding of the therapeutic roles of GPCRs in asthma and drug action on these GPCRs. This review summarizes our current understanding of GPCR signaling and pharmacology in the context of asthma treatment. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Although current treatment methods for asthma are effective for a majority of asthma patients, there are still a large number of patients with poorly controlled asthma who may experience asthma exacerbations. This review summarizes current asthma treatment methods and our understanding of signaling and pharmacology of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in asthma therapy, and discusses controversies regarding the use of GPCR drugs and new opportunities in developing GPCR-targeting therapeutics for the treatment of asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stacy Gelhaus Wendell
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (S.G.W., C.Z.); Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore (H.F.); and Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, and Center for Computational Biology, DUKE-NUS Medical School, Singapore (H.F.)
| | - Hao Fan
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (S.G.W., C.Z.); Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore (H.F.); and Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, and Center for Computational Biology, DUKE-NUS Medical School, Singapore (H.F.)
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (S.G.W., C.Z.); Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore (H.F.); and Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, and Center for Computational Biology, DUKE-NUS Medical School, Singapore (H.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Wälchli R, Ressurreição M, Vogg S, Feidl F, Angelo J, Xu X, Ghose S, Jian Li Z, Le Saoût X, Souquet J, Broly H, Morbidelli M. Understanding mAb aggregation during low pH viral inactivation and subsequent neutralization. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 117:687-700. [PMID: 31784982 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and related recombinant proteins continue to gain importance in the treatment of a great variety of diseases. Despite significant advances, their manufacturing can still present challenges owing to their molecular complexity and stringent regulations with respect to product purity, stability, safety, and so forth. In this context, protein aggregates are of particular concern due to their immunogenic potential. During manufacturing, mAbs routinely undergo acidic treatment to inactivate viral contamination, which can lead to their aggregation and thereby to product loss. To better understand the underlying mechanism so as to propose strategies to mitigate the issue, we systematically investigated the denaturation and aggregation of two mAbs at low pH as well as after neutralization. We observed that at low pH and low ionic strength, mAb surface hydrophobicity increased whereas molecular size remained constant. After neutralization of acidic mAb solutions, the fraction of monomeric mAb started to decrease accompanied by an increase on average mAb size. This indicates that electrostatic repulsion prevents denatured mAb molecules from aggregation under acidic pH and low ionic strength, whereas neutralization reduces this repulsion and coagulation initiates. Limiting denaturation at low pH by d-sorbitol addition or temperature reduction effectively improved monomer recovery after neutralization. Our findings might be used to develop innovative viral inactivation procedures during mAb manufacturing that result in higher product yields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Wälchli
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mariana Ressurreição
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Vogg
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fabian Feidl
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - James Angelo
- Biologics Process Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Devens, Massachusetts
| | - Xuankuo Xu
- Biologics Process Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Devens, Massachusetts
| | - Sanchayita Ghose
- Biologics Process Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Devens, Massachusetts
| | - Zheng Jian Li
- Biologics Process Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Devens, Massachusetts
| | - Xavier Le Saoût
- Biotech Process Sciences, Merck KGaA, Corsier-sur-Vevey, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Souquet
- Biotech Process Sciences, Merck KGaA, Corsier-sur-Vevey, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - Hervé Broly
- Biotech Process Sciences, Merck KGaA, Corsier-sur-Vevey, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - Massimo Morbidelli
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Chiu ML, Goulet DR, Teplyakov A, Gilliland GL. Antibody Structure and Function: The Basis for Engineering Therapeutics. Antibodies (Basel) 2019; 8:antib8040055. [PMID: 31816964 PMCID: PMC6963682 DOI: 10.3390/antib8040055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies and antibody-derived macromolecules have established themselves as the mainstay in protein-based therapeutic molecules (biologics). Our knowledge of the structure–function relationships of antibodies provides a platform for protein engineering that has been exploited to generate a wide range of biologics for a host of therapeutic indications. In this review, our basic understanding of the antibody structure is described along with how that knowledge has leveraged the engineering of antibody and antibody-related therapeutics having the appropriate antigen affinity, effector function, and biophysical properties. The platforms examined include the development of antibodies, antibody fragments, bispecific antibody, and antibody fusion products, whose efficacy and manufacturability can be improved via humanization, affinity modulation, and stability enhancement. We also review the design and selection of binding arms, and avidity modulation. Different strategies of preparing bispecific and multispecific molecules for an array of therapeutic applications are included.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark L. Chiu
- Drug Product Development Science, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Malvern, PA 19355, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Dennis R. Goulet
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, P.O. Box 357610, Seattle, WA 98195-7610, USA;
| | - Alexey Teplyakov
- Biologics Research, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA 19477, USA; (A.T.); (G.L.G.)
| | - Gary L. Gilliland
- Biologics Research, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA 19477, USA; (A.T.); (G.L.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Adamson H, Nicholl A, Tiede C, Tang AA, Davidson A, Curd H, Wignall A, Ford R, Nuttall J, McPherson MJ, Johnson M, Tomlinson DC. Affimers as anti-idiotypic affinity reagents for pharmacokinetic analysis of biotherapeutics. Biotechniques 2019; 67:261-269. [DOI: 10.2144/btn-2019-0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic antibodies are the fastest growing class of drugs in the treatment of cancer, and autoimmune and inflammatory diseases that require the concomitant development of assays to monitor therapeutic antibody levels. Here, we demonstrate that the use of Affimer nonantibody binding proteins provides an advantage over current antibody-based detection systems. For four therapeutic antibodies, we used phage display to isolate highly specific anti-idiotypic Affimer reagents, which selectively bind to the therapeutic antibody idiotype. For each antibody target the calibration curves met US Food and Drug Administration criteria and the dynamic range compared favorably with commercially available reagents. Affimer proteins therefore represent promising anti-idiotypic reagents that are simple to select and manufacture, and that offer the sensitivity, specificity and consistency required for pharmacokinetic assays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hope Adamson
- School of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Amanda Nicholl
- Avacta Life Sciences, Ash Way, Thorp Arch Estate, Wetherby, LS23 7FA, UK
| | - Christian Tiede
- School of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Anna A Tang
- School of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Alex Davidson
- Avacta Life Sciences, Ash Way, Thorp Arch Estate, Wetherby, LS23 7FA, UK
| | - Helen Curd
- Avacta Life Sciences, Ash Way, Thorp Arch Estate, Wetherby, LS23 7FA, UK
| | - Alex Wignall
- Avacta Life Sciences, Ash Way, Thorp Arch Estate, Wetherby, LS23 7FA, UK
| | - Robert Ford
- Avacta Life Sciences, Ash Way, Thorp Arch Estate, Wetherby, LS23 7FA, UK
| | - James Nuttall
- Avacta Life Sciences, Ash Way, Thorp Arch Estate, Wetherby, LS23 7FA, UK
| | - Michael J McPherson
- School of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Matt Johnson
- Avacta Life Sciences, Ash Way, Thorp Arch Estate, Wetherby, LS23 7FA, UK
| | - Darren C Tomlinson
- School of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Mechanisms of color formation in drug substance and mitigation strategies for the manufacture and storage of therapeutic proteins produced using mammalian cell culture. Process Biochem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2019.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
84
|
Comparison of Cationic Flocculants for the Clarification of CHO-derived Monoclonal Antibodies. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-019-0158-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
85
|
Litak J, Mazurek M, Grochowski C, Kamieniak P, Roliński J. PD-L1/PD-1 Axis in Glioblastoma Multiforme. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5347. [PMID: 31661771 PMCID: PMC6862444 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most popular primary central nervous system cancer and has an extremely expansive course. Aggressive tumor growth correlates with short median overall survival (OS) oscillating between 14 and 17 months. The survival rate of patients in a three-year follow up oscillates around 10%. The interaction of the proteins programmed death-1 (PD-1) and programmed cell death ligand (PD-L1) creates an immunoregulatory axis promoting invasion of glioblastoma multiforme cells in the brain tissue. The PD-1 pathway maintains immunological homeostasis and protects against autoimmunity. PD-L1 expression on glioblastoma surface promotes PD-1 receptor activation in microglia, resulting in the negative regulation of T cell responses. Glioblastoma multiforme cells induce PD-L1 secretion by activation of various receptors such as toll like receptor (TLR), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), interferon alpha receptor (IFNAR), interferon-gamma receptor (IFNGR). Binding of the PD-1 ligand to the PD-1 receptor activates the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2, which dephosphorylates Zap 70, and this inhibits T cell proliferation and downregulates lymphocyte cytotoxic activity. Relevant studies demonstrated that the expression of PD-L1 in glioma correlates with WHO grading and could be considered as a tumor biomarker. Studies in preclinical GBM mouse models confirmed the safety and efficiency of monoclonal antibodies targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis. Satisfactory results such as significant regression of tumor mass and longer animal survival time were observed. Monoclonal antibodies inhibiting PD-1 and PD-L1 are being tested in clinical trials concerning patients with recurrent glioblastoma multiforme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Litak
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954 Lublin, Poland.
- Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Marek Mazurek
- Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Cezary Grochowski
- Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954 Lublin, Poland.
- Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Piotr Kamieniak
- Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Jacek Roliński
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954 Lublin, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Dibo M, Battocchio EC, dos Santos Souza LM, da Silva MDV, Banin-Hirata BK, Sapla MM, Marinello P, Rocha SP, Faccin-Galhardi LC. Antibody Therapy for the Control of Viral Diseases: An Update. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2019; 20:1108-1121. [DOI: 10.2174/1389201020666190809112704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The epidemiological impact of viral diseases, combined with the emergence and reemergence of some viruses, and the difficulties in identifying effective therapies, have encouraged several studies to develop new therapeutic strategies for viral infections. In this context, the use of immunotherapy for the treatment of viral diseases is increasing. One of the strategies of immunotherapy is the use of antibodies, particularly the monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and multi-specific antibodies, which bind directly to the viral antigen and bring about activation of the immune system. With current advancements in science and technology, several such antibodies are being tested, and some are already approved and are undergoing clinical trials. The present work aims to review the status of mAb development for the treatment of viral diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Dibo
- Department of Microbiology, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Parana, Brazil
| | - Eduardo C. Battocchio
- Department of Microbiology, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Parana, Brazil
| | - Lucas M. dos Santos Souza
- Department of Microbiology, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Parana, Brazil
| | | | - Bruna K. Banin-Hirata
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Parana, Brazil
| | - Milena M.M. Sapla
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Parana, Brazil
| | - Poliana Marinello
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Parana, Brazil
| | - Sérgio P.D. Rocha
- Department of Microbiology, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Parana, Brazil
| | - Lígia C. Faccin-Galhardi
- Department of Microbiology, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Parana, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
A microbial expression system for high-level production of scFv HIV-neutralizing antibody fragments in Escherichia coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:8875-8888. [PMID: 31641814 PMCID: PMC6851033 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10145-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mABs) are of great biopharmaceutical importance for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. However, their production in mammalian expression hosts usually requires extensive production times and is expensive. Escherichia coli has become a new platform for production of functional small antibody fragment variants. In this study, we have used a rhamnose-inducible expression system that allows precise control of protein expression levels. The system was first evaluated for the cytoplasmic production of super folder green fluorescence protein (sfGFP) in various production platforms and then for the periplasmic production of the anti-HIV single-chain variable antibody fragment (scFv) of PGT135. Anti-HIV broadly neutralizing antibodies, like PGT135, have potential for clinical use to prevent HIV transmission, to promote immune responses and to eradicate infected cells. Different concentrations of L-rhamnose resulted in the controlled production of both sfGFP and scFv PGT135 antibody. In addition, by optimizing the culture conditions, the amount of scFv PGT135 antibody that was expressed soluble or as inclusions bodies could be modulated. The proteins were produced in batch bioreactors, with yields of 4.9 g/L for sfGFP and 0.8 g/L for scFv. The functionality of the purified antibodies was demonstrated by their ability to neutralize a panel of different HIV variants in vitro. We expect that this expression system will prove very useful for the development of a more cost-effective production process for proteins and antibody fragments in microbial cells.
Collapse
|
88
|
Hinkle JD, D'Ippolito RA, Panepinto MC, Wang WH, Bai DL, Shabanowitz J, Hunt DF. Unambiguous Sequence Characterization of a Monoclonal Antibody in a Single Analysis Using a Nonspecific Immobilized Enzyme Reactor. Anal Chem 2019; 91:13547-13554. [PMID: 31584792 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Accurate sequence characterization is essential for the development of therapeutic antibodies by the pharmaceutical industry. Presented here is a methodology to obtain comprehensive sequence analysis of a monoclonal antibody. An enzyme reactor of immobilized Aspergillopepsin I, a highly stable nonspecific protease, was used to cleave reduced antibody subunits into a peptide profile ranging from 1 to 20 kDa. Utilizing the Thermo Orbitrap Fusion's unique instrument architecture combined with state-of-the-art instrument control software allowed for dynamic instrument methods that optimally characterize eluting peptides based on their size and charge density. Using a data-dependent instrument method, both collisional dissociation and electron transfer dissociation were used to fragment the appropriate charge state of analyte peptides. The instrument layout also allowed for scans to be taken in parallel using both the ion trap and Orbitrap concurrently, thus allowing larger peptides to be analyzed in high resolution using the Orbitrap while simultaneously analyzing tryptic-like peptides using the ion trap. We harnessed these capabilities to develop a custom method to optimally fragment the eluting peptides based on their mass and charge density. Using this approach, we obtained 100% sequence coverage of the total antibody in a single chromatographic analysis, enabling unambiguous sequence assignment of all residues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Hinkle
- Department of Chemistry , University of Virginia , Charlottesville , Virginia 22904 , United States
| | - Robert A D'Ippolito
- Department of Chemistry , University of Virginia , Charlottesville , Virginia 22904 , United States
| | - Maria C Panepinto
- Department of Chemistry , University of Virginia , Charlottesville , Virginia 22904 , United States
| | - Wei-Han Wang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Virginia , Charlottesville , Virginia 22904 , United States
| | - Dina L Bai
- Department of Chemistry , University of Virginia , Charlottesville , Virginia 22904 , United States
| | - Jeffrey Shabanowitz
- Department of Chemistry , University of Virginia , Charlottesville , Virginia 22904 , United States
| | - Donald F Hunt
- Department of Chemistry , University of Virginia , Charlottesville , Virginia 22904 , United States.,Department of Pathology , University of Virginia , Charlottesville , Virginia 22908 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
Akla B, Broussas M, Loukili N, Robert A, Beau-Larvor C, Malissard M, Boute N, Champion T, Haeuw JF, Beck A, Perez M, Dreyfus C, Pavlyuk M, Chetaille E, Corvaia N. Efficacy of the Antibody-Drug Conjugate W0101 in Preclinical Models of IGF-1 Receptor Overexpressing Solid Tumors. Mol Cancer Ther 2019; 19:168-177. [PMID: 31594825 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-19-0219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor type 1 receptor (IGF-1R) is important in tumorigenesis, and its overexpression occurs in numerous tumor tissues. To date, therapeutic approaches based on mAbs and tyrosine kinase inhibitors targeting IGF-1R have only shown clinical benefit in specific patient populations. We report a unique IGF-1R-targeted antibody-drug conjugate (ADC), W0101, designed to deliver a highly potent cytotoxic auristatin derivative selectively to IGF-1R overexpressing tumor cells. The mAb (hz208F2-4) used to prepare the ADC was selected for its specific binding properties to IGF-1R compared with the insulin receptor, and for its internalization properties. Conjugation of a novel auristatin derivative drug linker to hz208F2-4 did not alter its binding and internalization properties. W0101 induced receptor-dependent cell cytotoxicity in vitro when applied to various cell lines overexpressing IGF-1R, but it did not affect normal cells. Efficacy studies were conducted in several mouse models expressing different levels of IGF-1R to determine the sensitivity of the tumors to W0101. W0101 induced potent tumor regression in certain mouse models. Interestingly, the potency of W0101 correlated with the expression level of IGF-1R evaluated by IHC. In an MCF-7 breast cancer model with high-level IGF-1R expression, a single injection of W0101 3 mg/kg led to strong inhibition of tumor growth. W0101 provides a potential new therapeutic option for patients overexpressing IGF-1R. A first-in-human trial of W0101 is currently ongoing to address clinical safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Akla
- Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Centre d'Immunologie, Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Matthieu Broussas
- Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Centre d'Immunologie, Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Noureddine Loukili
- Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Centre d'Immunologie, Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Alain Robert
- Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Centre d'Immunologie, Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Charlotte Beau-Larvor
- Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Centre d'Immunologie, Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Martine Malissard
- Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Centre d'Immunologie, Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Nicolas Boute
- Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Centre d'Immunologie, Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Thierry Champion
- Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Centre d'Immunologie, Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Jean-Francois Haeuw
- Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Centre d'Immunologie, Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France.
| | - Alain Beck
- Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Centre d'Immunologie, Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Michel Perez
- Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Oncology Innovation Unit, Toulouse, France
| | - Cyrille Dreyfus
- Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Centre d'Immunologie, Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Mariya Pavlyuk
- Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Oncology Innovation Unit, Toulouse, France
| | - Eric Chetaille
- Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Oncology Innovation Unit, Toulouse, France
| | - Nathalie Corvaia
- Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Centre d'Immunologie, Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
Fu J, Li J, Wang W, Wu H, Zhou P, Li Y, He Q, Tu Z. One-step orientated immobilization of nanobodies and its application for immunoglobulin purification. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1603:15-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
91
|
Evaluation of process simulation as a decisional tool for biopharmaceutical contract development and manufacturing organizations. Biochem Eng J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2019.107252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
92
|
Jiao X, Nawab O, Patel T, Kossenkov AV, Halama N, Jaeger D, Pestell RG. Recent Advances Targeting CCR5 for Cancer and Its Role in Immuno-Oncology. Cancer Res 2019; 79:4801-4807. [PMID: 31292161 PMCID: PMC6810651 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-1167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Experiments of nature have revealed the peculiar importance of the G-protein-coupled receptor, C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5), in human disease since ancient times. The resurgence of interest in heterotypic signals in the onset and progression of tumorigenesis has led to the current focus on CCR5 as an exciting new therapeutic target for metastatic cancer with clinical trials now targeting breast and colon cancer. The eutopic expression of CCR5 activates calcium signaling and thereby augments regulatory T cell (Treg) differentiation and migration to sites of inflammation. The misexpression of CCR5 in epithelial cells, induced upon oncogenic transformation, hijacks this migratory phenotype. CCR5 reexpression augments resistance to DNA-damaging agents and is sufficient to induce cancer metastasis and "stemness". Recent studies suggest important cross-talk between CCR5 signaling and immune checkpoint function. Because CCR5 on Tregs serves as the coreceptor for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) entry, CCR5-targeted therapeutics used in HIV, [small molecules (maraviroc and vicriviroc) and a humanized mAb (leronlimab)], are now being repositioned in clinical trials as cancer therapeutics. As CCR5 is expressed on a broad array of tumors, the opportunity for therapeutic repositioning and the rationale for combination therapy approaches are reviewed herein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuanmao Jiao
- Pennsylvania Cancer and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania
| | - Omar Nawab
- Pennsylvania Cancer and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania
- Xavier University School of Medicine, Woodbury, New York
| | - Tejal Patel
- Xavier University School of Medicine, Woodbury, New York
| | | | - Niels Halama
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Heidelberg, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dirk Jaeger
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Heidelberg, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor-Immunity, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Richard G Pestell
- Pennsylvania Cancer and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania.
- Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
93
|
Ahamadi-Fesharaki R, Fateh A, Vaziri F, Solgi G, Siadat SD, Mahboudi F, Rahimi-Jamnani F. Single-Chain Variable Fragment-Based Bispecific Antibodies: Hitting Two Targets with One Sophisticated Arrow. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2019; 14:38-56. [PMID: 31011631 PMCID: PMC6463744 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the success of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to treat some disorders, the monospecific molecular entity of mAbs as well as the presence of multiple factors and pathways involved in the pathogenesis of disorders, such as various malignancies, infectious diseases, and autoimmune disorders, and resistance to therapy have restricted the therapeutic efficacy of mAbs in clinical use. Bispecific antibodies (bsAbs), by concurrently recognizing two targets, can partly circumvent these problems. Serial killing of tumor cells by bsAb-redirected T cells, simultaneous blocking of two antigens involved in the HIV-1 infection, and concurrent targeting of the activating and inhibitory receptors on B cells to modulate autoimmunity are part of the capabilities of bsAbs. After designing and developing a large number of bsAbs for years, catumaxomab, a full-length bsAb targeting EpCAM and CD3, was approved in 2009 to treat EpCAM-positive carcinomas besides blinatumomab, a bispecific T cell engager antibody targeting CD19 and CD3, which was approved in 2014 to treat relapsed or refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Furthermore, approximately 60 bsAbs are under investigation in clinical trials. The current review aims at portraying different formats of the single-chain variable fragment (scFv)-based bsAbs and shedding light on the scFv-based bsAbs in preclinical development, different phases of clinical trials, and the market.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raoufeh Ahamadi-Fesharaki
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Human Antibody Lab, Innovation Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Fateh
- Human Antibody Lab, Innovation Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzam Vaziri
- Human Antibody Lab, Innovation Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghasem Solgi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Seyed Davar Siadat
- Human Antibody Lab, Innovation Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Fatemeh Rahimi-Jamnani
- Human Antibody Lab, Innovation Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
94
|
Jones HM, Zhang Z, Jasper P, Luo H, Avery LB, King LE, Neubert H, Barton HA, Betts AM, Webster R. A Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Model for the Prediction of Monoclonal Antibody Pharmacokinetics From In Vitro Data. CPT-PHARMACOMETRICS & SYSTEMS PHARMACOLOGY 2019; 8:738-747. [PMID: 31464379 PMCID: PMC6813168 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody (mAb) pharmacokinetics (PK) have largely been predicted via allometric scaling with little consideration for cross-species differences in neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) affinity or clearance/distribution mechanisms. To address this, we developed a mAb physiologically-based PK model that describes the intracellular trafficking and FcRn recycling of mAbs in a human FcRn transgenic homozygous mouse and human. This model uses mAb-specific in vitro data together with species-specific FcRn tissue expression, tissue volume, and blood-flow physiology to predict mAb in vivo linear PK a priori. The model accurately predicts the terminal half-life of 90% of the mAbs investigated within a twofold error. The mechanistic nature of this model allows us to not only predict linear PK from in vitro data but also explore the PK and target binding of mAbs engineered to have pH-dependent binding to its target or FcRn and could aid in the selection of mAbs with optimal PK and pharmacodynamic properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Jones
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Haobin Luo
- RES Group Inc, Needham, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Lindsay E King
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Andover, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hendrik Neubert
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Andover, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hugh A Barton
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Alison M Betts
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Robert Webster
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
95
|
Wei W, Ni D, Ehlerding EB, Luo QY, Cai W. PET Imaging of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases in Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2019; 17:1625-1636. [PMID: 30068751 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-18-0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression and/or mutations of the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) subfamilies, such as epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFR), are closely associated with tumor cell growth, differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, and cellular invasiveness. Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) specifically inhibiting these RTKs have shown remarkable success in improving patient survival in many cancer types. However, poor response and even drug resistance inevitably occur. In this setting, the ability to detect and visualize RTKs with noninvasive diagnostic tools will greatly refine clinical treatment strategies for cancer patients, facilitate precise response prediction, and improve drug development. Positron emission tomography (PET) agents using targeted radioactively labeled antibodies have been developed to visualize tumor RTKs and are changing clinical decisions for certain cancer types. In the present review, we primarily focus on PET imaging of RTKs using radiolabeled antibodies with an emphasis on the clinical applications of these immunoPET probes. Mol Cancer Ther; 17(8); 1625-36. ©2018 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Wei
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.,Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Dalong Ni
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Emily B Ehlerding
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Quan-Yong Luo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.
| | - Weibo Cai
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin. .,Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin.,University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin
| |
Collapse
|
96
|
Bobkov V, Arimont M, Zarca A, De Groof TWM, van der Woning B, de Haard H, Smit MJ. Antibodies Targeting Chemokine Receptors CXCR4 and ACKR3. Mol Pharmacol 2019; 96:753-764. [PMID: 31481460 DOI: 10.1124/mol.119.116954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of the chemokine system is implicated in a number of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, as well as cancer. Modulation of chemokine receptor function is a very promising approach for therapeutic intervention. Despite interest from academic groups and pharmaceutical companies, there are currently few approved medicines targeting chemokine receptors. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and antibody-based molecules have been successfully applied in the clinical therapy of cancer and represent a potential new class of therapeutics targeting chemokine receptors belonging to the class of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Besides conventional mAbs, single-domain antibodies and antibody scaffolds are also gaining attention as promising therapeutics. In this review, we provide an extensive overview of mAbs, single-domain antibodies, and other antibody fragments targeting CXCR4 and ACKR3, formerly referred to as CXCR7. We discuss their unique properties and advantages over small-molecule compounds, and also refer to the molecules in preclinical and clinical development. We focus on single-domain antibodies and scaffolds and their utilization in GPCR research. Additionally, structural analysis of antibody binding to CXCR4 is discussed. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Modulating the function of GPCRs, and particularly chemokine receptors, draws high interest. A comprehensive review is provided for monoclonal antibodies, antibody fragments, and variants directed at CXCR4 and ACKR3. Their advantageous functional properties, versatile applications as research tools, and use in the clinic are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Bobkov
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (V.B., M.A., A.Z., T.W.M.D.G., M.J.S.); and argenx BVBA, Zwijnaarde, Belgium (V.B., B.W., H.H.)
| | - Marta Arimont
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (V.B., M.A., A.Z., T.W.M.D.G., M.J.S.); and argenx BVBA, Zwijnaarde, Belgium (V.B., B.W., H.H.)
| | - Aurélien Zarca
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (V.B., M.A., A.Z., T.W.M.D.G., M.J.S.); and argenx BVBA, Zwijnaarde, Belgium (V.B., B.W., H.H.)
| | - Timo W M De Groof
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (V.B., M.A., A.Z., T.W.M.D.G., M.J.S.); and argenx BVBA, Zwijnaarde, Belgium (V.B., B.W., H.H.)
| | - Bas van der Woning
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (V.B., M.A., A.Z., T.W.M.D.G., M.J.S.); and argenx BVBA, Zwijnaarde, Belgium (V.B., B.W., H.H.)
| | - Hans de Haard
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (V.B., M.A., A.Z., T.W.M.D.G., M.J.S.); and argenx BVBA, Zwijnaarde, Belgium (V.B., B.W., H.H.)
| | - Martine J Smit
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (V.B., M.A., A.Z., T.W.M.D.G., M.J.S.); and argenx BVBA, Zwijnaarde, Belgium (V.B., B.W., H.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
97
|
Jovic M, Cymer F. Qualification of a surface plasmon resonance assay to determine binding of IgG-type antibodies to complement component C1q. Biologicals 2019; 61:76-79. [PMID: 31445761 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Interaction of therapeutic antibodies with complement component C1q are frequently part of pharmaceutical characterization and production process comparability studies. Assays currently used to assess this interaction and/or the activation of the complement cascade are often cumbersome, time consuming or imprecise. We here report the further development, successful qualification and suitability evaluation of an SPR-based C1q binding assay for the characterization of IgG-C1q interactions. We evaluate different IgG subtypes and well-described mutants of IgG1. The assay offers a suitable alternative for extended characterization of interactions of IgG1 and IgG3 with complement component C1q.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milan Jovic
- Pharma Technical Development Analytics Biologics, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Florian Cymer
- Pharma Technical Development Analytics Biologics, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
98
|
Edelmann MR, Kettenberger H, Knaupp A, Schlothauer T, Otteneder MB. Radiolabeled IgG antibodies: Impact of various labels on neonatal Fc receptor binding. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2019; 62:751-757. [PMID: 31369163 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The number of therapeutic antibodies in research and development as well as their complexity increases from year to year. Novel therapeutic protein formats, such as Fc-fusions, bispecific, or multivalent antibodies, are currently in preclinical and clinical development. Therefore, the need for biodistribution and imaging studies, eg, with radiolabeled proteins are very high. However, the labeling process or the label itself can have an impact on binding to cellular receptors, eg, to neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn), which can lead to altered PK properties compared with the unlabeled antibody. FcRn affinity chromatography allows the assessment of immunoglobulin G (IgG) samples with respect to their pH-dependent FcRn interaction. We analyzed IgGs with different types of labels, namely, direct iodination with 125 I; chelating agents, such as DOTA and DOTAM; and [3 H]propionate. Direct radio-iodination leads to shifts in FcRn column retention time, which might indicate a potentially faster clearance. Furthermore, high conjugation ratios of chelator lower the affinity to FcRn successively and thus may influence the lysosomal degradation of the antibody in endothelial cells. In contrast, IgGs labeled with [3 H]propionate did not show any timeshifts in FcRn affinity chromatography. This article is based on the oral presentation at the IIS 2018 Prague and highlights the importance of an affinity chromatography for characterization of potential changes in affinity to FcRn itself or charge and hydrophobicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin R Edelmann
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Michael B Otteneder
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
99
|
Zhang Y, Fang C, Wang RE, Wang Y, Guo H, Guo C, Zhao L, Li S, Li X, Schultz PG, Cao YJ, Wang F. A tumor-targeted immune checkpoint blocker. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:15889-15894. [PMID: 31332018 PMCID: PMC6689898 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1905646116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
To direct checkpoint inhibition to the tumor microenvironment, while avoiding systemic immune activation, we have synthesized a bispecific antibody [norleucine4, d-Phe7]-melanocyte stimulating hormone (NDP-MSH)-antiprogrammed cell death-ligand 1 antibody (αPD-L1) by conjugating a melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) analog to the antiprogrammed cell death-ligand 1 to (αPD-L1) antibody avelumab. This bispecific antibody can bind to both the melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) and to PD-L1 expressed on melanoma cells and shows enhanced specific antitumor efficacy in a syngeneic B16-SIY melanoma mouse model compared with the parental antibody at a 5 mg/kg dose. Moreover, the bispecific antibody showed increased infiltrated T cells in the tumor microenvironment. These results suggest that a tumor-targeted PD-L1-blocking bispecific antibody could have a therapeutic advantage in vivo, especially when used in combination with other checkpoint inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - Changming Fang
- California Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr), La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Rongsheng E Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Ying Wang
- California Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr), La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Hui Guo
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - Chao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
- School of Ocean, Shandong University, 264209 Weihai, China
| | - Lijun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, 518055 Shenzhen, China
| | - Shuhong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, 518055 Shenzhen, China
| | - Xia Li
- School of Ocean, Shandong University, 264209 Weihai, China
| | - Peter G Schultz
- California Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr), La Jolla, CA 92037;
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Yu J Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, 518055 Shenzhen, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China;
| |
Collapse
|
100
|
Insights from capillary electrophoresis approaches for characterization of monoclonal antibodies and antibody drug conjugates in the period 2016–2018. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1122-1123:1-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|