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Abstract
Centrosome amplification is a feature of multiple tumour types and has been postulated to contribute to both tumour initiation and tumour progression. This chapter focuses on the mechanisms by which an increase in centrosome number might lead to an increase or decrease in tumour progression and the role of proteins that regulate centrosome number in driving tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunabha Bose
- KS215, Advanced Centre for Treatment Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sorab N Dalal
- KS215, Advanced Centre for Treatment Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
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52
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Yoshiba S, Tsuchiya Y, Ohta M, Gupta A, Shiratsuchi G, Nozaki Y, Ashikawa T, Fujiwara T, Natsume T, Kanemaki M, Kitagawa D. HsSAS-6-dependent cartwheel assembly ensures stabilization of centriole intermediates. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.217521. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.217521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
At the onset of procentriole formation, a structure called the cartwheel is formed adjacent to the pre-existing centriole. SAS-6 proteins are thought to constitute the hub of the cartwheel structure. However, the exact function of the cartwheel in the process of centriole formation has not been well characterized. In this study, we focused on the functions of human SAS-6 (HsSAS-6). Using in vitro reconstitution with recombinant HsSAS-6, we first observed its conserved molecular property forming the central part of the cartwheel structure. Furthermore, we uncovered critical functions of HsSAS-6 using a combination of an auxin-inducible SAS-6-degron system and super-resolution microscopy in human cells. Our results demonstrate that the HsSAS-6 is required not only for the initiation of centriole formation, but also for the stabilization of centriole intermediates. Moreover, after procentriole formation, HsSAS-6 is necessary for limiting Plk4 accumulation at the centrioles and thereby suppressing the formation of potential sites for extra procentrioles. Overall, these findings illustrate the conserved and fundamental functions of the cartwheel in centriole duplication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Yoshiba
- Division of Centrosome Biology, Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
- Current affiliation: Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Tsuchiya
- Division of Centrosome Biology, Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
- Department of Genetics, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Midori Ohta
- Division of Centrosome Biology, Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Akshari Gupta
- Division of Centrosome Biology, Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
- Department of Genetics, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Gen Shiratsuchi
- Division of Centrosome Biology, Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yuka Nozaki
- Division of Centrosome Biology, Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tomoko Ashikawa
- Division of Centrosome Biology, Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takahiro Fujiwara
- Center for Meso-Bio Single-Molecule Imaging (CeMI), Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toyoaki Natsume
- Division of Molecular Cell Engineering, Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Masato Kanemaki
- Division of Molecular Cell Engineering, Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Daiju Kitagawa
- Division of Centrosome Biology, Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
- Department of Genetics, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
- Current affiliation: Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
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53
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Sydor AM, Coyaud E, Rovelli C, Laurent E, Liu H, Raught B, Mennella V. PPP1R35 is a novel centrosomal protein that regulates centriole length in concert with the microcephaly protein RTTN. eLife 2018; 7:37846. [PMID: 30168418 PMCID: PMC6141234 DOI: 10.7554/elife.37846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Centrosome structure, function, and number are finely regulated at the cellular level to ensure normal mammalian development. Here, we characterize PPP1R35 as a novel bona fide centrosomal protein and demonstrate that it is critical for centriole elongation. Using quantitative super-resolution microscopy mapping and live-cell imaging we show that PPP1R35 is a resident centrosomal protein located in the proximal lumen above the cartwheel, a region of the centriole that has eluded detailed characterization. Loss of PPP1R35 function results in decreased centrosome number and shortened centrioles that lack centriolar distal and microtubule wall associated proteins required for centriole elongation. We further demonstrate that PPP1R35 acts downstream of, and forms a complex with, RTTN, a microcephaly protein required for distal centriole elongation. Altogether, our study identifies a novel step in the centriole elongation pathway centered on PPP1R35 and elucidates downstream partners of the microcephaly protein RTTN.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Etienne Coyaud
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Cristina Rovelli
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Estelle Laurent
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Helen Liu
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Brian Raught
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vito Mennella
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Bornens M. Cell polarity: having and making sense of direction-on the evolutionary significance of the primary cilium/centrosome organ in Metazoa. Open Biol 2018; 8:180052. [PMID: 30068565 PMCID: PMC6119866 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.180052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-autonomous polarity in Metazoans is evolutionarily conserved. I assume that permanent polarity in unicellular eukaryotes is required for cell motion and sensory reception, integration of these two activities being an evolutionarily constrained function. Metazoans are unique in making cohesive multicellular organisms through complete cell divisions. They evolved a primary cilium/centrosome (PC/C) organ, ensuring similar functions to the basal body/flagellum of unicellular eukaryotes, but in different cells, or in the same cell at different moments. The possibility that this innovation contributed to the evolution of individuality, in being instrumental in the early specification of the germ line during development, is further discussed. Then, using the example of highly regenerative organisms like planarians, which have lost PC/C organ in dividing cells, I discuss the possibility that part of the remodelling necessary to reach a new higher-level unit of selection in multi-cellular organisms has been triggered by conflicts among individual cell polarities to reach an organismic polarity. Finally, I briefly consider organisms with a sensorimotor organ like the brain that requires exceedingly elongated polarized cells for its activity. I conclude that beyond critical consequences for embryo development, the conservation of cell-autonomous polarity in Metazoans had far-reaching implications for the evolution of individuality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Bornens
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS - UMR 144, 75005 Paris, France
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55
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Chlamydomonas Basal Bodies as Flagella Organizing Centers. Cells 2018; 7:cells7070079. [PMID: 30018231 PMCID: PMC6070942 DOI: 10.3390/cells7070079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During ciliogenesis, centrioles convert to membrane-docked basal bodies, which initiate the formation of cilia/flagella and template the nine doublet microtubules of the flagellar axoneme. The discovery that many human diseases and developmental disorders result from defects in flagella has fueled a strong interest in the analysis of flagellar assembly. Here, we will review the structure, function, and development of basal bodies in the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a widely used model for the analysis of basal bodies and flagella. Intraflagellar transport (IFT), a flagella-specific protein shuttle critical for ciliogenesis, was first described in C. reinhardtii. A focus of this review will be on the role of the basal bodies in organizing the IFT machinery.
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56
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Common Variant of POC5 Is Associated With the Susceptibility of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2018; 43:E683-E688. [PMID: 29189569 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0000000000002490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN A case-control study. OBJECTIVE To validate the relationship between POC5 and adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) in the Chinese patients and to further investigate the functional role of POC5. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Three rare functional variants in the POC5 were recently reported to be strongly associated with the disease in a large family with multiple members affected with idiopathic scoliosis. To our knowledge, the association between the mutations of POC5 and AIS remains undetermined in the Chinese population. METHODS Single nucleotide variants c.1336G>A, c.1286C>T, and c.1363G>C of POC5 were genotyped in 2432 patients with AIS and 2292 healthy controls using multiple ligase detection reactions. Common variants covering POC5 gene were genotyped in 1446 patients and 2080 controls. The mRNA expression of POC5 was determined in the paraspinal muscles collected from 98 patients and 28 controls. The Student t test was used to compare mRNA expression level between the patients and the controls. In addition, the POC5 expression was compared among different genotypes of the remarkably associated single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) with analysis of variance test. RESULTS There was no case of mutation for the three reported variants of POC5. SNP rs6892146 was observed to have significantly different distribution of minor allele frequency in the two group (0.485 vs. 0.446, P = 0.004). The mRNA expression of POC5 was 1.5-fold higher in patients than in the controls (0.00012 ± 0.00009 vs. 0.00008 ± 0.00006, P = 0.02). Patients with genotype GG have a significantly increased expression of POC5 than those with CC (0.00014 ± 0.00007 vs. 0.00009 ± 0.00007, P = 0.03). CONCLUSION Common variant rs6892146 of POC5 is associated with the development of AIS in the Chinese population. Targeted regional sequencing of POC5 may help identify novel mutations associated with AIS. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4.
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57
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Fishman EL, Jo K, Nguyen QPH, Kong D, Royfman R, Cekic AR, Khanal S, Miller AL, Simerly C, Schatten G, Loncarek J, Mennella V, Avidor-Reiss T. A novel atypical sperm centriole is functional during human fertilization. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2210. [PMID: 29880810 PMCID: PMC5992222 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04678-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The inheritance of the centrosome during human fertilization remains mysterious. Here we show that the sperm centrosome contains, in addition to the known typical barrel-shaped centriole (the proximal centriole, PC), a surrounding matrix (pericentriolar material, PCM), and an atypical centriole (distal centriole, DC) composed of splayed microtubules surrounding previously undescribed rods of centriole luminal proteins. The sperm centrosome is remodeled by both reduction and enrichment of specific proteins and the formation of these rods during spermatogenesis. In vivo and in vitro investigations show that the flagellum-attached, atypical DC is capable of recruiting PCM, forming a daughter centriole, and localizing to the spindle pole during mitosis. Altogether, we show that the DC is compositionally and structurally remodeled into an atypical centriole, which functions as the zygote's second centriole. These findings now provide novel avenues for diagnostics and therapeutic strategies for male infertility, and insights into early embryo developmental defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L Fishman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801W. Bancroft, Toledo, OH, 43607, USA
| | - Kyoung Jo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801W. Bancroft, Toledo, OH, 43607, USA
| | - Quynh P H Nguyen
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Dong Kong
- Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 1050 Boyles Street, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Rachel Royfman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801W. Bancroft, Toledo, OH, 43607, USA
| | - Anthony R Cekic
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801W. Bancroft, Toledo, OH, 43607, USA
| | - Sushil Khanal
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801W. Bancroft, Toledo, OH, 43607, USA
| | - Ann L Miller
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 830 North University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Calvin Simerly
- Departments of Cell Biology; Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences; and Bioengineering, Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 204 Craft Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Gerald Schatten
- Departments of Cell Biology; Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences; and Bioengineering, Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 204 Craft Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Jadranka Loncarek
- Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 1050 Boyles Street, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Vito Mennella
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Tomer Avidor-Reiss
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801W. Bancroft, Toledo, OH, 43607, USA.
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58
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Duplication and Nuclear Envelope Insertion of the Yeast Microtubule Organizing Centre, the Spindle Pole Body. Cells 2018; 7:cells7050042. [PMID: 29748517 PMCID: PMC5981266 DOI: 10.3390/cells7050042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The main microtubule organizing centre in the unicellular model organisms Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pompe is the spindle pole body (SPB). The SPB is a multilayer structure, which duplicates exactly once per cell cycle. Unlike higher eukaryotic cells, both yeast model organisms undergo mitosis without breakdown of the nuclear envelope (NE), a so-called closed mitosis. Therefore, in order to simultaneously nucleate nuclear and cytoplasmic MTs, it is vital to embed the SPB into the NE at least during mitosis, similarly to the nuclear pore complex (NPC). This review aims to embrace the current knowledge of the SPB duplication cycle with special emphasis on the critical step of the insertion of the new SPB into the NE.
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59
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Nigg EA, Holland AJ. Once and only once: mechanisms of centriole duplication and their deregulation in disease. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2018; 19:297-312. [PMID: 29363672 PMCID: PMC5969912 DOI: 10.1038/nrm.2017.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Centrioles are conserved microtubule-based organelles that form the core of the centrosome and act as templates for the formation of cilia and flagella. Centrioles have important roles in most microtubule-related processes, including motility, cell division and cell signalling. To coordinate these diverse cellular processes, centriole number must be tightly controlled. In cycling cells, one new centriole is formed next to each pre-existing centriole in every cell cycle. Advances in imaging, proteomics, structural biology and genome editing have revealed new insights into centriole biogenesis, how centriole numbers are controlled and how alterations in these processes contribute to diseases such as cancer and neurodevelopmental disorders. Moreover, recent work has uncovered the existence of surveillance pathways that limit the proliferation of cells with numerical centriole aberrations. Owing to this progress, we now have a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing centriole biogenesis, opening up new possibilities for targeting these pathways in the context of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erich A. Nigg
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andrew J. Holland
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
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60
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Wang JT, Stearns T. The ABCs of Centriole Architecture: The Form and Function of Triplet Microtubules. COLD SPRING HARBOR SYMPOSIA ON QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2018; 82:145-155. [PMID: 29540555 PMCID: PMC11156431 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.2017.82.034496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
The centriole is a defining feature of many eukaryotic cells. It nucleates a cilium, organizes microtubules as part of the centrosome, and is duplicated in coordination with the cell cycle. Centrioles have a remarkable structure, consisting of microtubules arranged in a barrel with ninefold radial symmetry. At their base, or proximal end, centrioles have unique triplet microtubules, formed from three microtubules linked to each other. This microtubule organization is not found anywhere else in the cell, is conserved in all major branches of the eukaryotic tree, and likely was present in the last eukaryotic common ancestor. At their tip, or distal end, centrioles have doublet microtubules, which template the cilium. Here, we consider the structures of the compound microtubules in centrioles and discuss potential mechanisms for their formation and their function. We propose that triplet microtubules are required for the structural integrity of centrioles, allowing the centriole to serve as the essential nucleator of the cilium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer T Wang
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5020
| | - Tim Stearns
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5020
- Department of Genetics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
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61
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Vianay B, Senger F, Alamos S, Anjur-Dietrich M, Bearce E, Cheeseman B, Lee L, Théry M. Variation in traction forces during cell cycle progression. Biol Cell 2018; 110:91-96. [DOI: 10.1111/boc.201800006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Vianay
- University of Paris Diderot; INSERM; CEA; Hôpital Saint Louis; Institut Universitaire d'Hematologie; UMRS1160; CytoMorpho Lab; 75010 Paris France
| | - Fabrice Senger
- University of Grenoble-Alpes; CEA; CNRS; INRA; Biosciences & Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble; Laboratoire de Phyiologie Cellulaire & Végétale; CytoMorpho Lab; 38054 Grenoble France
| | - Simon Alamos
- Physiology Course; Marine Biology Laboratory; Woods Hole MA USA
| | | | | | - Bevan Cheeseman
- Physiology Course; Marine Biology Laboratory; Woods Hole MA USA
| | - Lisa Lee
- Physiology Course; Marine Biology Laboratory; Woods Hole MA USA
| | - Manuel Théry
- University of Paris Diderot; INSERM; CEA; Hôpital Saint Louis; Institut Universitaire d'Hematologie; UMRS1160; CytoMorpho Lab; 75010 Paris France
- University of Grenoble-Alpes; CEA; CNRS; INRA; Biosciences & Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble; Laboratoire de Phyiologie Cellulaire & Végétale; CytoMorpho Lab; 38054 Grenoble France
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62
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Loncarek J, Bettencourt-Dias M. Building the right centriole for each cell type. J Cell Biol 2017; 217:823-835. [PMID: 29284667 PMCID: PMC5839779 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201704093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Loncarek and Bettencourt-Dias review molecular mechanisms of centriole biogenesis amongst different organisms and cell types. The centriole is a multifunctional structure that organizes centrosomes and cilia and is important for cell signaling, cell cycle progression, polarity, and motility. Defects in centriole number and structure are associated with human diseases including cancer and ciliopathies. Discovery of the centriole dates back to the 19th century. However, recent advances in genetic and biochemical tools, development of high-resolution microscopy, and identification of centriole components have accelerated our understanding of its assembly, function, evolution, and its role in human disease. The centriole is an evolutionarily conserved structure built from highly conserved proteins and is present in all branches of the eukaryotic tree of life. However, centriole number, size, and organization varies among different organisms and even cell types within a single organism, reflecting its cell type–specialized functions. In this review, we provide an overview of our current understanding of centriole biogenesis and how variations around the same theme generate alternatives for centriole formation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jadranka Loncarek
- Cell Cycle Regulation Lab, Gulbenkian Institute of Science, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Mónica Bettencourt-Dias
- Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, National Institutes of Health/Center for Cancer Research/National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD
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63
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Weisz Hubshman M, Broekman S, van Wijk E, Cremers F, Abu-Diab A, Khateb S, Tzur S, Lagovsky I, Smirin-Yosef P, Sharon D, Haer-Wigman L, Banin E, Basel-Vanagaite L, de Vrieze E. Whole-exome sequencing reveals POC5 as a novel gene associated with autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 27:614-624. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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64
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Maniswami RR, Prashanth S, Karanth AV, Koushik S, Govindaraj H, Mullangi R, Rajagopal S, Jegatheesan SK. PLK4: a link between centriole biogenesis and cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2017; 22:59-73. [PMID: 29171762 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2018.1410140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Polo like kinase (PLK) is known to play a pivotal role in various cell cycle processes to perpetuate proper division and growth of the cells. Polo like kinase-4 (PLK4) is one such kinase that appears in low abundance and plays a well-characterized role in centriole duplication. PLK4 deregulation (i.e. both overexpression and depletion of PLK4), leads to altered mitotic fidelity and thereby triggers tumorigenesis. Hence, over the last few years PLK4 has emerged as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of various advanced cancers. Areas covered: In this review, we discuss the basic structure, expression, localization and functions of PLK4 along with its regulation by various proteins. We also discuss the role of altered PLK4 activity in the onset of cancer and the current pre-clinical and clinical inhibitors to regulate PLK4. Expert opinion: PLK4 mediated centriole duplication has a crucial role in maintaining mitotic correctness in normal cells, while its deregulation has a greater impact on genesis of cancer. Henceforth, a deep knowledge of the PLK4 levels, its role and interactions with various proteins in cancer is required to design effective inhibitors for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sindhu Koushik
- a Jubilant Biosys Ltd, Bioinformatics , Bangalore , India
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65
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Wolf B, Diop F, Ferraris P, Wichit S, Busso C, Missé D, Gönczy P. Zika virus causes supernumerary foci with centriolar proteins and impaired spindle positioning. Open Biol 2017; 7:rsob.160231. [PMID: 28100662 PMCID: PMC5303270 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.160231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) causes congenital microcephaly. Although ZIKV can impair cell cycle progression and provoke apoptosis, which probably contributes to disease aetiology through depletion of neural progenitor cells, additional cellular mechanisms may be important. Here, we investigated whether ZIKV infection alters centrosome number and spindle positioning, because such defects are thought to be at the root of inherited primary autosomal recessive microcephaly (MCPH). In addition to HeLa cells, in which centrosome number and spindle positioning can be well monitored, we analysed retinal epithelial cells (RPE-1), as well as brain-derived microglial (CHME-5) and neural progenitor (ReN) cells, using immunofluorescence. We established that ZIKV infection leads to supernumerary foci containing centriolar proteins that in some cases drive multipolar spindle assembly, as well as spindle positioning defects in HeLa, RPE-1 and CHME-5 cells, but not in ReN cells. We uncovered similar phenotypes in HeLa cells upon infection with dengue virus (DENV-2), another flavivirus that does not target brain cells and does not cause microcephaly. We conclude that infection with Flaviviridae can increase centrosome numbers and impair spindle positioning, thus potentially contributing to microcephaly in the case of Zika.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benita Wolf
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fodé Diop
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC, UMR 224 IRD/CNRS/UM1, 34394 Montpellier, France
| | - Pauline Ferraris
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC, UMR 224 IRD/CNRS/UM1, 34394 Montpellier, France
| | | | - Coralie Busso
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dorothée Missé
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC, UMR 224 IRD/CNRS/UM1, 34394 Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre Gönczy
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Zhao Y, Chu X, Yang B. Electrochemical behavior of hemin binding with human centrin 3. Bioelectrochemistry 2017; 117:15-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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67
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Wang JT, Kong D, Hoerner CR, Loncarek J, Stearns T. Centriole triplet microtubules are required for stable centriole formation and inheritance in human cells. eLife 2017; 6:29061. [PMID: 28906251 PMCID: PMC5653238 DOI: 10.7554/elife.29061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrioles are composed of long-lived microtubules arranged in nine triplets. However, the contribution of triplet microtubules to mammalian centriole formation and stability is unknown. Little is known of the mechanism of triplet microtubule formation, but experiments in unicellular eukaryotes indicate that delta-tubulin and epsilon-tubulin, two less-studied tubulin family members, are required. Here, we report that centrioles in delta-tubulin and epsilon-tubulin null mutant human cells lack triplet microtubules and fail to undergo centriole maturation. These aberrant centrioles are formed de novo each cell cycle, but are unstable and do not persist to the next cell cycle, leading to a futile cycle of centriole formation and disintegration. Disintegration can be suppressed by paclitaxel treatment. Delta-tubulin and epsilon-tubulin physically interact, indicating that these tubulins act together to maintain triplet microtubules and that these are necessary for inheritance of centrioles from one cell cycle to the next.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer T Wang
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Dong Kong
- Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick, United States.,National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, United States
| | - Christian R Hoerner
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Jadranka Loncarek
- Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick, United States.,National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, United States
| | - Tim Stearns
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Department of Genetics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
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68
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Abstract
Pre-mRNA processing protein 40 (Prp40) is a nuclear protein that has a role in pre-mRNA splicing. Prp40 possesses two leucine-rich nuclear export signals, but little is known about the function of Prp40 in the export process. Another protein that has a role in protein export is centrin, a member of the EF-hand superfamily of Ca2+-binding proteins. Prp40 was found to be a centrin target by yeast-two-hybrid screening using both Homo sapiens centrin 2 (Hscen2) and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii centrin (Crcen). We identified a centrin-binding site within H. sapiens Prp40 homolog A (HsPrp40A), which contains a hydrophobic triad W1L4L8 that is known to be important in the interaction with centrin. This centrin-binding site is highly conserved within the first nuclear export signal consensus sequence identified in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Prp40. Here, we examine the interaction of HsPrp40A peptide (HsPrp40Ap) with both Hscen2 and Crcen by isothermal titration calorimetry. We employed the thermodynamic parameterization to estimate the polar and apolar surface area of the interface. In addition, we have defined the molecular mechanism of thermally induced unfolding and dissociation of the Crcen-HsPrp40Ap complex using two-dimensional infrared correlation spectroscopy. These complementary techniques showed for the first time, to our knowledge, that HsPrp40Ap interacts with centrin in vitro, supporting a coupled functional role for these proteins in pre-mRNA splicing.
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69
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Chen HY, Wu CT, Tang CJC, Lin YN, Wang WJ, Tang TK. Human microcephaly protein RTTN interacts with STIL and is required to build full-length centrioles. Nat Commun 2017; 8:247. [PMID: 28811500 PMCID: PMC5558016 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00305-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in many centriolar protein-encoding genes cause primary microcephaly. Using super-resolution and electron microscopy, we find that the human microcephaly protein, RTTN, is recruited to the proximal end of the procentriole at early S phase, and is located at the inner luminal walls of centrioles. Further studies demonstrate that RTTN directly interacts with STIL and acts downstream of STIL-mediated centriole assembly. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated RTTN gene knockout in p53-deficient cells induce amplification of primitive procentriole bodies that lack the distal-half centriolar proteins, POC5 and POC1B. Additional analyses show that RTTN serves as an upstream effector of CEP295, which mediates the loading of POC1B and POC5 to the distal-half centrioles. Interestingly, the naturally occurring microcephaly-associated mutant, RTTN (A578P), shows a low affinity for STIL binding and blocks centriole assembly. These findings reveal that RTTN contributes to building full-length centrioles and illuminate the molecular mechanism through which the RTTN (A578P) mutation causes primary microcephaly. Mutations in many centriolar protein-encoding genes cause primary microcephaly. Here the authors show that human microcephaly protein RTTN directly interacts with STIL and acts downstream of STIL-mediated centriole assembly, contributing to building full-length centrioles
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yi Chen
- Graduate Institution of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ting Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Taiwan International Graduate Program in Interdisciplinary Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Ju C Tang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Nan Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Won-Jing Wang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tang K Tang
- Graduate Institution of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Taiwan International Graduate Program in Interdisciplinary Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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70
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Aubusson-Fleury A, Balavoine G, Lemullois M, Bouhouche K, Beisson J, Koll F. Centrin diversity and basal body patterning across evolution: new insights from Paramecium. Biol Open 2017; 6:765-776. [PMID: 28432105 PMCID: PMC5483020 DOI: 10.1242/bio.024273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
First discovered in unicellular eukaryotes, centrins play crucial roles in basal body duplication and anchoring mechanisms. While the evolutionary status of the founding members of the family, Centrin2/Vfl2 and Centrin3/cdc31 has long been investigated, the evolutionary origin of other members of the family has received less attention. Using a phylogeny of ciliate centrins, we identify two other centrin families, the ciliary centrins and the centrins present in the contractile filaments (ICL centrins). In this paper, we carry on the functional analysis of still not well-known centrins, the ICL1e subfamily identified in Paramecium, and show their requirement for correct basal body anchoring through interactions with Centrin2 and Centrin3. Using Paramecium as well as a eukaryote-wide sampling of centrins from completely sequenced genomes, we revisited the evolutionary story of centrins. Their phylogeny shows that the centrins associated with the ciliate contractile filaments are widespread in eukaryotic lineages and could be as ancient as Centrin2 and Centrin3. Summary: Functional and phylogenetic analyses reveal the existence of five centrin families and show that basal body patterning in Paramecium requires a third centrin present in many eukaryote lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Aubusson-Fleury
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Cell Biology Department, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, Gif sur Yvette 91198, France
| | - Guillaume Balavoine
- Institut Jacques Monod, Evolution and development of Metazoa, UMR 7592, CNRS/Université Paris Diderot, 15 rue Hélène Brion, Paris 75013, France
| | - Michel Lemullois
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Cell Biology Department, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, Gif sur Yvette 91198, France
| | - Khaled Bouhouche
- INRA, UMR 1061 Unité de Génétique Moléculaire Animale, Université de Limoges, IFR 145, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Limoges 87060, France
| | - Janine Beisson
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Cell Biology Department, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, Gif sur Yvette 91198, France
| | - France Koll
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Cell Biology Department, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, Gif sur Yvette 91198, France
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71
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Sharma A, Aher A, Dynes NJ, Frey D, Katrukha EA, Jaussi R, Grigoriev I, Croisier M, Kammerer RA, Akhmanova A, Gönczy P, Steinmetz MO. Centriolar CPAP/SAS-4 Imparts Slow Processive Microtubule Growth. Dev Cell 2017; 37:362-376. [PMID: 27219064 PMCID: PMC4884677 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Centrioles are fundamental and evolutionarily conserved microtubule-based organelles whose assembly is characterized by microtubule growth rates that are orders of magnitude slower than those of cytoplasmic microtubules. Several centriolar proteins can interact with tubulin or microtubules, but how they ensure the exceptionally slow growth of centriolar microtubules has remained mysterious. Here, we bring together crystallographic, biophysical, and reconstitution assays to demonstrate that the human centriolar protein CPAP (SAS-4 in worms and flies) binds and “caps” microtubule plus ends by associating with a site of β-tubulin engaged in longitudinal tubulin-tubulin interactions. Strikingly, we uncover that CPAP activity dampens microtubule growth and stabilizes microtubules by inhibiting catastrophes and promoting rescues. We further establish that the capping function of CPAP is important to limit growth of centriolar microtubules in cells. Our results suggest that CPAP acts as a molecular lid that ensures slow assembly of centriolar microtubules and, thereby, contributes to organelle length control. CPAP's PN2-3 domain binds to an exposed site on β-tubulin at microtubule plus ends CPAP tracks and caps microtubule plus ends in vitro CPAP dampens microtubule growth in vitro The capping function of CPAP limits centriolar microtubule growth in human cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwani Sharma
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Amol Aher
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nicola J Dynes
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Frey
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Eugene A Katrukha
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rolf Jaussi
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Ilya Grigoriev
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marie Croisier
- Bio-EM Facility, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Richard A Kammerer
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Pierre Gönczy
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Michel O Steinmetz
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland.
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72
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Identification of Elongated Primary Cilia with Impaired Mechanotransduction in Idiopathic Scoliosis Patients. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44260. [PMID: 28290481 PMCID: PMC5349607 DOI: 10.1038/srep44260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium is an outward projecting antenna-like organelle with an important role in bone mechanotransduction. The capacity to sense mechanical stimuli can affect important cellular and molecular aspects of bone tissue. Idiopathic scoliosis (IS) is a complex pediatric disease of unknown cause, defined by abnormal spinal curvatures. We demonstrate significant elongation of primary cilia in IS patient bone cells. In response to mechanical stimulation, these IS cells differentially express osteogenic factors, mechanosensitive genes, and signaling genes. Considering that numerous ciliary genes are associated with a scoliosis phenotype, among ciliopathies and knockout animal models, we expected IS patients to have an accumulation of rare variants in ciliary genes. Instead, our SKAT-O analysis of whole exomes showed an enrichment among IS patients for rare variants in genes with a role in cellular mechanotransduction. Our data indicates defective cilia in IS bone cells, which may be linked to heterogeneous gene variants pertaining to cellular mechanotransduction.
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73
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Morlon-Guyot J, Francia ME, Dubremetz JF, Daher W. Towards a molecular architecture of the centrosome in Toxoplasma gondii. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2017; 74:55-71. [PMID: 28026138 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is the causative agent of toxoplasmosis. The pathogenicity of this unicellular parasite is tightly linked to its ability to efficiently proliferate within its host. Tachyzoites, the fast dividing form of the parasite, divide by endodyogeny. This process involves a single round of DNA replication, closed nuclear mitosis, and assembly of two daughter cells within a mother. The successful completion of endodyogeny relies on the temporal and spatial coordination of a plethora of simultaneous events. It has been shown that the Toxoplasma centrosome serves as signaling hub which nucleates spindle microtubules during mitosis and organizes the scaffolding of daughter cells components during cytokinesis. In addition, the centrosome is essential for inheriting both the apicoplast (a chloroplast-like organelle) and the Golgi apparatus. A growing body of evidence supports the notion that the T. gondii centrosome diverges in protein composition, structure and organization from its counterparts in higher eukaryotes making it an attractive source of potentially druggable targets. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on T. gondii centrosomal proteins and extend the putative centrosomal protein repertoire by in silico identification of mammalian centrosomal protein orthologs. We propose a working model for the organization and architecture of the centrosome in Toxoplasma parasites. Experimental validation of our proposed model will uncover how each predicted protein translates into the biology of centrosome, cytokinesis, karyokinesis, and organelle inheritance in Toxoplasma parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Morlon-Guyot
- Dynamique des Interactions Membranaires Normales et Pathologiques, UMR5235 CNRS, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Maria E Francia
- Molecular Biology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, Montevideo, 11400, Uruguay
| | - Jean-François Dubremetz
- Dynamique des Interactions Membranaires Normales et Pathologiques, UMR5235 CNRS, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Wassim Daher
- Dynamique des Interactions Membranaires Normales et Pathologiques, UMR5235 CNRS, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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74
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Sfr1, a Tetrahymena thermophila Sfi1 Repeat Protein, Modulates the Production of Cortical Row Basal Bodies. mSphere 2016; 1:mSphere00257-16. [PMID: 27904881 PMCID: PMC5112337 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00257-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Basal bodies and centrioles are structurally similar and, when rendered dysfunctional as a result of improper assembly or maintenance, are associated with human diseases. Centrins are conserved and abundant components of both structures whose basal body and centriolar functions remain incompletely understood. Despite the extensive study of centrins in Tetrahymena thermophila, little is known about how centrin-binding proteins contribute to centrin’s roles in basal body assembly, stability, and orientation. The sole previous study of the large centrin-binding protein family in Tetrahymena revealed a role for Sfr13 in the stabilization and separation of basal bodies. In this study, we found that Sfr1 localizes to all Tetrahymena basal bodies and complete genetic deletion of SFR1 leads to overproduction of basal bodies. The uncovered inhibitory role of Sfr1 in basal body production suggests that centrin-binding proteins, as well as centrins, may influence basal body number both positively and negatively. Basal bodies are essential microtubule-based structures that template, anchor, and orient cilia at the cell surface. Cilia act primarily in the generation of directional fluid flow and sensory reception, both of which are utilized for a broad spectrum of cellular processes. Although basal bodies contribute to vital cell functions, the molecular contributors of their assembly and maintenance are poorly understood. Previous studies of the ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila revealed important roles for two centrin family members in basal body assembly, separation of new basal bodies, and stability. Here, we characterize the basal body function of a centrin-binding protein, Sfr1, in Tetrahymena. Sfr1 is part of a large family of 13 proteins in Tetrahymena that contain Sfi1 repeats (SFRs), a motif originally identified in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Sfi1 that binds centrin. Sfr1 is the only SFR protein in Tetrahymena that localizes to all cortical row and oral apparatus basal bodies. In addition, Sfr1 resides predominantly at the microtubule scaffold from the proximal cartwheel to the distal transition zone. Complete genomic knockout of SFR1 (sfr1Δ) causes a significant increase in both cortical row basal body density and the number of cortical rows, contributing to an overall overproduction of basal bodies. Reintroduction of Sfr1 into sfr1Δ mutant cells leads to a marked reduction of cortical row basal body density and the total number of cortical row basal bodies. Therefore, Sfr1 directly modulates cortical row basal body production. This study reveals an inhibitory role for Sfr1, and potentially centrins, in Tetrahymena basal body production. IMPORTANCE Basal bodies and centrioles are structurally similar and, when rendered dysfunctional as a result of improper assembly or maintenance, are associated with human diseases. Centrins are conserved and abundant components of both structures whose basal body and centriolar functions remain incompletely understood. Despite the extensive study of centrins in Tetrahymena thermophila, little is known about how centrin-binding proteins contribute to centrin’s roles in basal body assembly, stability, and orientation. The sole previous study of the large centrin-binding protein family in Tetrahymena revealed a role for Sfr13 in the stabilization and separation of basal bodies. In this study, we found that Sfr1 localizes to all Tetrahymena basal bodies and complete genetic deletion of SFR1 leads to overproduction of basal bodies. The uncovered inhibitory role of Sfr1 in basal body production suggests that centrin-binding proteins, as well as centrins, may influence basal body number both positively and negatively.
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75
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Graciotti M, Fang Z, Johnsson K, Gönczy P. Chemical Genetic Screen Identifies Natural Products that Modulate Centriole Number. Chembiochem 2016; 17:2063-2074. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michele Graciotti
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL); 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
- National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) in Chemical Biology; 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Zhou Fang
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC); Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL); 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Kai Johnsson
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL); 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
- National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) in Chemical Biology; 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Pierre Gönczy
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC); Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL); 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
- National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) in Chemical Biology; 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
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76
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Chang CW, Hsu WB, Tsai JJ, Tang CJC, Tang TK. CEP295 interacts with microtubules and is required for centriole elongation. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:2501-13. [PMID: 27185865 PMCID: PMC4958302 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.186338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Centriole duplication is a tightly ordered process during which procentrioles are assembled in G1-S and elongate during S and G2. Here, we show that human CEP295 (Drosophila Ana1) is not essential for initial cartwheel assembly, but is required to build distal half centrioles during S and G2. Using super-resolution and immunogold electron microscopy, we demonstrate that CEP295 is recruited to the proximal end of procentrioles in early S phase, when it is also localized at the centriolar microtubule wall that surrounds the human SAS6 cartwheel hub. Interestingly, depletion of CEP295 not only inhibits the recruitments of POC5 and POC1B to the distal half centrioles in G2, resulting in shorter centrioles, it also blocks the post-translational modification of centriolar microtubules (e.g. acetylation and glutamylation). Importantly, our results indicate that CEP295 directly interacts with microtubules, and that excess CEP295 could induce the assembly of overly long centrioles. Furthermore, exogenous expression of the N-terminal domain of CEP295 exerts a dominant-negative effect on centriole elongation. Collectively, these findings suggest that CEP295 is essential for building the distal half centrioles and for post-translational modification of centriolar microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Wen Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Bin Hsu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Jhih-Jie Tsai
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Ju C Tang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Tang K Tang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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77
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Abstract
The yeast spindle pole body (SPB) is the functional equivalent of the mammalian centrosome. Centrosomes and SPBs duplicate exactly once per cell cycle by mechanisms that use the mother structure as a platform for the assembly of the daughter. The conserved Sfi1 and centrin proteins are essential components of the SPB duplication process. Sfi1 is an elongated molecule that has, in its center, 20 to 23 binding sites for the Ca(2+)-binding protein centrin. In the yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae, all Sfi1 N termini are in contact with the mother SPB whereas the free C termini are distal to it. During S phase and early mitosis, cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1) phosphorylation of mainly serine residues in the Sfi1 C termini blocks the initiation of SPB duplication ("off" state). Upon anaphase onset, the phosphatase Cdc14 dephosphorylates Sfi1 ("on" state) to promote antiparallel and shifted incorporation of cytoplasmic Sfi1 molecules into the half-bridge layer, which thereby elongates into the bridge. The Sfi1 C termini of the two Sfi1 layers localize in the bridge center, whereas the N termini of the newly assembled Sfi1 molecules are distal to the mother SPB. These free Sfi1 N termini then assemble the new SPB in G1phase. Recruitment of Sfi1 molecules into the anaphase SPB and bridge formation were also observed inSchizosaccharomyces pombe, suggesting that the Sfi1 bridge cycle is conserved between the two organisms. Thus, restricting SPB duplication to one event per cell cycle requires only an oscillation between Cdk1 kinase and Cdc14 phosphatase activities. This clockwork regulates the "on"/"off" state of the Sfi1-centrin receiver.
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78
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Shukla A, Kong D, Sharma M, Magidson V, Loncarek J. Plk1 relieves centriole block to reduplication by promoting daughter centriole maturation. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8077. [PMID: 26293378 PMCID: PMC4560806 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrosome overduplication promotes mitotic abnormalities, invasion and tumorigenesis. Cells regulate the number of centrosomes by limiting centriole duplication to once per cell cycle. The orthogonal orientation between a mother and a daughter centriole, established at the time of centriole duplication, is thought to block further duplication of the mother centriole. Loss of orthogonal orientation (disengagement) between two centrioles during anaphase is considered a licensing event for the next round of centriole duplication. Disengagement requires the activity of Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1), but how Plk1 drives this process is not clear. Here we employ correlative live/electron microscopy and demonstrate that Plk1 induces maturation and distancing of the daughter centriole, allowing reduplication of the mother centriole even if the original daughter centriole is still orthogonal to it. We find that mother centrioles can undergo reduplication when original daughter centrioles are only ∼80 nm apart, which is the distance centrioles normally reach during prophase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Shukla
- Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, 1050 Boyles Street, NIH/NCI/CCR, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - Dong Kong
- Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, 1050 Boyles Street, NIH/NCI/CCR, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - Meena Sharma
- Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, 1050 Boyles Street, NIH/NCI/CCR, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - Valentin Magidson
- Optical Microscopy and Analysis Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Res Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - Jadranka Loncarek
- Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, 1050 Boyles Street, NIH/NCI/CCR, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
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79
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Non-Overlapping Distributions and Functions of the VDAC Family in Ciliogenesis. Cells 2015; 4:331-53. [PMID: 26264029 PMCID: PMC4588040 DOI: 10.3390/cells4030331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Centrosomes are major microtubule-organizing centers of animal cells that consist of two centrioles. In mitotic cells, centrosomes are duplicated to serve as the poles of the mitotic spindle, while in quiescent cells, centrosomes move to the apical membrane where the oldest centriole is transformed into a basal body to assemble a primary cilium. We recently showed that mitochondrial outer membrane porin VDAC3 localizes to centrosomes where it negatively regulates ciliogenesis. We show here that the other two family members, VDAC1 and VDAC2, best known for their function in mitochondrial bioenergetics, are also found at centrosomes. Like VDAC3, centrosomal VDAC1 is predominantly localized to the mother centriole, while VDAC2 localizes to centriolar satellites in a microtubule-dependent manner. Down-regulation of VDAC1 leads to inappropriate ciliogenesis, while its overexpression suppresses cilia formation, suggesting that VDAC1 and VDAC3 both negatively regulate ciliogenesis. However, this negative effect on ciliogenesis is not shared by VDAC2, which instead appears to promote maturation of primary cilia. Moreover, because overexpression of VDAC3 cannot compensate for depletion of VDAC1, our data suggest that while the entire VDAC family localizes to centrosomes, they have non-redundant functions in cilogenesis.
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80
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Fujita H, Yoshino Y, Chiba N. Regulation of the centrosome cycle. Mol Cell Oncol 2015; 3:e1075643. [PMID: 27308597 PMCID: PMC4905396 DOI: 10.1080/23723556.2015.1075643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The centrosome, consisting of mother and daughter centrioles surrounded by the pericentriolar matrix (PCM), functions primarily as a microtubule organizing center (MTOC) in most animal cells. In dividing cells the centrosome duplicates once per cell cycle and its number and structure are highly regulated during each cell cycle to organize an effective bipolar spindle in the mitotic phase. Defects in the regulation of centrosome duplication lead to a variety of human diseases, including cancer, through abnormal cell division and inappropriate chromosome segregation. At the end of mitosis the daughter centriole disengages from the mother centriole. This centriole disengagement is an important licensing step for centrosome duplication. In S phase, one new daughter centriole forms perpendicular to each centriole. The centrosome recruits further PCM proteins in the late G2 phase and the two centrosomes separate at mitotic entry to form a bipolar spindle. Here, we summarize research findings in the field of centrosome biology, focusing on the mechanisms of regulation of the centrosome cycle in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Fujita
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Graduate School of Life Science, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, Japan; Department of Cancer Biology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer (IDAC), Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryomachi Aoba-ku Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuki Yoshino
- Department of Cancer Biology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer (IDAC), Tohoku University , 4-1 Seiryomachi Aoba-ku Sendai, Japan
| | - Natsuko Chiba
- Department of Cancer Biology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer (IDAC), Tohoku University , 4-1 Seiryomachi Aoba-ku Sendai, Japan
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81
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Seybold C, Elserafy M, Rüthnick D, Ozboyaci M, Neuner A, Flottmann B, Heilemann M, Wade RC, Schiebel E. Kar1 binding to Sfi1 C-terminal regions anchors the SPB bridge to the nuclear envelope. J Cell Biol 2015; 209:843-61. [PMID: 26076691 PMCID: PMC4477856 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201412050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The yeast spindle pole body (SPB) is the functional equivalent of the mammalian centrosome. The half bridge is a SPB substructure on the nuclear envelope (NE), playing a key role in SPB duplication. Its cytoplasmic components are the membrane-anchored Kar1, the yeast centrin Cdc31, and the Cdc31-binding protein Sfi1. In G1, the half bridge expands into the bridge through Sfi1 C-terminal (Sfi1-CT) dimerization, the licensing step for SPB duplication. We exploited photo-activated localization microscopy (PALM) to show that Kar1 localizes in the bridge center. Binding assays revealed direct interaction between Kar1 and C-terminal Sfi1 fragments. kar1Δ cells whose viability was maintained by the dominant CDC31-16 showed an arched bridge, indicating Kar1's function in tethering Sfi1 to the NE. Cdc31-16 enhanced Cdc31-Cdc31 interactions between Sfi1-Cdc31 layers, as suggested by binding free energy calculations. In our model, Kar1 binding is restricted to Sfi1-CT and Sfi1 C-terminal centrin-binding repeats, and centrin and Kar1 provide cross-links, while Sfi1-CT stabilizes the bridge and ensures timely SPB separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Seybold
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Menattallah Elserafy
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Diana Rüthnick
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Musa Ozboyaci
- Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany Heidelberg Graduate School of Mathematical and Computational Methods for the Sciences, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Annett Neuner
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Flottmann
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Functional Neuroanatomy, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Mike Heilemann
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Functional Neuroanatomy, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Rebecca C Wade
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elmar Schiebel
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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82
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Abstract
Centrosomes act as the main microtubule-organizing centre of animal cells and play critical roles in the cell, such as mitotic spindle organization, cell polarity, and motility. They are composed of two barrel-shaped structures, the centrioles, surrounded by the pericentriolar matrix. In mammalian cells, the two centrioles differ structurally due to generational difference, the oldest one bearing appendages which allow the transient docking of the centriole at the plasma membrane in order to grow a primary cilium. Centrosome components are highly conserved throughout evolution and several pathologies have been associated with centrosomal defects. The understanding of such a complex organelle has therefore been a challenge for many researchers and has led to the development of centrosomal purification procedures to assess molecular composition, biological function, and structural organization of centrosomes. In this paper, we detail a step-by-step procedure to generate high yield of purified centrosome obtained from various mammalian cell lines.
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83
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Fırat-Karalar EN, Stearns T. The centriole duplication cycle. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 369:rstb.2013.0460. [PMID: 25047614 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrosomes are the main microtubule-organizing centre of animal cells and are important for many critical cellular and developmental processes from cell polarization to cell division. At the core of the centrosome are centrioles, which recruit pericentriolar material to form the centrosome and act as basal bodies to nucleate formation of cilia and flagella. Defects in centriole structure, function and number are associated with a variety of human diseases, including cancer, brain diseases and ciliopathies. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of how new centrioles are assembled and how centriole number is controlled. We propose a general model for centriole duplication control in which cooperative binding of duplication factors defines a centriole 'origin of duplication' that initiates duplication, and passage through mitosis effects changes that license the centriole for a new round of duplication in the next cell cycle. We also focus on variations on the general theme in which many centrioles are created in a single cell cycle, including the specialized structures associated with these variations, the deuterosome in animal cells and the blepharoplast in lower plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tim Stearns
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, USA Department of Genetics, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA 94305-5120, USA
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84
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Abstract
Centrioles are among the largest protein-based structures found in most cell types, measuring approximately 250 nm in diameter and approximately 500 nm long in vertebrate cells. Here, we briefly review ultrastructural observations about centrioles and associated structures. At the core of most centrioles is a microtubule scaffold formed from a radial array of nine triplet microtubules. Beyond the microtubule triplets of the centriole, we discuss the critically important cartwheel structure and the more enigmatic luminal density, both found on the inside of the centriole. Finally, we discuss the connectors between centrioles, and the distal and subdistal appendages outside of the microtubule scaffold that reflect centriole age and impart special functions to the centriole. Most of the work we review has been done with electron microscopy or electron tomography of resin-embedded samples, but we also highlight recent work performed with cryoelectron microscopy, cryotomography and subvolume averaging. Significant opportunities remain in the description of centriolar structure, both in mapping of component proteins within the structure and in determining the effect of mutations on components that contribute to the structure and function of the centriole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Winey
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Eileen O'Toole
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA The Boulder Laboratory for the 3D EM of Cells, Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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85
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Bornens M, Gönczy P. Centrosomes back in the limelight. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 369:rstb.2013.0452. [PMID: 25047606 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michel Bornens
- UMR 144 CNRS-Institut CURIE, 26 rue d'Ulm 75 248, PARIS Cedex 05, France
| | - Pierre Gönczy
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL) Lausanne, Switzerland
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86
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Bouhlel IB, Ohta M, Mayeux A, Bordes N, Dingli F, Boulanger J, Velve Casquillas G, Loew D, Tran PT, Sato M, Paoletti A. Cell cycle control of spindle pole body duplication and splitting by Sfi1 and Cdc31 in fission yeast. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:1481-93. [PMID: 25736294 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.159657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Spindle pole biogenesis and segregation are tightly coordinated to produce a bipolar mitotic spindle. In yeasts, the spindle pole body (SPB) half-bridge composed of Sfi1 and Cdc31 duplicates to promote the biogenesis of a second SPB. Sfi1 accumulates at the half-bridge in two phases in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, from anaphase to early septation and throughout G2 phase. We found that the function of Sfi1-Cdc31 in SPB duplication is accomplished before septation ends and G2 accumulation starts. Thus, Sfi1 early accumulation at mitotic exit might correspond to half-bridge duplication. We further show that Cdc31 phosphorylation on serine 15 in a Cdk1 (encoded by cdc2) consensus site is required for the dissociation of a significant pool of Sfi1 from the bridge and timely segregation of SPBs at mitotic onset. This suggests that the Cdc31 N-terminus modulates the stability of Sfi1-Cdc31 arrays in fission yeast, and impacts on the timing of establishment of spindle bipolarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imène B Bouhlel
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche F-75248 Paris, France CNRS UMR144 F-75248 Paris, France
| | | | - Adeline Mayeux
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche F-75248 Paris, France CNRS UMR144 F-75248 Paris, France
| | - Nicole Bordes
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche F-75248 Paris, France CNRS UMR144 F-75248 Paris, France
| | - Florent Dingli
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche F-75248 Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Boulanger
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche F-75248 Paris, France CNRS UMR144 F-75248 Paris, France
| | | | - Damarys Loew
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche F-75248 Paris, France
| | - Phong T Tran
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche F-75248 Paris, France CNRS UMR144 F-75248 Paris, France
| | | | - Anne Paoletti
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche F-75248 Paris, France CNRS UMR144 F-75248 Paris, France
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87
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Patten SA, Margaritte-Jeannin P, Bernard JC, Alix E, Labalme A, Besson A, Girard SL, Fendri K, Fraisse N, Biot B, Poizat C, Campan-Fournier A, Abelin-Genevois K, Cunin V, Zaouter C, Liao M, Lamy R, Lesca G, Menassa R, Marcaillou C, Letexier M, Sanlaville D, Berard J, Rouleau GA, Clerget-Darpoux F, Drapeau P, Moldovan F, Edery P. Functional variants of POC5 identified in patients with idiopathic scoliosis. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:1124-8. [PMID: 25642776 DOI: 10.1172/jci77262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic scoliosis (IS) is a spine deformity that affects approximately 3% of the population. The underlying causes of IS are not well understood, although there is clear evidence that there is a genetic component to the disease. Genetic mapping studies suggest high genetic heterogeneity, but no IS disease-causing gene has yet been identified. Here, genetic linkage analyses combined with exome sequencing identified a rare missense variant (p.A446T) in the centriolar protein gene POC5 that cosegregated with the disease in a large family with multiple members affected with IS. Subsequently, the p.A446T variant was found in an additional set of families with IS and in an additional 3 cases of IS. Moreover, POC5 variant p.A455P was present and linked to IS in one family and another rare POC5 variant (p.A429V) was identified in an additional 5 cases of IS. In a zebrafish model, expression of any of the 3 human IS-associated POC5 variant mRNAs resulted in spine deformity, without affecting other skeletal structures. Together, these findings indicate that mutations in the POC5 gene contribute to the occurrence of IS.
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88
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Abstract
The centrosome was discovered in the late 19th century when mitosis was first described. Long recognized as a key organelle of the spindle pole, its core component, the centriole, was realized more than 50 or so years later also to comprise the basal body of the cilium. Here, we chart the more recent acquisition of a molecular understanding of centrosome structure and function. The strategies for gaining such knowledge were quickly developed in the yeasts to decipher the structure and function of their distinctive spindle pole bodies. Only within the past decade have studies with model eukaryotes and cultured cells brought a similar degree of sophistication to our understanding of the centrosome duplication cycle and the multiple roles of this organelle and its component parts in cell division and signaling. Now as we begin to understand these functions in the context of development, the way is being opened up for studies of the roles of centrosomes in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyan Fu
- Cancer Research UK Cell Cycle Genetics Group, Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, United Kingdom
| | - Iain M Hagan
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Withington, Manchester M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - David M Glover
- Cancer Research UK Cell Cycle Genetics Group, Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, United Kingdom
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89
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Bergo A, Strollo M, Gai M, Barbiero I, Stefanelli G, Sertic S, Cobolli Gigli C, Di Cunto F, Kilstrup-Nielsen C, Landsberger N. Methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2) localizes at the centrosome and is required for proper mitotic spindle organization. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:3223-37. [PMID: 25527496 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.608125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in MECP2 cause a broad spectrum of neuropsychiatric disorders of which Rett syndrome represents the best defined condition. Both neuronal and non-neuronal functions of the methyl-binding protein underlie the related pathologies. Nowadays MeCP2 is recognized as a multifunctional protein that modulates its activity depending on its protein partners and posttranslational modifications. However, we are still missing a comprehensive understanding of all MeCP2 functions and their involvement in the related pathologies. The study of human mutations often offers the possibility of clarifying the functions of a protein. Therefore, we decided to characterize a novel MeCP2 phospho-isoform (Tyr-120) whose relevance was suggested by a Rett syndrome patient carrying a Y120D substitution possibly mimicking a constitutively phosphorylated state. Unexpectedly, we found MeCP2 and its Tyr-120 phospho-isoform enriched at the centrosome both in dividing and postmitotic cells. The molecular and functional connection of MeCP2 to the centrosome was further reinforced through cellular and biochemical approaches. We show that, similar to many centrosomal proteins, MeCP2 deficiency causes aberrant spindle geometry, prolonged mitosis, and defects in microtubule nucleation. Collectively, our data indicate a novel function of MeCP2 that might reconcile previous data regarding the role of MeCP2 in cell growth and cytoskeleton stability and that might be relevant to understand some aspects of MeCP2-related conditions. Furthermore, they link the Tyr-120 residue and its phosphorylation to cell division, prompting future studies on the relevance of Tyr-120 for cortical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bergo
- From the Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, Section of Biomedical Research, University of Insubria, 21052 Busto Arsizio, Italy
| | - Marta Strollo
- From the Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, Section of Biomedical Research, University of Insubria, 21052 Busto Arsizio, Italy
| | - Marta Gai
- the Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Isabella Barbiero
- From the Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, Section of Biomedical Research, University of Insubria, 21052 Busto Arsizio, Italy
| | - Gilda Stefanelli
- From the Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, Section of Biomedical Research, University of Insubria, 21052 Busto Arsizio, Italy
| | - Sarah Sertic
- the Department of Life Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy, and
| | - Clementina Cobolli Gigli
- the San Raffaele Rett Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Di Cunto
- the Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Charlotte Kilstrup-Nielsen
- From the Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, Section of Biomedical Research, University of Insubria, 21052 Busto Arsizio, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Landsberger
- From the Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, Section of Biomedical Research, University of Insubria, 21052 Busto Arsizio, Italy, the San Raffaele Rett Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
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90
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von Tobel L, Mikeladze-Dvali T, Delattre M, Balestra FR, Blanchoud S, Finger S, Knott G, Müller-Reichert T, Gönczy P. SAS-1 is a C2 domain protein critical for centriole integrity in C. elegans. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004777. [PMID: 25412110 PMCID: PMC4238951 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Centrioles are microtubule-based organelles important for the formation of cilia, flagella and centrosomes. Despite progress in understanding the underlying assembly mechanisms, how centriole integrity is ensured is incompletely understood, including in sperm cells, where such integrity is particularly critical. We identified C. elegans sas-1 in a genetic screen as a locus required for bipolar spindle assembly in the early embryo. Our analysis reveals that sperm-derived sas-1 mutant centrioles lose their integrity shortly after fertilization, and that a related defect occurs when maternal sas-1 function is lacking. We establish that sas-1 encodes a C2 domain containing protein that localizes to centrioles in C. elegans, and which can bind and stabilize microtubules when expressed in human cells. Moreover, we uncover that SAS-1 is related to C2CD3, a protein required for complete centriole formation in human cells and affected in a type of oral-facial-digital (OFD) syndrome. Centrioles are microtubule-based organelles critical for forming cilia, flagella and centrosomes. Centrioles are very stable, but how such stability is ensured is poorly understood. We identified sas-1 as a component that contributes to centriole stability in C. elegans. Centrioles that lack sas-1 function loose their integrity, and our analysis reveals that sas-1 is particularly important for sperm-derived centrioles. Moreover, we show that SAS-1 binds and stabilizes microtubules in human cells, together leading us to propose that SAS-1 acts by stabilizing centriolar microtubules. We identify C2CD3 as a human homolog of SAS-1. C2CD3 is needed for the presence of the distal part of centrioles in human cells, and we thus propose that this protein family is broadly needed to maintain centriole structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas von Tobel
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL) Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tamara Mikeladze-Dvali
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL) Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marie Delattre
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL) Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fernando R. Balestra
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL) Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Simon Blanchoud
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL) Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Finger
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Graham Knott
- BioEM Facility, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL) Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Müller-Reichert
- Structural Cell Biology Group, Experimental Center, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Pierre Gönczy
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL) Lausanne, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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91
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Centriole amplification by mother and daughter centrioles differs in multiciliated cells. Nature 2014; 516:104-7. [PMID: 25307055 DOI: 10.1038/nature13770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The semi-conservative centrosome duplication in cycling cells gives rise to a centrosome composed of a mother and a newly formed daughter centriole. Both centrioles are regarded as equivalent in their ability to form new centrioles and their symmetric duplication is crucial for cell division homeostasis. Multiciliated cells do not use the archetypal duplication program and instead form more than a hundred centrioles that are required for the growth of motile cilia and the efficient propelling of physiological fluids. The majority of these new centrioles are thought to appear de novo, that is, independently from the centrosome, around electron-dense structures called deuterosomes. Their origin remains unknown. Using live imaging combined with correlative super-resolution light and electron microscopy, we show that all new centrioles derive from the pre-existing progenitor cell centrosome through multiple rounds of procentriole seeding. Moreover, we establish that only the daughter centrosomal centriole contributes to deuterosome formation, and thus to over ninety per cent of the final centriole population. This unexpected centriolar asymmetry grants new perspectives when studying cilia-related diseases and pathological centriole amplification observed in cycling cells and associated with microcephaly and cancer.
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92
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Thauvin-Robinet C, Lee JS, Lopez E, Herranz-Pérez V, Shida T, Franco B, Jego L, Ye F, Pasquier L, Loget P, Gigot N, Aral B, Lopes CAM, St-Onge J, Bruel AL, Thevenon J, González-Granero S, Alby C, Munnich A, Vekemans M, Huet F, Fry AM, Saunier S, Rivière JB, Attié-Bitach T, Garcia-Verdugo JM, Faivre L, Mégarbané A, Nachury MV. The oral-facial-digital syndrome gene C2CD3 encodes a positive regulator of centriole elongation. Nat Genet 2014; 46:905-11. [PMID: 24997988 PMCID: PMC4120243 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Centrioles are microtubule-based, barrel-shaped structures that initiate the assembly of centrosomes and cilia. How centriole length is precisely set remains elusive. The microcephaly protein CPAP (also known as MCPH6) promotes procentriole growth, whereas the oral-facial-digital (OFD) syndrome protein OFD1 represses centriole elongation. Here we uncover a new subtype of OFD with severe microcephaly and cerebral malformations and identify distinct mutations in two affected families in the evolutionarily conserved C2CD3 gene. Concordant with the clinical overlap, C2CD3 colocalizes with OFD1 at the distal end of centrioles, and C2CD3 physically associates with OFD1. However, whereas OFD1 deletion leads to centriole hyperelongation, loss of C2CD3 results in short centrioles without subdistal and distal appendages. Because C2CD3 overexpression triggers centriole hyperelongation and OFD1 antagonizes this activity, we propose that C2CD3 directly promotes centriole elongation and that OFD1 acts as a negative regulator of C2CD3. Our results identify regulation of centriole length as an emerging pathogenic mechanism in ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christel Thauvin-Robinet
- 1] Equipe d'Accueil 4271 Génétique des Anomalies du Développement, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France. [2] Centre de Référence Maladies Rares "Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs" de l'Est, Centre de Génétique et Pédiatrie 1, Hôpital d'Enfants, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dijon, Dijon, France. [3]
| | - Jaclyn S Lee
- 1] Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA. [2]
| | - Estelle Lopez
- Equipe d'Accueil 4271 Génétique des Anomalies du Développement, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Vicente Herranz-Pérez
- 1] Laboratorio de Neurobiología Comparada, Instituto Cavanilles, Universitat de València, Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Valencia, Spain. [2] Unidad Mixta de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neurorregeneración, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital La Fe, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Toshinobu Shida
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Brunella Franco
- 1] Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Naples, Italy. [2] Department of Medical Translational Sciences, Division of Pediatrics, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Laurence Jego
- Equipe d'Accueil 4271 Génétique des Anomalies du Développement, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Fan Ye
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Laurent Pasquier
- Centre de Référence Maladies Rares "Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs" de l'Ouest, Unité Fonctionnelle de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Philippe Loget
- Laboratoire d'Anatomie-Pathologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Nadège Gigot
- 1] Equipe d'Accueil 4271 Génétique des Anomalies du Développement, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France. [2] Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Plateau Technique de Biologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Bernard Aral
- 1] Equipe d'Accueil 4271 Génétique des Anomalies du Développement, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France. [2] Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Plateau Technique de Biologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Carla A M Lopes
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Judith St-Onge
- 1] Equipe d'Accueil 4271 Génétique des Anomalies du Développement, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France. [2] Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Plateau Technique de Biologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Ange-Line Bruel
- Equipe d'Accueil 4271 Génétique des Anomalies du Développement, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Julien Thevenon
- 1] Equipe d'Accueil 4271 Génétique des Anomalies du Développement, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France. [2] Centre de Référence Maladies Rares "Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs" de l'Est, Centre de Génétique et Pédiatrie 1, Hôpital d'Enfants, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Susana González-Granero
- 1] Laboratorio de Neurobiología Comparada, Instituto Cavanilles, Universitat de València, Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Valencia, Spain. [2] Unidad Mixta de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neurorregeneración, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital La Fe, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Caroline Alby
- 1] INSERM U781, Institut IMAGINE, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France. [2] Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Institut IMAGINE, Paris, France
| | - Arnold Munnich
- 1] INSERM U781, Institut IMAGINE, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France. [2] Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Institut IMAGINE, Paris, France. [3] Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Michel Vekemans
- 1] INSERM U781, Institut IMAGINE, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France. [2] Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Institut IMAGINE, Paris, France. [3] Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Huet
- 1] Equipe d'Accueil 4271 Génétique des Anomalies du Développement, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France. [2] Centre de Référence Maladies Rares "Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs" de l'Est, Centre de Génétique et Pédiatrie 1, Hôpital d'Enfants, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Andrew M Fry
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Sophie Saunier
- 1] Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Institut IMAGINE, Paris, France. [2] INSERM, UMRS 1163, Laboratory of Inherited Kidney Diseases, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Rivière
- 1] Equipe d'Accueil 4271 Génétique des Anomalies du Développement, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France. [2] Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Plateau Technique de Biologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Tania Attié-Bitach
- 1] INSERM U781, Institut IMAGINE, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France. [2] Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Institut IMAGINE, Paris, France. [3] Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Jose Manuel Garcia-Verdugo
- 1] Laboratorio de Neurobiología Comparada, Instituto Cavanilles, Universitat de València, Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Valencia, Spain. [2] Unidad Mixta de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neurorregeneración, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital La Fe, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Laurence Faivre
- 1] Equipe d'Accueil 4271 Génétique des Anomalies du Développement, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France. [2] Centre de Référence Maladies Rares "Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs" de l'Est, Centre de Génétique et Pédiatrie 1, Hôpital d'Enfants, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - André Mégarbané
- Unité de Génétique Médicale, Faculté de Médecine, Université Saint-Joseph, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Maxence V Nachury
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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93
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Lee IJ, Wang N, Hu W, Schott K, Bähler J, Giddings TH, Pringle JR, Du LL, Wu JQ. Regulation of spindle pole body assembly and cytokinesis by the centrin-binding protein Sfi1 in fission yeast. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 25:2735-49. [PMID: 25031431 PMCID: PMC4161509 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e13-11-0699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A previous model suggested doubling of Sfi1 as the first step of SPB assembly. Here it is shown that Sfi1 is gradually recruited to SPBs throughout the cell cycle. Conserved tryptophans in Sfi1 are required for its equal partitioning during mitosis, and unequal partitioning of Sfi1 underlies SPB assembly and mitotic defects in the next cell cycle. Centrosomes play critical roles in the cell division cycle and ciliogenesis. Sfi1 is a centrin-binding protein conserved from yeast to humans. Budding yeast Sfi1 is essential for the initiation of spindle pole body (SPB; yeast centrosome) duplication. However, the recruitment and partitioning of Sfi1 to centrosomal structures have never been fully investigated in any organism, and the presumed importance of the conserved tryptophans in the internal repeats of Sfi1 remains untested. Here we report that in fission yeast, instead of doubling abruptly at the initiation of SPB duplication and remaining at a constant level thereafter, Sfi1 is gradually recruited to SPBs throughout the cell cycle. Like an sfi1Δ mutant, a Trp-to-Arg mutant (sfi1-M46) forms monopolar spindles and exhibits mitosis and cytokinesis defects. Sfi1-M46 protein associates preferentially with one of the two daughter SPBs during mitosis, resulting in a failure of new SPB assembly in the SPB receiving insufficient Sfi1. Although all five conserved tryptophans tested are involved in Sfi1 partitioning, the importance of the individual repeats in Sfi1 differs. In summary, our results reveal a link between the conserved tryptophans and Sfi1 partitioning and suggest a revision of the model for SPB assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Ju Lee
- Graduate Program of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Wen Hu
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Kersey Schott
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Jürg Bähler
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas H Giddings
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - John R Pringle
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Li-Lin Du
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jian-Qiu Wu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
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94
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Richardson AS, North KE, Graff M, Young KM, Mohlke KL, Lange LA, Lange EM, Harris KM, Gordon-Larsen P. Moderate to vigorous physical activity interactions with genetic variants and body mass index in a large US ethnically diverse cohort. Pediatr Obes 2014; 9:e35-46. [PMID: 23529959 PMCID: PMC3707946 DOI: 10.1111/j.2047-6310.2013.00152.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the interaction between genetic and behavioural factors during lifecycle risk periods for obesity and how associations vary across race/ethnicity. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to examine joint associations of adiposity-related single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) with body mass index (BMI) in a diverse adolescent cohort. METHODS Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (n = 8113: Wave II 1996; ages 12-21, Wave III; ages 18-27), we assessed interactions of 41 well-established SNPs and MVPA with BMI-for-age Z-scores in European Americans (EA; n = 5077), African-Americans (AA; n = 1736) and Hispanic Americans (HA; n = 1300). RESULTS Of 97 assessed, we found nominally significant SNP-MVPA interactions on BMI-for-age Z-score in EA at GNPDA2 and FTO and in HA at LZTR2/SEC16B. In EA, the estimated effect of the FTO risk allele on BMI-for-age Z-score was lower (β = -0.13; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.08, 0.18) in individuals with ≥5 vs. <5 (β = 0.24; CI: 0.16, 0.32) bouts of MVPA per week (P for interaction 0.02). Race/ethnicity-pooled meta-analysis showed nominally significant interactions for SNPs at TFAP2B, POC5 and LYPLAL1. CONCLUSIONS High MVPA may attenuate underlying genetic risk for obesity during adolescence, a high-risk period for adult obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- AS Richardson
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA,Department of Nutrition Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - KE North
- Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA,Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - M Graff
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA,Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - KM Young
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA,Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - KL Mohlke
- Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA,Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - LA Lange
- Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA,Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - EM Lange
- Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA,Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - KM Harris
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA,Department of Sociology, North Carolina, USA
| | - P Gordon-Larsen
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA,Department of Nutrition Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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95
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Centrosomes and the Art of Mitotic Spindle Maintenance. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 313:179-217. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800177-6.00006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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96
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Wang G, Jiang Q, Zhang C. The role of mitotic kinases in coupling the centrosome cycle with the assembly of the mitotic spindle. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:4111-22. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.151753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The centrosome acts as the major microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) for cytoskeleton maintenance in interphase and mitotic spindle assembly in vertebrate cells. It duplicates only once per cell cycle in a highly spatiotemporally regulated manner. When the cell undergoes mitosis, the duplicated centrosomes separate to define spindle poles and monitor the assembly of the bipolar mitotic spindle for accurate chromosome separation and the maintenance of genomic stability. However, centrosome abnormalities occur frequently and often lead to monopolar or multipolar spindle formation, which results in chromosome instability and possibly tumorigenesis. A number of studies have begun to dissect the role of mitotic kinases, including NIMA-related kinases (Neks), cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), Polo-like kinases (Plks) and Aurora kinases, in regulating centrosome duplication, separation and maturation and subsequent mitotic spindle assembly during cell cycle progression. In this Commentary, we review the recent research progress on how these mitotic kinases are coordinated to couple the centrosome cycle with the cell cycle, thus ensuring bipolar mitotic spindle fidelity. Understanding this process will help to delineate the relationship between centrosomal abnormalities and spindle defects.
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97
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Pihan GA. Centrosome dysfunction contributes to chromosome instability, chromoanagenesis, and genome reprograming in cancer. Front Oncol 2013; 3:277. [PMID: 24282781 PMCID: PMC3824400 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The unique ability of centrosomes to nucleate and organize microtubules makes them unrivaled conductors of important interphase processes, such as intracellular payload traffic, cell polarity, cell locomotion, and organization of the immunologic synapse. But it is in mitosis that centrosomes loom large, for they orchestrate, with clockmaker's precision, the assembly and functioning of the mitotic spindle, ensuring the equal partitioning of the replicated genome into daughter cells. Centrosome dysfunction is inextricably linked to aneuploidy and chromosome instability, both hallmarks of cancer cells. Several aspects of centrosome function in normal and cancer cells have been molecularly characterized during the last two decades, greatly enhancing our mechanistic understanding of this tiny organelle. Whether centrosome defects alone can cause cancer, remains unanswered. Until recently, the aggregate of the evidence had suggested that centrosome dysfunction, by deregulating the fidelity of chromosome segregation, promotes and accelerates the characteristic Darwinian evolution of the cancer genome enabled by increased mutational load and/or decreased DNA repair. Very recent experimental work has shown that missegregated chromosomes resulting from centrosome dysfunction may experience extensive DNA damage, suggesting additional dimensions to the role of centrosomes in cancer. Centrosome dysfunction is particularly prevalent in tumors in which the genome has undergone extensive structural rearrangements and chromosome domain reshuffling. Ongoing gene reshuffling reprograms the genome for continuous growth, survival, and evasion of the immune system. Manipulation of molecular networks controlling centrosome function may soon become a viable target for specific therapeutic intervention in cancer, particularly since normal cells, which lack centrosome alterations, may be spared the toxicity of such therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- German A Pihan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
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98
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Speakman JR. Functional analysis of seven genes linked to body mass index and adiposity by genome-wide association studies: a review. Hum Hered 2013; 75:57-79. [PMID: 24081222 DOI: 10.1159/000353585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified a total of about 40 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that show significant linkage to body mass index, a widely utilised surrogate measure of adiposity. However, only 8 of these associations have been confirmed by follow-up GWAS using more sophisticated measures of adiposity (computed tomography). Among these 8, there is a SNP close to the gene FTO which has been the subject of considerable work to diagnose its function. The remaining 7 SNPs are adjacent to, or within, the genes NEGR1, TMEM18, ETV5, FLJ35779, LINGO2, SH2B1 and GIPR, most of which are less well studied than FTO, particularly in the context of obesity. This article reviews the available data on the functions of these genes, including information gleaned from studies in humans and animal models. At present, we have virtually no information on the putative mechanism associating the genes FLJ35779 and LINGO2 to obesity. All of these genes are expressed in the brain, and for 2 of them (SH2B1 and GIPR), a direct link to the appetite regulation system is known. SH2B1 is an enhancer of intracellular signalling in the JAK-STAT pathway, and GIPR is the receptor for an appetite-linked hormone (GIP) produced by the alimentary tract. NEGR1, ETV5 and SH2B1 all have suggested roles in neurite outgrowth, and hence SNPs adjacent to these genes may affect development of the energy balance circuitry. Although the genes have central patterns of gene expression, implying a central neuronal connection to energy balance, for at least 4 of them (NEGR1, TMEM18, SH2B1 and GIPR), there are also significant peripheral functions related to adipose tissue biology. These functions may contribute to their effects on the obese phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Speakman
- Key State Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China; Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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99
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Dantas TJ, Daly OM, Conroy PC, Tomas M, Wang Y, Lalor P, Dockery P, Ferrando-May E, Morrison CG. Calcium-binding capacity of centrin2 is required for linear POC5 assembly but not for nucleotide excision repair. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68487. [PMID: 23844208 PMCID: PMC3699651 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrosomes, the principal microtubule-organising centres in animal cells, contain centrins, small, conserved calcium-binding proteins unique to eukaryotes. Centrin2 binds to xeroderma pigmentosum group C protein (XPC), stabilising it, and its presence slightly increases nucleotide excision repair (NER) activity in vitro. In previous work, we deleted all three centrin isoforms present in chicken DT40 cells and observed delayed repair of UV-induced DNA lesions, but no centrosome abnormalities. Here, we explore how centrin2 controls NER. In the centrin null cells, we expressed centrin2 mutants that cannot bind calcium or that lack sites for phosphorylation by regulatory kinases. Expression of any of these mutants restored the UV sensitivity of centrin null cells to normal as effectively as expression of wild-type centrin. However, calcium-binding-deficient and T118A mutants showed greatly compromised localisation to centrosomes. XPC recruitment to laser-induced UV-like lesions was only slightly slower in centrin-deficient cells than in controls, and levels of XPC and its partner HRAD23B were unaffected by centrin deficiency. Interestingly, we found that overexpression of the centrin interactor POC5 leads to the assembly of linear, centrin-dependent structures that recruit other centrosomal proteins such as PCM-1 and NEDD1. Together, these observations suggest that assembly of centrins into complex structures requires calcium binding capacity, but that such assembly is not required for centrin activity in NER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago J. Dantas
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Owen M. Daly
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Pauline C. Conroy
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Martin Tomas
- Bioimaging Center, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Department of Physics, Center for Applied Photonics, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Yifan Wang
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Pierce Lalor
- Anatomy, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Peter Dockery
- Anatomy, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | | | - Ciaran G. Morrison
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
- * E-mail:
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100
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Comartin D, Gupta G, Fussner E, Coyaud É, Hasegan M, Archinti M, Cheung S, Pinchev D, Lawo S, Raught B, Bazett-Jones DP, Lüders J, Pelletier L. CEP120 and SPICE1 Cooperate with CPAP in Centriole Elongation. Curr Biol 2013; 23:1360-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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