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Insinna C, Lu Q, Teixeira I, Harned A, Semler EM, Stauffer J, Magidson V, Tiwari A, Kenworthy AK, Narayan K, Westlake CJ. Investigation of F-BAR domain PACSIN proteins uncovers membrane tubulation function in cilia assembly and transport. Nat Commun 2019; 10:428. [PMID: 30683896 PMCID: PMC6347608 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-08192-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The intracellular ciliogenesis pathway requires membrane trafficking, fusion, and reorganization. Here, we demonstrate in human cells and zebrafish that the F-BAR domain containing proteins PACSIN1 and -2 play an essential role in ciliogenesis, similar to their binding partner and membrane reorganizer EHD1. In mature cilia, PACSINs and EHDs are dynamically localized to the ciliary pocket membrane (CPM) and transported away from this structure on membrane tubules along with proteins that exit the cilium. PACSINs function early in ciliogenesis at the ciliary vesicle (CV) stage to promote mother centriole to basal body transition. Remarkably, we show that PACSIN1 and EHD1 assemble membrane t7ubules from the developing intracellular cilium that attach to the plasma membrane, creating an extracellular membrane channel (EMC) to the outside of the cell. Together, our work uncovers a function for F-BAR proteins and membrane tubulation in ciliogenesis and explains how the intracellular cilium emerges from the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Insinna
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Quanlong Lu
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Isabella Teixeira
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Adam Harned
- Center for Molecular Microscopy, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, 21701, USA
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Semler
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Jim Stauffer
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Valentin Magidson
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Ajit Tiwari
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Anne K Kenworthy
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Kedar Narayan
- Center for Molecular Microscopy, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, 21701, USA
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Christopher J Westlake
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
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52
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Patched1-ArhGAP36-PKA-Inversin axis determines the ciliary translocation of Smoothened for Sonic Hedgehog pathway activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 116:874-879. [PMID: 30598432 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1804042116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) pathway conducts primarily in the primary cilium and plays important roles in cell proliferation, individual development, and tumorigenesis. Shh ligand binding with its ciliary membrane-localized transmembrane receptor Patched1 results in the removal of Patched1 from and the translocation of the transmembrane oncoprotein Smoothened into the cilium, leading to Shh signaling activation. However, how these processes are coupled remains unknown. Here, we show that the Patched1-ArhGAP36-PKA-Inversin axis determines the ciliary translocation of Smoothened. We find that Patched1 interacts with and stabilizes the PKA negative regulator ArhGAP36 to the centrosome. Activating the Shh pathway results in the removal of ArhGAP36 from the mother centriole and the centrosomal PKA accumulation. This PKA then phosphorylates Inversin and promotes its interaction with and the ciliary translocation of Smoothened. Knockdown of Inversin disrupts the ciliary translocation of Smoothened and Shh pathway activation. These findings reveal a regulatory molecular mechanism for the initial step of Shh pathway activation.
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53
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Yoon J, Comerci CJ, Weiss LE, Milenkovic L, Stearns T, Moerner WE. Revealing Nanoscale Morphology of the Primary Cilium Using Super-Resolution Fluorescence Microscopy. Biophys J 2018; 116:319-329. [PMID: 30598282 PMCID: PMC6349968 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.11.3136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Super-resolution (SR) microscopy has been used to observe structural details beyond the diffraction limit of ∼250 nm in a variety of biological and materials systems. By combining this imaging technique with both computer-vision algorithms and topological methods, we reveal and quantify the nanoscale morphology of the primary cilium, a tiny tubular cellular structure (∼2-6 μm long and 200-300 nm in diameter). The cilium in mammalian cells protrudes out of the plasma membrane and is important in many signaling processes related to cellular differentiation and disease. After tagging individual ciliary transmembrane proteins, specifically Smoothened, with single fluorescent labels in fixed cells, we use three-dimensional (3D) single-molecule SR microscopy to determine their positions with a precision of 10-25 nm. We gain a dense, pointillistic reconstruction of the surfaces of many cilia, revealing large heterogeneity in membrane shape. A Poisson surface reconstruction algorithm generates a fine surface mesh, allowing us to characterize the presence of deformations by quantifying the surface curvature. Upon impairment of intracellular cargo transport machinery by genetic knockout or small-molecule treatment of cells, our quantitative curvature analysis shows significant morphological differences not visible by conventional fluorescence microscopy techniques. Furthermore, using a complementary SR technique, two-color, two-dimensional stimulated emission depletion microscopy, we find that the cytoskeleton in the cilium, the axoneme, also exhibits abnormal morphology in the mutant cells, similar to our 3D results on the Smoothened-measured ciliary surface. Our work combines 3D SR microscopy and computational tools to quantitatively characterize morphological changes of the primary cilium under different treatments and uses stimulated emission depletion to discover correlated changes in the underlying structure. This approach can be useful for studying other biological or nanoscale structures of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Yoon
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Colin J Comerci
- Biophysics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Lucien E Weiss
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | | | - Tim Stearns
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - W E Moerner
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California.
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54
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Trafficking of ciliary membrane proteins by the intraflagellar transport/BBSome machinery. Essays Biochem 2018; 62:753-763. [PMID: 30287585 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20180030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) is a rare inherited disease caused by defects in the BBSome, an octameric complex of BBS proteins. The BBSome is conserved in most organisms with cilia, which are microtubule (MT)-based cell organelles that protrude from the cell surface and function in motility and sensing. Cilia assembly, maintenance, and function require intraflagellar transport (IFT), a bidirectional motility of multi-megadalton IFT trains propelled by molecular motors along the ciliary MTs. IFT has been shown to transport structural proteins, including tubulin, into growing cilia. The BBSome is an adapter for the transport of ciliary membrane proteins and cycles through cilia via IFT. While both the loss and the abnormal accumulation of ciliary membrane proteins have been observed in bbs mutants, recent data converge on a model where the BBSome mainly functions as a cargo adapter for the removal of certain transmembrane and peripheral membrane proteins from cilia. Here, we review recent data on the ultrastructure of the BBSome and how the BBSome recognizes its cargoes and mediates their removal from cilia.
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55
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Liu A. Proteostasis in the Hedgehog signaling pathway. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 93:153-163. [PMID: 31429406 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is crucial for the development of vertebrate and invertebrate animals alike. Hh ligand binds its receptor Patched (Ptc), allowing the activation of the obligate signal transducer Smoothened (Smo). The levels and localizations of both Ptc and Smo are regulated by ubiquitination, and Smo is under additional regulation by phosphorylation and SUMOylation. Downstream of Smo, the Ci/Gli family of transcription factors regulates the transcriptional responses to Hh. Phosphorylation, ubiquitination and SUMOylation are important for the stability and localization of Ci/Gli proteins and Hh signaling output. Finally, Suppressor of Fused directly regulates Ci/Gli proteins and itself is under proteolytic regulation that is critical for normal Hh signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimin Liu
- Department of Biology, Eberly College of Science, Huck Institute of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, United States.
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56
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Gilder AL, Chapin HC, Padovano V, Hueschen CL, Rajendran V, Caplan MJ. Newly synthesized polycystin-1 takes different trafficking pathways to the apical and ciliary membranes. Traffic 2018; 19:933-945. [PMID: 30125442 PMCID: PMC6237641 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the genes encoding polycystin-1 (PC1) and polycystin 2 (PC2) cause autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. These transmembrane proteins colocalize in the primary cilia of renal epithelial cells, where they may participate in sensory processes. PC1 is also found in the apical membrane when expressed in cultured epithelial cells. PC1 undergoes autocatalytic cleavage, producing an extracellular N-terminal fragment that remains noncovalently attached to the transmembrane C-terminus. Exposing cells to alkaline solutions elutes the N-terminal fragment while the C-terminal fragment is retained in the cell membrane. Utilizing this observation, we developed a "strip-recovery" synchronization protocol to study PC1 trafficking in polarized LLC-PK1 renal epithelial cells. Following alkaline strip, a new cohort of PC1 repopulates the cilia within 30 minutes, while apical delivery of PC1 was not detectable until 3 hours. Brefeldin A (BFA) blocked apical PC1 delivery, while ciliary delivery of PC1 was BFA insensitive. Incubating cells at 20°C to block trafficking out of the trans-Golgi network also inhibits apical but not ciliary delivery. These results suggest that newly synthesized PC1 takes distinct pathways to the ciliary and apical membranes. Ciliary PC1 appears to by-pass BFA sensitive Golgi compartments, while apical delivery of PC1 traverses these compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison L Gilder
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Hannah C Chapin
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Valeria Padovano
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Christina L Hueschen
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Vanathy Rajendran
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Michael J Caplan
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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57
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Purzner T, Purzner J, Buckstaff T, Cozza G, Gholamin S, Rusert JM, Hartl TA, Sanders J, Conley N, Ge X, Langan M, Ramaswamy V, Ellis L, Litzenburger U, Bolin S, Theruvath J, Nitta R, Qi L, Li XN, Li G, Taylor MD, Wechsler-Reya RJ, Pinna LA, Cho YJ, Fuller MT, Elias JE, Scott MP. Developmental phosphoproteomics identifies the kinase CK2 as a driver of Hedgehog signaling and a therapeutic target in medulloblastoma. Sci Signal 2018; 11:11/547/eaau5147. [PMID: 30206138 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aau5147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A major limitation of targeted cancer therapy is the rapid emergence of drug resistance, which often arises through mutations at or downstream of the drug target or through intrinsic resistance of subpopulations of tumor cells. Medulloblastoma (MB), the most common pediatric brain tumor, is no exception, and MBs that are driven by sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling are particularly aggressive and drug-resistant. To find new drug targets and therapeutics for MB that may be less susceptible to common resistance mechanisms, we used a developmental phosphoproteomics approach in murine granule neuron precursors (GNPs), the developmental cell of origin of MB. The protein kinase CK2 emerged as a driver of hundreds of phosphorylation events during the proliferative, MB-like stage of GNP growth, including the phosphorylation of three of the eight proteins commonly amplified in MB. CK2 was critical to the stabilization and activity of the transcription factor GLI2, a late downstream effector in SHH signaling. CK2 inhibitors decreased the viability of primary SHH-type MB patient cells in culture and blocked the growth of murine MB tumors that were resistant to currently available Hh inhibitors, thereby extending the survival of tumor-bearing mice. Because of structural interactions, one CK2 inhibitor (CX-4945) inhibited both wild-type and mutant CK2, indicating that this drug may avoid at least one common mode of acquired resistance. These findings suggest that CK2 inhibitors may be effective for treating patients with MB and show how phosphoproteomics may be used to gain insight into developmental biology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Purzner
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. .,Division of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S1A1, Canada
| | - James Purzner
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Division of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S1A1, Canada
| | - Taylor Buckstaff
- Department of Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Giorgio Cozza
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padova, PD 35122, Italy
| | - Sharareh Gholamin
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jessica M Rusert
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, National Cancer Institute-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tom A Hartl
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - John Sanders
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nicholas Conley
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Xuecai Ge
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA 95340, USA
| | | | - Vijay Ramaswamy
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada.,Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Lauren Ellis
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ulrike Litzenburger
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sara Bolin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Johanna Theruvath
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ryan Nitta
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lin Qi
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xiao-Nan Li
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Gordon Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael D Taylor
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada.,Division of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Robert J Wechsler-Reya
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, National Cancer Institute-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
| | - Lorenzo A Pinna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padova, PD 35122, Italy.,National Research Council Neuroscience Institute, Padova, PD 35122, Italy
| | - Yoon-Jae Cho
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.,Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.,Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Margaret T Fuller
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Joshua E Elias
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Matthew P Scott
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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58
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Ho Wei L, Arastoo M, Georgiou I, Manning DR, Riobo-Del Galdo NA. Activation of the Gi protein-RHOA axis by non-canonical Hedgehog signaling is independent of primary cilia. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203170. [PMID: 30148884 PMCID: PMC6110505 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are solitary organelles that emanate from the plasma membrane during growth arrest in almost all mammalian cells. The canonical Hedgehog (HH) pathway requires trafficking of the G protein-coupled receptor SMOOTHENED (SMO) and the GLI transcription factors to the primary cilium upon binding of a HH ligand to PATCHED1. However, it is unknown if activation of the small GTPase RHOA by SMO coupling to heterotrimeric Gi proteins, a form of non-canonical HH signaling, requires localization of SMO in the primary cilium. In this study, we compared RHOA and Gi protein stimulation by activation of SMO or sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor (S1P) receptors in WT and KIF3A-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts that lack primary cilia. We found that activation of SMO in response to Sonic HH (SHH) or purmorphamine (PUR), a small molecule agonist of SMO, stimulates Gi proteins and RHOA independently of the presence of primary cilia, similar to the effects of S1P. However, while S1P induced a fast activation of AKT that is sensitive to the Gi inhibitor pertussis toxin, HH pathway activators did not significantly activate AKT, suggesting that RHOA activation is not downstream of AKT. Our findings demonstrate that early events in some forms of non-canonical HH signaling occur in extraciliary membranes, which might be particularly relevant for actively-cycling cells, for some cancers characterized by loss of primary cilia, and in ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Ho Wei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mohammad Arastoo
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Ioanna Georgiou
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - David R. Manning
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Natalia A. Riobo-Del Galdo
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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59
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Vorobyeva AG, Saunders AJ. Amyloid-β interrupts canonical Sonic hedgehog signaling by distorting primary cilia structure. Cilia 2018; 7:5. [PMID: 30140428 PMCID: PMC6098584 DOI: 10.1186/s13630-018-0059-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Primary cilia are small non-motile microtubule and cell membrane protrusions expressed on most vertebrate cells, including cortical and hippocampal neurons. These small organelles serve as sensory structures sampling the extracellular environment and reprogramming the transcriptional machinery in response to environmental change. Primary cilia are decorated with a variety of receptor proteins and are necessary for specific signaling cascades such as the Sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway. Disrupting cilia structure or function results in a spectrum of diseases collectively referred to as ciliopathies. Common to human ciliopathies is cognitive impairment, a symptom also observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD). One hallmark of AD is accumulation of senile plaques composed of neurotoxic Amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide. The Aβ peptide is generated by the proteolytic cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP). We set out to determine if Aβ affects primary cilia structure and the Shh signaling cascade. Methods We utilized in vitro cell-based assays in combination with fluorescent confocal microscopy to address our study goals. Shh signaling and cilia structure was studied using two different cell lines, mouse NIH3T3 and human HeLa cells. To investigate how Aβ levels affect Shh signaling and cilia structure in these cells, we utilized naturally secreted Aβ as well as synthetic Aβ. Effects on Shh signaling were assessed by luciferase activity while cilia structure was analyzed by fluorescent microscopy. Results Here, we report that APP localizes to primary cilia and Aβ treatment results in distorted primary cilia structure. In addition, we demonstrate that Aβ treatment interrupts canonical Shh signal transduction. Conclusions Overall, our study illustrates that Aβ can alter primary cilia structure suggesting that elevated Aβ levels, like those observed in AD patients, could have similar effects on neuronal primary cilia in the brain. Additionally, our study suggests that Aβ impairs the Shh signaling pathway. Together our findings shed light on two novel targets for future AD therapeutics.
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60
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Praktiknjo SD, Saad F, Maier D, Ip P, Hipfner DR. Activation of Smoothened in the Hedgehog pathway unexpectedly increases Gα s-dependent cAMP levels in Drosophila. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:13496-13508. [PMID: 30018136 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.001953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling plays a key role in the development and maintenance of animal tissues. This signaling is mediated by the atypical G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) Smoothened (Smo). Smo activation leads to signaling through several well-characterized effectors to activate Hh target gene expression. Recent studies have implicated activation of the heterotrimeric G protein subunit Gαi and the subsequent decrease in cellular cAMP levels in promoting the Hh response in flies and mammals. Although Hh stimulation decreases cAMP levels in some insect cell lines, here using a bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET)-based assay we found that this stimulation had no detectable effect in Drosophila S2-R+ cells. However, we observed an unexpected and significant Gαs-dependent increase in cAMP levels in response to strong Smo activation in Smo-transfected cells. This effect was mediated by Smo's broadly conserved core, and was specifically activated in response to phosphorylation of the Smo C-terminus by GPCR kinase 2 (Gprk2). Genetic analysis of heterotrimeric G protein function in the developing Drosophila wing revealed a positive role for cAMP in the endogenous Hh response. Specifically, we found that mutation or depletion of Gαs diminished low-threshold Hh responses in Drosophila, whereas depletion of Gαi potentiated them (in contrast to previous findings). Our analysis suggested that regulated cAMP production is important for controlling the sensitivity of cellular responses to Hh in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha D Praktiknjo
- From the Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7.,the Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology and
| | - Farah Saad
- From the Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7.,Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C7, and
| | - Dominic Maier
- From the Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7.,the Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology and
| | - Pamela Ip
- From the Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7.,the Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology and
| | - David R Hipfner
- From the Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, .,the Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology and.,Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C7, and.,the Département de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
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61
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Morthorst SK, Christensen ST, Pedersen LB. Regulation of ciliary membrane protein trafficking and signalling by kinesin motor proteins. FEBS J 2018; 285:4535-4564. [PMID: 29894023 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Primary cilia are antenna-like sensory organelles that regulate a substantial number of cellular signalling pathways in vertebrates, both during embryonic development as well as in adulthood, and mutations in genes coding for ciliary proteins are causative of an expanding group of pleiotropic diseases known as ciliopathies. Cilia consist of a microtubule-based axoneme core, which is subtended by a basal body and covered by a bilayer lipid membrane of unique protein and lipid composition. Cilia are dynamic organelles, and the ability of cells to regulate ciliary protein and lipid content in response to specific cellular and environmental cues is crucial for balancing ciliary signalling output. Here we discuss mechanisms involved in regulation of ciliary membrane protein trafficking and signalling, with main focus on kinesin-2 and kinesin-3 family members.
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62
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Guo X, Riobo-Del Galdo NA, Kim EJ, Grant GR, Manning DR. Overlap in signaling between Smoothened and the α subunit of the heterotrimeric G protein G13. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197442. [PMID: 29763457 PMCID: PMC5953476 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog family of morphogens has long been known to utilize, through the 7-transmembrane protein Smoothened (Smo), the heterotrimeric G protein Gi in both canonical and noncanonical forms of signaling. Other G proteins, while not specifically utilized by Smo, may nonetheless provide access to some of the events controlled by it. We reported several years ago that the G protein G13 activates one or more forms of the Gli family of transcription factors. While the Gli transcription factors are well known targets for Smo, the uncertain mechanism of activation by G13 and the identity of the targeted Gli(s) limited predictions as to the extent to which G13 might mimic Smo's actions. We evaluate here the potential for overlap in G13 and Smo signaling using C3H10T1/2 and 3T3-L1 cells as models of osteogenesis and adipogenesis, respectively. We find in C3H10T1/2 cells that a constitutively active form of Gα13 (Gα13QL) increases Gli1 mRNA, as does a constitutively active form of Smo (SmoA1). We find as well that Gα13QL induces alkaline phosphatase activity, a marker of osteogenesis, albeit the induction is far less substantial than that achieved by SmoA1. In 3T3-L1 cells both Gα13QL and SmoA1 markedly suppress adipogenic differentiation as determined by triglyceride accumulation. RNA sequencing reveals that Gα13QL and SmoA1 regulate many of the same genes but that quantitative and qualitative differences exist. Differences also exist, we find, between SmoA1 and purmorphamine, an agonist for Smo. Therefore, while comparisons of constitutively active proteins are informative, extrapolations to the setting of agonists require care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueshui Guo
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Natalia A. Riobo-Del Galdo
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Eun Ji Kim
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Gregory R. Grant
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - David R. Manning
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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63
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Ye F, Nager AR, Nachury MV. BBSome trains remove activated GPCRs from cilia by enabling passage through the transition zone. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:1847-1868. [PMID: 29483145 PMCID: PMC5940304 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201709041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A diffusion barrier at the transition zone enables the compartmentalization of signaling molecules by cilia. The BBSome and the small guanosine triphosphatase Arl6, which triggers BBSome coat polymerization, are required for the exit of activated signaling receptors from cilia, but how diffusion barriers are crossed when membrane proteins exit cilia remains to be determined. In this study, we found that activation of the ciliary G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) Smoothened and SSTR3 drove the Arl6-dependent assembly of large, highly processive, and cargo-laden retrograde BBSome trains. Single-molecule imaging revealed that the assembly of BBSome trains enables the lateral transport of ciliary GPCRs across the transition zone. However, the removal of activated GPCRs from cilia was inefficient because a second periciliary diffusion barrier was infrequently crossed. We conclude that exit from cilia is a two-step process in which BBSome/Arl6 trains first move activated GPCRs through the transition zone before a periciliary barrier can be crossed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Ye
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Andrew R Nager
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Maxence V Nachury
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
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64
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Shimada H, Lu Q, Insinna-Kettenhofen C, Nagashima K, English MA, Semler EM, Mahgerefteh J, Cideciyan AV, Li T, Brooks BP, Gunay-Aygun M, Jacobson SG, Cogliati T, Westlake CJ, Swaroop A. In Vitro Modeling Using Ciliopathy-Patient-Derived Cells Reveals Distinct Cilia Dysfunctions Caused by CEP290 Mutations. Cell Rep 2018; 20:384-396. [PMID: 28700940 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in CEP290, a transition zone protein in primary cilia, cause diverse ciliopathies, including Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) and Joubert-syndrome and related disorders (JSRD). We examined cilia biogenesis and function in cells derived from CEP290-LCA and CEP290-JSRD patients. CEP290 protein was reduced in LCA fibroblasts with no detectable impact on cilia; however, optic cups derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) of CEP290-LCA patients displayed less developed photoreceptor cilia. Lack of CEP290 in JSRD fibroblasts resulted in abnormal cilia and decreased ciliogenesis. We observed selectively reduced localization of ADCY3 and ARL13B. Notably, Hedgehog signaling was augmented in CEP290-JSRD because of enhanced ciliary transport of Smoothened and GPR161. These results demonstrate a direct correlation between the extent of ciliogenesis defects in fibroblasts and photoreceptors with phenotypic severity in JSRD and LCA, respectively, and strengthen the role of CEP290 as a selective ciliary gatekeeper for transport of signaling molecules in and out of the cilium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Shimada
- Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Quanlong Lu
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, National Cancer Institute - Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | | | - Kunio Nagashima
- Electron Microscope Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., National Cancer Institute - Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Milton A English
- Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Semler
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, National Cancer Institute - Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Jacklyn Mahgerefteh
- Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Artur V Cideciyan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Tiansen Li
- Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Brian P Brooks
- Pediatric, Developmental, and Genetic Eye Disease Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Meral Gunay-Aygun
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Pediatrics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Samuel G Jacobson
- Department of Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Tiziana Cogliati
- Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Christopher J Westlake
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, National Cancer Institute - Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Anand Swaroop
- Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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65
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Witzgall R. Golgi bypass of ciliary proteins. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 83:51-58. [PMID: 29559335 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Primary cilia represent small, yet distinct compartments of the plasma membrane. They are speculated to exercise chemo- and mechanosensory functions and to serve as signaling hubs for crucial pathways such as the Wnt and hedgehog cascades. It is therefore necessary that specific integral membrane proteins, in particular sensors and receptors, are sorted to the cilium and not to the surrounding somatic plasma membrane upon being synthesized at the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Apparently no singular "zip code" for the primary cilium exists but rather several ciliary targeting signals whose biochemical and cell biological implications are just about being unravelled. Among the better understood proteins residing in the primary cilium is polycystin-2 which is mutated in patients suffering from autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease. A special case in the context of this review concerns the connecting cilium which serves as the trafficking pathway for proteins involved in visual sensation of retinal photoreceptor cells. In order to efficiently capture photons, the photopigments are organized in discs or membrane invaginations. Mutations in certain proteins involved in these processes lead to retinal degeneration and ultimately to blindness. One example is peripherin/rds which is mutated in the rds (retinal degeneration slow) mouse. The trafficking of peripherin/rds from the inner to the outer segment of photoreceptor cells by way of the connecting cilium also seems to diverge at the Golgi apparatus, and the routes of polycystin-2 and peripherin/rds may represent paradigms of ciliary proteins for the type IV pathway of unconventional protein "secretion". This review is part of a special issue of Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology edited by Walter Nickel and Catherine Rabouille.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Witzgall
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
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66
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Scheidel N, Kennedy J, Blacque OE. Endosome maturation factors Rabenosyn-5/VPS45 and caveolin-1 regulate ciliary membrane and polycystin-2 homeostasis. EMBO J 2018; 37:embj.201798248. [PMID: 29572244 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201798248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilium structure and function relies on control of ciliary membrane homeostasis, regulated by membrane trafficking processes that deliver and retrieve ciliary components at the periciliary membrane. However, the molecular mechanisms controlling ciliary membrane establishment and maintenance, especially in relation to endocytosis, remain poorly understood. Here, using Caenorhabditis elegans, we describe closely linked functions for early endosome (EE) maturation factors RABS-5 (Rabenosyn-5) and VPS-45 (VPS45) in regulating cilium length and morphology, ciliary and periciliary membrane volume, and ciliary signalling-related sensory behaviour. We demonstrate that RABS-5 and VPS-45 control periciliary vesicle number and levels of select EE/endocytic markers (WDFY-2, CAV-1) and the ciliopathy membrane receptor PKD-2 (polycystin-2). Moreover, we show that CAV-1 (caveolin-1) also controls PKD-2 ciliary levels and associated sensory behaviour. These data link RABS-5 and VPS-45 ciliary functions to the processing of periciliary-derived endocytic vesicles and regulation of ciliary membrane homeostasis. Our findings also provide insight into the regulation of PKD-2 ciliary levels via integrated endosomal sorting and CAV-1-mediated endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémie Scheidel
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Julie Kennedy
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Oliver E Blacque
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
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67
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Eguether T, Cordelieres FP, Pazour GJ. Intraflagellar transport is deeply integrated in hedgehog signaling. Mol Biol Cell 2018. [PMID: 29540531 PMCID: PMC5935068 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-10-0600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate hedgehog pathway is organized in primary cilia, and hedgehog components relocate into or out of cilia during signaling. Defects in intraflagellar transport (IFT) typically disrupt ciliary assembly and attenuate hedgehog signaling. Determining whether IFT drives the movement of hedgehog components is difficult due to the requirement of IFT for building cilia. Unlike most IFT proteins, IFT27 is dispensable for cilia formation but affects hedgehog signaling similarly to other IFTs, allowing us to examine its role in the dynamics of signaling. Activating signaling at points along the pathway in Ift27 mutant cells showed that IFT is extensively involved in the pathway. Similar analysis of Bbs mutant cells showed that BBS proteins participate at many levels of signaling but are not needed to concentrate Gli transcription factors at the ciliary tip. Our analysis showed that smoothened delivery to cilia does not require IFT27, but the role of other IFTs is not known. Using a rapamycin-induced dimerization system to sequester IFT-B proteins at the mitochondria in cells with fully formed cilia did not affect the delivery of Smo to cilia, suggesting that this membrane protein may not require IFT-B for delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaut Eguether
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Fabrice P Cordelieres
- Université de Bordeaux, UMS 3420 CNRS-Université de Bordeaux-US4 INSERM, Bordeaux Imaging Center, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Gregory J Pazour
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
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68
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Gigante ED, Long AB, Ben-Ami J, Caspary T. Hypomorphic Smo mutant with inefficient ciliary enrichment disrupts the highest level of vertebrate Hedgehog response. Dev Biol 2018; 437:152-162. [PMID: 29571613 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Smoothened (Smo) is the essential transducer of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling, which regulates cell fate and proliferation during embryogenesis. We identified a novel mouse mutant, cabbie (cbb), and found that its cause is a missense mutation in Smo. We showed the Smocbb mutation is insensitive to the Shh agonist SAG, perhaps due to the disruption of SAG binding. We characterized Smocbb for defects in craniofacial and skeletal development, as well as neural tube patterning, and revealed Smocbb affected processes that require the highest levels of Shh activity. Smo is normally enriched in cilia upon Shh stimulation; however, we detected inefficient enrichment of Smo in Smocbb mutants whether we stimulated with Shh or SAG. Taken together, our data suggest that the highest levels of vertebrate Hedgehog signaling activity require efficient Smo ciliary enrichment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo D Gigante
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | | | - Johanna Ben-Ami
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Emory College of Arts and Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Tamara Caspary
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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69
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Arensdorf AM, Dillard ME, Menke JM, Frank MW, Rock CO, Ogden SK. Sonic Hedgehog Activates Phospholipase A2 to Enhance Smoothened Ciliary Translocation. Cell Rep 2018; 19:2074-2087. [PMID: 28591579 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptor Smoothened (Smo) is the signal transducer of the Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) pathway. Smo signals through G protein-dependent and -independent routes, with G protein-independent canonical signaling to Gli effectors requiring Smo accumulation in the primary cilium. The mechanisms controlling Smo activation and trafficking are not yet clear but likely entail small-molecule binding to pockets in its extracellular cysteine-rich domain (CRD) and/or transmembrane bundle. Here, we demonstrate that the cytosolic phospholipase cPLA2α is activated through Gβγ downstream of Smo to release arachidonic acid. Arachidonic acid binds Smo and synergizes with CRD-binding agonists, promoting Smo ciliary trafficking and high-level signaling. Chemical or genetic cPLA2α inhibition dampens Smo signaling to Gli, revealing an unexpected contribution of G protein-dependent signaling to canonical pathway activity. Arachidonic acid displaces the Smo transmembrane domain inhibitor cyclopamine to rescue CRD agonist-induced signaling, suggesting that arachidonic acid may target the transmembrane bundle to allosterically enhance signaling by CRD agonist-bound Smo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Arensdorf
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Miriam E Dillard
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jacob M Menke
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Rhodes College St. Jude Summer Plus Program, Rhodes College, Memphis, TN 38112, USA
| | - Matthew W Frank
- Department of Infectious Disease, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Charles O Rock
- Department of Infectious Disease, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Stacey K Ogden
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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70
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Lu L, Madugula V. Mechanisms of ciliary targeting: entering importins and Rabs. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:597-606. [PMID: 28852774 PMCID: PMC11105572 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2629-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Primary cilium is a rod-like plasma membrane protrusion that plays important roles in sensing the cellular environment and initiating corresponding signaling pathways. The sensory functions of the cilium critically depend on the unique enrichment of ciliary residents, which is maintained by the ciliary diffusion barrier. It is still unclear how ciliary cargoes specifically enter the diffusion barrier and accumulate within the cilium. In this review, the organization and trafficking mechanism of the cilium are compared to those of the nucleus, which are much better understood at the moment. Though the cilium differs significantly from the nucleus in terms of molecular and cellular functions, analogous themes and principles in the membrane organization and cargo trafficking are notable between them. Therefore, knowledge in the nuclear trafficking can likely shed light on our understanding of the ciliary trafficking. Here, with a focus on membrane cargoes in mammalian cells, we briefly review various ciliary trafficking pathways from the Golgi to the periciliary membrane. Models for the subsequent import translocation across the diffusion barrier and the enrichment of cargoes within the ciliary membrane are discussed in detail. Based on recent discoveries, we propose a Rab-importin-based model in an attempt to accommodate various observations on ciliary targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Lu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore.
| | - Viswanadh Madugula
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
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71
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Bellchambers HM, Ware SM. ZIC3 in Heterotaxy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1046:301-327. [PMID: 29442328 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-7311-3_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mutation of ZIC3 causes X-linked heterotaxy, a syndrome in which the laterality of internal organs is disrupted. Analysis of model organisms and gene expression during early development suggests ZIC3-related heterotaxy occurs due to defects at the earliest stage of left-right axis formation. Although there are data to support abnormalities of the node and cilia as underlying causes, it is unclear at the molecular level why loss of ZIC3 function causes such these defects. ZIC3 has putative roles in a number of developmental signalling pathways that have distinct roles in establishing the left-right axis. This complicates the understanding of the mechanistic basis of Zic3 in early development and left-right patterning. Here we summarise our current understanding of ZIC3 function and describe the potential role ZIC3 plays in important signalling pathways and their links to heterotaxy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen M Bellchambers
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Stephanie M Ware
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA. .,Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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72
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Pusapati GV, Kong JH, Patel BB, Krishnan A, Sagner A, Kinnebrew M, Briscoe J, Aravind L, Rohatgi R. CRISPR Screens Uncover Genes that Regulate Target Cell Sensitivity to the Morphogen Sonic Hedgehog. Dev Cell 2017; 44:113-129.e8. [PMID: 29290584 PMCID: PMC5792066 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
To uncover regulatory mechanisms in Hedgehog (Hh) signaling, we conducted genome-wide screens to identify positive and negative pathway components and validated top hits using multiple signaling and differentiation assays in two different cell types. Most positive regulators identified in our screens, including Rab34, Pdcl, and Tubd1, were involved in ciliary functions, confirming the central role for primary cilia in Hh signaling. Negative regulators identified included Megf8, Mgrn1, and an unannotated gene encoding a tetraspan protein we named Atthog. The function of these negative regulators converged on Smoothened (SMO), an oncoprotein that transduces the Hh signal across the membrane. In the absence of Atthog, SMO was stabilized at the cell surface and concentrated in the ciliary membrane, boosting cell sensitivity to the ligand Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) and consequently altering SHH-guided neural cell-fate decisions. Thus, we uncovered genes that modify the interpretation of morphogen signals by regulating protein-trafficking events in target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh V Pusapati
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Jennifer H Kong
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Bhaven B Patel
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Arunkumar Krishnan
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
| | - Andreas Sagner
- The Francis Crick Institute, Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Maia Kinnebrew
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - James Briscoe
- The Francis Crick Institute, Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - L Aravind
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
| | - Rajat Rohatgi
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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73
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Lentivirus-mediated silencing of the PTC1 and PTC2 genes promotes recovery from spinal cord injury by activating the Hedgehog signaling pathway in a rat model. Exp Mol Med 2017; 49:e412. [PMID: 29244790 PMCID: PMC5750477 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2017.220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of Patched-1 (PTC1) and PTC2 silencing in a rat model, on Hedgehog (Hh) pathway-mediated recovery from spinal cord injury (SCI). An analytical emphasis on the relationship between the sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway and nerve regeneration was explored. A total of 126 rats were divided into normal, sham, SCI, negative control (NC), PTC1-RNAi, PTC2-RNAi and PTC1/PTC2-RNAi groups. The Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan (BBB) scale was employed to assess hind limb motor function. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting were performed to examine the mRNA and protein levels of PTC1, PTC2, Shh, glioma-associated oncogene homolog 1 (Gli-1), Smo and Nestin. Tissue morphology was analyzed using immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescent staining was conducted to detect neurofilament protein 200 (NF-200) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). The PTC1/PTC2-RNAi group displayed higher BBB scores than the SCI and NC groups. Shh, Gli-1, Smo and Nestin expression levels were elevated in the PTC1/PTC2-RNAi group. PTC1 and PTC2 mRNA and protein expression was lower in the PTC1/PTC2-RNAi group than in the normal, sham and SCI groups. Among the seven groups, the PTC1/PTC2-RNAi group had the largest positive area of NF-200 staining, whereas the SCI group exhibited a larger GFAP-positive area than both the normal and the sham groups. The Shh pathway may provide new insights into therapeutic indications and regenerative recovery tools for the treatment of SCI. Activation of the Hh signaling pathway by silencing PTC1 and PTC2 may reduce inflammation and may ultimately promote SCI recovery.
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74
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Vincensini L, Blisnick T, Bertiaux E, Hutchinson S, Georgikou C, Ooi CP, Bastin P. Flagellar incorporation of proteins follows at least two different routes in trypanosomes. Biol Cell 2017; 110:33-47. [DOI: 10.1111/boc.201700052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Vincensini
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit; Institut Pasteur & INSERM U1201; Paris 75015 France
| | - Thierry Blisnick
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit; Institut Pasteur & INSERM U1201; Paris 75015 France
| | - Eloïse Bertiaux
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit; Institut Pasteur & INSERM U1201; Paris 75015 France
| | - Sebastian Hutchinson
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit; Institut Pasteur & INSERM U1201; Paris 75015 France
| | - Christina Georgikou
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit; Institut Pasteur & INSERM U1201; Paris 75015 France
| | - Cher-Pheng Ooi
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit; Institut Pasteur & INSERM U1201; Paris 75015 France
| | - Philippe Bastin
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit; Institut Pasteur & INSERM U1201; Paris 75015 France
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Abstract
Signaling pathways direct organogenesis, often through concentration-dependent effects on cells. The hedgehog pathway enables cells to sense and respond to hedgehog ligands, of which the best studied is sonic hedgehog. Hedgehog signaling is essential for development, proliferation, and stem cell maintenance, and it is a driver of certain cancers. Lipid metabolism has a profound influence on both hedgehog signal transduction and the properties of the ligands themselves, leading to changes in the strength of hedgehog signaling and cellular functions. Here we review the evolving understanding of the relationship between lipids and hedgehog signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Blassberg
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - John Jacob
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (NDCN), Level 6, West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK. .,Department of Neurology, West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK. .,Milton Keynes University Hospital, Standing Way, Eaglestone, Milton Keynes, MK6 5LD, UK.
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76
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Mukhopadhyay S, Badgandi HB, Hwang SH, Somatilaka B, Shimada IS, Pal K. Trafficking to the primary cilium membrane. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:233-239. [PMID: 28082521 PMCID: PMC5231892 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-07-0505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium has been found to be associated with a number of cellular signaling pathways, such as vertebrate hedgehog signaling, and implicated in the pathogenesis of diseases affecting multiple organs, including the neural tube, kidney, and brain. The primary cilium is the site where a subset of the cell's membrane proteins is enriched. However, pathways that target and concentrate membrane proteins in cilia are not well understood. Processes determining the level of proteins in the ciliary membrane include entry into the compartment, removal, and retention by diffusion barriers such as the transition zone. Proteins that are concentrated in the ciliary membrane are also localized to other cellular sites. Thus it is critical to determine the particular role for ciliary compartmentalization in sensory reception and signaling pathways. Here we provide a brief overview of our current understanding of compartmentalization of proteins in the ciliary membrane and the dynamics of trafficking into and out of the cilium. We also discuss major unanswered questions regarding the role that defects in ciliary compartmentalization might play in disease pathogenesis. Understanding the trafficking mechanisms that underlie the role of ciliary compartmentalization in signaling might provide unique approaches for intervention in progressive ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saikat Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Hemant B Badgandi
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Sun-Hee Hwang
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | | | - Issei S Shimada
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Kasturi Pal
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
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77
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Bakshi A, Chaudhary SC, Rana M, Elmets CA, Athar M. Basal cell carcinoma pathogenesis and therapy involving hedgehog signaling and beyond. Mol Carcinog 2017; 56:2543-2557. [PMID: 28574612 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) of the skin is driven by aberrant hedgehog signaling. Thus blocking this signaling pathway by small molecules such as vismodegib inhibits tumor growth. Primary cilium in the epidermal cells plays an integral role in the processing of hedgehog signaling-related proteins. Recent genomic studies point to the involvement of additional genetic mutations that might be associated with the development of BCCs, suggesting significance of other signaling pathways, such as WNT, NOTCH, mTOR, and Hippo, aside from hedgehog in the pathogenesis of this human neoplasm. Some of these pathways could be regulated by noncoding microRNA. Altered microRNA expression profile is recognized with the progression of these lesions. Stopping treatment with Smoothened (SMO) inhibitors often leads to tumor reoccurrence in the patients with basal cell nevus syndrome, who develop 10-100 of BCCs. In addition, the initial effectiveness of these SMO inhibitors is impaired due to the onset of mutations in the drug-binding domain of SMO. These data point to a need to develop strategies to overcome tumor recurrence and resistance and to enhance efficacy by developing novel single agent-based or multiple agents-based combinatorial approaches. Immunotherapy and photodynamic therapy could be additional successful approaches particularly if developed in combination with chemotherapy for inoperable and metastatic BCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshika Bakshi
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Diseases Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Sandeep C Chaudhary
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Diseases Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Mehtab Rana
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Diseases Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Craig A Elmets
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Diseases Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Mohammad Athar
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Diseases Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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78
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Shao J, Xu L, Chen L, Lu Q, Xie X, Shi W, Xiong H, Shi C, Huang X, Mei J, Rao H, Lu H, Lu N, Luo S. Arl13b Promotes Gastric Tumorigenesis by Regulating Smo Trafficking and Activation of the Hedgehog Signaling Pathway. Cancer Res 2017; 77:4000-4013. [PMID: 28611043 PMCID: PMC5540784 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-2461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway transducer Smoothened (Smo) have been approved for cancer treatment, but Smo mutations often lead to tumor resistance and it remains unclear how Smo is regulated. In this study, we identified the small GTPase Arl13b as a novel partner and regulator of Smo. Arl13b regulated Smo stability, trafficking, and localization, which are each crucial for Hh signaling. In gastric cancer cells, Arl13b stimulated proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro and in vivo In clinical specimens of gastric cancer, Arl13b expression correlated strongly with tumor size and depth of invasion; patients with high levels of Arl13b had a poor prognosis. Our results show how Arl13b participates in Hh pathway activation in gastric cancer. Cancer Res; 77(15); 4000-13. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Shao
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Linlin Xu
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Limin Chen
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Quqin Lu
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xinsheng Xie
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Wei Shi
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Huanting Xiong
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Chao Shi
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xuan Huang
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jinhong Mei
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hai Rao
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Hua Lu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Nonghua Lu
- Institute of Digestive Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Shiwen Luo
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China.
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79
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Monis WJ, Faundez V, Pazour GJ. BLOC-1 is required for selective membrane protein trafficking from endosomes to primary cilia. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:2131-2150. [PMID: 28576874 PMCID: PMC5496619 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201611138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Monis et al. demonstrate that the BLOC-1 protein complex is required for trafficking polycystin-2, but not fibrocystin or smoothened, from endosomes to primary cilia. This is the first demonstration of a role for BLOC-1 in ciliary assembly and emphasizes the complexity of distinct ciliary membrane protein trafficking routes. Primary cilia perceive the extracellular environment through receptors localized in the ciliary membrane, but mechanisms directing specific proteins to this domain are poorly understood. To address this question, we knocked down proteins potentially important for ciliary membrane targeting and determined how this affects the ciliary trafficking of fibrocystin, polycystin-2, and smoothened. Our analysis showed that fibrocystin and polycystin-2 are dependent on IFT20, GMAP210, and the exocyst complex, while smoothened delivery is largely independent of these components. In addition, we found that polycystin-2, but not smoothened or fibrocystin, requires the biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles complex-1 (BLOC-1) for ciliary delivery. Consistent with the role of BLOC-1 in sorting from the endosome, we find that disrupting the recycling endosome reduces ciliary polycystin-2 and causes its accumulation in the recycling endosome. This is the first demonstration of a role for BLOC-1 in ciliary assembly and highlights the complexity of pathways taken to the cilium.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Monis
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Victor Faundez
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Gregory J Pazour
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
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80
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Wessler S, Krisch LM, Elmer DP, Aberger F. From inflammation to gastric cancer - the importance of Hedgehog/GLI signaling in Helicobacter pylori-induced chronic inflammatory and neoplastic diseases. Cell Commun Signal 2017; 15:15. [PMID: 28427431 PMCID: PMC5397778 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-017-0171-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections with the human pathogen Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) are closely associated with the development of inflammatory disorders and neoplastic transformation of the gastric epithelium. Drastic changes in the micromilieu involve a complex network of H. pylori-regulated signal transduction pathways leading to the release of proinflammatory cytokines, gut hormones and a wide range of signaling molecules. Besides controlling embryonic development, the Hedgehog/GLI signaling pathway also plays important roles in epithelial proliferation, differentiation, and regeneration of the gastric physiology, but also in the induction and progression of inflammation and neoplastic transformation in H. pylori infections. Here, we summarize recent findings of H. pylori-associated Hedgehog/GLI signaling in gastric homeostasis, malignant development and the modulation of the gastric tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silja Wessler
- Division of Microbiology, Cancer Cluster Salzburg, Department of Molecular Biology, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, Billroth Strasse 11, A-5020, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Linda M Krisch
- Division of Microbiology, Cancer Cluster Salzburg, Department of Molecular Biology, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, Billroth Strasse 11, A-5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Dominik P Elmer
- Division of Molecular Tumor Biology, Cancer Cluster Salzburg, Department of Molecular Biology, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, A-5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Fritz Aberger
- Division of Molecular Tumor Biology, Cancer Cluster Salzburg, Department of Molecular Biology, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, A-5020, Salzburg, Austria.
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81
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Enokizono M, Aida N, Niwa T, Osaka H, Naruto T, Kurosawa K, Ohba C, Suzuki T, Saitsu H, Goto T, Matsumoto N. Neuroimaging findings in Joubert syndrome with C5orf42 gene mutations: A milder form of molar tooth sign and vermian hypoplasia. J Neurol Sci 2017; 376:7-12. [PMID: 28431631 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.02.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Little is known regarding neuroimaging-genotype correlations in Joubert syndrome (JBTS). To elucidate one of these correlations, we investigated the neuroimaging findings of JBTS patients with C5orf42 mutations. MATERIALS AND METHODS Neuroimaging findings in five JBTS patients with C5orf42 mutations were retrospectively assessed with regard to the infratentorial and supratentorial structures on T1-magnetization prepared rapid gradient echo (MPRAGE), T2-weighted images, and color-coded fractional anisotropy (FA) maps; the findings were compared to those in four JBTS patients with mutations in other genes (including three with AHI1 and one with TMEM67 mutations). RESULTS In C5orf42-mutant patients, the infratentorial magnetic resonance (MR) images showed normal or minimally thickened and minimally elongated superior cerebellar peduncles (SCP), normal or minimally deepened interpeduncular fossa (IF), and mild vermian hypoplasia (VH). However, in other patients, all had severe abnormalities in the SCP and IF, and moderate to marked VH. Supratentorial abnormalities were found in one individual in other JBTS. In JBTS with all mutations, color-coded FA maps showed the absence of decussation of the SCP (DSCP). CONCLUSION The morphological neuroimaging findings in C5orf42-mutant JBTS were distinctly mild and made diagnosis difficult. However, the absence of DSCP on color-coded FA maps may facilitate the diagnosis of JBTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikako Enokizono
- Department of Radiology, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Noriko Aida
- Department of Radiology, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tetsu Niwa
- Department of Radiology, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan; Department of Radiology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Osaka
- Department of Pediatrics, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Takuya Naruto
- Department of Genetics, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kenji Kurosawa
- Department of Genetics, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Chihiro Ohba
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Department of Clinical Neurology and Stroke Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Suzuki
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotomo Saitsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Tomohide Goto
- Department of Neurology, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Naomichi Matsumoto
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
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82
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Hirano T, Katoh Y, Nakayama K. Intraflagellar transport-A complex mediates ciliary entry and retrograde trafficking of ciliary G protein-coupled receptors. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:429-439. [PMID: 27932497 PMCID: PMC5341726 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-11-0813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilia serve as cellular antennae where proteins involved in sensory and developmental signaling, including G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), are specifically localized. Intraflagellar transport (IFT)-A and -B complexes mediate retrograde and anterograde ciliary protein trafficking, respectively. Using a visible immunoprecipitation assay to detect protein-protein interactions, we show that the IFT-A complex is divided into a core subcomplex, composed of IFT122/IFT140/IFT144, which is associated with TULP3, and a peripheral subcomplex, composed of IFT43/IFT121/IFT139, where IFT139 is most distally located. IFT139-knockout (KO) and IFT144-KO cells demonstrated distinct phenotypes: IFT139-KO cells showed the accumulation of IFT-A, IFT-B, and GPCRs, including Smoothened and GPR161, at the bulged ciliary tips; IFT144-KO cells showed failed ciliary entry of IFT-A and GPCRs and IFT-B accumulation at the bulged tips. These observations demonstrate the distinct roles of the core and peripheral IFT-A subunits: IFT139 is dispensable for IFT-A assembly but essential for retrograde trafficking of IFT-A, IFT-B, and GPCRs; in contrast, IFT144 is essential for functional IFT-A assembly and ciliary entry of GPCRs but dispensable for anterograde IFT-B trafficking. Thus the data presented here demonstrate that the IFT-A complex mediates not only retrograde trafficking but also entry into cilia of GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoaki Hirano
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yohei Katoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Nakayama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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83
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Garcia-Gonzalo FR, Reiter JF. Open Sesame: How Transition Fibers and the Transition Zone Control Ciliary Composition. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:cshperspect.a028134. [PMID: 27770015 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a028134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cilia are plasma membrane protrusions that act as cellular propellers or antennae. To perform these functions, cilia must maintain a composition distinct from those of the contiguous cytosol and plasma membrane. The specialized composition of the cilium depends on the ciliary gate, the region at the ciliary base separating the cilium from the rest of the cell. The ciliary gate's main structural features are electron dense struts connecting microtubules to the adjacent membrane. These structures include the transition fibers, which connect the distal basal body to the base of the ciliary membrane, and the Y-links, which connect the proximal axoneme and ciliary membrane within the transition zone. Both transition fibers and Y-links form early during ciliogenesis and play key roles in ciliary assembly and trafficking. Accordingly, many human ciliopathies are caused by mutations that perturb ciliary gate function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesc R Garcia-Gonzalo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols UAM-CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jeremy F Reiter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
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84
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KIF13B establishes a CAV1-enriched microdomain at the ciliary transition zone to promote Sonic hedgehog signalling. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14177. [PMID: 28134340 PMCID: PMC5290278 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciliary membrane composition is controlled by transition zone (TZ) proteins such as RPGRIP1, RPGRIPL and NPHP4, which are vital for balanced coordination of diverse signalling systems like the Sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway. Activation of this pathway involves Shh-induced ciliary accumulation of Smoothened (SMO), which is disrupted by disease-causing mutations in TZ components. Here we identify kinesin-3 motor protein KIF13B as a novel member of the RPGRIP1N-C2 domain-containing protein family and show that KIF13B regulates TZ membrane composition and ciliary SMO accumulation. KIF13B is upregulated during ciliogenesis and is recruited to the ciliary base by NPHP4, which binds to two distinct sites in the KIF13B tail region, including an RPGRIP1N-C2 domain. KIF13B and NPHP4 are both essential for establishment of a CAV1 membrane microdomain at the TZ, which in turn is required for Shh-induced ciliary SMO accumulation. Thus KIF13B is a novel regulator of ciliary TZ configuration, membrane composition and Shh signalling.
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85
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Patel SS, Tomar S, Sharma D, Mahindroo N, Udayabanu M. Targeting sonic hedgehog signaling in neurological disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 74:76-97. [PMID: 28088536 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling influences neurogenesis and neural patterning during the development of central nervous system. Dysregulation of Shh signaling in brain leads to neurological disorders like autism spectrum disorder, depression, dementia, stroke, Parkinson's diseases, Huntington's disease, locomotor deficit, epilepsy, demyelinating disease, neuropathies as well as brain tumors. The synthesis, processing and transport of Shh ligand as well as the localization of its receptors and signal transduction in the central nervous system has been carefully reviewed. Further, we summarize the regulation of small molecule modulators of Shh pathway with potential in neurological disorders. In conclusion, further studies are warranted to demonstrate the potential of positive and negative regulators of the Shh pathway in neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sita Sharan Patel
- Department of Pharmacy, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat 173234, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Sunil Tomar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Post Box 9, Solan 173212, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Diksha Sharma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Post Box 9, Solan 173212, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Neeraj Mahindroo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Post Box 9, Solan 173212, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Malairaman Udayabanu
- Department of Pharmacy, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat 173234, Himachal Pradesh, India.
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86
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Srivastava S, Molinari E, Raman S, Sayer JA. Many Genes-One Disease? Genetics of Nephronophthisis (NPHP) and NPHP-Associated Disorders. Front Pediatr 2017; 5:287. [PMID: 29379777 PMCID: PMC5770800 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2017.00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nephronophthisis (NPHP) is a renal ciliopathy and an autosomal recessive cause of cystic kidney disease, renal fibrosis, and end-stage renal failure, affecting children and young adults. Molecular genetic studies have identified more than 20 genes underlying this disorder, whose protein products are all related to cilia, centrosome, or mitotic spindle function. In around 15% of cases, there are additional features of a ciliopathy syndrome, including retinal defects, liver fibrosis, skeletal abnormalities, and brain developmental disorders. Alongside, gene identification has arisen molecular mechanistic insights into the disease pathogenesis. The genetic causes of NPHP are discussed in terms of how they help us to define treatable disease pathways including the cyclic adenosine monophosphate pathway, the mTOR pathway, Hedgehog signaling pathways, and DNA damage response pathways. While the underlying pathology of the many types of NPHP remains similar, the defined disease mechanisms are diverse, and a personalized medicine approach for therapy in NPHP patients is likely to be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalabh Srivastava
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,Renal Unit, City Hospitals Sunderland and South Tyneside NHS Foundation Trust, Sunderland, United Kingdom
| | - Elisa Molinari
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Shreya Raman
- Department of Histopathology, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - John A Sayer
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,Renal Services, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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87
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Pablo JL, DeCaen PG, Clapham DE. Progress in ciliary ion channel physiology. J Gen Physiol 2016; 149:37-47. [PMID: 27999145 PMCID: PMC5217089 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201611696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian cilia are ubiquitous appendages found on the apical surface of cells. Primary and motile cilia are distinct in both morphology and function. Most cells have a solitary primary cilium (9+0), which lacks the central microtubule doublet characteristic of motile cilia (9+2). The immotile primary cilia house unique signaling components and sequester several important transcription factors. In contrast, motile cilia commonly extend into the lumen of respiratory airways, fallopian tubes, and brain ventricles to move their contents and/or produce gradients. In this review, we focus on the composition of putative ion channels found in both types of cilia and in the periciliary membrane and discuss their proposed functions. Our discussion does not cover specialized cilia in photoreceptor or olfactory cells, which express many more ion channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Lorenzo Pablo
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115.,Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115.,Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Paul G DeCaen
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - David E Clapham
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115 .,Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115.,Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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88
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Dyson JM, Conduit SE, Feeney SJ, Hakim S, DiTommaso T, Fulcher AJ, Sriratana A, Ramm G, Horan KA, Gurung R, Wicking C, Smyth I, Mitchell CA. INPP5E regulates phosphoinositide-dependent cilia transition zone function. J Cell Biol 2016; 216:247-263. [PMID: 27998989 PMCID: PMC5223597 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201511055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dyson et al. demonstrate that the inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase INPP5E is essential for Hedgehog-dependent embryonic development. By regulating PI(4,5)P2 and PI(3,4,5)P3 signals at cilia, INPP5E contributes to cilia transition zone function and thereby Smoothened accumulation at cilia. Human ciliopathies, including Joubert syndrome (JBTS), arise from cilia dysfunction. The inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase INPP5E localizes to cilia and is mutated in JBTS. Murine Inpp5e ablation is embryonically lethal and recapitulates JBTS, including neural tube defects and polydactyly; however, the underlying defects in cilia signaling and the function of INPP5E at cilia are still emerging. We report Inpp5e−/− embryos exhibit aberrant Hedgehog-dependent patterning with reduced Hedgehog signaling. Using mouse genetics, we show increasing Hedgehog signaling via Smoothened M2 expression rescues some Inpp5e−/− ciliopathy phenotypes and “normalizes” Hedgehog signaling. INPP5E’s phosphoinositide substrates PI(4,5)P2 and PI(3,4,5)P3 accumulated at the transition zone (TZ) in Hedgehog-stimulated Inpp5e−/− cells, which was associated with reduced recruitment of TZ scaffolding proteins and reduced Smoothened levels at cilia. Expression of wild-type, but not 5-phosphatase-dead, INPP5E restored TZ molecular organization and Smoothened accumulation at cilia. Therefore, we identify INPP5E as an essential point of convergence between Hedgehog and phosphoinositide signaling at cilia that maintains TZ function and Hedgehog-dependent embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Dyson
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Sarah E Conduit
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Sandra J Feeney
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Sandra Hakim
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Tia DiTommaso
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Alex J Fulcher
- Monash Micro Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Absorn Sriratana
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Georg Ramm
- Monash Micro Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Kristy A Horan
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Rajendra Gurung
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Carol Wicking
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Ian Smyth
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Development and Stem Cells Program, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Christina A Mitchell
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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89
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Hong CJ, Hamilton BA. Zfp423 Regulates Sonic Hedgehog Signaling via Primary Cilium Function. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006357. [PMID: 27727273 PMCID: PMC5065120 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Zfp423 encodes a 30-zinc finger transcription factor that intersects several canonical signaling pathways. Zfp423 mutations result in ciliopathy-related phenotypes, including agenesis of the cerebellar vermis in mice and Joubert syndrome (JBTS19) and nephronophthisis (NPHP14) in humans. Unlike most ciliopathy genes, Zfp423 encodes a nuclear protein and its developmental expression is complex, leading to alternative proposals for cellular mechanisms. Here we show that Zfp423 is expressed by cerebellar granule cell precursors, that loss of Zfp423 in these precursors leads to cell-intrinsic reduction in proliferation, loss of response to Shh, and primary cilia abnormalities that include diminished frequency of both Smoothened and IFT88 localization. Loss of Zfp423 alters expression of several genes encoding key cilium components, including increased expression of Tulp3. Tulp3 is a direct binding target of Zfp423 and reducing the overexpression of Tulp3 in Zfp423-deficient cells suppresses Smoothened translocation defects. These results define Zfp423 deficiency as a bona fide ciliopathy, acting upstream of Shh signaling, and indicate a mechanism intrinsic to granule cell precursors for the resulting cerebellar hypoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Jei Hong
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, United States of America.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, United States of America.,Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, United States of America.,Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Bruce A Hamilton
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, United States of America.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, United States of America.,Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, United States of America.,Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, United States of America
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90
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Madugula V, Lu L. A ternary complex comprising transportin1, Rab8 and the ciliary targeting signal directs proteins to ciliary membranes. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:3922-3934. [PMID: 27633000 PMCID: PMC5087665 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.194019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The sensory functions of cilia are dependent on the enrichment of cilium-resident proteins. Although it is known that ciliary targeting signals (CTSs) specifically target ciliary proteins to cilia, it is still unclear how CTSs facilitate the entry and retention of cilium-resident proteins at the molecular level. We found that non-ciliary membrane reporters can passively diffuse into cilia through the lateral transport pathway, and the translocation of membrane reporters through the ciliary diffusion barrier is facilitated by importin binding motifs and domains. Screening known CTSs of ciliary membrane residents uncovered that fibrocystin, photoreceptor retinol dehydrogenase, rhodopsin and retinitis pigmentosa 2 interact with transportin1 (TNPO1) through previously identified CTSs. We further discovered that a new ternary complex, comprising TNPO1, Rab8 and a CTS, can assemble or disassemble under the guanine nucleotide exchange activity of Rab8. Our study suggests a new mechanism in which the TNPO1-Rab8-CTS complex mediates selective entry into and retention of cargos within cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viswanadh Madugula
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551 Singapore
| | - Lei Lu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551 Singapore
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91
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Pedersen LB, Mogensen JB, Christensen ST. Endocytic Control of Cellular Signaling at the Primary Cilium. Trends Biochem Sci 2016; 41:784-797. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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92
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Mourão A, Christensen ST, Lorentzen E. The intraflagellar transport machinery in ciliary signaling. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2016; 41:98-108. [PMID: 27393972 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cilia and flagella on eukaryotic cells are slender microtubule-based projections surrounded by a membrane with a unique lipid and protein composition. It is now appreciated that cilia in addition to their established roles in motility also constitute hubs for cellular signaling by sensing external environmental cues necessary for organ development and maintenance of human health. Pathways reported to rely on the cilium organelle include Hedgehog, TGF-β, Wnt, PDGFRα, integrin and DNA damage repair signaling. An emerging theme in ciliary signaling is the requirement for active transport of signaling components into and out of the cilium proper. Here, we review the current state-of-the-art regarding the importance of intraflagellar transport and BBSome multi-subunit complexes in ciliary signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Mourão
- Department of Structural Cell Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Søren T Christensen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Esben Lorentzen
- Department of Structural Cell Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.
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93
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Lee J, Chung YD. Ciliary subcompartments: how are they established and what are their functions? BMB Rep 2016; 48:380-7. [PMID: 25936781 PMCID: PMC4577287 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2015.48.7.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilia are conserved subcellular organelles with diverse sensory and developmental roles. Recently, they have emerged as crucial organelles whose dysfunction causes a wide spectrum of disorders called ciliopathies. Recent studies on the pathological mechanisms underlying ciliopathies showed that the ciliary compartment is further divided into subdomains with specific roles in the biogenesis, maintenance and function of cilia. Several conserved sets of molecules that play specific roles in each subcompartment have been discovered. Here we review recent progress on our understanding of ciliary subcompartments, especially focusing on the molecules required for their structure and/or function. [BMB Reports 2015; 48(7): 380-387]
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongmi Lee
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Seoul 130-743, Korea
| | - Yun Doo Chung
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Seoul 130-743, Korea
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94
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Pal K, Hwang SH, Somatilaka B, Badgandi H, Jackson PK, DeFea K, Mukhopadhyay S. Smoothened determines β-arrestin-mediated removal of the G protein-coupled receptor Gpr161 from the primary cilium. J Cell Biol 2016; 212:861-75. [PMID: 27002170 PMCID: PMC4810300 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201506132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynamic changes in membrane protein composition of the primary cilium are central to development and homeostasis, but we know little about mechanisms regulating membrane protein flux. Stimulation of the sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway in vertebrates results in accumulation and activation of the effector Smoothened within cilia and concomitant disappearance of a negative regulator, the orphan G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), Gpr161. Here, we describe a two-step process determining removal of Gpr161 from cilia. The first step involves β-arrestin recruitment by the signaling competent receptor, which is facilitated by the GPCR kinase Grk2. An essential factor here is the ciliary trafficking and activation of Smoothened, which by increasing Gpr161-β-arrestin binding promotes Gpr161 removal, both during resting conditions and upon Shh pathway activation. The second step involves clathrin-mediated endocytosis, which functions outside of the ciliary compartment in coordinating Gpr161 removal. Mechanisms determining dynamic compartmentalization of Gpr161 in cilia define a new paradigm for down-regulation of GPCRs during developmental signaling from a specialized subcellular compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasturi Pal
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Sun-Hee Hwang
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Bandarigoda Somatilaka
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Hemant Badgandi
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Peter K Jackson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Kathryn DeFea
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Saikat Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
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95
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Christ A, Herzog K, Willnow TE. LRP2, an auxiliary receptor that controls sonic hedgehog signaling in development and disease. Dev Dyn 2016; 245:569-79. [PMID: 26872844 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
To fulfill their multiple roles in organ development and adult tissue homeostasis, hedgehog (HH) morphogens act through their receptor Patched (PTCH) on target cells. However, HH actions also require HH binding proteins, auxiliary cell surface receptors that agonize or antagonize morphogen signaling in a context-dependent manner. Here, we discuss recent findings on the LDL receptor-related protein 2 (LRP2), an exemplary HH binding protein that modulates sonic hedgehog activities in stem and progenitor cell niches in embryonic and adult tissues. LRP2 functions are crucial for developmental processes in a number of tissues, including the brain, the eye, and the heart, and defects in this receptor pathway are the cause of devastating congenital diseases in humans. Developmental Dynamics 245:569-579, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel Christ
- Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katja Herzog
- Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas E Willnow
- Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125, Berlin, Germany
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96
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Hilgendorf KI, Johnson CT, Jackson PK. The primary cilium as a cellular receiver: organizing ciliary GPCR signaling. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2016; 39:84-92. [PMID: 26926036 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The primary cilium is an antenna-like cellular protrusion mediating sensory and neuroendocrine signaling. Its localization within tissue architecture and a growing list of cilia-localized receptors, in particular G-protein-coupled receptors, determine a host of crucial physiologies, which are disrupted in human ciliopathies. Here, we discuss recent advances in the identification and characterization of ciliary signaling components and pathways. Recent studies have highlighted the unique signaling environment of the primary cilium and we are just beginning to understand how this design allows for highly amplified and regulated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keren I Hilgendorf
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Carl T Johnson
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Medicine, Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine PhD Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Peter K Jackson
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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97
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Jung B, Padula D, Burtscher I, Landerer C, Lutter D, Theis F, Messias AC, Geerlof A, Sattler M, Kremmer E, Boldt K, Ueffing M, Lickert H. Pitchfork and Gprasp2 Target Smoothened to the Primary Cilium for Hedgehog Pathway Activation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149477. [PMID: 26901434 PMCID: PMC4763541 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The seven-transmembrane receptor Smoothened (Smo) activates all Hedgehog (Hh) signaling by translocation into the primary cilia (PC), but how this is regulated is not well understood. Here we show that Pitchfork (Pifo) and the G protein-coupled receptor associated sorting protein 2 (Gprasp2) are essential components of an Hh induced ciliary targeting complex able to regulate Smo translocation to the PC. Depletion of Pifo or Gprasp2 leads to failure of Smo translocation to the PC and lack of Hh target gene activation. Together, our results identify a novel protein complex that is regulated by Hh signaling and required for Smo ciliary trafficking and Hh pathway activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bomi Jung
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München-Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Daniela Padula
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München-Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ingo Burtscher
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München-Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Cedric Landerer
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville TN 37996, United States of America
| | - Dominik Lutter
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Diabetes and Adipositas, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Fabian Theis
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ana C. Messias
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich at Biomolecular NMR Spectroscopy, Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Arie Geerlof
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michael Sattler
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich at Biomolecular NMR Spectroscopy, Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Kremmer
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Karsten Boldt
- Department of Protein Science, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Centre of Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmology Research, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Marius Ueffing
- Department of Protein Science, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Centre of Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmology Research, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Heiko Lickert
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München-Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 München-Neuherberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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98
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Blassberg R, Macrae JI, Briscoe J, Jacob J. Reduced cholesterol levels impair Smoothened activation in Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 25:693-705. [PMID: 26685159 PMCID: PMC4743690 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is a common autosomal-recessive disorder that results from mutations in the gene encoding the cholesterol biosynthetic enzyme 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR7). Impaired DHCR7 function is associated with a spectrum of congenital malformations, intellectual impairment, epileptiform activity and autism spectrum disorder. Biochemically, there is a deficit in cholesterol and an accumulation of its metabolic precursor 7-dehydrocholesterol (7DHC) in developing tissues. Morphological abnormalities in SLOS resemble those seen in congenital Sonic Hedgehog (SHH)-deficient conditions, leading to the proposal that the pathogenesis of SLOS is mediated by aberrant SHH signalling. SHH signalling is transduced through the transmembrane protein Smoothened (SMO), which localizes to the primary cilium of a cell on activation and is both positively and negatively regulated by sterol molecules derived from cholesterol biosynthesis. One proposed mechanism of SLOS involves SMO dysregulation by altered sterol levels, but the salient sterol species has not been identified. Here, we clarify the relationship between disrupted cholesterol metabolism and reduced SHH signalling in SLOS by modelling the disorder in vitro. Our results indicate that a deficit in cholesterol, as opposed to an accumulation of 7DHC, impairs SMO activation and its localization to the primary cilium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Blassberg
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - James I Macrae
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - James Briscoe
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - John Jacob
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Level 6, West Wing, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK, Department of Neurology, Milton Keynes Hospital, Standing Way, Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire MK6 5LD, UK and Department of Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
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99
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Arensdorf AM, Marada S, Ogden SK. Smoothened Regulation: A Tale of Two Signals. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2015; 37:62-72. [PMID: 26432668 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) Smoothened (Smo) is the signal transducer of the developmentally and therapeutically relevant Hedgehog (Hh) pathway. Although recent structural analyses have advanced our understanding of Smo biology, several questions remain. Chief among them are the identity of its natural ligand, the regulatory processes controlling its activation, and the mechanisms by which it signals to downstream effectors. In this review, we discuss recent discoveries from multiple model systems that have set the stage for solving these mysteries. We focus on the roles of distinct Smo functional domains, post-translational modifications, and trafficking, and conclude by discussing their contributions to signal output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Arensdorf
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place MS#340, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Suresh Marada
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place MS#340, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Stacey K Ogden
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place MS#340, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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100
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Mohapatra P, Satapathy SR, Siddharth S, Das D, Nayak A, Kundu CN. Resveratrol and curcumin synergistically induces apoptosis in cigarette smoke condensate transformed breast epithelial cells through a p21(Waf1/Cip1) mediated inhibition of Hh-Gli signaling. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 66:75-84. [PMID: 26212257 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Combination therapy using two or more small molecule inhibitors of aberrant signaling cascade in aggressive breast cancers is a promising therapeutic strategy over traditional monotherapeutic approaches. Here, we have studied the synergistic mechanism of resveratrol and curcumin induced apoptosis using in vitro (cigarette smoke condensate mediated transformed breast epithelial cell, MCF-10A-Tr) and in vivo (tumor xenograft mice) model system. Resveratrol exposure increased the intracellular uptake of curcumin in a dose dependent manner and caused apoptosis in MCF-10A-Tr cells. Approximately, ten fold lower IC50 value was noted in cells treated with the combination of resveratrol (3μM) and curcumin (3μM) in comparison to 30μM of resveratrol or curcumin alone. Resveratrol+curcumin combination caused apoptosis by increasing Bax/Bcl-xL ratio, Cytochrome C release, cleaved product of PARP and caspase 3 in cells. Interestingly, this combination unaltered the protein expressions of WNT-TCF and Notch signaling components, β-catenin and cleaved notch-1 val1744, respectively. Furthermore, the combination also significantly decreased the intermediates of Hedgehog-Gli cascade including SMO, SHH, Gli-1, c-MYC, Cyclin-D1, etc. and increased the level of p21(Waf/Cip1) in vitro and in vivo. A significant reduction of Gli- promoter activity was noted in combinational drug treated cells in comparison to individual drug treatment. Un-alteration of the expressions of the above proteins and Gli1 promoter activity in p21(Waf/Cip1) knockout cells suggests this combination caused apoptosis through p21(Waf/Cip1). Thus, our findings revealed resveratrol and curcumin synergistically caused apoptosis in cigarette smoke induced breast cancer cells through p2(Waf/Cip1) mediated inhibition of Hedgehog-Gli cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purusottam Mohapatra
- Cancer Biology Division, KIIT School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Campus-11, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, 751024, India
| | - Shakti Ranjan Satapathy
- Cancer Biology Division, KIIT School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Campus-11, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, 751024, India
| | - Sumit Siddharth
- Cancer Biology Division, KIIT School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Campus-11, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, 751024, India
| | - Dipon Das
- Cancer Biology Division, KIIT School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Campus-11, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, 751024, India
| | - Anmada Nayak
- Cancer Biology Division, KIIT School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Campus-11, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, 751024, India
| | - Chanakya Nath Kundu
- Cancer Biology Division, KIIT School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Campus-11, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, 751024, India.
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