51
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Bancroft J, Holder J, Geraghty Z, Alfonso-Pérez T, Murphy D, Barr FA, Gruneberg U. PP1 promotes cyclin B destruction and the metaphase-anaphase transition by dephosphorylating CDC20. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:2315-2330. [PMID: 32755477 PMCID: PMC7851957 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-04-0252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis of cyclin B and securin initiates sister chromatid segregation and anaphase. The anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome and its coactivator CDC20 (APC/CCDC20) form the main ubiquitin E3 ligase for these two proteins. APC/CCDC20 is regulated by CDK1-cyclin B and counteracting PP1 and PP2A family phosphatases through modulation of both activating and inhibitory phosphorylation. Here, we report that PP1 promotes cyclin B destruction at the onset of anaphase by removing specific inhibitory phosphorylation in the N-terminus of CDC20. Depletion or chemical inhibition of PP1 stabilizes cyclin B and results in a pronounced delay at the metaphase-to-anaphase transition after chromosome alignment. This requirement for PP1 is lost in cells expressing CDK1 phosphorylation-defective CDC206A mutants. These CDC206A cells show a normal spindle checkpoint response and rapidly destroy cyclin B once all chromosomes have aligned and enter into anaphase in the absence of PP1 activity. PP1 therefore facilitates the metaphase-to-anaphase transition by promoting APC/CCDC20-dependent destruction of cyclin B in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Bancroft
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - James Holder
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Zoë Geraghty
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | | | - Daniel Murphy
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Francis A. Barr
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Ulrike Gruneberg
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
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52
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Mitotic ER Exit Site Disassembly and Reassembly Are Regulated by the Phosphorylation Status of TANGO1. Dev Cell 2020; 55:237-250.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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53
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HIV-1 Vif Triggers Cell Cycle Arrest by Degrading Cellular PPP2R5 Phospho-regulators. Cell Rep 2020; 29:1057-1065.e4. [PMID: 31665623 PMCID: PMC6903395 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.09.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 Vif hijacks a cellular ubiquitin ligase complex to degrade antiviral APOBEC3 enzymes and PP2A phosphatase regulators (PPP2R5A–E). APOBEC3 counteraction is essential for viral pathogenesis. However, Vif also functions through an unknown mechanism to induce G2 cell cycle arrest. Here, deep mutagenesis is used to define the Vif surface required for PPP2R5 degradation and isolate a panel of separation-of-function mutants (PPP2R5 degradation-deficient and APOBEC3G degradation-proficient). Functional studies with Vif and PPP2R5 mutants were combined to demonstrate that PPP2R5 is, in fact, the target Vif degrades to induce G2 arrest. Pharmacologic and genetic approaches show that direct modulation of PP2A function or depletion of specific PPP2R5 proteins causes an indistinguishable arrest phenotype. Vif function in the cell cycle checkpoint is present in common HIV-1 subtypes worldwide and likely advantageous for viral pathogenesis. Salamango et al. discovered that the HIV-1 accessory protein Vif degrades several PP2A phospho-regulators to induce G2 cell cycle arrest. This activity is prevalent among diverse HIV-1 subtypes and global viral populations, suggesting that virus-induced G2 arrest is advantageous for pathogenesis.
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54
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Touati SA, Hofbauer L, Jones AW, Snijders AP, Kelly G, Uhlmann F. Cdc14 and PP2A Phosphatases Cooperate to Shape Phosphoproteome Dynamics during Mitotic Exit. Cell Rep 2020; 29:2105-2119.e4. [PMID: 31722221 PMCID: PMC6857435 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Temporal control over protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation is crucial for accurate chromosome segregation and for completion of the cell division cycle during exit from mitosis. In budding yeast, the Cdc14 phosphatase is thought to be a major regulator at this time, while in higher eukaryotes PP2A phosphatases take a dominant role. Here, we use time-resolved phosphoproteome analysis in budding yeast to evaluate the respective contributions of Cdc14, PP2ACdc55, and PP2ARts1. This reveals an overlapping requirement for all three phosphatases during mitotic progression. Our time-resolved phosphoproteome resource reveals how Cdc14 instructs the sequential pattern of phosphorylation changes, in part through preferential recognition of serine-based cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) substrates. PP2ACdc55 and PP2ARts1 in turn exhibit a broad substrate spectrum with some selectivity for phosphothreonines and a role for PP2ARts1 in sustaining Aurora kinase activity. These results illustrate synergy and coordination between phosphatases as they orchestrate phosphoproteome dynamics during mitotic progression. Cdc14, PP2ACdc55, and PP2ARts1 phosphatases cooperate during budding yeast mitosis Cdc14 targets serine Cdk motifs for rapid dephosphorylation PP2ACdc55 dephosphorylates Cdk and Plk substrates on threonine residues PP2ARts1 displays regulatory crosstalk with Aurora kinase
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra A Touati
- Chromosome Segregation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK.
| | - Lorena Hofbauer
- Chromosome Segregation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Andrew W Jones
- Mass Spectrometry Proteomics Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Ambrosius P Snijders
- Mass Spectrometry Proteomics Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Gavin Kelly
- Bioinformatics & Biostatistics Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Frank Uhlmann
- Chromosome Segregation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK.
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55
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Cunha-Silva S, Conde C. From the Nuclear Pore to the Fibrous Corona: A MAD Journey to Preserve Genome Stability. Bioessays 2020; 42:e2000132. [PMID: 32885448 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between kinetochores and nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) is intimate but poorly understood. Several NPC components and associated proteins are relocated to mitotic kinetochores to assist in different activities that ensure faithful chromosome segregation. Such is the case of the Mad1-c-Mad2 complex, the catalytic core of the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), a surveillance pathway that delays anaphase until all kinetochores are attached to spindle microtubules. Mad1-c-Mad2 is recruited to discrete domains of unattached kinetochores from where it promotes the rate-limiting step in the assembly of anaphase-inhibitory complexes. SAC proficiency further requires Mad1-c-Mad2 to be anchored at NPCs during interphase. However, the mechanistic relevance of this arrangement for SAC function remains ill-defined. Recent studies uncover the molecular underpinnings that coordinate the release of Mad1-c-Mad2 from NPCs with its prompt recruitment to kinetochores. Here, current knowledge on Mad1-c-Mad2 function and spatiotemporal regulation is reviewed and the critical questions that remain unanswered are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Cunha-Silva
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, 4200-135, Portugal.,IBMC, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, 4200-135, Portugal.,Programa Doutoral em Biologia Molecular e Celular (MCbiology), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Carlos Conde
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, 4200-135, Portugal.,IBMC, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, 4200-135, Portugal
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56
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Holder J, Mohammed S, Barr FA. Ordered dephosphorylation initiated by the selective proteolysis of cyclin B drives mitotic exit. eLife 2020; 9:e59885. [PMID: 32869743 PMCID: PMC7529458 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
APC/C-mediated proteolysis of cyclin B and securin promotes anaphase entry, inactivating CDK1 and permitting chromosome segregation, respectively. Reduction of CDK1 activity relieves inhibition of the CDK1-counteracting phosphatases PP1 and PP2A-B55, allowing wide-spread dephosphorylation of substrates. Meanwhile, continued APC/C activity promotes proteolysis of other mitotic regulators. Together, these activities orchestrate a complex series of events during mitotic exit. However, the relative importance of regulated proteolysis and dephosphorylation in dictating the order and timing of these events remains unclear. Using high temporal-resolution proteomics, we compare the relative extent of proteolysis and protein dephosphorylation. This reveals highly-selective rapid proteolysis of cyclin B, securin and geminin at the metaphase-anaphase transition, followed by slow proteolysis of other substrates. Dephosphorylation requires APC/C-dependent destruction of cyclin B and was resolved into PP1-dependent categories with unique sequence motifs. We conclude that dephosphorylation initiated by selective proteolysis of cyclin B drives the bulk of changes observed during mitotic exit.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Holder
- Department of Biochemistry, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Shabaz Mohammed
- Department of Biochemistry, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Francis A Barr
- Department of Biochemistry, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
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57
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Aydogan MG, Steinacker TL, Mofatteh M, Wilmott ZM, Zhou FY, Gartenmann L, Wainman A, Saurya S, Novak ZA, Wong SS, Goriely A, Boemo MA, Raff JW. An Autonomous Oscillation Times and Executes Centriole Biogenesis. Cell 2020; 181:1566-1581.e27. [PMID: 32531200 PMCID: PMC7327525 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The accurate timing and execution of organelle biogenesis is crucial for cell physiology. Centriole biogenesis is regulated by Polo-like kinase 4 (Plk4) and initiates in S-phase when a daughter centriole grows from the side of a pre-existing mother. Here, we show that a Plk4 oscillation at the base of the growing centriole initiates and times centriole biogenesis to ensure that centrioles grow at the right time and to the right size. The Plk4 oscillation is normally entrained to the cell-cycle oscillator but can run autonomously of it-potentially explaining why centrioles can duplicate independently of cell-cycle progression. Mathematical modeling indicates that the Plk4 oscillation can be generated by a time-delayed negative feedback loop in which Plk4 inactivates the interaction with its centriolar receptor through multiple rounds of phosphorylation. We hypothesize that similar organelle-specific oscillations could regulate the timing and execution of organelle biogenesis more generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa G Aydogan
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK.
| | - Thomas L Steinacker
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Mohammad Mofatteh
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Zachary M Wilmott
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK; Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Felix Y Zhou
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Lisa Gartenmann
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Alan Wainman
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Saroj Saurya
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Zsofia A Novak
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Siu-Shing Wong
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Alain Goriely
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Michael A Boemo
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK.
| | - Jordan W Raff
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK.
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58
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Kruse T, Gnosa SP, Nasa I, Garvanska DH, Hein JB, Nguyen H, Samsøe-Petersen J, Lopez-Mendez B, Hertz EPT, Schwarz J, Pena HS, Nikodemus D, Kveiborg M, Kettenbach AN, Nilsson J. Mechanisms of site-specific dephosphorylation and kinase opposition imposed by PP2A regulatory subunits. EMBO J 2020; 39:e103695. [PMID: 32400009 PMCID: PMC7327492 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019103695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PP2A is an essential protein phosphatase that regulates most cellular processes through the formation of holoenzymes containing distinct regulatory B‐subunits. Only a limited number of PP2A‐regulated phosphorylation sites are known. This hampers our understanding of the mechanisms of site‐specific dephosphorylation and of its tumor suppressor functions. Here, we develop phosphoproteomic strategies for global substrate identification of PP2A‐B56 and PP2A‐B55 holoenzymes. Strikingly, we find that B‐subunits directly affect the dephosphorylation site preference of the PP2A catalytic subunit, resulting in unique patterns of kinase opposition. For PP2A‐B56, these patterns are further modulated by affinity and position of B56 binding motifs. Our screens identify phosphorylation sites in the cancer target ADAM17 that are regulated through a conserved B56 binding site. Binding of PP2A‐B56 to ADAM17 protease decreases growth factor signaling and tumor development in mice. This work provides a roadmap for the identification of phosphatase substrates and reveals unexpected mechanisms governing PP2A dephosphorylation site specificity and tumor suppressor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kruse
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sebastian Peter Gnosa
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Isha Nasa
- Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.,Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Dimitriya Hristoforova Garvanska
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jamin B Hein
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hieu Nguyen
- Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.,Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Jacob Samsøe-Petersen
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Blanca Lopez-Mendez
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emil Peter Thrane Hertz
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jeanette Schwarz
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hanna Sofia Pena
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Denise Nikodemus
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marie Kveiborg
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Arminja N Kettenbach
- Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.,Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Jakob Nilsson
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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59
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Wang X, Garvanska DH, Nasa I, Ueki Y, Zhang G, Kettenbach AN, Peti W, Nilsson J, Page R. A dynamic charge-charge interaction modulates PP2A:B56 substrate recruitment. eLife 2020; 9:55966. [PMID: 32195664 PMCID: PMC7108865 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The recruitment of substrates by the ser/thr protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is poorly understood, limiting our understanding of PP2A-regulated signaling. Recently, the first PP2A:B56 consensus binding motif, LxxIxE, was identified. However, most validated LxxIxE motifs bind PP2A:B56 with micromolar affinities, suggesting that additional motifs exist to enhance PP2A:B56 binding. Here, we report the requirement of a positively charged motif in a subset of PP2A:B56 interactors, including KIF4A, to facilitate B56 binding via dynamic, electrostatic interactions. Using molecular and cellular experiments, we show that a conserved, negatively charged groove on B56 mediates dynamic binding. We also discovered that this positively charged motif, in addition to facilitating KIF4A dephosphorylation, is essential for condensin I binding, a function distinct and exclusive from PP2A-B56 binding. Together, these results reveal how dynamic, charge-charge interactions fine-tune the interactions mediated by specific motifs, providing a new framework for understanding how PP2A regulation drives cellular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinru Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, United States
| | - Dimitriya H Garvanska
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Isha Nasa
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, United States
| | - Yumi Ueki
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gang Zhang
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Arminja N Kettenbach
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, United States.,Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, United States
| | - Wolfgang Peti
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, United States
| | - Jakob Nilsson
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rebecca Page
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, United States
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60
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Keating L, Touati SA, Wassmann K. A PP2A-B56-Centered View on Metaphase-to-Anaphase Transition in Mouse Oocyte Meiosis I. Cells 2020; 9:E390. [PMID: 32046180 PMCID: PMC7072534 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Meiosis is required to reduce to haploid the diploid genome content of a cell, generating gametes-oocytes and sperm-with the correct number of chromosomes. To achieve this goal, two specialized cell divisions without intermediate S-phase are executed in a time-controlled manner. In mammalian female meiosis, these divisions are error-prone. Human oocytes have an exceptionally high error rate that further increases with age, with significant consequences for human fertility. To understand why errors in chromosome segregation occur at such high rates in oocytes, it is essential to understand the molecular players at work controlling these divisions. In this review, we look at the interplay of kinase and phosphatase activities at the transition from metaphase-to-anaphase for correct segregation of chromosomes. We focus on the activity of PP2A-B56, a key phosphatase for anaphase onset in both mitosis and meiosis. We start by introducing multiple roles PP2A-B56 occupies for progression through mitosis, before laying out whether or not the same principles may apply to the first meiotic division in oocytes, and describing the known meiosis-specific roles of PP2A-B56 and discrepancies with mitotic cell cycle regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonor Keating
- Mammalian Oocyte Meiosis (MOM) UMR7622, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France; (L.K.); (S.A.T.)
- CNRS UMR7622 Developmental Biology Lab, Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Sandra A. Touati
- Mammalian Oocyte Meiosis (MOM) UMR7622, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France; (L.K.); (S.A.T.)
- CNRS UMR7622 Developmental Biology Lab, Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Katja Wassmann
- Mammalian Oocyte Meiosis (MOM) UMR7622, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France; (L.K.); (S.A.T.)
- CNRS UMR7622 Developmental Biology Lab, Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
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61
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Trebacz M, Wang Y, Makotta L, Henschke L, Köhn M. Development of a Photoactivatable Protein Phosphatase-1-Disrupting Peptide. J Org Chem 2019; 85:1712-1717. [PMID: 31841001 PMCID: PMC7011174 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
![]()
We describe here the development of a photoreleasable
version of
a protein phosphatase-1 (PP1)-disrupting peptide (PDP-Nal) that triggers protein phosphatase-1 activity. PDP-Nal is a 23 mer that binds to PP1 through several interactions. It was
photocaged on a tyrosine residue, which required the exchange of phenylalanine
in PDP-Nal to tyrosine in order to disrupt the most
important binding interface. This PDP-caged can
be light-controlled in live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Trebacz
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biology III , University of Freiburg , Schänzlestraße 18 , 79104 Freiburg , Germany.,Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS , University of Freiburg , 79104 Freiburg , Germany.,European Molecular Biology Laboratory , Genome Biology Unit, Meyerhofstraße 1 , 69117 Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Yansong Wang
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory , Genome Biology Unit, Meyerhofstraße 1 , 69117 Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Leslie Makotta
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory , Genome Biology Unit, Meyerhofstraße 1 , 69117 Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Lars Henschke
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory , Genome Biology Unit, Meyerhofstraße 1 , 69117 Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Maja Köhn
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biology III , University of Freiburg , Schänzlestraße 18 , 79104 Freiburg , Germany.,Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS , University of Freiburg , 79104 Freiburg , Germany.,European Molecular Biology Laboratory , Genome Biology Unit, Meyerhofstraße 1 , 69117 Heidelberg , Germany
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62
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Lemmens B, Lindqvist A. DNA replication and mitotic entry: A brake model for cell cycle progression. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:3892-3902. [PMID: 31712253 PMCID: PMC6891093 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201909032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lemmens and Lindqvist discuss how DNA replication and mitosis are coordinated and propose a cell cycle model controlled by brakes. The core function of the cell cycle is to duplicate the genome and divide the duplicated DNA into two daughter cells. These processes need to be carefully coordinated, as cell division before DNA replication is complete leads to genome instability and cell death. Recent observations show that DNA replication, far from being only a consequence of cell cycle progression, plays a key role in coordinating cell cycle activities. DNA replication, through checkpoint kinase signaling, restricts the activity of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) that promote cell division. The S/G2 transition is therefore emerging as a crucial regulatory step to determine the timing of mitosis. Here we discuss recent observations that redefine the coupling between DNA replication and cell division and incorporate these insights into an updated cell cycle model for human cells. We propose a cell cycle model based on a single trigger and sequential releases of three molecular brakes that determine the kinetics of CDK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bennie Lemmens
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet and Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Arne Lindqvist
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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63
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Multiple Functions of the Essential Gene PpV in Drosophila Early Development. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2019; 9:3583-3593. [PMID: 31484673 PMCID: PMC6829155 DOI: 10.1534/g3.119.400662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Protein phosphatase V (PpV) encodes the Drosophila homolog of the evolutionarily conserved Protein Phosphatase 6 (PP6). The physiological and developmental functions of PpV/PP6 have not been well characterized due to lack of a genetically defined mutant. Here, we identified a PpV non-sense mutation and describe multiple mutant phenotypes in oogenesis and early embryogenesis. Specifically, we found that the defects in chromosome segregation during nuclear cycles are related to AuroraA function, which is consistent with the interaction of PP6 and AuroraA in mammalian cells. Surprisingly, we also identified a PpV function specifically in blastoderm cell cycle but not in cell proliferation in the follicle epithelium or larval wing imaginal discs. Embryos from PpV germline clones frequently undergo an extra nuclear division cycle. By epistasis analysis, we found that PpV functions in parallel with tribbles, but independently of auroraA for the remodeling of the nuclear cycles. Taken together, this study reports novel developmental functions of PpV and provides a framework for further genetic analysis under physiological conditions.
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64
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Holder J, Poser E, Barr FA. Getting out of mitosis: spatial and temporal control of mitotic exit and cytokinesis by PP1 and PP2A. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:2908-2924. [PMID: 31494926 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Here, we will review the evidence showing that mitotic exit is initiated by regulated proteolysis and then driven by the PPP family of phosphoserine/threonine phosphatases. Rapid APC/CCDC20 and ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis of cyclin B and securin initiates sister chromatid separation, the first step of mitotic exit. Because proteolysis of Aurora and Polo family kinases dependent on APC/CCDH1 is relatively slow, this creates a new regulatory state, anaphase, different to G2 and M-phase. We will discuss how the CDK1-counteracting phosphatases PP1 and PP2A-B55, together with Aurora and Polo kinases, contribute to the temporal regulation and order of events in the different stages of mitotic exit from anaphase to cytokinesis. For PP2A-B55, these timing properties are created by the ENSA-dependent inhibitory pathway and differential recognition of phosphoserine and phosphothreonine. Finally, we will discuss how Aurora B and PP2A-B56 are needed for the spatial regulation of anaphase spindle formation and how APC/C-dependent destruction of PLK1 acts as a timer for abscission, the final event of cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Holder
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Elena Poser
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, UK
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A Consensus Binding Motif for the PP4 Protein Phosphatase. Mol Cell 2019; 76:953-964.e6. [PMID: 31585692 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2019.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic protein phosphorylation constitutes a fundamental regulatory mechanism in all organisms. Phosphoprotein phosphatase 4 (PP4) is a conserved and essential nuclear serine and threonine phosphatase. Despite the importance of PP4, general principles of substrate selection are unknown, hampering the study of signal regulation by this phosphatase. Here, we identify and thoroughly characterize a general PP4 consensus-binding motif, the FxxP motif. X-ray crystallography studies reveal that FxxP motifs bind to a conserved pocket in the PP4 regulatory subunit PPP4R3. Systems-wide in silico searches integrated with proteomic analysis of PP4 interacting proteins allow us to identify numerous FxxP motifs in proteins controlling a range of fundamental cellular processes. We identify an FxxP motif in the cohesin release factor WAPL and show that this regulates WAPL phosphorylation status and is required for efficient cohesin release. Collectively our work uncovers basic principles of PP4 specificity with broad implications for understanding phosphorylation-mediated signaling in cells.
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66
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Hayward D, Alfonso-Pérez T, Gruneberg U. Orchestration of the spindle assembly checkpoint by CDK1-cyclin B1. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:2889-2907. [PMID: 31469407 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In mitosis, the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) monitors the formation of microtubule-kinetochore attachments during capture of chromosomes by the mitotic spindle. Spindle assembly is complete once there are no longer any unattached kinetochores. Here, we will discuss the mechanism and key components of spindle checkpoint signalling. Unattached kinetochores bind the principal spindle checkpoint kinase monopolar spindle 1 (MPS1). MPS1 triggers the recruitment of other spindle checkpoint proteins and the formation of a soluble inhibitor of anaphase, thus preventing exit from mitosis. On microtubule attachment, kinetochores become checkpoint silent due to the actions of PP2A-B56 and PP1. This SAC responsive period has to be coordinated with mitotic spindle formation to ensure timely mitotic exit and accurate chromosome segregation. We focus on the molecular mechanisms by which the SAC permissive state is created, describing a central role for CDK1-cyclin B1 and its counteracting phosphatase PP2A-B55. Furthermore, we discuss how CDK1-cyclin B1, through its interaction with MAD1, acts as an integral component of the SAC, and actively orchestrates checkpoint signalling and thus contributes to the faithful execution of mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hayward
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, UK
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67
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Interplay between Phosphatases and the Anaphase-Promoting Complex/Cyclosome in Mitosis. Cells 2019; 8:cells8080814. [PMID: 31382469 PMCID: PMC6721574 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate division of cells into two daughters is a process that is vital to propagation of life. Protein phosphorylation and selective degradation have emerged as two important mechanisms safeguarding the delicate choreography of mitosis. Protein phosphatases catalyze dephosphorylation of thousands of sites on proteins, steering the cells through establishment of the mitotic phase and exit from it. A large E3 ubiquitin ligase, the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) becomes active during latter stages of mitosis through G1 and marks hundreds of proteins for destruction. Recent studies have revealed the complex interregulation between these two classes of enzymes. In this review, we highlight the direct and indirect mechanisms by which phosphatases and the APC/C mutually influence each other to ensure accurate spatiotemporal and orderly progression through mitosis, with a particular focus on recent insights and conceptual advances.
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68
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Moura M, Conde C. Phosphatases in Mitosis: Roles and Regulation. Biomolecules 2019; 9:E55. [PMID: 30736436 PMCID: PMC6406801 DOI: 10.3390/biom9020055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitosis requires extensive rearrangement of cellular architecture and of subcellular structures so that replicated chromosomes can bind correctly to spindle microtubules and segregate towards opposite poles. This process originates two new daughter nuclei with equal genetic content and relies on highly-dynamic and tightly regulated phosphorylation of numerous cell cycle proteins. A burst in protein phosphorylation orchestrated by several conserved kinases occurs as cells go into and progress through mitosis. The opposing dephosphorylation events are catalyzed by a small set of protein phosphatases, whose importance for the accuracy of mitosis is becoming increasingly appreciated. This review will focus on the established and emerging roles of mitotic phosphatases, describe their structural and biochemical properties, and discuss recent advances in understanding the regulation of phosphatase activity and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Moura
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.
- Programa Doutoral em Biologia Molecular e Celular (MCbiology), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Carlos Conde
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.
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