51
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Abstract
In this issue of Immunity, Brodeur et al. show that C4b binding protein (C4BP), a regulator component of the classical complement (C) pathway, can bind to CD40 receptors on B cells and activate them. This suggests a novel way by which CD40 may function to bridge innate and adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward A Clark
- Department of Microbiology, Box 357242, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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52
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Foell J, Strahotin S, O'Neil SP, McCausland MM, Suwyn C, Haber M, Chander PN, Bapat AS, Yan XJ, Chiorazzi N, Hoffmann MK, Mittler RS. CD137 costimulatory T cell receptor engagement reverses acute disease in lupus-prone NZB x NZW F1 mice. J Clin Invest 2003; 111:1505-18. [PMID: 12750400 PMCID: PMC155050 DOI: 10.1172/jci17662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a CD4(+) T cell-dependent, immune complex-mediated, autoimmune disease that primarily affects women of childbearing age. Generation of high-titer affinity-matured IgG autoantibodies, specific for double-stranded DNA and other nuclear antigens, coincides with disease progression. Current forms of treatment of SLE including glucocorticosteroids are often inadequate and induce severe side effects. Immunological approaches for treating SLE in mice using anti-CD4 mAb's or CTLA4-Ig and anti-CD154 mAb's have proven to be effective. However, like steroid treatment, these regimens induce global immunosuppression, and their withdrawal allows for disease progression. In this report we show that lupus-prone NZB x NZW F(1) mice given three injections of anti-CD137 (4-1BB) mAb's between 26 and 35 weeks of age reversed acute disease, blocked chronic disease, and extended the mice's lifespan from 10 months to more than 2 years. Autoantibody production in recipients was rapidly suppressed without inducing immunosuppression. Successful treatment could be traced to the fact that NZB x NZW F(1) mice, regardless of their age or disease status, could not maintain pathogenic IgG autoantibody production in the absence of continuous CD4(+) T cell help. Our data support the hypothesis that CD137-mediated signaling anergized CD4(+) T cells during priming at the DC interface.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Antibodies, Antinuclear/blood
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibody Formation/drug effects
- Antigens, CD
- Autoantibodies/blood
- Autoantibodies/drug effects
- B-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
- Chronic Disease
- Crosses, Genetic
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/transplantation
- Disease Models, Animal
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Immunoglobulin M/blood
- Interleukin-2/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-4/biosynthesis
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/blood
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/drug therapy
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred NZB
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Proteinuria/prevention & control
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/immunology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/immunology
- Treatment Outcome
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 9
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Affiliation(s)
- Juergen Foell
- Department of Surgery and Emory Vaccine Center, School of Medicine, School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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53
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Foell J, Strahotin S, O’Neil SP, McCausland MM, Suwyn C, Haber M, Chander PN, Bapat AS, Yan XJ, Chiorazzi N, Hoffmann MK, Mittler RS. CD137 costimulatory T cell receptor engagement reverses acute disease in lupus-prone NZB × NZW F1 mice. J Clin Invest 2003. [DOI: 10.1172/jci200317662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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54
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Fujii T, Okada M, Mimori T, Craft J. The transmembrane form of TNF-alpha drives autoantibody production in the absence of CD154: studies using MRL/Mp-Fas(lpr) mice. Clin Exp Immunol 2002; 130:224-32. [PMID: 12390309 PMCID: PMC1906522 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2002.01982.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It is generally accepted that the interaction between CD40 and its ligand (CD154) plays a decisive role in contact-dependent help for T and B cells. In CD154-deficient MRL/Mp-Fas(lpr) (MRL/lpr) mice, however, high titres of IgG2a-type autoantibodies against small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs) are observed. We successfully isolated two CD154-deficient MRL/lpr Th1 lines, which could provide B cell help for anti-snRNP antibody production. The proliferative responses of the Th1 cell lines were MHC class II (I-Ek)-restricted. Although syngeneic B cell proliferation was induced by Th1 lines in both a contact-dependent and -independent manner, the soluble form of TNF-alpha (sTNF-alpha) was not involved in contact-independent B cell proliferation. On the other hand, both anti-TNF-alpha and TNF-receptor 2 (TNF-R2, p75) monoclonal antibody (MoAb) blocked contact-dependent B cell proliferation, suggesting that the transmembrane form of TNF-alpha (mTNF-alpha)-TNF-R2 co-stimulation participates in B cell activation. Similarly, anti-TNF-alpha and TNF-R2 MoAb inhibited anti-snRNP antibody production in vitro, but anti-CD154 or TNF-R1 MoAb did not. These results indicate that the interaction of mTNF-alpha on activated Th1 cells with TNF-R2 on B cells may be involved in the autoimmunity seen in MRL mice, and that the blockade of CD40-CD154 co-stimulation may not always be able to suppress some Th1-related manifestations of lupus.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Antinuclear/biosynthesis
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD40 Ligand/genetics
- CD40 Ligand/physiology
- Cell Line
- Cells, Cultured
- Coculture Techniques
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Lymphocyte Cooperation
- Membrane Proteins/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred MRL lpr
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/analysis
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/immunology
- Ribonucleoproteins, Small Nuclear/immunology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/chemistry
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- T Fujii
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, USA.
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55
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Zhai Y, Meng L, Gao F, Busuttil RW, Kupiec-Weglinski JW. Allograft rejection by primed/memory CD8+ T cells is CD154 blockade resistant: therapeutic implications for sensitized transplant recipients. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:4667-73. [PMID: 12370407 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.8.4667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We have shown that CD8(+) CTLs are the key mediators of accelerated rejection, and that CD8(+) T cells represent the prime targets of CD154 blockade in sensitized mouse recipients of cardiac allografts. However, the current protocols require CD154 blockade at the time of sensitization, whereas delayed treatment fails to affect graft rejection in sensitized recipients. To elucidate the mechanisms of costimulation blockade-resistant rejection and to improve the efficacy of CD154-targeted therapy, we found that alloreactive CD8(+) T cells were activated despite the CD154 blockade in sensitized hosts. Comparative CD8 T cell activation study in naive vs primed hosts has shown that although both naive and primed/memory CD8(+) T cells relied on the CD28 costimulation for their activation, only naive, not primed/memory, CD8(+) T cells depend on CD154 signaling to differentiate into CTL effector cells. Adjunctive therapy was designed accordingly to deplete primed/memory CD8(+) T cells before the CD154 blockade. Indeed, unlike anti-CD154 monotherapy, transient depletion of CD8(+) T cells around the time of cardiac engraftment significantly improved the efficacy of delayed CD154 blockade in sensitized hosts. Hence, this report provides evidence for 1) differential requirement of CD154 costimulation signals for naive vs primed/memory CD8(+) T cells, and 2) successful treatment of clinically relevant sensitized recipients to achieve stable long term graft acceptance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhai
- Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Dumont-University of California Transplant Center, University of California School of Medicine, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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56
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Liang L, Porter EM, Sha WC. Constitutive expression of the B7h ligand for inducible costimulator on naive B cells is extinguished after activation by distinct B cell receptor and interleukin 4 receptor-mediated pathways and can be rescued by CD40 signaling. J Exp Med 2002; 196:97-108. [PMID: 12093874 PMCID: PMC2194020 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20020298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The recently described ligand-receptor pair, B7h-inducible costimulator (ICOS), is critical for germinal center formation and antibody responses. In contrast to the induced expression of the related costimulatory ligands B7.1 and B7.2, B7h is constitutively expressed on naive B cells and is surprisingly extinguished after antigen engagement and interleukin (IL)-4 cytokine signaling. Although signaling through both B cell receptor (BCR) and IL-4 receptor (R) converge on the extinction of B7h mRNA levels, BCR down-regulation occurs through Ca2+ mobilization, whereas IL-4R down-regulation occurs through a distinct Stat6-dependent pathway. During antigen-specific B cell activation, costimulation through CD40 signaling can reverse both BCR- and IL-4R-mediated B7h down-regulation. These data suggest that the CD40-CD40 ligand signaling pathway regulates B7h expression on activated B cells and may control whether antigen-activated B cells can express B7h and costimulate cognate antigen-activated T cells through ICOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Liang
- Division of Immunology, Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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57
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Abstract
Hyper-IgM (HIM) syndrome is a rare immunodeficiency characterized by low or absent IgG, IgA, and IgE with normal or elevated levels of IgM. This disorder can be acquired or familial with either X-linked or autosomal patterns of inheritance. The X-linked form of the disease is a consequence of mutations in the CD40 ligand (CD40L) gene that encodes a protein expressed primarily on activated CD4+ T cells. The cognate interaction between CD40L on T cells and CD40 on antigen-stimulated B cells, macrophage, and dendritic cells is critical for the development of a comprehensive immune response. The non-X-linked form of HIM syndrome is heterogeneous and appears in some cases to be a consequence of mutations in the AlD gene which encodes a B cell specific protein required for class switch recombination, somatic mutation, and germinal center formation. However, mutations in other unidentified genes are clearly the basis of the disease in a subset of patients. In this article, we review the essential features of the X-linked and non-X-linked forms of HIM syndrome and discuss the critical role the CD40:CD40L receptor-ligand pair plays in the pathogenesis of these immune deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bhushan
- Dept. of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway 08854, USA
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58
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Chatenoud L. The use of monoclonal antibodies to restore self-tolerance in established autoimmunity. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2002; 31:457-75, ix. [PMID: 12092461 DOI: 10.1016/s0889-8529(01)00018-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The author hopes to convince the reader that the data presented argue for a stage during the development of IDDM when beta-cell destruction can be counteracted and tolerance to beta cells restored, provided the immune aggression is arrested. This argument constitutes a solid rationale for immunointervention in established IDDM, especially by using potent agents such as CD3. The future for the application of monoclonal antibodies not only in autoimmunity but also in transplantation is exiting. With the development of humanized monoclonal antibodies, therapeutic uses for them are likely to expand. Enormous progress has been made in the last 15 years, and it is likely that before a similar time period has elapsed, monoclonal antibodies will have become standard tools that will dispense the need for long-term immunosuppression and its inherent dangers in various clinical arenas.
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59
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Chen X, Laur O, Kambayashi T, Li S, Bray RA, Weber DA, Karlsson L, Jensen PE. Regulated expression of human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DO during antigen-dependent and antigen-independent phases of B cell development. J Exp Med 2002; 195:1053-62. [PMID: 11956296 PMCID: PMC2193689 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20012066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DO, a lysosomal resident major histocompatibility complex class II molecule expressed in B cells, has previously been shown to be a negative regulator of HLA-DM peptide loading function. We analyze the expression of DO in human peripheral blood, lymph node, tonsil, and bone marrow to determine if DO expression is modulated in the physiological setting. B cells, but not monocytes or monocyte-derived dendritic cells, are observed to express this protein. Preclearing experiments demonstrate that approximately 50% of HLA-DM is bound to DO in peripheral blood B cells. HLA-DM and HLA-DR expression is demonstrated early in B cell development, beginning at the pro-B stage in adult human bone marrow. In contrast, DO expression is initiated only after B cell development is complete. In all situations, there is a striking correlation between intracellular DO expression and cell surface class II-associated invariant chain peptide expression, which suggests that DO substantially inhibits DM function in primary human B cells. We report that the expression of DO is markedly downmodulated in human germinal center B cells. Modulation of DO expression may provide a mechanism to regulate peptide loading activity and antigen presentation by B cells during the development of humoral immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjian Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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60
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Burkly LC. CD40 pathway blockade as an approach to immunotherapy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2002; 489:135-52. [PMID: 11554588 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1277-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antigen Presentation
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- Arteriosclerosis/immunology
- Arteriosclerosis/therapy
- Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
- Autoimmune Diseases/therapy
- CD40 Antigens/genetics
- CD40 Antigens/immunology
- CD40 Ligand/genetics
- CD40 Ligand/immunology
- CD40 Ligand/physiology
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/biosynthesis
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/genetics
- Cell Communication/immunology
- Chemotaxis/physiology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/therapy
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Graft Rejection/prevention & control
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/cytology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/immunology
- Humans
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Lymphocyte Cooperation/immunology
- Macaca fascicularis
- Mice
- Models, Immunological
- Multigene Family
- Pulmonary Fibrosis/immunology
- Pulmonary Fibrosis/therapy
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Stromal Cells/cytology
- Stromal Cells/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- Virus Diseases/immunology
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61
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Jeurissen A, Wuyts M, Kasran A, Ramdien-Murli S, Boon L, Ceuppens JL, Bossuyt X. Essential role for CD40 ligand interactions in T lymphocyte-mediated modulation of the murine immune response to pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:2773-81. [PMID: 11884445 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.6.2773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Protection against infection with pneumococci is provided by anti-capsular polysaccharide (caps-PS) Abs. We investigated whether CD40 ligand (CD40L) plays a role in T lymphocyte-mediated regulation of the immune response to caps-PS, which are considered thymus-independent Ags. Administration of MR1, an antagonist mAb against murine CD40L, in BALB/c mice immunized with Pneumovax resulted in an inhibition of the IgM and IgG Ab response for various caps-PS serotypes. Evidence for the involvement of CD4(+) T lymphocytes in the Ab response to caps-PS was obtained in SCID/SCID mice that, when reconstituted with B lymphocytes and CD4(+) T lymphocytes, mounted a higher specific IgM response compared with SCID/SCID mice reconstituted with only B lymphocytes. This helper effect of CD4(+) T lymphocytes was abrogated by MR1. Blocking CD40L in vitro decreased the IgM response to caps-PS and abolished the helper effect of CD4(+) T lymphocytes. CD8(+) T lymphocyte-depleted murine spleen cells mounted a higher in vivo immune response than total murine spleen cells, which provided evidence for a suppressive role of CD8(+) T lymphocytes on the anti-caps-PS immune response. CD4(+) T lymphocyte-depleted murine spleen cells, leaving a B and CD8(+) T lymphocyte fraction, elicited only a weak in vivo and in vitro Ab response, which was enhanced after MR1 administration. In summary, our data provide evidence that T lymphocytes contribute to the regulation of the anti-caps-PS immune response in a CD40L-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Jeurissen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Laboratory of Experimental Laboratory Medicine, Catholic University Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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62
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Chung JB, Sater RA, Fields ML, Erikson J, Monroe JG. CD23 defines two distinct subsets of immature B cells which differ in their responses to T cell help signals. Int Immunol 2002; 14:157-66. [PMID: 11809735 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/14.2.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Transitional immature B cells undergo apoptosis and fail to proliferate in response to BCR cross-linking, thus representing a target for negative selection of potentially autoreactive B cells in vivo. In agreement with recent reports, transitional B cells were divided into developmentally contiguous subsets based on their surface expression of CD23. When transferred, CD23(+) transitional B cells readily localized to the splenic follicles and the outer PALS. Compared with CD23(-) transitional B cells, CD23(+) transitional B cells proliferated more vigorously and were rescued from BCR-induced apoptosis to a greater degree, by T cell help signals. However, both CD23(-) and CD23(+) transitional B cells failed to up-regulate CD86 (B7-2) in response to BCR ligation. These findings demonstrate that phenotypically defined subsets within the transitional B cell population are functionally distinct. Specifically, responsiveness to T cell help is a late acquisition corresponding to the stage when the B cells gain access to peripheral compartments enriched in antigen and activated T cells. The failure of transitional B cells to up-regulate CD86 to BCR-mediated stimulation suggests a unique interaction between transitional B cells and T cells with implications for tolerance in the T cell compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Chung
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, 311 BRB II/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, USA
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63
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Webber NP, Mascarenhas JO, Crow MK, Bussel J, Schattner EJ. Functional properties of lymphocytes in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Hum Immunol 2001; 62:1346-55. [PMID: 11756003 DOI: 10.1016/s0198-8859(01)00348-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic or immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is characterized by antibody-mediated destruction of platelets. The etiology is unknown. We postulated that increased autoantibody production in ITP might be attributable to either increased or prolonged expression of CD40 ligand (CD40L, CD154) in T or B lymphocytes, as has been previously observed in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In addition, we hypothesized that ITP is characterized by increased levels of interleukin 4 (IL-4), a prototypic Th2 cytokine which, along with CD40 ligation, is required for B cell differentiation and production of several IgG subclasses. Cell surface CD154 expression was measured in freshly-isolated and in vitro-activated peripheral blood lymphocytes of sixteen ITP patients and eight healthy volunteers. Plasma levels of IL-4 and the prototypic Th1 cytokine interferon-gamma (IFNgamma) were determined. We observed that CD154 expression in unstimulated and in vitro-activated lymphocytes did not differ between ITP patients and healthy controls. Plasma levels of the Th2 cytokine IL-4 were significantly higher in the ITP patients. These studies indicate that overexpression of CD154 in lymphocytes is unlikely to be a primary pathophysiological defect in most patients with ITP. The data support that in addition to cell membrane antigens such as CD154, soluble cytokines such as IL-4 should be considered as potential targets for therapy in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- N P Webber
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
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64
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Brams P, Black A, Padlan EA, Hariharan K, Leonard J, Chambers-Slater K, Noelle RJ, Newman R. A humanized anti-human CD154 monoclonal antibody blocks CD154-CD40 mediated human B cell activation. Int Immunopharmacol 2001; 1:277-94. [PMID: 11360929 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5769(00)00020-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Humanized anti-CD154 antibody, IDEC-131, had a slightly, but reproducibly, better binding affinity for CD154 (Kd = 5.6 nM), compared to the parent antibody 24-31 (Kd = 8.5 nM). Otherwise it was indistinguishable from the murine parent antibody in its ability to bind to CD154, block CD154 binding to CD40 and inhibit T cell-dependent B cell differentiation. The latter activity was independent of FcR binding as the Fab'1 fragment of IDEC-131 had an equivalent biological activity to that of the whole antibody. IDEC-131 blocked soluble CD154 from inducing proliferation of purified B cells, and blocked T cell dependent anti-tetanus toxoid specific antibody production by human B cells in vitro. IDEC-131, gamma1, kappa, had strong Fc gammaRI, Fc gammaRII and C1q binding, but was unable to induce complement dependent (CDC) or antibody dependent cell-cytotoxicity (ADCC) of activated peripheral blood T cells, which express relatively low levels of CD154. IDEC-131 antibody inhibited both primary and secondary antibody responses to ovalbumin in cynomolgus monkeys at a dose of 5 mg/kg. In non-immunized animals, treatment with IDEC-131 at 50 mg/kg weekly for 13 weeks induced no change in any of the measured lymphocyte subsets, including B cells, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Similarly, a safety study in chimpanzees showed no discernible safety related issues at 20 mg/kg, including B and T cell subsets. These results show that the humanized anti-CD154 antibody, IDEC-131, has retained the affinity and functional activity of its murine parent antibody, is unlikely to deplete CD154 positive lymphocytes in humans, and is safe and effective in blocking antibody production in monkeys. Based on its safety and efficacy profile, IDEC-131 is being developed for therapy of systemic lupus erythematosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Brams
- IDEC Pharmaceuticals Corporation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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65
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Park
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Franciso, Medical Center, San Franciscos, California 94115, USA
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66
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Pérez-Melgosa M, Ochs HD, Linsley PS, Laman JD, van Meurs M, Flavell RA, Ernst RK, Miller SI, Wilson CB. Carrier-mediated enhancement of cognate T cell help: the basis for enhanced immunogenicity of meningococcal outer membrane protein polysaccharide conjugate vaccine. Eur J Immunol 2001; 31:2373-81. [PMID: 11500820 DOI: 10.1002/1521-4141(200108)31:8<2373::aid-immu2373>3.0.co;2-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Haemophilus influenzae type b capsular polysaccharide (PRP) conjugate vaccines, which are thought to induce T cell-dependent antibody production, induce protective responses after a single dose in individuals under 15 months of age. However, multiple doses of these vaccines are required to induce protective antibody responses in infants, with the exception of PRP conjugated to meningococcal outer membrane proteins (OMPC), which does so after a single dose. The basis for this difference is not fully understood, although others have proposed that OMPC and porins, the major protein component of OMPC, act as adjuvants or mitogens. In this report OMPC is shown to enhance CD40 ligand-mediated, T cell-dependent antibody production in mice. This paralleled the induction by OMPC of CD86, CD80 and CD40 costimulatory molecules on human neonatal and murine B cells and of Th1 cytokines. Neither porins nor lipopolysaccharide fully reproduced the effects of OMPC. These studies indicate that OMPC acts both as carrier and adjuvant, and thereby enhances T cell-dependent antibody responses in human infants.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic
- Adult
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- B7-2 Antigen
- Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/administration & dosage
- Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Cytokines/genetics
- Flow Cytometry
- Haemophilus Vaccines/immunology
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Infant, Newborn
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Meningococcal Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Meningococcal Vaccines/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Monocytes/immunology
- Neisseria meningitidis/immunology
- Polysaccharides, Bacterial/administration & dosage
- Polysaccharides, Bacterial/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- Tetanus Toxoid/immunology
- Up-Regulation
- Vaccines, Conjugate/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Conjugate/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pérez-Melgosa
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195, USA
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67
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Leroy EM, Baize S, Debre P, Lansoud-Soukate J, Mavoungou E. Early immune responses accompanying human asymptomatic Ebola infections. Clin Exp Immunol 2001; 124:453-60. [PMID: 11472407 PMCID: PMC1906073 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2001.01517.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In a recent study we identified certain asymptomatic individuals infected by Ebola virus (EBOV) who mounted specific IgG and early and strong inflammatory responses. Here, we further characterized the primary immune response to EBOV during the course of asymptomatic infection in humans. Inflammatory responses occurred in temporal association with anti-inflammatory phase composed by soluble antagonist IL-1RA, circulating TNF receptors, IL-10 and cortisol. At the end of the inflammatory process, mRNA expression of T-cell cytokines (IL-2 and IL-4) and activation markers (CD28, CD40L and CTLA4) was up-regulated, strongly suggesting T-cell activation. This T-cell activation was followed by EBOV-specific IgG responses (mainly IgG3 ang IgG1), and by marked and sustained up-regulation of IFN gamma, FasL and perforin mRNA expression, suggesting activation of cytotoxic cells. The terminal down-regulation of these latter markers coincided with the release of the apoptotic marker 41/7 NMP in blood and with the disappearance of viral RNA from PBMC, suggesting that infected cells are eliminated by cytotoxic mechanisms. Finally, RT-PCR analysis of TCR-V beta repertoire usage showed that TCR-V beta 12 mRNA was never expressed during the infection. Taken together, these findings improve our understanding about immune response during human asymptomatic Ebola infection, and throw new light on protection against Ebola virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Leroy
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, BP 769, Franceville, Gabon.
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68
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Darmochwal-Kolarz D, Leszczynska-Gorzelak B, Rolinski J, Oleszczuk J. Pre-eclampsia affects the immunophenotype of neonates. Immunol Lett 2001; 77:67-71. [PMID: 11377699 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2478(01)00205-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We tried to estimate whether immunological changes are present in neonates born to mothers who had been suffering from pre-eclampsia. STUDY DESIGN Eighteen neonates born to mothers with severe pre-eclampsia (between 35 and 40 weeks of gestation) and 20 full-term healthy newborns (between 38 and 40 weeks of gestation) were included in the study. The lymphocytes were isolated from umbilical cord blood. The specific lymphocyte antigens were determined using direct staining with monoclonal antibodies and analysed by flow-cytometry. RESULTS We observed that neonates born to pre-eclamptic mothers had decreased percentage of T CD 3(+), CD 4(+) and T CD 8(+)28(+) (cytotoxic) lymphocytes and increased percentage CD 3(-)16/56(+) cells and CD 8(+)28(-) (suppressor) lymphocytes in comparison with newborns of healthy women. Furthermore, we found decreased CD 4: CD 8 lymphocyte ratio in the study group in comparison with the control group. We also observed that the percentage of CD 19(+)5(+), CD 4(+)8(+), CD 19(+)40(+) and CD 3(+)40L(+) lymphocytes did not differ in both studied groups. The percentage of CD 4(+)45RO(+), CD 8(+)45RO(+) memory cells was higher in neonates born to pre-eclamptic mothers when compared to controls. Moreover, the expression of CD 25 molecule was higher on T CD 8(+) and B CD 19(+) lymphocytes of neonates of pre-eclamptic mothers. CONCLUSION The alterations in the immunological parameters of neonates born to pre-eclamptic mothers can be associated with the maternal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Darmochwal-Kolarz
- Department of Clinical Immunology, University School of Medicine, 20-950, Jaczewskiego 8, Lublin, Poland.
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69
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Laning JC, Deluca JE, Isaacs And CM, Hardin-Young J. In vitro analysis of CD40-CD154 and CD28-CD80/86 interactions in the primary T-cell response to allogeneic "nonprofessional" antigen presenting cells. Transplantation 2001; 71:1467-74. [PMID: 11391237 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-200105270-00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, several ligand interactions have been examined in detail as potential mediators of costimulatory signaling. The CD154/CD40 and CD28/B7 interactions have been highlighted as being among the more-significant contributors to proper activation of unprimed T lymphocytes. Human keratinocytes (HK) and human dermal fibroblasts (HF) are capable of expressing Class II HLA and CD40 antigens after interferon-gamma exposure, yet neither express significant levels of B7. HK and HF have been characterized as "nonprofessional" antigen presenting cells (APC) and their poor APC function has been partially attributed to deficient costimulatory activity. METHODS In this study, we examined whether substituting for costimulatory signaling events through the addition of cross-linked monoclonal antibodies against the T-cell ligand/s (CD28 and/or CD154) could restore allostimulation. Mixed lymphocyte reactions were performed combining enriched human peripheral blood T cells and allogeneic HK or HF with or without stimulatory anti-CD28 and/or anti-CD154 antibodies. RESULTS The results show that the addition of anti-CD28 alone permitted HF but not HK to present alloantigen effectively. In contrast, addition of both anti-CD154 and anti-CD28 was required to generate even a moderate proliferative response to allogeneic HK. Further, adding a monomorphic anti-HLA-DR antibody substantially inhibited these responses. Additional experiments suggest that signaling through CD40/CD154 directs HK to produce TGF-beta, which would adversely affect T-cell activation. CONCLUSIONS The data presented highlight significant differences in signaling capacities for HK versus HF and provide evidence for a partial mechanism by which allogeneic human skin equivalents might be immunologically null upon engraftment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Laning
- Research and Development, Division of Immunology and Transplantation Sciences, Organogenesis Inc., Canton, MA 02021, USA
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70
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Guo J, Stolina M, Bready JV, Yin S, Horan T, Yoshinaga SK, Senaldi G. Stimulatory effects of B7-related protein-1 on cellular and humoral immune responses in mice. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:5578-84. [PMID: 11313397 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.9.5578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Inducible costimulator (ICOS) and B7-related protein-1 (B7RP-1) constitute a receptor-ligand pair involved in T cell costimulation. In this study, the stimulatory effects of B7RP-1 on cellular and humoral immune responses were investigated giving mice a construct with the extracellular domain of murine B7RP-1 fused with human IgG1 Fc (B7RP-1-Fc). B7RP-1-Fc stimulated contact hypersensitivity (CH) given near either the time of sensitization or challenge with oxazolone. When given near challenge time, B7RP-1-Fc stimulated CH more than a construct containing the extracellular domain of murine B7.2 and Fc (B7.2-Fc). B7RP-1-Fc increased the number of cells in lymph nodes draining the skin sensitized with oxazolone, especially activated T cells. B7RP-1-Fc also increased the ability of the cells in these lymph nodes to induce CH when transfused into naive mice. B7RP-1-Fc stimulated the production of anti-keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) Ab, increasing anti-KLH IgG, IgG2a, and IgE, whereas B7.2-Fc did not affect this production. B7RP-1-Fc also increased the number of cells in lymph nodes draining the skin immunized with KLH and their production of IFN-gamma, IL-4, and IL-10 in response to KLH. Finally, B7RP-1-Fc increased the presence of eosinophils in the bronchoalveolar lavage and lungs of mice sensitized and challenged with OVA so to mount an asthmatic reaction. B7RP-1-Fc stimulates both cellular and humoral immune responses in vivo by increasing number and function of T and B cells reacting to Ag exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Guo
- Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
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71
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Ying S, Humbert M, Meng Q, Pfister R, Menz G, Gould HJ, Kay AB, Durham SR. Local expression of epsilon germline gene transcripts and RNA for the epsilon heavy chain of IgE in the bronchial mucosa in atopic and nonatopic asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001; 107:686-92. [PMID: 11295659 DOI: 10.1067/mai.2001.114339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The demonstration of epsilon germline gene (Cepsilon) transcripts and mature mRNA for the epsilon heavy chain gene (Iepsilon) in the nasal mucosa suggested that IgE synthesis may occur in allergic rhinitis. OBJECTIVE In view of our previous demonstration of increases in IL-4 mRNA(+) cells in asthmatic subjects, we assessed whether local IgE synthesis may also be a feature of bronchial asthma. METHODS Fiberoptic bronchoscopic mucosa biopsy specimens were obtained from 9 atopic asthmatic subjects and 10 nonatopic normal (intrinsic) control subjects. To control for atopy, we also studied 9 nonatopic asthmatic subjects and 10 atopic nonasthmatic control subjects. Tissue was processed for immunohistochemistry for B cells (CD20) and in situ hybridization for Iepsilon and Cepsilon RNA(+) cells and IL-4 mRNA(+) cells. RESULTS B-cell numbers in the bronchial mucosa were similar for asthmatic subjects compared with control subjects, whereas significantly higher numbers of Iepsilon RNA(+) (P =.02 and P =.04, respectively), Cepsilon RNA(+) (P =.01 and P =.03, respectively), and IL-4 mRNA(+) (P =.001 and P =.001, respectively) cells were observed in atopic asthmatic subjects and nonatopic asthmatic subjects, respectively, but not in atopic control subjects compared with nonatopic control subjects. In asthmatic subjects there were significant correlations between Iepsilon RNA(+) cells (r = 0.54, P =.02) and Cepsilon RNA(+) cells (r = 0.48, P =.05) when compared with the number of IL-4 mRNA(+) cells. CONCLUSION Increases in Iepsilon and Cepsilon RNA(+) cells, but not B-cell numbers, in the bronchial mucosa provide evidence for local IgE synthesis in both atopic and nonatopic asthma. These changes appear to relate to asthma rather than atopy per se and, at least in part, may be under the regulation of IL-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ying
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Imperial College School of Medicine at the National Heart and Lung Institute, Dovehouse St., London SW3 6LY, UK
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72
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Grammer AC, Lipsky PE. CD40-mediated regulation of immune responses by TRAF-dependent and TRAF-independent signaling mechanisms. Adv Immunol 2001; 76:61-178. [PMID: 11079098 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(01)76019-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A C Grammer
- Intramural Research Program of National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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73
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Leiva LE, Butler B, Hempe J, Ortigas AP, Sorensen RU. Up-regulation of CD40 ligand and induction of a Th2 response in children immunized with pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2001; 8:233-40. [PMID: 11238201 PMCID: PMC96042 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.8.2.233-240.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We wished to determine whether pneumococcal polysaccharide antigens induce mRNA expression of CD40 ligand (CD40L) and Th1 or Th2 cytokines in unimmunized individuals in vitro and whether immunization with the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine induces changes in CD40L and cytokine mRNA expression. Children with recurrent respiratory infections were studied before and 4 to 6 weeks after receiving the pneumococcal vaccine. One patient who failed to respond to the polysaccharide vaccine subsequently received a single dose of the experimental 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Unimmunized healthy adults were included as controls. Quantification of mRNA expression of CD40L, interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-12p40, and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) was performed by reverse transcription-PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-PCR with resting and stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) anti pneumococcal antibody levels were measured by ELISA. The results showed a significant increase in the expression of mRNAs for CD40L and IL-4, but not IL-12p40 or IFN-gamma, in stimulated cultures from unimmunized individuals. CD40L and IL-4 mRNA expression was significantly higher in postimmunization than in preimmunization samples stimulated with the individual pneumococcal serotypes. These results suggest that pneumococcal polysaccharide antigens specifically up-regulate CD40L expression and induce a Th2 response in vitro which parallels the increase in IgG antipneumococcal antibody levels in serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Leiva
- Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital, 1542 Tulane Ave., New Orleans, LA 70112-2822, USA.
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74
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Siepmann K, Skok J, van Essen D, Harnett M, Gray D. Rewiring of CD40 is necessary for delivery of rescue signals to B cells in germinal centres and subsequent entry into the memory pool. Immunology 2001; 102:263-72. [PMID: 11298824 PMCID: PMC1783186 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2001.01162.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory B-cell development is impaired by in vivo blockade of the CD40-CD40 ligand (CD40L) interaction using human Fc immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1)-mouse CD40 fusion protein (CD40-Ig); however, germinal centre (GC) formation is not. We show here that the block in B-cell differentiation in these mice is at the stage of rescue from apoptosis and exit from the GC. Thus, GC from CD40-Ig-treated mice contain a three- to fourfold higher level of apoptotic cells than found in control mice injected with human IgG1 alone. This increase in apoptosis is not caused by a blockade of the CD40L-mediated rescue signal but is the result of an intrinsic defect of GC B cells in CD40-Ig-treated mice to receive rescue signals via CD40. While anti-CD40 stimulation maintained the viability in culture of GC B cells from control mice, it did not rescue GC B cells from CD40-Ig-treated mice. This data is consistent with the notion that a 'rewiring' of the CD40 molecule is induced by CD40 ligation early in the response and is necessary to allow B-cell rescue from apoptosis when they subsequently enter the GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Siepmann
- Department of Immunology, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
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75
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76
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Kovarik J, Bozzotti P, Tougne C, Davis HL, Lambert PH, Krieg AM, Siegrist CA. Adjuvant effects of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides on responses against T-independent type 2 antigens. Immunology 2001; 102:67-76. [PMID: 11168639 PMCID: PMC1783157 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2001.01158.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodeoxynucleotides containing CpG motifs (CpG-ODN) are potent in vitro B-cell activators and they have been successfully used to increase in vivo antibody responses to T-dependent peptide and protein antigens. In contrast, the use of CpG-ODN to enhance in vivo antibody responses to various T-independent type 2 (TI-2) antigens has recently generated contradictory results. In this study, we compared the CpG-ODN stimulatory effect on antibody responses of adult and young BALB/c mice to trinitrophenylaminoethyl-carboxymethyl (TNP) -Ficoll and to polysaccharides (PS) from several distinct serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae (SPn). CpG-ODN co-administration significantly enhanced antigen-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM), IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a titres to TNP-Ficoll. The depletion of CD4+ cells by monoclonal antibodies (GK1.5) identified their essential role in CpG-ODN-mediated enhancement of antibody responses. In contrast to TNP-Ficoll, CpG-ODN failed to enhance IgM and IgG responses to any of the 18 SPnPS serotypes tested. Providing T-cell epitopes by the conjugation of SPnPS to the carrier protein tetanus toxoid again allowed CpG-ODN to mediate enhancement of IgG, IgG2a and IgG3 responses to most SPnPS serotypes. Thus, antigen-presenting cell/T-cell interaction appears to largely mediate the in vivo influence of CpG-ODN on antibody responses to TI-2 antigens. In early life, additional factors limit CpG-ODN modulation of antibody responses to TI-2 antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kovarik
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Neonatal Vaccinology, C.M.U., Rue Michel Servet 1, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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77
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Maassen CB, van Holten-Neelen C, Balk F, den Bak-Glashouwer MJ, Leer RJ, Laman JD, Boersma WJ, Claassen E. Strain-dependent induction of cytokine profiles in the gut by orally administered Lactobacillus strains. Vaccine 2000; 18:2613-23. [PMID: 10775795 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(99)00378-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Different Lactobacillus strains are frequently used in consumer food products. In addition, recombinant lactobacilli which contain novel expression vectors can now be used in immunotherapeutic applications such as oral vaccination strategies and in T cell tolerance induction approaches for autoimmune disease. Both for food and clinical applications of lactobacilli, proper selection of wild type strains is crucial. For that purpose, eight different common Lactobacillus strains were analysed with respect to mucosal induction of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, IgA-producing plasma cells in the gut, as well as systemic antibody responses against a parenterally administered antigen. Immunohistochemical analysis of cytokine-producing cells in the gut villi showed no significant induction of the cytokines IL-1alpha, IFN-gamma, IL-4 or IL-10 after oral administration of wild type Lactobacillus strains. In contrast, oral administration of L. reuteri and L. brevis induced expression of the proinflammatory/Th1 cytokines TNF-alpha, IL-2 and/or IL-1beta. Oral administration of these two strains and L. fermentum also significantly enhanced the IgG response against parenterally administered haptenated chicken gamma globulin (TNP-CGG). The five other strains did not show this adjuvanticity. L. reuteri induced relatively high levels of IgG2a compared to L. murines, a nonadjuving Lactobacillus strain. These findings imply that different Lactobacillus strains induce distinct mucosal cytokine profiles and possess differential intrinsic adjuvanticity. This suggests that rational Lactobacillus strain selection provides a strategy to influence cytokine expression and thereby influence immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Maassen
- Division of Immunological and Infectious Diseases, TNO-PG, P.O. Box 2215, 2301 CE, Leiden, The Netherlands
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78
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Morimoto S, Kanno Y, Tanaka Y, Tokano Y, Hashimoto H, Jacquot S, Morimoto C, Schlossman SF, Yagita H, Okumura K, Kobata T. CD134L engagement enhances human B cell Ig production: CD154/CD40, CD70/CD27, and CD134/CD134L interactions coordinately regulate T cell-dependent B cell responses. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 164:4097-104. [PMID: 10754303 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.8.4097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CD134 is a member of the TNFR family expressed on activated T cells, whose ligand, CD134L, is found preferentially on activated B cells. We have previously reported that the CD70/CD27 interaction may be more important in the induction of plasma cell differentiation after the expansion phase induced by the CD154/CD40 interaction has occurred. When CD134-transfected cells were added to PBMCs stimulated with pokeweed mitogen, IgG production was enhanced in a dose-dependent fashion. Addition of CD134-transfected cells to B cells stimulated with Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I strain/IL-2 resulted in little if any enhancement of B cell IgG production and proliferation. We found that while CD134-transfected cells induced no IgG production by themselves, it greatly enhanced IgG production in the presence of CD40 stimulation or T cell cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-10. The addition of CD134-transfected cells showed only a slight increase in the number of plasma cells compared with that in the culture without them, indicating that an increased Ig production rate per cell is responsible for the observed enhancing effect of CD134L engagement rather than increase in plasma cell generation. These results strongly suggest different and sequential roles of the TNF/TNFR family molecules in human T cell-dependent B cell responses through cell-cell contacts and the cytokine network.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/biosynthesis
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/metabolism
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/physiology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antigens, CD
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD27 Ligand
- CD40 Ligand
- Cell Line
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/physiology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic
- Drug Synergism
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin G/biosynthesis
- Ligands
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Lymphocyte Cooperation/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Membrane Glycoproteins/physiology
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Membrane Proteins/physiology
- Mice
- Receptors, OX40
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 7/biosynthesis
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 7/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 7/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 7/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- S Morimoto
- Division of Immunology, Institute for Medical Science, Dokkyo University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
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79
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McHeyzer-Williams LJ, Cool M, McHeyzer-Williams MG. Antigen-specific B cell memory: expression and replenishment of a novel b220(-) memory b cell compartment. J Exp Med 2000; 191:1149-66. [PMID: 10748233 PMCID: PMC2193163 DOI: 10.1084/jem.191.7.1149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms that regulate B cell memory and the rapid recall response to antigen remain poorly defined. This study focuses on the rapid expression of B cell memory upon antigen recall in vivo, and the replenishment of quiescent B cell memory that follows. Based on expression of CD138 and B220, we reveal a unique and major subtype of antigen-specific memory B cells (B220(-)CD138(-)) that are distinct from antibody-secreting B cells (B220(+/)-CD138(+)) and B220(+)CD138(-) memory B cells. These nonsecreting somatically mutated B220(-) memory responders rapidly dominate the splenic response and comprise >95% of antigen-specific memory B cells that migrate to the bone marrow. By day 42 after recall, the predominant quiescent memory B cell population in the spleen (75-85%) and the bone marrow (>95%) expresses the B220(-) phenotype. Upon adoptive transfer, B220(-) memory B cells proliferate to a lesser degree but produce greater amounts of antibody than their B220(+) counterparts. The pattern of cellular differentiation after transfer indicates that B220(-) memory B cells act as stable self-replenishing intermediates that arise from B220(+) memory B cells and produce antibody-secreting cells on rechallenge with antigen. Cell surface phenotype and Ig isotype expression divide the B220(-) compartment into two main subsets with distinct patterns of integrin and coreceptor expression. Thus, we identify new cellular components of B cell memory and propose a model for long-term protective immunity that is regulated by a complex balance of committed memory B cells with subspecialized immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melinda Cool
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
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80
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Yellin MJ, Thienel U. T cells in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus: potential roles of CD154-CD40 interactions and costimulatory molecules. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2000; 2:24-31. [PMID: 11123036 DOI: 10.1007/s11926-996-0065-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
CD154 is an activation-induced CD4+ T cell surface molecule that interacts with CD40 on antigen-presenting cells (APC) and upregulates the key costimulatory molecules, CD80 and CD86. Bidirectional intercellular signaling mediated by CD40 ligation and CD80/CD86 interactions with counter-receptors on T cells play central roles in regulating the survival and outgrowth of pathogenic autoreactive T cells and B cells in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). CD40 is also expressed on a variety of other cells, including endothelial cells and renal tubule epithelial cells. CD154 activation of APCs, endothelial cells, and renal tubular epithelial cells have proinflammatory or procoagulant effects that may contribute to the pathogenesis of lupus. This review will focus on the immunobiology of CD154-CD40 interactions and the costimulatory functions of CD80 and CD86. The experimental evidence suggesting roles for these molecules in the immunopathogenesis of SLE will be reviewed.
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81
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Lefrançois L, Altman JD, Williams K, Olson S. Soluble antigen and CD40 triggering are sufficient to induce primary and memory cytotoxic T cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 164:725-32. [PMID: 10623816 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.2.725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The signals directing induction of tolerance rather than immunity are largely unknown. The CD8 T cell response to soluble Ags generally results in deletional tolerance following transient, costimulation-dependent activation. We demonstrated that CD40 signaling reversed the outcome of this response. Adoptive transfer of OVA-specific CD8 T cells followed by soluble OVA immunization resulted in induction of lytic activity and optimal clonal expansion only when CD40 was triggered via an agonistic mAb. Activation of CD8 T cells by CD40 signaling was indirect, because CD40 expression by host cells was required. CD40 signaling along with soluble Ag immunization also induced expansion of secondary lymphoid and intestinal mucosal endogenous OVA-specific CD8 T cells as detected by MHC tetramer reactivity. When CD40 activation was included, long-lived secondary lymphoid and mucosal memory CD8 cells were generated from adoptively transferred and endogenous CD8 T cells. Mucosal and peripheral CD8 memory cells exhibited constitutive Ag-specific lytic activity, with mucosal memory cells being 10-fold more lytic than splenic or lymph node memory cells. These results demonstrated that CD40 signaling during a response to a poorly immunogenic soluble Ag was necessary and sufficient for CTL and memory T cell induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Lefrançois
- Division of Rheumatic Diseases, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06037, USA.
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82
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Mittler RS, Bailey TS, Klussman K, Trailsmith MD, Hoffmann MK. Anti-4-1BB monoclonal antibodies abrogate T cell-dependent humoral immune responses in vivo through the induction of helper T cell anergy. J Exp Med 1999; 190:1535-40. [PMID: 10562327 PMCID: PMC2195697 DOI: 10.1084/jem.190.10.1535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The 4-1BB receptor (CDw137), a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, has been shown to costimulate the activation of T cells. Here we show that anti-mouse 4-1BB monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) inhibit thymus-dependent antibody production by B cells. Injection of anti-4-1BB mAbs into mice being immunized with cellular or soluble protein antigens induced long-term anergy of antigen-specific T cells. The immune response to the type II T cell-independent antigen trinintrophenol-conjugated Ficoll, however, was not suppressed. Inhibition of humoral immunity occurred only when anti-4-1BB mAb was given within 1 wk after immunization. Anti-4-1BB inhibition was observed in mice lacking functional CD8(+) T cells, indicating that CD8(+) T cells were not required for the induction of anergy. Analysis of the requirements for the anti-4-1BB-mediated inhibition of humoral immunity revealed that suppression could not be adoptively transferred with T cells from anti-4-1BB-treated mice. Transfer of BALB/c splenic T cells from sheep red blood cell (SRBC)-immunized and anti-4-1BB-treated mice together with normal BALB/c B cells into C.B-17 severe combined immunodeficient mice failed to generate an anti-SRBC response. However, B cells from the SRBC-immunized, anti-4-1BB-treated BALB/c mice, together with normal naive T cells, exhibited a normal humoral immune response against SRBC after transfer, demonstrating that SRBC-specific B cells were left unaffected by anti-4-1BB mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Mittler
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Department of Immunology and Transplantation, Seattle, Washington 98121, USA.
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83
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Hutchings A, Purcell WM, Benfield MR. Peripheral blood antigen-presenting cells from African-Americans exhibit increased CD80 and CD86 expression. Clin Exp Immunol 1999; 118:247-52. [PMID: 10540186 PMCID: PMC1905418 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.1999.01051.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/1999] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the increased incidence and severity of many autoimmune diseases and transplant rejection in African-Americans (AA) compared with Caucasians (CS), very few studies have addressed issues of racial variation during antigen presentation. This investigation was performed as a preliminary exploration of differences in peripheral blood cell costimulatory functions between healthy AA (n = 20) and CS (n = 20) subjects. The expression of surface costimulatory molecules on peripheral blood cells, mononuclear cells enriched by Ficoll density centrifugation, and plastic adherent antigen-presenting cells (APC) was determined by flow cytometry using fluorescent-labelled MoAbs. The expression of both B7 costimulatory molecules was significantly higher on the cells from AA subjects compared with cells from CS subjects (CD80, P < 0.05; CD86, P < 0.05). Also, following 18 h of culture with rhIL-1beta, there was a significant increase in the percentage of APC from AA expressing high levels of the costimulatory molecule CD80 (P < 0.05). Costimulatory function during mitogen and antigen presentation was determined by 3H-thymidine incorporation during T cell proliferation. Purified T cells from AA subjects demonstrated significantly increased proliferation to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA). The differences reported here suggest that racial variations in peripheral blood APC characteristics may exist. Given the importance of costimulation in maintaining long-term immune responses, these data suggest a further direction for the investigation of racial disparity in autoimmune disease pathology and transplant rejection rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hutchings
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA.
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84
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Battaglia E, Biancone L, Resegotti A, Emanuelli G, Fronda GR, Camussi G. Expression of CD40 and its ligand, CD40L, in intestinal lesions of Crohn's disease. Am J Gastroenterol 1999; 94:3279-84. [PMID: 10566730 DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.1999.01538.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Selected mechanisms of the immune system participate in the development of inflammatory bowel disease. Recently, overexpression of the ligand for CD40 (CD40L), a lymphocyte costimulatory molecule, was shown to induce severe inflammatory bowel disease in transgenic mice. In the present study, we examined the expression of CD40 and CD40L on surgical specimens of ileum from 12 patients with Crohn's disease and 10 patients with diverticulitis. METHODS Several CD40L+ cells were present in the affected tissue of patients with Crohn's disease, whereas few scattered CD40L+ cells were detected in sections of histologically normal ileum, resected distantly from the affected tissue, in patients with diverticulitis and in normal ileum portions obtained from colorectal cancer undergoing extensive surgery. The phenotype of CD40L+ cells was mainly CD4+. RESULTS In patients with Crohn's disease, several CD40+ cells were detectable in the same areas of lymphocytes expressing CD40L, whereas in patients with diverticulitis, the number of CD40+ cells was significantly lower. Most of the CD40+ cells costained with CD20, thus showing to be B-lymphocytes, and only a few were CD14+ macrophages. Several von Willebrand-positive vessels were also positive for CD40. In addition, several infiltrating macrophages were found to express B7-1 and B7-2 molecules, the ligands of CD28 and CTLA-4, which cooperate with the CD40-CD40L pathway in lymphocyte activation. Staining of ileal lesions with anti-CTLA-4 antibodies resulted in detection of none or very few positive cells. In contrast, in patients with diverticulitis, an enhanced number of B7-1 and B7-2 and CTLA-4 was observed. CONCLUSION The local accumulation of CD40L+ together with CD40+ cells within intestinal lesions of Crohn's disease suggests the involvement of this co-stimulatory pathway.
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MESH Headings
- Abatacept
- Adult
- Antigens, CD/analysis
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD20/analysis
- Antigens, Differentiation/analysis
- Antigens, Differentiation/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/analysis
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B7-1 Antigen/analysis
- B7-1 Antigen/genetics
- B7-2 Antigen
- CD28 Antigens/analysis
- CD28 Antigens/genetics
- CD4 Antigens/genetics
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD40 Antigens/analysis
- CD40 Antigens/genetics
- CD40 Ligand
- CTLA-4 Antigen
- Crohn Disease/genetics
- Crohn Disease/immunology
- Crohn Disease/pathology
- Diverticulitis, Colonic/genetics
- Diverticulitis, Colonic/immunology
- Diverticulitis, Colonic/pathology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- Ileal Diseases/genetics
- Ileal Diseases/immunology
- Ileal Diseases/pathology
- Ileum/immunology
- Ileum/metabolism
- Immunoconjugates
- Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments/analysis
- Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments/genetics
- Ligands
- Lipopolysaccharide Receptors/analysis
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Macrophages/immunology
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins/analysis
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Phenotype
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/analysis
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
- von Willebrand Factor/analysis
- von Willebrand Factor/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- E Battaglia
- Cattedra di Nefrologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Università di Torino, Italy
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85
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Lefrançois L, Olson S, Masopust D. A critical role for CD40-CD40 ligand interactions in amplification of the mucosal CD8 T cell response. J Exp Med 1999; 190:1275-84. [PMID: 10544199 PMCID: PMC2195681 DOI: 10.1084/jem.190.9.1275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/1999] [Accepted: 08/25/1999] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of CD40 ligand (CD40L) in CD8 T cell activation was assessed by tracking antigen-specific T cells in vivo using both adoptive transfer of T cell receptor transgenic T cells and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I tetramers. Soluble antigen immunization induced entry of CD8 cells into the intestinal mucosa and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) differentiation, whereas CD8 cells in secondary lymphoid tissue proliferated but were not cytolytic. Immunization concurrent with CD40L blockade or in the absence of CD40 demonstrated that accumulation of CD8 T cells in the mucosa was CD40L dependent. Furthermore, activation was mediated through CD40L expressed by the CD8 cells, since inhibition by anti-CD40L monoclonal antibodies occurred after adoptive transfer to CD40L-deficient mice. However, mucosal CD8 T cells in normal and CD40(-/-) mice were equivalent killers, indicating that CD40L was not required for CTL differentiation. Appearance of virus-specific mucosal, but not splenic, CD8 cells also relied heavily on CD40-CD40L interactions. The mucosal CTL response of transferred CD8 T cells was MHC class II and interleukin 12 independent. The results established a novel pathway of direct CD40L-mediated CD8 T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Lefrançois
- Division of Rheumatic Diseases, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, USA.
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86
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Calderhead DM, Kosaka Y, Manning EM, Noelle RJ. CD40-CD154 interactions in B-cell signaling. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1999; 245:73-99. [PMID: 10533319 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-59641-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D M Calderhead
- Department of Microbiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH 03781, USA
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87
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Ansel KM, McHeyzer-Williams LJ, Ngo VN, McHeyzer-Williams MG, Cyster JG. In vivo-activated CD4 T cells upregulate CXC chemokine receptor 5 and reprogram their response to lymphoid chemokines. J Exp Med 1999; 190:1123-34. [PMID: 10523610 PMCID: PMC2195660 DOI: 10.1084/jem.190.8.1123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 382] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/1999] [Accepted: 08/10/1999] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Migration of antigen-activated CD4 T cells to B cell areas of lymphoid tissues is important for mounting T cell-dependent antibody responses. Here we show that CXC chemokine receptor (CXCR)5, the receptor for B lymphocyte chemoattractant (BLC), is upregulated on antigen-specific CD4 T cells in vivo when animals are immunized under conditions that promote T cell migration to follicles. In situ hybridization of secondary follicles for BLC showed high expression in mantle zones and low expression in germinal centers. When tested directly ex vivo, CXCR5(hi) T cells exhibited a vigorous chemotactic response to BLC. At the same time, the CXCR5(hi) cells showed reduced responsiveness to the T zone chemokines, Epstein-Barr virus-induced molecule 1 (EBI-1) ligand chemokine (ELC) and secondary lymphoid tissue chemokine (SLC). After adoptive transfer, CXCR5(hi) CD4 T cells did not migrate to follicles, indicating that additional changes may occur after immunization that help direct T cells to follicles. To further explore whether T cells could acquire an intrinsic ability to migrate to follicles, CD4(-)CD8(-) double negative (DN) T cells from MRL-lpr mice were studied. These T cells normally accumulate within follicles of MRL-lpr mice. Upon transfer to wild-type recipients, DN T cells migrated to follicle proximal regions in all secondary lymphoid tissues. Taken together, our findings indicate that reprogramming of responsiveness to constitutively expressed lymphoid tissue chemokines plays an important role in T cell migration to the B cell compartment of lymphoid tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Mark Ansel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
| | | | - Vu N. Ngo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
| | | | - Jason G. Cyster
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
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88
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Grammer AC, McFarland RD, Heaney J, Darnell BF, Lipsky PE. Expression, Regulation, and Function of B Cell-Expressed CD154 in Germinal Centers. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.8.4150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Activated B cells and T cells express CD154/CD40 ligand in vitro. The in vivo expression and function of B cell CD154 remain unclear and therefore were examined. Tonsillar B and T cells expressed CD154 at a similar density both in situ and immediately ex vivo, whereas a significantly higher percentage of the former expressed CD154. CD154-expressing B cells were most frequent in the CD38positiveIgD+ pre-germinal center (GC)/GC founder, CD38positive GC and CD38−IgD− memory populations, and were also found in the CD38−IgD+ naive and CD38brightIgD+ plasmablast subsets, but not in the CD38brightIgD− plasma cell subset. B cell expression of CD154 was induced by engaging surface Ig or CD40 by signals that predominantly involved activation of AP-1/NF-AT and NF-κB, respectively. The functional importance of CD154-mediated homotypic B cell interactions in vivo was indicated by the finding that mAb to CD154 inhibited differentiation of CD38positiveIgD− GC B cells to CD38−IgD− memory cells. In addition, mAb to CD154 inhibited proliferation induced by engaging sIg or CD40, indicating the role of up-regulation of this molecule in facilitating B cell responsiveness. Of note, CD154 itself not only functioned as a ligand but also as a direct signaling molecule as anti-CD154-conjugated Sepharose beads costimulated B cell responses induced by engaging surface Ig. These results indicate that CD154 is expressed by human B cells in vivo and plays an important role in mediating B cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrie C. Grammer
- *Harold C. Simmons Arthritis Research Center and Departments of Internal Medicine and
| | | | - Jonathan Heaney
- *Harold C. Simmons Arthritis Research Center and Departments of Internal Medicine and
| | - Bonnie F. Darnell
- †Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235
| | - Peter E. Lipsky
- *Harold C. Simmons Arthritis Research Center and Departments of Internal Medicine and
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89
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Cellular and molecular mechanisms of atherogenesis. CD40-CD40L immunoregulatory signal. Bull Exp Biol Med 1999. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02433181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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90
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Banu N, Zhang Y, Meyers CM. Immune reactivity following CD40L blockade: role in autoimmune glomerulonephritis in susceptible recipients. Autoimmunity 1999; 30:21-33. [PMID: 10433091 DOI: 10.3109/08916939908994756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the role of costimulation in autoimmune glomerulonephritis that develops in the setting of murine chronic graft-vs-host disease (cGVHD), we examined the effects of blocking CD40L, a costimulatory marker expressed on activated CD4+ T cells, in recipient mice. These studies addressed the potential role of CD40L blockade in preventing disease and in downregulating its expression in animals with evidence of autoreactivity. Animals treated acutely with anti-CD40L antibody at disease induction do not develop circulating anti-DNA antibodies, proteinuria, or histologic evidence of renal disease. If treatment is delayed for two weeks, after circulating anti-DNA antibodies are apparent, all animals develop massive proteinuria by 14 weeks after disease induction. Renal histology of kidneys from the delayed treatment and control groups reveal similar glomerular immune deposits, and intense staining for CD4, ICAM-1, and I-A(b) in areas of mononuclear cell infiltration. Long-term treatment studies begun two weeks after disease induction is not disease-protective, as all animals develop massive proteinuria and renal disease by 14 weeks. These studies suggest that early CD40L signaling events are critical to induction of allogeneic interactions and autoreactivity in cGVHD, but that short-term or chronic CD40L blockade, once autoreactivity is evident, does not abrogate systemic autoreactivity and renal involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Banu
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia 19104, USA
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91
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Wu ZQ, Vos Q, Shen Y, Lees A, Wilson SR, Briles DE, Gause WC, Mond JJ, Snapper CM. In Vivo Polysaccharide-Specific IgG Isotype Responses to Intact Streptococcus pneumoniae Are T Cell Dependent and Require CD40- and B7-Ligand Interactions. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.2.659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
In vivo Ig responses to soluble, haptenated polysaccharide (PS) Ags are T cell independent and do not require CD40 ligand (CD40L). However, little is known regarding the regulation of in vivo PS-specific Ig responses to intact bacteria. We immunized mice with a nonencapsulated, type 2 Streptococcus pneumoniae (R36A) and compared the parameters that regulated in vivo Ig isotype responses to the bacterial cell wall C-PS determinant, phosphorylcholine (PC), relative to Ig responses to the cell wall protein, pneumococcal surface protein A. Consistent with previous reports using soluble PS and protein Ags, the anti-PC and anti-pneumococcal surface protein A responses differed in that the anti-PC response was induced more rapidly, had a distinctive Ig isotype profile, and failed to demonstrate boosting upon secondary challenge with R36A. However, in contrast to previous studies, the IgG anti-PC response was TCR-αβ+ T cell dependent, required CD40L, and was blocked by administration of CTLA4 Ig. The nature of the T cell help for the anti-PC response had distinct features in that it was only partially blocked by CTLA4 Ig and was dependent upon both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Surprisingly, whereas the IgM anti-PC response was largely T cell independent, a strong requirement for CD40L was still observed, suggesting the possibility of an in vivo T cell-independent source for CD40L-dependent help. These data suggest that the regulatory parameters that govern in vivo Ig responses to purified, soluble PS Ags may not adequately account for PS-specific Ig responses to intact bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - David E. Briles
- ¶Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - William C. Gause
- §Microbiology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814; and
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92
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Moore PA, Belvedere O, Orr A, Pieri K, LaFleur DW, Feng P, Soppet D, Charters M, Gentz R, Parmelee D, Li Y, Galperina O, Giri J, Roschke V, Nardelli B, Carrell J, Sosnovtseva S, Greenfield W, Ruben SM, Olsen HS, Fikes J, Hilbert DM. BLyS: member of the tumor necrosis factor family and B lymphocyte stimulator. Science 1999; 285:260-3. [PMID: 10398604 DOI: 10.1126/science.285.5425.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 876] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily of cytokines includes both soluble and membrane-bound proteins that regulate immune responses. A member of the human TNF family, BLyS (B lymphocyte stimulator), was identified that induced B cell proliferation and immunoglobulin secretion. BLyS expression on human monocytes could be up-regulated by interferon-gamma. Soluble BLyS functioned as a potent B cell growth factor in costimulation assays. Administration of soluble recombinant BLyS to mice disrupted splenic B and T cell zones and resulted in elevated serum immunoglobulin concentrations. The B cell tropism of BLyS is consistent with its receptor expression on B-lineage cells. The biological profile of BLyS suggests it is involved in monocyte-driven B cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Moore
- Human Genome Sciences, 9410 Key West Avenue, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
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93
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Hayashi T, Rao SP, Meylan PR, Kornbluth RS, Catanzaro A. Role of CD40 ligand in Mycobacterium avium infection. Infect Immun 1999; 67:3558-65. [PMID: 10377139 PMCID: PMC116544 DOI: 10.1128/iai.67.7.3558-3565.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium is a common opportunistic pathogen in immunocompromised patients such as those infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Although M. avium is an intracellular organism replicating predominantly in macrophages, disseminated M. avium infection is seen in AIDS patients with CD4(+) cell counts of <50 cells/microliters, suggesting a possible involvement of a T cell-macrophage interaction for the elimination of M. avium. To determine whether CD40-CD40 ligand (CD40L) interactions play a role in M. avium infection, we studied the ability of CD40L to restrict M. avium replication in human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) in vitro. MDM were infected with M. avium and cocultured with CD40L-transfected 293 cells for 7 days. Intracellular growth of M. avium in these MDM was assessed by colony counting. CD40L-expressing cells inhibited growth of M. avium in MDM by 86.5% +/- 4.2% compared to MDM cultured with control cells. These findings were verified by assays using purified, soluble recombinant human CD40L (CD40LT). CD40LT (5 micrograms/ml) inhibited intracellular growth of M. avium by 76.9% +/- 18.0% compared to cells treated with medium alone. Inhibition by CD40LT was reduced by monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against CD40 and CD40L. The inhibitory effect of CD40LT was not accompanied by enhancement of interleukin-12 (IL-12) production by M. avium-infected MDM, while CD40L-expressing cells stimulated IL-12 production by these cells. Treatment of M. avium-infected mice with MAb against murine CD40L resulted in recovery of larger numbers of organisms (0.8 to 1.0 log) from the spleens, livers, and lungs of these animals compared to infected mice which received normal immunoglobulin G. These results indicate that CD40-CD40L signaling may be an important step in host immune response against M. avium infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hayashi
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
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94
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Griebel P, Beskorwayne T, Van den Broeke A, Ferrari G. CD40 signaling induces B cell responsiveness to multiple members of the gamma chain-common cytokine family. Int Immunol 1999; 11:1139-47. [PMID: 10383947 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/11.7.1139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
CD40 signaling induces B cell proliferative and differentiation responses that can be modulated by many different cytokines. Cytokines in the IL-2 receptor gamma chain (gammac)-common family are known to play an integral role in B cell development. Therefore, we investigated the possibility that CD40 signaling induced B cell responsiveness to multiple gammac-common cytokines and that individual gammac-common cytokines induced distinct B cell responses. B cells were isolated from lymphoid follicles of sheep Peyer's patches (PP) and co-cultured with murine CD40 ligand (mCD40L). CD40 signaling induced PP B cell responsiveness to recombinant human IL-2, IL-4, IL-7 and IL-15. mCD40L-induced B cell growth was enhanced by combining IL-4 with a second gammac-common cytokine and sustained B cell growth required co-stimulation with IL-4 plus IL-2, IL-7 and IL-15. gammac-common cytokine responsiveness remained dependent upon CD40 signaling, and removal of mCD40L resulted in B cell differentiation and cell death. Similar proliferative responses to mCD40L and gammac-common cytokines were observed for both immature (ileal) and mature (jejunal) PP B cells. Finally, the capacity of CD40-activated B cells to respond to multiple gammac-common cytokines was analyzed with individual PP B cell clones. All B cell clones displayed similar proliferative responses to IL-2 but quantitatively different responses to IL-4, IL-7 and IL-15. The biological significance of B cell responsiveness to multiple gammac-common cytokines is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Griebel
- Veterinary Infectious Disease Organization, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E3, Canada
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95
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Townsend SE, Weintraub BC, Goodnow CC. Growing up on the streets: why B-cell development differs from T-cell development. IMMUNOLOGY TODAY 1999; 20:217-20. [PMID: 10322300 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5699(98)01440-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
B-cell development differs significantly from T-cell development in that negative selection of autoreactive B cells can occur in the same microenvironment in which productive immune responses begin. Here, Sarah Townsend and colleagues discuss how this 'growing up on the streets' might provide a mechanism that fills holes in the B-cell repertoire, much as major histocompatibility complex polymorphism fills holes in the T-cell repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Townsend
- Australian Cancer Research Foundation Genetics Laboratory, Medical Genome Centre, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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96
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Stein CS, Ghodsi A, Derksen T, Davidson BL. Systemic and central nervous system correction of lysosomal storage in mucopolysaccharidosis type VII mice. J Virol 1999; 73:3424-9. [PMID: 10074197 PMCID: PMC104107 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.73.4.3424-3429.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) type VII patients lack functional beta-glucuronidase, leading to systemic and central nervous system dysfunction. In this study we tested whether recombinant adenovirus that encodes beta-glucuronidase (Adbetagluc), delivered intravenously and into the brain parenchyma of MPS type VII mice, could provide long-term transgene expression and correction of lysosomal distension. We also tested whether systemic treatment with the immunosuppressive anti-CD40 ligand antibody, MR-1, affected transgene expression. We found substantial plasma beta-glucuronidase activity for over 9 weeks after gene transfer in the MR-1- treated group, with subsequent decline in activity corresponding to a delayed anti-beta-glucuronidase antibody response. At 16 weeks, near wild-type amounts of beta-glucuronidase activity and striking reduction of lysosomal pathology were detected in livers from mice that had received either MR-1 cotreatment or control antibody. In the lung and kidney, beta-glucuronidase activity was markedly higher for the MR-1-treated group. beta-Glucuronidase activity in the brain persisted independently of MR-1 treatment. Activity was intense in the injected hemisphere and was also evident in the noninjected cortex and striatum, with dramatic improvements in storage deposits in areas of both hemispheres. These results indicate that prolonged enzyme expression from transgenes delivered to deficient liver and brain can mediate pervasive correction and illustrate the potential for gene therapy of MPS and other lysosomal storage diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Stein
- Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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97
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Schultze JL, Michalak S, Lowne J, Wong A, Gilleece MH, Gribben JG, Nadler LM. Human non-germinal center B cell interleukin (IL)-12 production is primarily regulated by T cell signals CD40 ligand, interferon gamma, and IL-10: role of B cells in the maintenance of T cell responses. J Exp Med 1999; 189:1-12. [PMID: 9874559 PMCID: PMC1887700 DOI: 10.1084/jem.189.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/1998] [Revised: 10/27/1998] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-12 is expressed mainly in antigen-presenting cells after challenge with microbial material or after CD40 activation. Although IL-12 was cloned from human Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed B cell lines, surprisingly, CD40 ligation on murine B cells did not lead to IL-12 production, suggesting that murine B cells do not produce IL-12. Here we demonstrate that a subset of human tonsillar B cells can be induced to express and secrete bioactive IL-12. The major stimulus to produce IL-12 in human B cells was CD40 ligation. In contrast, B cell receptor cross-linking did not induce IL-12. Expression of IL-12 after CD40 activation was restricted to CD38(-)IgD+/- non-germinal center (non-GC) B cells. CD40 ligation and interferon (IFN)-gamma exhibited synergistic effects on IL-12 production, whereas IL-10 abrogated and IL-4 significantly inhibited IL-12 production by these B cells. In contrast to IL-12, production of IL-6 is conversely regulated, leading to significant increase after CD40 ligation in the presence of the T helper type 2 (Th2) cytokine IL-4. Cord blood T cells skewed towards either a Th1 or a Th2 phenotype maintained their cytokine expression pattern when restimulated with allogeneic resting B cells. Blockade of CD40 and/or IL-12 during T-B interaction significantly reduced IFN-gamma production by the T cells. This suggests a model whereby B cells produce either IL-12 or IL-6 after contact with T cells previously differentiated towards Th1 or Th2. Furthermore, IL-12 and IL-6 might provide a positive feedback during cognate T-B interactions, thereby maintaining T cells' differentiation pattern during amplification of the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Schultze
- Department of Adult Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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98
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de Saint Basile G, Tabone MD, Durandy A, Phan F, Fischer A, Le Deist F. CD40 ligand expression deficiency in a female carrier of the X-linked hyper-IgM syndrome as a result of X chromosome lyonization. Eur J Immunol 1999; 29:367-73. [PMID: 9933119 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4141(199901)29:01<367::aid-immu367>3.0.co;2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We report on the case of a girl with an immune deficiency characterized by recurrent infections of the upper and lower respiratory tract, low IgG and IgA serum levels as well as deficiency of the in vivo antibody response. Since this patient is the sister of a boy affected with a hyper-IgM syndrome due to a defect in CD40 ligand (CD40L) expression, the involvement of CD40L in this phenotypic expression was investigated. A very low fraction of activated T cells (5%) in this female patient expressed CD40L. This resulted from the presence of a heterozygous CD40L nonsense mutation associated with a skewed pattern of X chromosome inactivation as determined by methylation pattern analysis. Although carriers of X-linked hyper-IgM are considered to be asymptomatic, this study indicates that extreme lyonization of the normal X can lead to a mild expression of the hyper-IgM syndrome which is similar to common variable immune deficiency (CVID). Therefore, it is possible that some cases of CVID in females represent partial deficiency of CD40L expression in carriers of the CD40L mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G de Saint Basile
- Unité de Recherches sur le dévelopement normal et pathologique du système immunitaire INSERM U 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France.
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99
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Murphy WJ, Funakoshi S, Fanslow WC, Rager HC, Taub DD, Longo DL. CD40 stimulation promotes human secondary immunoglobulin responses in HuPBL-SCID chimeras. Clin Immunol 1999; 90:22-7. [PMID: 9884349 DOI: 10.1006/clim.1998.4632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies to CD40 have been demonstrated to promote B-cell growth and differentiation in vitro. In order to determine if CD40 stimulation could promote antigen-specific human immunoglobulin (Ig) production in vivo, we examined the effects of anti-human CD40 MoAb in an in vivo system where human peripheral blood lymphocytes (huPBL) were engrafted into mice with severe combined immune deficiency (SCID). The huPBL-SCID mice were then given various doses of diphtheria-tetanus toxoid (DT) vaccine and were examined for the presence of human DT-specific antibodies by ELISA. Surprisingly, treatment with anti-CD40 significantly lowered background DT responses versus untreated chimeras in unimmunized huPBL-SCID mice. However, after immunization, huPBL-SCID mice treated with anti-CD40 MoAb responded to a significantly greater extent in response to the vaccine compared with control huPBL-SCID mice, although total Ig levels were sometimes lower in anti-CD40-treated mice. The predominant Ig isotype induced after immunization was IgG. Thus, CD40 stimulation promotes human secondary IgG responses in huPBL-SCID mice. These data demonstrate that CD40 stimulation is capable of promoting antigen-specific human B-cell responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Murphy
- Laboratory of Leukocyte Biology, Division of Basic Sciences, Frederick, Maryland, 21702-1201, USA.
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100
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Orima K, Yamazaki K, Aoyagi T, Hara K. Differential expression of costimulatory molecules in chronic inflammatory periodontal disease tissue. Clin Exp Immunol 1999; 115:153-60. [PMID: 9933436 PMCID: PMC1905181 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.1999.00763.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although B cell activation and subsequent immunoglobulin production are the immunopathological features of chronic inflammatory periodontal disease, in situ expression of costimulatory molecules in humoral immunity has not been investigated. In the present study we examined the expression of CD40, CD40 ligand (CD40L), CD80, CD86, CD28 and cytolytic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) on lymphocytes immunohistochemically. Cryostat sections were prepared from the gingival tissue samples of 14 patients with moderate to advanced adult periodontitis. In vitro kinetics of the expression of CD40L and CTLA-4 by peripheral blood T cells and that of CD80 and CD86 by peripheral blood B cells were also investigated by flow cytometry. Positive percentage expression of CD40L, CD28 and CTLA-4, and CD40, CD80 and CD86 was calculated for the number of CD3+ and CD19+ cells, respectively. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that the expression of CD40L and CTLA-4 on T cells, and CD80 and CD86 on B cells of peripheral blood was up-regulated upon activation. While most T cells and B cells expressed CD28, and CD80 and CD86, respectively, in gingival tissues, the expression of CD40L and CTLA-4 was lower but highly variable between specimens. Furthermore, these two molecules seemed to be expressed reciprocally in the lesion. As both CD40L and CTLA-4 expression are induced transiently by stimulation, variability in the expression of the molecules may reflect immunological activities and participation in the regulation of B cell activation of the lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Orima
- Department of Periodontology, Niigata University School of Dentistry, Niigata, Japan
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