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Soond DR, Garçon F, Patton DT, Rolf J, Turner M, Scudamore C, Garden OA, Okkenhaug K. Pten loss in CD4 T cells enhances their helper function but does not lead to autoimmunity or lymphoma. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:5935-43. [PMID: 22611241 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PTEN, one of the most commonly mutated or lost tumor suppressors in human cancers, antagonizes signaling by the PI3K pathway. Mice with thymocyte-specific deletion of Pten rapidly develop peripheral lymphomas and autoimmunity, which may be caused by failed negative selection of thymocytes or from dysregulation of postthymic T cells. We induced conditional deletion of Pten from CD4 Th cells using a Cre knocked into the Tnfrsf4 (OX40) locus to generate OX40(Cre)Pten(f) mice. Pten-deficient Th cells proliferated more and produced greater concentrations of cytokines. The OX40(Cre)Pten(f) mice had a general increase in the number of lymphocytes in the lymph nodes, but not in the spleen. When transferred into wild-type (WT) mice, Pten-deficient Th cells enhanced anti-Listeria responses and the clearance of tumors under conditions in which WT T cells had no effect. Moreover, inflammatory responses were exaggerated and resolved later in OX40(Cre)Pten(f) mice than in WT mice. However, in contrast with models of thymocyte-specific Pten deletion, lymphomas and autoimmunity were not observed, even in older OX40(Cre)Pten(f) mice. Hence loss of Pten enhances Th cell function without obvious deleterious effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalya R Soond
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, United Kingdom
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52
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Chi H. Regulation and function of mTOR signalling in T cell fate decisions. Nat Rev Immunol 2012; 12:325-38. [PMID: 22517423 DOI: 10.1038/nri3198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 719] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The evolutionarily conserved kinase mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) couples cell growth and metabolism to environmental inputs in eukaryotes. T cells depend on mTOR signalling to integrate immune signals and metabolic cues for their proper maintenance and activation. Under steady-state conditions, mTOR is actively controlled by multiple inhibitory mechanisms, and this enforces normal T cell homeostasis. Antigen recognition by naive CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells triggers mTOR activation, which in turn programmes the differentiation of these cells into functionally distinct lineages. This Review focuses on the signalling mechanisms of mTOR in T cell homeostatic and functional fates, and discusses the therapeutic implications of targeting mTOR in T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Chi
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA.
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53
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Subramaniam PS, Whye DW, Efimenko E, Chen J, Tosello V, De Keersmaecker K, Kashishian A, Thompson MA, Castillo M, Cordon-Cardo C, Davé UP, Ferrando A, Lannutti BJ, Diacovo TG. Targeting nonclassical oncogenes for therapy in T-ALL. Cancer Cell 2012; 21:459-72. [PMID: 22516257 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Revised: 12/26/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Constitutive phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt activation is common in T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). Although four distinct class I PI3K isoforms (α, β, γ, δ) could participate in T-ALL pathogenesis, none has been implicated in this process. We report that in the absence of PTEN phosphatase tumor suppressor function, PI3Kγ or PI3Kδ alone can support leukemogenesis, whereas inactivation of both isoforms suppressed tumor formation. The reliance of PTEN null T-ALL on the combined activities of PI3Kγ/δ was further demonstrated by the ability of a dual inhibitor to reduce disease burden and prolong survival in mice as well as prevent proliferation and promote activation of proapoptotic pathways in human tumors. These results support combined inhibition of PI3Kγ/δ as therapy for T-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prem S Subramaniam
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Davies EM, Sheffield DA, Tibarewal P, Fedele CG, Mitchell CA, Leslie NR. The PTEN and Myotubularin phosphoinositide 3-phosphatases: linking lipid signalling to human disease. Subcell Biochem 2012; 58:281-336. [PMID: 22403079 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-3012-0_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Two classes of lipid phosphatases selectively dephosphorylate the 3 position of the inositol ring of phosphoinositide signaling molecules: the PTEN and the Myotubularin families. PTEN dephosphorylates PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3), acting in direct opposition to the Class I PI3K enzymes in the regulation of cell growth, proliferation and polarity and is an important tumor suppressor. Although there are several PTEN-related proteins encoded by the human genome, none of these appear to fulfill the same functions. In contrast, the Myotubularins dephosphorylate both PtdIns(3)P and PtdIns(3,5)P(2), making them antagonists of the Class II and Class III PI 3-kinases and regulators of membrane traffic. Both phosphatase groups were originally identified through their causal mutation in human disease. Mutations in specific myotubularins result in myotubular myopathy and Charcot-Marie-Tooth peripheral neuropathy; and loss of PTEN function through mutation and other mechanisms is evident in as many as a third of all human tumors. This chapter will discuss these two classes of phosphatases, covering what is known about their biochemistry, their functions at the cellular and whole body level and their influence on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Davies
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, Wellcome Trust Biocentre, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, DD1 5EH, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom,
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56
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Janas ML, Turner M. Interaction of Ras with p110γ is required for thymic β-selection in the mouse. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:4667-75. [PMID: 21930962 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Thymocytes are tested for productive rearrangement of the tcrb locus by expression of a pre-TCR in a process termed β-selection, which requires both Notch1 and CXCR4 signaling. It has been shown that activation of the GTPase Ras allows thymocytes to proliferate and differentiate in the absence of a Pre-TCR; the direct targets of Ras at this checkpoint have not been identified, however. Mice with a mutant allele of p110γ unable to bind active Ras revealed that CXCR4-mediated PI3K activation is Ras dependent. The Ras-p110γ interaction was necessary for efficient β-selection-promoted proliferation but was dispensable for the survival or differentiation of thymocytes. Uncoupling Ras from p110γ provides unambiguous identification of a Ras interaction required for thymic β-selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Janas
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, United Kingdom
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57
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Kreslavsky T, Gleimer M, Garbe AI, von Boehmer H. αβ versus γδ fate choice: counting the T-cell lineages at the branch point. Immunol Rev 2011; 238:169-81. [PMID: 20969592 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2010.00947.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Both αβ and γδ T cells develop in the thymus from a common progenitor. Historically distinguished by their T-cell receptor (TCR), these lineages are now defined on the basis of distinct molecular programs. Intriguingly, in many transgenic and knockout systems these programs are mismatched with the TCR type, leading to the development of γδ lineage cells driven by αβTCR and vice versa. These puzzling observations were recently explained by the demonstration that TCR signal strength, rather than TCR type per se, instructs lineage fate, with stronger TCR signal favoring γδ and weaker signal favoring αβ lineage fates. These studies also highlighted the ERK (extracellular signal regulated kinase)-Egr (early growth response)-Id3 (inhibitor of differentiation 3) axis as a potential molecular switch downstream of TCR that determines lineage choice. Indeed, removal of Id3 was sufficient to redirect TCRγδ transgenic cells to the αβ lineage, even in the presence of strong TCR signal. However, in TCR non-transgenic Id3 knockout mice the overall number of γδ lineage cells was increased due to an outgrowth of a Vγ1Vδ6.3 subset, suggesting that not all γδ T cells depend on this molecular switch for lineage commitment. Thus, the γδ lineage may in fact be a collection of two or more lineages not sharing a common molecular program and thus equipollent to the αβ lineage. TCR signaling is not the only factor that is required for development of αβ and γδ lineage cells; other pathways, such as signaling from Notch and CXCR4 receptors, cooperate with the TCR in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taras Kreslavsky
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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58
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Guo D, Teng Q, Ji C. NOTCH and phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase/phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling in T-cell development and T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2011; 52:1200-10. [PMID: 21463127 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2011.564696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Activating mutations in NOTCH1 consitute the most prominent genetic abnormality in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). However, most T-ALL cell lines with NOTCH1 mutations are resistant to treatment with γ-secretase inhibitors (GSIs). The spotlight is now shifting to the phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN)/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway as another key potential target. These two signaling routes are deregulated in many types of cancer. In this review we discuss these two pathways with respect to their signaling mechanisms, functions during T-cell development, and their mutual roles in the development of T-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Guo
- Department of Hematology, The Central Hospital of Taian, Taian, Shandong, P R China.
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59
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Abstract
Multiple genetic or molecular alterations are known to be associated with cancer stem cell formation and cancer development. Targeting such alterations, therefore, may lead to cancer prevention. By crossing our previously established phosphatase and tensin homolog (Pten)-null acute T-lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) model onto the recombination-activating gene 1(-/-) background, we show that the lack of variable, diversity and joining [V(D)J] recombination completely abolishes the Tcrα/δ-c-myc translocation and T-ALL development, regardless of β-catenin activation. We identify mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) as a regulator of β-selection. Rapamycin, an mTOR-specific inhibitor, alters nutrient sensing and blocks T-cell differentiation from CD4(-)CD8(-) to CD4(+)CD8(+), the stage where the Tcrα/δ-c-myc translocation occurs. Long-term rapamycin treatment of preleukemic Pten-null mice prevents Tcrα/δ-c-myc translocation and leukemia stem cell (LSC) formation, and it halts T-ALL development. However, rapamycin alone fails to inhibit mTOR signaling in the c-Kit(mid)CD3(+)Lin(-) population enriched for LSCs and eliminate these cells. Our results support the idea that preventing LSC formation and selectively targeting LSCs are promising approaches for antileukemia therapies.
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Abstract
Second messenger molecules relay, amplify, and diversify cell surface receptor signals. Two important examples are phosphorylated D-myo-inositol derivatives, such as phosphoinositide lipids within cellular membranes, and soluble inositol phosphates. Here, we review how phosphoinositide metabolism generates multiple second messengers with important roles in T-cell development and function. They include soluble inositol(1,4,5)trisphosphate, long known for its Ca(2+)-mobilizing function, and phosphatidylinositol(3,4,5)trisphosphate, whose generation by phosphoinositide 3-kinase and turnover by the phosphatases PTEN and SHIP control a key "hub" of TCR signaling. More recent studies unveiled important second messenger functions for diacylglycerol, phosphatidic acid, and soluble inositol(1,3,4,5)tetrakisphosphate (IP(4)) in immune cells. Inositol(1,3,4,5)tetrakisphosphate acts as a soluble phosphatidylinositol(3,4,5)trisphosphate analog to control protein membrane recruitment. We propose that phosphoinositide lipids and soluble inositol phosphates (IPs) can act as complementary partners whose interplay could have broadly important roles in cellular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yina H Huang
- Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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61
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Fayard E, Moncayo G, Hemmings BA, Holländer GA. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling in thymocytes: the need for stringent control. Sci Signal 2010; 3:re5. [PMID: 20716765 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.3135re5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The thymus serves as the primary site for the lifelong formation of new T lymphocytes; hence, it is essential for the maintenance of an effective immune system. Although thymocyte development has been widely studied, the mechanisms involved are incompletely defined. A comprehensive understanding of the molecular events that control regular thymocyte development will not only shed light on the physiological control of T cell differentiation but also probably provide insight into the pathophysiology of T cell immunodeficiencies, the molecular basis that underpins autoimmunity, and the mechanisms that instigate the formation of T cell lymphomas. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3Ks) play a critical role in thymocyte development, although not all of their downstream mediators have yet been identified. Here, we discuss experimental evidence that argues for a critical role of the PI3K-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase (PDK1)-protein kinase B (PKB) signaling pathway in the development of both normal and malignant thymocytes, and we highlight molecules that can potentially be targeted therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Fayard
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.
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62
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Liu X, Karnell JL, Yin B, Zhang R, Zhang J, Li P, Choi Y, Maltzman JS, Pear WS, Bassing CH, Turka LA. Distinct roles for PTEN in prevention of T cell lymphoma and autoimmunity in mice. J Clin Invest 2010; 120:2497-507. [PMID: 20516645 DOI: 10.1172/jci42382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2010] [Accepted: 04/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the tumor-suppressor gene phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (Pten) are associated with multiple cancers in humans, including T cell malignancies. Targeted deletion of Pten in T cells induces both a disseminated "mature phenotype" lymphoma and a lymphoproliferative autoimmune syndrome in mice. Here, we have shown that these two diseases are separable and mediated by T lineage cells of distinct developmental stages. Loss of PTEN was found to be a powerful driver of lymphomagenesis within the thymus characterized by overexpression of the c-myc oncogene. In an otherwise normal thymic environment, PTEN-deficient T cell lymphomas invariably harbored RAG-dependent reciprocal t(14:15) chromosomal translocations involving the T cell receptor alpha/delta locus and c-myc, and their survival and growth was TCR dependent, but Notch independent. However, lymphomas occurred even if TCR recombination was prevented, although these lymphomas were less mature, arose later in life, and, importantly, were dependent upon Notch pathways to upregulate c-myc expression. In contrast, using the complementary methods of early thymectomy and adoptive transfers, we found that PTEN-deficient mature T cells were unable to undergo malignant transformation but were sufficient for the development of autoimmunity. These data suggest multiple and distinct regulatory roles for PTEN in the molecular pathogenesis of lymphoma and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohe Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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63
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Yashiro-Ohtani Y, Ohtani T, Pear WS. Notch regulation of early thymocyte development. Semin Immunol 2010; 22:261-9. [PMID: 20630772 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2010.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Notch signaling plays multiple roles in T cell development. Following thymic entry, Notch signals are required to specify the T cell fate from a multipotent hematopoietic progenitor. At subsequent steps in early T cell development, Notch provides important differentiation, survival, proliferation and metabolic signals. This review focuses on the multiple functions of Notch in early T cell development, from T cell specification in the thymus through beta selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Yashiro-Ohtani
- The Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and the Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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64
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A global network of transcription factors, involving E2A, EBF1 and Foxo1, that orchestrates B cell fate. Nat Immunol 2010; 11:635-43. [PMID: 20543837 PMCID: PMC2896911 DOI: 10.1038/ni.1891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 385] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
It is now established that the transcription factors E2A, EBF1 and Foxo1 play critical roles in B cell development. Here we show that E2A and EBF1 bound regulatory elements present in the Foxo1 locus. E2A and EBF1 as well as E2A and Foxo1, in turn, were wired together by a vast spectrum of cis-regulatory codes. These associations were dynamic during developmental progression. Occupancy by the E2A isoform, E47, directly elevated the abundance as well as the pattern of histone H3K4 monomethylation across putative enhancer regions. Finally, the pro-B cell epigenome was divided into clusters of loci that show E2A, EBF and Foxo1 occupancy. From this analysis a global network consisting of transcriptional regulators, signaling and survival factors, was constructed that we propose orchestrates the B cell fate.
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65
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Wu Y, Cain-Hom C, Choy L, Hagenbeek TJ, de Leon GP, Chen Y, Finkle D, Venook R, Wu X, Ridgway J, Schahin-Reed D, Dow GJ, Shelton A, Stawicki S, Watts RJ, Zhang J, Choy R, Howard P, Kadyk L, Yan M, Zha J, Callahan CA, Hymowitz SG, Siebel CW. Therapeutic antibody targeting of individual Notch receptors. Nature 2010; 464:1052-7. [PMID: 20393564 DOI: 10.1038/nature08878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 554] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2009] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The four receptors of the Notch family are widely expressed transmembrane proteins that function as key conduits through which mammalian cells communicate to regulate cell fate and growth. Ligand binding triggers a conformational change in the receptor negative regulatory region (NRR) that enables ADAM protease cleavage at a juxtamembrane site that otherwise lies buried within the quiescent NRR. Subsequent intramembrane proteolysis catalysed by the gamma-secretase complex liberates the intracellular domain (ICD) to initiate the downstream Notch transcriptional program. Aberrant signalling through each receptor has been linked to numerous diseases, particularly cancer, making the Notch pathway a compelling target for new drugs. Although gamma-secretase inhibitors (GSIs) have progressed into the clinic, GSIs fail to distinguish individual Notch receptors, inhibit other signalling pathways and cause intestinal toxicity, attributed to dual inhibition of Notch1 and 2 (ref. 11). To elucidate the discrete functions of Notch1 and Notch2 and develop clinically relevant inhibitors that reduce intestinal toxicity, we used phage display technology to generate highly specialized antibodies that specifically antagonize each receptor paralogue and yet cross-react with the human and mouse sequences, enabling the discrimination of Notch1 versus Notch2 function in human patients and rodent models. Our co-crystal structure shows that the inhibitory mechanism relies on stabilizing NRR quiescence. Selective blocking of Notch1 inhibits tumour growth in pre-clinical models through two mechanisms: inhibition of cancer cell growth and deregulation of angiogenesis. Whereas inhibition of Notch1 plus Notch2 causes severe intestinal toxicity, inhibition of either receptor alone reduces or avoids this effect, demonstrating a clear advantage over pan-Notch inhibitors. Our studies emphasize the value of paralogue-specific antagonists in dissecting the contributions of distinct Notch receptors to differentiation and disease and reveal the therapeutic promise in targeting Notch1 and Notch2 independently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wu
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
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66
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Kim SR, Lee YC. PTEN as a unique promising therapeutic target for occupational asthma. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2010; 30:793-814. [PMID: 18671162 DOI: 10.1080/08923970802285164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN) dephophorylates phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate (PIP3) and is a key negative regulator of phosphoinositide kinase-3 (PI3K) signaling pathway. PTEN also suppresses cellular motility through mechanisms that may be partially independent of phosphatase activity. PTEN is one of the most commonly lost tumor suppressors in human cancers, and its down-regulation is also implicated in several other diseases including airway inflammatory diseases. There is increasing evidence regarding the protective effects of PTEN on the bronchial asthma which is induced by complex signaling networks. Very recently, as for the occupational asthma (OA) with considerable controversy for its pathobiologic mechanisms, PTEN has been considered as a key molecule which is capable of protecting toluene diisocyanate (TDI)-induced asthma, suggesting that PTEN is located at switching point of various molecular signals in OA. Knowledge of the mechanisms of PTEN regulation/function could direct to the pharmacological manipulation of PTEN. This article reviews the latest knowledge and studies on the roles and mechanisms of PTEN in OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Ri Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Airway Remodeling Laboratory, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, South Korea
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67
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Okkenhaug K, Fruman DA. PI3Ks in lymphocyte signaling and development. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2010; 346:57-85. [PMID: 20563708 DOI: 10.1007/82_2010_45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocyte development and function are regulated by tyrosine kinase and G-protein coupled receptors. Each of these classes of receptors activates phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K). In this chapter, we summarize current understanding of how PI3K contributes to key aspects of the adaptive immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Okkenhaug
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK.
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68
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Finlay D, Cantrell D. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase and the mammalian target of rapamycin pathways control T cell migration. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1183:149-57. [PMID: 20146713 PMCID: PMC3520021 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05134.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The established role for phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5) triphosphate (PI(3,4,5)P3) signaling pathways is to regulate cell metabolism. More recently it has emerged that PI(3,4,5)P3 signaling via mammalian target of rapamycin and Foxo transcription factors also controls lymphocyte trafficking by determining the repertoire of adhesion and chemokine receptors expressed by T lymphocytes. In quiescent T cells, nonphosphorylated active Foxos maintain expression of KLF2, a transcription factor that regulates expression of the chemokine receptors CCR7 and sphingosine 1 phosphate receptor, and the adhesion receptor CD62L that together control T-cell transmigration into secondary lymphoid tissues. PI(3,4,5)P3 mediates activation of protein kinase B, which phosphorylates and inactivates Foxos, thereby terminating expression of KLF2 and its target genes. The correct localization of lymphocytes is essential for effective immune responses, and the ability of phosphoinositide 3-kinase and mammalian target of rapamycin to regulate expression of chemokine receptors and adhesion molecules puts these signaling molecules at the core of the molecular mechanisms that control lymphocyte trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Finlay
- Division of Immunology and Cell Biology, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
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69
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Nardella C, Carracedo A, Salmena L, Pandolfi PP. Faithfull modeling of PTEN loss driven diseases in the mouse. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2010; 347:135-68. [PMID: 20549475 DOI: 10.1007/82_2010_62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A decade of work has indisputably defined PTEN as a pivotal player in human health and disease. Above all, PTEN has been identified as one of the most commonly lost or mutated tumor suppressor genes in human cancers. For this reason, the generation of a multitude of mouse models has been an invaluable strategy to dissect the function and consequences-of-loss of this essential, evolutionary conserved lipid phosphatase in tumor initiation and progression.In this chapter, we will summarize the mouse models that have allowed us to faithfully recapitulate features of human cancers and to highlight the network of connections between the PTEN signaling cascade and other oncogenic or tumor suppressive pathways.Notably, PTEN represents one of the most extensively modeled genes involved in human cancer and exemplifies the strength of genetic mouse modeling as an approach to gain information aimed to improve our understanding of and ability to alleviate human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Nardella
- Department of Medicine and Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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70
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Janas ML, Varano G, Gudmundsson K, Noda M, Nagasawa T, Turner M. Thymic development beyond beta-selection requires phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activation by CXCR4. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 207:247-61. [PMID: 20038597 PMCID: PMC2812547 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20091430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
T cell development requires phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling with contributions from both the class IA, p110δ, and class IB, p110γ catalytic subunits. However, the receptors on immature T cells by which each of these PI3Ks are activated have not been identified, nor has the mechanism behind their functional redundancy in the thymus. Here, we show that PI3K signaling from the preTCR requires p110δ, but not p110γ. Mice deficient for the class IB regulatory subunit p101 demonstrated the requirement for p101 in T cell development, implicating G protein–coupled receptor signaling in β-selection. We found evidence of a role for CXCR4 using small molecule antagonists in an in vitro model of β-selection and demonstrated a requirement for CXCR4 during thymic development in CXCR4-deficient embryos. Finally, we demonstrate that CXCL12, the ligand for CXCR4, allows for Notch-dependent differentiation of DN3 thymocytes in the absence of supporting stromal cells. These findings establish a role for CXCR4-mediated PI3K signaling that, together with signals from Notch and the preTCR, contributes to continued T cell development beyond β-selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Janas
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signaling and Development, the Babraham Institute, Babraham, Cambridge, CB22 3AT England, UK.
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71
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Sughrue ME, Yang I, Kane AJ, Rutkowski MJ, Fang S, James CD, Parsa AT. Immunological considerations of modern animal models of malignant primary brain tumors. J Transl Med 2009; 7:84. [PMID: 19814820 PMCID: PMC2768693 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-7-84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2009] [Accepted: 10/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in animal models of glioma have facilitated a better understanding of biological mechanisms underlying gliomagenesis and glioma progression. The limitations of existing therapy, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, have prompted numerous investigators to search for new therapeutic approaches to improve quantity and quality of survival from these aggressive lesions. One of these approaches involves triggering a tumor specific immune response. However, a difficulty in this approach is the the scarcity of animal models of primary CNS neoplasms which faithfully recapitulate these tumors and their interaction with the host's immune system. In this article, we review the existing methods utilized to date for modeling gliomas in rodents, with a focus on the known as well as potential immunological aspects of these models. As this review demonstrates, many of these models have inherent immune system limitations, and the impact of these limitations on studies on the influence of pre-clinical therapeutics testing warrants further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Sughrue
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
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72
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Finlay DK, Sinclair LV, Feijoo C, Waugh CM, Hagenbeek TJ, Spits H, Cantrell DA. Phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 controls migration and malignant transformation but not cell growth and proliferation in PTEN-null lymphocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 206:2441-54. [PMID: 19808258 PMCID: PMC2768858 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20090219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In normal T cell progenitors, phosphoinositide-dependent kinase l (PDK1)–mediated phosphorylation and activation of protein kinase B (PKB) is essential for the phosphorylation and inactivation of Foxo family transcription factors, and also controls T cell growth and proliferation. The current study has characterized the role of PDK1 in the pathology caused by deletion of the tumor suppressor phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN). PDK1 is shown to be essential for lymphomagenesis caused by deletion of PTEN in T cell progenitors. However, PTEN deletion bypasses the normal PDK1-controlled signaling pathways that determine thymocyte growth and proliferation. PDK1 does have important functions in PTEN-null thymocytes, notably to control the PKB–Foxo signaling axis and to direct the repertoire of adhesion and chemokine receptors expressed by PTEN-null T cells. The results thus provide two novel insights concerning pathological signaling caused by PTEN loss in lymphocytes. First, PTEN deletion bypasses the normal PDK1-controlled metabolic checkpoints that determine cell growth and proliferation. Second, PDK1 determines the cohort of chemokine and adhesion receptors expressed by PTEN-null cells, thereby controlling their migratory capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K Finlay
- Division of Immunology and Cell Biology, University of Dundee, Dundee DD15EH, Scotland, UK
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73
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Renner O, Blanco-Aparicio C, Carnero A. Genetic modelling of the PTEN/AKT pathway in cancer research. Clin Transl Oncol 2009; 10:618-27. [PMID: 18940742 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-008-0262-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The focus on targeted therapies has been fuelled by extensive research on molecular pathways and their role in tumorigenesis. Novel models of human cancer have been created to evaluate the role of specific genes in the different stages of cancer. Currently, mouse modelling of human cancer is possible through the expression of oncogenes, specific genetic mutations or the inactivation of tumour suppressor genes, and these models have begun to provide us with an understanding of the molecular pathways involved in tumour initiation and progression at the physiological level. Additionally, these mouse models serve as an excellent system to evaluate the efficacy of currently developed molecular targeted therapies and identify new potential targets for future therapies. The PTEN/AKT pathway is implicated in signal transduction through tyrosine kinase receptors and heterotrimeric G protein-linked receptors. Deregulation of the PTEN/AKT pathway is a common event in human cancer. Despite the abundant literature, the physiological role of each element of the pathway has begun to be uncovered thanks to genetically engineered mice. This review will summarise some of the key animal models which have helped us to understand this signalling network and its contribution to tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Renner
- Experimental Therapeutics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
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74
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Abstract
The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway plays a critical role in the development, activation, and homeostasis of T cells by modulating the expression of survival and mitogenic factors in response to a variety of stimuli. Ligation of the antigen receptor, costimulatory molecules, and cytokine receptors activate PI3K, resulting in the production of the lipid second messenger phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-triphosphate (PIP(3)). A number of molecules help to regulate the activity of this pathway, including the lipid phosphatase PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10). By limiting the amount of PIP(3) available within the cell, PTEN directly opposes PI3K activity and influences the selection of developing thymocytes as well as the activation requirements of mature T cells. T cells with unchecked PI3K activity, as a result of PTEN deficiency, contribute to the development of both autoimmune disease and lymphoma. This review dissects our current understanding of PI3K and PTEN and discusses why appropriate balance of these molecules is necessary to maintain normal T-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi L Buckler
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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75
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The roles of PTEN in development, physiology and tumorigenesis in mouse models: a tissue-by-tissue survey. Oncogene 2008; 27:5398-415. [PMID: 18794876 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2008.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In 1997, PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10, 10q23.3) was identified as an important tumor suppressor gene that is inactivated in a wide variety of human cancers. Ever since, PTEN's function has been extensively studied, and huge progress has been made in understanding PTEN's role in normal physiology and disease. In this review, we will systematically summarize the important data that have been gained from gene inactivation studies in mice and will put these data into physiological context using a tissue-by-tissue approach. We will cover mice exhibiting complete and constitutive inactivation of Pten as well as a large number of strains in which Pten has been conditionally deleted in specific tissues. We hope to highlight not only the tumor suppressive function of Pten but also its roles in embryogenesis and in the maintenance of the normal physiological functions of many organ systems.
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76
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Johnson SE, Shah N, Bajer AA, LeBien TW. IL-7 activates the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT pathway in normal human thymocytes but not normal human B cell precursors. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:8109-17. [PMID: 18523275 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.12.8109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
IL-7 signaling culminates in different biological outcomes in distinct lymphoid populations, but knowledge of the biochemical signaling pathways in normal lymphoid populations is incomplete. We analyzed CD127/IL-7Ralpha expression and function in normal (nontransformed) human thymocytes, and human CD19(+) B-lineage cells purified from xenogeneic cord blood stem cell/MS-5 murine stromal cell cultures, to further clarify the role of IL-7 in human B cell development. IL-7 stimulation of CD34(+) immature thymocytes led to phosphorylation (p-) of STAT5, ERK1/2, AKT, and glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta, and increased AKT enzymatic activity. In contrast, IL-7 stimulation of CD34(-) thymocytes (that included CD4(+)/CD8(+) double-positive, and CD4(+) and CD8(+) single-positive cells) only induced p-STAT5. IL-7 stimulation of CD19(+) cells led to robust induction of p-STAT5, but minimal induction of p-ERK1/2 and p-glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta. However, CD19(+) cells expressed endogenous p-ERK1/2, and when rested for several hours following removal from MS-5 underwent de-phosphorylation of ERK1/2. IL-7 stimulation of rested CD19(+) cells resulted in robust induction of p-ERK1/2, but no induction of AKT enzymatic activity. The use of a specific JAK3 antagonist demonstrated that all IL-7 signaling pathways in CD34(+) thymocytes and CD19(+) B-lineage cells were JAK3-dependent. We conclude that human CD34(+) thymocytes and CD19(+) B-lineage cells exhibit similarities in activation of STAT5 and ERK1/2, but differences in activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway. The different induction of PI3K/AKT may at least partially explain the different requirements for IL-7 during human T and B cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja E Johnson
- The Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Laboratory Medicine/Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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77
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PTEN functions to 'prioritize' chemotactic cues and prevent 'distraction' in migrating neutrophils. Nat Immunol 2008; 9:743-52. [PMID: 18536720 DOI: 10.1038/ni.1623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2008] [Accepted: 05/15/2008] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils encounter and 'prioritize' many chemoattractants in their pursuit of bacteria. Here we tested the possibility that the phosphatase PTEN is responsible for the prioritization of chemoattractants. Neutrophils induced chemotaxis by two separate pathways, the phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase (PI(3)K) phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) pathway, and the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, with the p38 pathway dominating over the PI(3)K pathway. Pten(-/-) neutrophils could not prioritize chemoattractants and were 'distracted' by chemokines when moving toward bacterial chemoattractants. In opposing gradients, PTEN became distributed throughout the cell circumference, which inhibited all PI(3)K activity, thus permitting 'preferential' migration toward bacterial products via phospholipase A(2) and p38. Such prioritization was defective in Pten(-/-) neutrophils, which resulted in defective bacterial clearance in vivo. Our data identify a PTEN-dependent mechanism in neutrophils to prioritize, 'triage' and integrate responses to multiple chemotactic cues.
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78
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Sauer S, Bruno L, Hertweck A, Finlay D, Leleu M, Spivakov M, Knight ZA, Cobb BS, Cantrell D, O'Connor E, Shokat KM, Fisher AG, Merkenschlager M. T cell receptor signaling controls Foxp3 expression via PI3K, Akt, and mTOR. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:7797-802. [PMID: 18509048 PMCID: PMC2409380 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0800928105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 694] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells safeguard against autoimmunity and immune pathology. Because determinants of the Treg cell fate are not completely understood, we have delineated signaling events that control the de novo expression of Foxp3 in naive peripheral CD4 T cells and in thymocytes. We report that premature termination of TCR signaling and inibition of phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase (PI3K) p110alpha, p110delta, protein kinase B (Akt), or mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) conferred Foxp3 expression and Treg-like gene expression profiles. Conversely, continued TCR signaling and constitutive PI3K/Akt/mTOR activity antagonised Foxp3 induction. At the chromatin level, di- and trimethylation of lysine 4 of histone H3 (H3K4me2 and -3) near the Foxp3 transcription start site (TSS) and within the 5' untranslated region (UTR) preceded active Foxp3 expression and, like Foxp3 inducibility, was lost upon continued TCR stimulation. These data demonstrate that the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling network regulates Foxp3 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - David Finlay
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom; and
| | | | | | - Zachary A. Knight
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | | | - Doreen Cantrell
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom; and
| | - Eric O'Connor
- Flow Cytometry Facility, Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Kevan M. Shokat
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
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79
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Sinclair LV, Finlay D, Feijoo C, Cornish GH, Gray A, Ager A, Okkenhaug K, Hagenbeek TJ, Spits H, Cantrell DA. Phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase and nutrient-sensing mTOR pathways control T lymphocyte trafficking. Nat Immunol 2008; 9:513-21. [PMID: 18391955 PMCID: PMC2857321 DOI: 10.1038/ni.1603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2007] [Accepted: 03/04/2008] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase (PI(3)K) and the nutrient sensor mTOR are evolutionarily conserved regulators of cell metabolism. Here we show that PI(3)K and mTOR determined the repertoire of adhesion and chemokine receptors expressed by T lymphocytes. The key lymph node-homing receptors CD62L (L-selectin) and CCR7 were highly expressed on naive T lymphocytes but were downregulated after immune activation. CD62L downregulation occurred through ectodomain proteolysis and suppression of gene transcription. The p110delta subunit of PI(3)K controlled CD62L proteolysis through mitogen-activated protein kinases, whereas control of CD62L transcription by p110delta was mediated by mTOR through regulation of the transcription factor KLF2. PI(3)K-mTOR nutrient-sensing pathways also determined expression of the chemokine receptor CCR7 and regulated lymphocyte trafficking in vivo. Hence, lymphocytes use PI(3)K and mTOR to match metabolism and trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda V Sinclair
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - David Finlay
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Carmen Feijoo
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Georgina H Cornish
- Immune Cell Biology, The National Institute for Medical Research, London, NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Alex Gray
- Division of Molecular Physiology, University of Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Ann Ager
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cardiff University, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Klaus Okkenhaug
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, CB2 4AT, UK
| | - Thijs J Hagenbeek
- Department of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Immunology Discovery, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California CA 94080, USA
| | - Hergen Spits
- Department of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Immunology Discovery, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California CA 94080, USA
| | - Doreen A Cantrell
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
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80
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Johnson TA, Tsutsui S, Jirik FR. Antigen-induced Pten gene deletion in T cells exacerbates neuropathology in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2008; 172:980-92. [PMID: 18349128 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2008.070892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The Pten tumor suppressor gene is critical for normal intrathymic development of T cells; however, its role in mature antigen-activated T cells is less well defined. A genetically crossed mouse line, Pten(fl/fl) GBC, in which Pten gene deletions could be primarily confined to antigen-activated CD8+ T cells, enabled us to evaluate the consequences of Pten loss on the course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Compared with Pten(fl/fl) controls, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) peptide-immunized Pten(fl/fl) GBC mice developed more severe and protracted disease. This was accompanied by increased spinal cord white matter myelin basic protein depletion and axonal damage, as well as a striking persistence of macrophage and granzyme B-expressing cellular neuroinfiltrates in the chronic phase of the disease. This persistence may be explained by the observation that anti-CD3 activated Pten(fl/fl) GBC T cells were more resistant to proapoptotic stimuli. Consistent with the predicted consequences of Pten loss, purified CD8+ T cells from Pten(fl/fl) GBC mice displayed augmented proliferative responses to anti-T-cell receptor stimulation, and MOG-primed Pten(fl/fl) GBC T cells exhibited a reduced activation threshold to MOG peptide. Pten(fl/fl) GBC mice also developed atypical central nervous system disease, manifested by prominent cervical cord and forebrain involvement. Collectively, our findings indicate that the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling pathway is an essential regulator of CD8+ T-cell effector function in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trina A Johnson
- Department of Biochemistry and Muscular Biology, McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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81
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Juntilla MM, Koretzky GA. Critical roles of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in T cell development. Immunol Lett 2008; 116:104-10. [PMID: 18243340 PMCID: PMC2322870 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2007.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2007] [Revised: 12/11/2007] [Accepted: 12/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Thymocyte development requires an integration of extracellular cues to enforce lineage commitment at multiple defined checkpoints in a stage-specific manner. Critical signals from the pre-TCR, Notch, and the receptor for interleukin-7 (IL-7) dictate cellular differentiation from the CD4(-)CD8(-) (double negative) stage to the CD4+CD8+ (double positive) stage. The PI3K/Akt signaling pathway is required to translate these extracellular signaling events into multiple functional outcomes including cellular survival, proliferation, differentiation, and allelic exclusion at the beta-selection checkpoint. However, a complete understanding of the contributions made by the PI3K/Akt pathway in thymocyte development has not been straightforward. This review highlights studies that support the model that the PI3K/Akt pathway is essential for thymocyte survival. We provide new evidence that Akt-mediated survival is not solely due to the increased expression of Bcl-xL but also is a consequence of the role played by Akt to support metabolism in proliferating thymocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa M Juntilla
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
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82
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Normal development is an integral part of tumorigenesis in T cell-specific PTEN-deficient mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:2022-7. [PMID: 18250301 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0712059105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
PTEN is a tumor suppressor gene but whether cancer can develop in all PTEN-deficient cells is not known. In T cell-specific PTEN-deficient (tPTEN-/-) mice, which suffer from mature T cell lymphomas, we found that premalignancy, as defined by elevated AKT and senescence pathways, starts in immature T cell precursors and surprisingly not in mature T cells. Premalignancy only starts in 6-week-old mice and becomes much stronger in 9-week-old mice although PTEN is lost since birth. tPTEN-/- immature T cells do not become tumors, and senescence has no role in this model because these cells exist in a novel cell cycle state, expressing proliferating proteins but not proliferating to any significant degree. Instead, the levels of p27(kip1), which is lower in tPTEN-/- immature T cells and almost nonexistent in tPTEN-/- mature T cells, correlate with the proliferation capability of these cells. Interestingly, transient reduction of these cancer precursor cells in adult tPTEN-/- mice within a crucial time window significantly delayed lymphomas and mouse lethality. Thus, loss of PTEN alone is not sufficient for cells to become cancerous, therefore other developmental events are necessary for tumor formation.
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83
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PIP3 pathway in regulatory T cells and autoimmunity. Immunol Res 2008; 39:194-224. [PMID: 17917066 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-007-0075-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play an important role in preventing both autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Many recent studies have focused on defining the signal transduction pathways essential for the development and the function of Tregs. Increasing evidence suggest that T-cell receptor (TCR), interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor (IL-2R), and co-stimulatory receptor signaling are important in the early development, peripheral homeostasis, and function of Tregs. The phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K)-regulated pathway (PIP3 pathway) is one of the major signaling pathways activated upon TCR, IL-2R, and CD28 stimulation, leading to T-cell activation, proliferation, and cell survival. Activation of the PIP3 pathway is also negatively regulated by two phosphatidylinositol phosphatases SHIP and PTEN. Several mouse models deficient for the molecules involved in PIP3 pathway suggest that impairment of PIP3 signaling leads to dysregulation of immune responses and, in some cases, autoimmunity. This review will summarize the current understanding of the importance of the PIP3 pathway in T-cell signaling and the possible roles this pathway performs in the development and the function of Tregs.
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84
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Strumane K, Song JY, Baas I, Collard JG. Increased Rac activity is required for the progression of T-lymphomas induced by Pten-deficiency. Leuk Res 2008; 32:113-20. [PMID: 17521720 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2007.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2007] [Revised: 01/30/2007] [Accepted: 03/30/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Mutation of the tumor suppressor PTEN results in loss of its PI3-kinase counteracting function. PI3-kinase stimulates tumor formation by PKB/Akt-mediated cell proliferation and prevention of apoptosis. PI3-kinase may also activate Rho-GTPases and their regulatory GEFs to promote invasion. Here we have analyzed the function of the Rac-specific activator, Tiam1, in PI3-kinase-induced T-lymphomagenesis. Mice with a T cell-specific Pten deletion developed T-lymphomas with enhanced PKB/Akt phosphorylation. However, these T-lymphomas infiltrated more frequently into various organs in Tiam1-deficient mice compared to wild type mice. Surprisingly, Tiam1-deficient lymphomas showed increased Rac activity, suggesting that the lack of Tiam1 is compensated by alternative Rac-activating mechanisms that lead to increased progression of PI3-kinase-induced T-lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Strumane
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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85
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Zha Y, Shah R, Locke F, Wong A, Gajewski TF. Use of Cre-adenovirus and CAR transgenic mice for efficient deletion of genes in post-thymic T cells. J Immunol Methods 2007; 331:94-102. [PMID: 18177887 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2007.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2007] [Revised: 10/22/2007] [Accepted: 11/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Conditional gene deletion using lineage-specific transgenic expression of Cre has been useful for defining the role of specific gene products in mice in vivo. However, this technology has had limitations for studies of peripheral T cell biology, since the T-lineage promoters commonly used are active early in thymic development. As such, T cell development can be altered by the resulting genetic alterations, thus limiting the interpretation of the data in post-thymic T cell studies. Thus, new strategies are needed to delete targeted genes directly in peripheral T lymphocytes. The availability of transgenic mice expressing the CAR in the T cell compartment enabled testing of Cre-mediated recombination using an adenoviral vector in naïve peripheral T cells in vitro, even without cellular activation. Using Rosa26R reporterxCAR transgenic mice, we describe conditions by which Cre-mediated deletion of targeted genes can be achieved with primary T cells in vitro. These cells can also be adoptively transferred into defined recipient mice for study in vivo. We use conditional PTEN-deficient mice as proof of concept to confirm the value of this technique for deleting a negative regulator of T cell activation. This technology should be broadly applicable for studies of T cell-specific gene deletion to gain understanding of function in the post-thymic T cell compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zha
- Department of Pathology and Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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86
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Hagenbeek TJ, Spits H. T-cell lymphomas in T-cell-specific Pten-deficient mice originate in the thymus. Leukemia 2007; 22:608-19. [PMID: 18046443 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2405056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (Pten) is a tumor suppressor protein whose loss of lipid phosphatase activity is associated with lymphomagenesis. We made use of the Cre-loxP system to delete Pten expression in Lck- or CD4-expressing T-lineage cells. Mice initially showed modest thymic hyperplasia and subsequently developed expanding and infiltrating T-cell lymphomas, leading to a premature death within 5 to 23 weeks. Frequently, all thymocyte and peripheral T-cell populations displayed phenotypes characteristic for immature developing thymocyte precursors and shared elevated levels of clonally rearranged T-cell receptor (TCR) beta chains. In concert, CD2, CD5, CD3epsilon and CD44, proteins associated with increased expression and signaling capacity of both the immature pre-TCR and the mature alphabetaTCR, were more abundantly expressed, reflecting a constitutive state of activation. Although most T-cell lymphomas had acquired the capability to infiltrate the periphery, not all populations left the thymus and expanded clonally exclusively in the thymus. In line with this, only transplantation of thymocytes with infiltrating capacity gave rise to T-cell lymphoma in immunodeficient recipients. These results indicate that T-cell-specific Pten deletion during various stages of thymocyte development gives rise to clonally expanding T-cell lymphomas that frequently infiltrate the periphery, but originate in the thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Hagenbeek
- Department of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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87
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Yanagi S, Kishimoto H, Kawahara K, Sasaki T, Sasaki M, Nishio M, Yajima N, Hamada K, Horie Y, Kubo H, Whitsett JA, Mak TW, Nakano T, Nakazato M, Suzuki A. Pten controls lung morphogenesis, bronchioalveolar stem cells, and onset of lung adenocarcinomas in mice. J Clin Invest 2007; 117:2929-40. [PMID: 17909629 PMCID: PMC1994617 DOI: 10.1172/jci31854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2007] [Accepted: 07/12/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PTEN is a tumor suppressor gene mutated in many human cancers. We generated a bronchioalveolar epithelium-specific null mutation of Pten in mice [SP-C-rtTA/(tetO)(7)-Cre/Pten(flox/flox) (SOPten(flox/flox)) mice] that was under the control of doxycycline. Ninety percent of SOPten(flox/flox) mice that received doxycycline in utero [SOPten(flox/flox)(E10-16) mice] died of hypoxia soon after birth. Surviving SOPten(flox/flox)(E10-16) mice and mice that received doxycycline postnatally [SOPten(flox/flox)(P21-27) mice] developed spontaneous lung adenocarcinomas. Urethane treatment accelerated number and size of lung tumors developing in SOPten(flox/flox) mice of both ages. Histological and biochemical examinations of the lungs of SOPten(flox/flox)(E10-16) mice revealed hyperplasia of bronchioalveolar epithelial cells and myofibroblast precursors, enlarged alveolar epithelial cells, and impaired production of surfactant proteins. Numbers of bronchioalveolar stem cells (BASCs), putative initiators of lung adenocarcinomas, were increased. Lungs of SOPten(flox/flox)(E10-16) mice showed increased expression of Spry2, which inhibits the maturation of alveolar epithelial cells. Levels of Akt, c-Myc, Bcl-2, and Shh were also elevated in SOPten(flox/flox)(E10-16) and SOPten(flox/flox)(P21-27) lungs. Furthermore, K-ras was frequently mutated in adenocarcinomas observed in SOPten(flox/flox)(P21-27) lungs. These results indicate that Pten is essential for both normal lung morphogenesis and the prevention of lung carcinogenesis, possibly because this tumor suppressor is required for BASC homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigehisa Yanagi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Third Department of Internal Medicine, Miyazaki Medical College, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.
Division of Embryonic and Genetic Engineering, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
Department of Microbiology and
Department of Gastroenterology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Department of Geriatric and Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research and Departments of Immunology and Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Pathology, Medical School, and Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kishimoto
- Department of Molecular Biology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Third Department of Internal Medicine, Miyazaki Medical College, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.
Division of Embryonic and Genetic Engineering, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
Department of Microbiology and
Department of Gastroenterology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Department of Geriatric and Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research and Departments of Immunology and Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Pathology, Medical School, and Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kohichi Kawahara
- Department of Molecular Biology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Third Department of Internal Medicine, Miyazaki Medical College, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.
Division of Embryonic and Genetic Engineering, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
Department of Microbiology and
Department of Gastroenterology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Department of Geriatric and Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research and Departments of Immunology and Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Pathology, Medical School, and Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takehiko Sasaki
- Department of Molecular Biology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Third Department of Internal Medicine, Miyazaki Medical College, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.
Division of Embryonic and Genetic Engineering, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
Department of Microbiology and
Department of Gastroenterology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Department of Geriatric and Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research and Departments of Immunology and Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Pathology, Medical School, and Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masato Sasaki
- Department of Molecular Biology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Third Department of Internal Medicine, Miyazaki Medical College, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.
Division of Embryonic and Genetic Engineering, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
Department of Microbiology and
Department of Gastroenterology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Department of Geriatric and Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research and Departments of Immunology and Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Pathology, Medical School, and Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Miki Nishio
- Department of Molecular Biology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Third Department of Internal Medicine, Miyazaki Medical College, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.
Division of Embryonic and Genetic Engineering, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
Department of Microbiology and
Department of Gastroenterology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Department of Geriatric and Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research and Departments of Immunology and Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Pathology, Medical School, and Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Yajima
- Department of Molecular Biology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Third Department of Internal Medicine, Miyazaki Medical College, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.
Division of Embryonic and Genetic Engineering, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
Department of Microbiology and
Department of Gastroenterology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Department of Geriatric and Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research and Departments of Immunology and Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Pathology, Medical School, and Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koichi Hamada
- Department of Molecular Biology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Third Department of Internal Medicine, Miyazaki Medical College, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.
Division of Embryonic and Genetic Engineering, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
Department of Microbiology and
Department of Gastroenterology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Department of Geriatric and Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research and Departments of Immunology and Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Pathology, Medical School, and Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuo Horie
- Department of Molecular Biology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Third Department of Internal Medicine, Miyazaki Medical College, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.
Division of Embryonic and Genetic Engineering, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
Department of Microbiology and
Department of Gastroenterology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Department of Geriatric and Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research and Departments of Immunology and Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Pathology, Medical School, and Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kubo
- Department of Molecular Biology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Third Department of Internal Medicine, Miyazaki Medical College, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.
Division of Embryonic and Genetic Engineering, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
Department of Microbiology and
Department of Gastroenterology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Department of Geriatric and Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research and Departments of Immunology and Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Pathology, Medical School, and Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jeffrey A. Whitsett
- Department of Molecular Biology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Third Department of Internal Medicine, Miyazaki Medical College, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.
Division of Embryonic and Genetic Engineering, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
Department of Microbiology and
Department of Gastroenterology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Department of Geriatric and Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research and Departments of Immunology and Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Pathology, Medical School, and Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tak Wah Mak
- Department of Molecular Biology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Third Department of Internal Medicine, Miyazaki Medical College, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.
Division of Embryonic and Genetic Engineering, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
Department of Microbiology and
Department of Gastroenterology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Department of Geriatric and Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research and Departments of Immunology and Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Pathology, Medical School, and Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toru Nakano
- Department of Molecular Biology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Third Department of Internal Medicine, Miyazaki Medical College, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.
Division of Embryonic and Genetic Engineering, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
Department of Microbiology and
Department of Gastroenterology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Department of Geriatric and Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research and Departments of Immunology and Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Pathology, Medical School, and Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Nakazato
- Department of Molecular Biology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Third Department of Internal Medicine, Miyazaki Medical College, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.
Division of Embryonic and Genetic Engineering, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
Department of Microbiology and
Department of Gastroenterology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Department of Geriatric and Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research and Departments of Immunology and Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Pathology, Medical School, and Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akira Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Biology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Third Department of Internal Medicine, Miyazaki Medical College, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.
Division of Embryonic and Genetic Engineering, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
Department of Microbiology and
Department of Gastroenterology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
Department of Geriatric and Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research and Departments of Immunology and Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Department of Pathology, Medical School, and Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Abstract
Like all hematopoietic cells, T lymphocytes are derived from bone-marrow-resident stem cells. However, whereas most blood lineages are generated within the marrow, the majority of T cell development occurs in a specialized organ, the thymus. This distinction underscores the unique capacity of the thymic microenvironment to support T lineage restriction and differentiation. Although the identity of many of the contributing thymus-derived signals is well established and rooted in highly conserved pathways involving Notch, morphogenetic, and protein tyrosine kinase signals, the manner in which the ensuing cascades are integrated to orchestrate the underlying processes of T cell development remains under investigation. This review focuses on the current definition of the early stages of T cell lymphopoiesis, with an emphasis on the nature of thymus-derived signals delivered to T cell progenitors that support the commitment and differentiation of T cells toward the alphabeta and gammadelta T cell lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ciofani
- Molecular Pathogenesis Program, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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89
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Masse GX, Corcuff E, Decaluwe H, Bommhardt U, Lantz O, Buer J, Di Santo JP. gamma(c) cytokines provide multiple homeostatic signals to naive CD4(+) T cells. Eur J Immunol 2007; 37:2606-16. [PMID: 17683114 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200737234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines signaling through receptors sharing the common gamma chain (gamma(c)), including IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15 and IL-21, are critical for the generation and peripheral homeostasis of B, T and NK cells. To identify unique or redundant roles for gamma(c) cytokines in naive CD4(+) T cells, we compared monoclonal populations of CD4(+) T cells from TCR-Tg mice that were gamma(c) (+), gamma(c) (-), CD127(-/-) or CD122(-/-). We found that gamma(c) (-) naive CD4(+) T cells failed to accumulate in the peripheral lymphoid organs and the few remaining cells were characterized by small size, decreased expression of MHC class I and enhanced apoptosis. By over-expressing human Bcl-2, peripheral naive CD4(+) T cells that lack gamma(c) could be rescued. Bcl-2(+) gamma(c) (-) CD4(+) T cells demonstrated enhanced survival characteristics in vivo and in vitro, and could proliferate normally in vitro in response to antigen. Nevertheless, Bcl-2(+) gamma(c) (-) CD4(+) T cells remained small in size, and this phenotype was not corrected by enforced expression of an activated protein kinase B. We conclude that gamma(c) cytokines (primarily but not exclusively IL-7) provide Bcl-2-dependent as well as Bcl-2-independent signals to maintain the phenotype and homeostasis of the peripheral naive CD4(+) T cell pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillemette X Masse
- Cytokines and Lymphoid Development Unit, Immunology Department, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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90
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Fayard E, Gill J, Paolino M, Hynx D, Holländer GA, Hemmings BA. Deletion of PKBalpha/Akt1 affects thymic development. PLoS One 2007; 2:e992. [PMID: 17912369 PMCID: PMC1991598 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2007] [Accepted: 09/04/2007] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The thymus constitutes the primary lymphoid organ for the majority of T cells. The phosphatidyl-inositol 3 kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway is involved in lymphoid development. Defects in single components of this pathway prevent thymocytes from progressing beyond early T cell developmental stages. Protein kinase B (PKB) is the main effector of the PI3K pathway. Methodology/Principal Findings To determine whether PKB mediates PI3K signaling in the thymus, we characterized PKB knockout thymi. Our results reveal a significant thymic hypocellularity in PKBα−/− neonates and an accumulation of early thymocyte subsets in PKBα−/− adult mice. Using thymic grafting and fetal liver cell transfer experiments, the latter finding was specifically attributed to the lack of PKBα within the lymphoid component of the thymus. Microarray analyses show that the absence of PKBα in early thymocyte subsets modifies the expression of genes known to be involved in pre-TCR signaling, in T cell activation, and in the transduction of interferon-mediated signals. Conclusions/Significance This report highlights the specific requirements of PKBα for thymic development and opens up new prospects as to the mechanism downstream of PKBα in early thymocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Fayard
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jason Gill
- Pediatric Immunology, Center for Biomedicine, Department of Clinical-Biological Sciences, The University of Basel, The University Children's Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Magdalena Paolino
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Debby Hynx
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Georg A. Holländer
- Pediatric Immunology, Center for Biomedicine, Department of Clinical-Biological Sciences, The University of Basel, The University Children's Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Brian A. Hemmings
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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91
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Patton DT, Garçon F, Okkenhaug K. The PI3K p110delta controls T-cell development, differentiation and regulation. Biochem Soc Trans 2007; 35:167-71. [PMID: 17371229 DOI: 10.1042/bst0350167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PI3Ks (phosphoinositide 3-kinases) regulate diverse cellular functions such as metabolism, growth, gene expression and migration. The p110delta isoform of PI3K is mainly expressed in cells of the immune system and contributes to cellular and humoral immunity. In the thymus, p110delta and p110gamma play complementary roles in regulating the transition through key developmental checkpoints. In addition, p110delta regulates the differentiation of peripheral Th (helper T-cells) towards the Th1 and Th2 lineages. Moreover, p110delta is critical for Treg (regulatory T-cell) function. Here, we review the role of PI3Ks in T-cell development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- D T Patton
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
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92
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Palomero T, Sulis ML, Cortina M, Real PJ, Barnes K, Ciofani M, Caparros E, Buteau J, Brown K, Perkins SL, Bhagat G, Mishra A, Basso G, Castillo M, Nagase S, Cordon-Cardo C, Parsons R, Zúñiga-Pflücker JC, Dominguez M, Ferrando AA. Mutational loss of PTEN induces resistance to NOTCH1 inhibition in T-cell leukemia. Nat Med 2007; 13:1203-10. [PMID: 17873882 PMCID: PMC2600418 DOI: 10.1038/nm1636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 709] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2007] [Accepted: 07/20/2007] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Gain-of-function mutations in NOTCH1 are common in T-cell lymphoblastic leukemias and lymphomas (T-ALL), making this receptor a promising target for drugs such as gamma-secretase inhibitors, which block a proteolytic cleavage required for NOTCH1 activation. However, the enthusiasm for these therapies has been tempered by tumor resistance and the paucity of information on the oncogenic programs regulated by oncogenic NOTCH1. Here we show that NOTCH1 regulates the expression of PTEN (encoding phosphatase and tensin homolog) and the activity of the phosphoinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)-AKT signaling pathway in normal and leukemic T cells. Notch signaling and the PI3K-AKT pathway synergize in vivo in a Drosophila melanogaster model of Notch-induced tumorigenesis, and mutational loss of PTEN is associated with human T-ALL resistance to pharmacological inhibition of NOTCH1. Overall, these findings identify transcriptional control of PTEN and regulation of the PI3K-AKT pathway as key elements of the leukemogenic program activated by NOTCH1 and provide the basis for the design of new therapeutic strategies for T-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Palomero
- Institute for Cancer Genetics-Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Maria Luisa Sulis
- Institute for Cancer Genetics-Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Maria Cortina
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Alicante, 03550, Spain
| | - Pedro J. Real
- Institute for Cancer Genetics-Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Kelly Barnes
- Institute for Cancer Genetics-Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Maria Ciofani
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Esther Caparros
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Alicante, 03550, Spain
| | - Jean Buteau
- Departments of Medicine and Endocrinology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Kristy Brown
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Sherrie L. Perkins
- Pathology Department, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Govind Bhagat
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Archana Mishra
- Pathology Department, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Giuseppe Basso
- Hemato-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, University of Padua, Padua, 35128, Italy
| | - Mireia Castillo
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Satoru Nagase
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Tohoku University School of Medicine Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Carlos Cordon-Cardo
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Ramon Parsons
- Institute for Cancer Genetics-Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | | | - Maria Dominguez
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Alicante, 03550, Spain
- Adolfo A. Ferrando () and Maria Dominguez () are co-senior corresponding authors
| | - Adolfo A. Ferrando
- Institute for Cancer Genetics-Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Adolfo A. Ferrando () and Maria Dominguez () are co-senior corresponding authors
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93
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Juntilla MM, Wofford JA, Birnbaum MJ, Rathmell JC, Koretzky GA. Akt1 and Akt2 are required for alphabeta thymocyte survival and differentiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:12105-10. [PMID: 17609365 PMCID: PMC1924580 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0705285104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The beta-selection checkpoint in alphabetaT lymphocyte development occurs at the double negative (DN) 3 (CD4(-)CD8(-)CD25(+)c-kit(-)) stage, when further differentiation requires a signal from the newly rearranged TCR beta chain. Thymocytes with mutations in key signaling molecules in the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt pathway manifest defects in survival, proliferation, and differentiation past the beta-selection checkpoint. However, little information is available regarding the role of Akt itself in thymocyte development. In this study, we explore the role of the two Akt isoforms most highly expressed in the thymus, Akt1 and Akt2, in early T cell development. Using several complementary approaches, we find that deletion of Akt1 results in only minor defects in thymocyte development. The Akt1(-/-)Akt2(-/-) thymocytes manifest a severe developmental block at the DN3 stage and ultimately fail to repopulate the T cell compartment of an irradiated host. Further, we show that Akt1(-/-)Akt2(-/-) DN3 cells have decreased glucose uptake and die in response to TCR stimulation in vitro. Study of thymocytes from the genetically altered mice suggests that the cause of the developmental defect is due to apoptosis, partially caused by decreased cellular growth and metabolism at the DN3 stage. Our results show that Akt protects thymocytes from cell death during the beta-selection checkpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica A. Wofford
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology and Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Morris J. Birnbaum
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104; and
| | - Jeffrey C. Rathmell
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology and Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
| | - Gary A. Koretzky
- *Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104; and
- **To whom correspondence may be addressed at:
University of Pennsylvania, 415 BRBII/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104. E-mail:
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94
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Mao C, Tili EG, Dose M, Haks MC, Bear SE, Maroulakou I, Horie K, Gaitanaris GA, Fidanza V, Ludwig T, Wiest DL, Gounari F, Tsichlis PN. Unequal Contribution of Akt Isoforms in the Double-Negative to Double-Positive Thymocyte Transition. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:5443-53. [PMID: 17442925 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.9.5443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Pre-TCR signals regulate the transition of the double-negative (DN) 3 thymocytes to the DN4, and subsequently to the double-positive (DP) stage. In this study, we show that pre-TCR signals activate Akt and that pharmacological inhibition of the PI3K/Akt pathway, or combined ablation of Akt1 and Akt2, and to a lesser extent Akt1 and Akt3, interfere with the differentiation of DN3 and the accumulation of DP thymocytes. Combined ablation of Akt1 and Akt2 inhibits the proliferation of DN4 cells, while combined ablation of all Akt isoforms also inhibits the survival of all the DN thymocytes. Finally, the combined ablation of Akt1 and Akt2 inhibits the survival of DP thymocytes. Constitutively active Lck-Akt1 transgenes had the opposite effects. We conclude that, following their activation by pre-TCR signals, Akt1, Akt2, and, to a lesser extent, Akt3 promote the transition of DN thymocytes to the DP stage, in part by enhancing the proliferation and survival of cells undergoing beta-selection. Akt1 and Akt2 also contribute to the differentiation process by promoting the survival of the DP thymocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changchuin Mao
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts-New England Medical Center, 750 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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95
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Shiroki F, Matsuda S, Doi T, Fujiwara M, Mochizuki Y, Kadowaki T, Suzuki H, Koyasu S. The p85α Regulatory Subunit of Class IA Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase Regulates β-Selection in Thymocyte Development. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:1349-56. [PMID: 17237381 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.3.1349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We examined the role of class IA PI3K in pre-TCR controlled beta-selection and TCR-controlled positive/negative selection in thymic development. Using mice deficient for p85alpha, a major regulatory subunit of the class IA PI3K family, the role of class IA PI3K in beta-selection was examined by injection of anti-CD3epsilon mAb into p85alpha(-/-)Rag-2(-/-) mice, which mimics pre-TCR signals. Transition of CD4(-)CD8(-) double-negative (DN) to CD4(+)CD8(+) double-positive (DP) thymocytes triggered by anti-CD3epsilon mAb was significantly impaired in p85alpha(-/-)Rag-2(-/-) compared with p85alpha(+/-)Rag-2(-/-) mice. Furthermore, DP cell numbers were lower in p85alpha(-/-)DO11.10/Rag-2(-/-) TCR-transgenic mice than in DO11.10/Rag-2(-/-) mice. In addition, inhibition by IC87114 of the major class IA PI3K catalytic subunit expressed in lymphocytes, p110delta, blocked transition of DN to DP cells in embryonic day 14.5 fetal thymic organ culture without affecting cell viability. In the absence of phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10, where class IA PI3K signals would be amplified, the DN to DP transition was accelerated. In contrast, neither positive nor negative selection in Rag-2(-/-)TCR-transgenic mice was perturbed by the lack of p85alpha. These findings establish an important function of class IA PI3K in the pre-TCR-controlled developmental transition of DN to DP thymocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiko Shiroki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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96
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Okkenhaug K, Ali K, Vanhaesebroeck B. Antigen receptor signalling: a distinctive role for the p110delta isoform of PI3K. Trends Immunol 2007; 28:80-7. [PMID: 17208518 PMCID: PMC2358943 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2006.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2006] [Revised: 11/24/2006] [Accepted: 12/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The activation of antigen receptors triggers two important signalling pathways originating from phosphatidylinositol(4,5)-bisphosphate [PtdIns(4,5)P2]. The first is phospholipase Cγ (PLCγ)-mediated hydrolysis of PtdIns(4,5)P2, resulting in the activation of Ras, protein kinase C and Ca2+ flux. This culminates in profound alterations in gene expression and effector-cell responses, including secretory granule exocytosis and cytokine production. By contrast, phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) phosphorylate PtdIns(4,5)P2 to yield phosphatidylinositol(3,4,5)-trisphosphate, activating signalling pathways that overlap with PLCγ or are PI3K-specific. Pathways that are PI3K-specific include Akt-mediated inactivation of Foxo transcription factors and transcription-independent regulation of glucose uptake and metabolism. The p110δ isoform of PI3K is the main source of PI3K activity following antigen recognition by B cells, T cells and mast cells. Here, we review the roles of p110δ in regulating antigen-dependent responses in these cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Okkenhaug
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK, CB2 4AT
| | - Khaled Ali
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, London, UK, W1W 7BS
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, UK, WC1E 6BT
| | - Bart Vanhaesebroeck
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, London, UK, W1W 7BS
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, UK, WC1E 6BT
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97
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Garçon F, Nunès JA. Travel informations on the Tec kinases during lymphocyte activation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2006; 584:15-27. [PMID: 16802596 DOI: 10.1007/0-387-34132-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Garçon
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB2 4AT, UK
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98
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Patra AK, Drewes T, Engelmann S, Chuvpilo S, Kishi H, Hünig T, Serfling E, Bommhardt UH. PKB Rescues Calcineurin/NFAT-Induced Arrest of Rag Expression and Pre-T Cell Differentiation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:4567-76. [PMID: 16982894 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.7.4567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase B (PKB), an Ag receptor activated serine-threonine kinase, controls various cellular processes including proliferation and survival. However, PKB function in thymocyte development is still unclear. We report PKB as an important negative regulator of the calcineurin (CN)-regulated transcription factor NFAT in early T cell differentiation. Expression of a hyperactive version of CN induces a profound block at the CD25+CD44- double-negative (DN) 3 stage of T cell development. We correlate this arrest with up-regulation of Bcl-2, CD2, CD5, and CD27 proteins and constitutive activation of NFAT but a severe impairment of Rag1, Rag2, and intracellular TCR-beta as well as intracellular TCR-gammadelta protein expression. Intriguingly, simultaneous expression of active myristoylated PKB inhibits nuclear NFAT activity, restores Rag activity, and enables DN3 cells to undergo normal differentiation and expansion. A correlation between the loss of NFAT activity and Rag1 and Rag2 expression is also found in myristoylated PKB-induced CD4+ lymphoma cells. Furthermore, ectopic expression of NFAT inhibits Rag2 promoter activity in EL4 cells, and in vivo binding of NFATc1 to the Rag1 and Rag2 promoter and cis-acting transcription regulatory elements is verified by chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis. The regulation of CN/NFAT signaling by PKB may thus control receptor regulated changes in Rag expression and constitute a signaling pathway important for differentiation processes in the thymus and periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amiya K Patra
- Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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99
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Walsh PT, Buckler JL, Zhang J, Gelman AE, Dalton NM, Taylor DK, Bensinger SJ, Hancock WW, Turka LA. PTEN inhibits IL-2 receptor-mediated expansion of CD4+ CD25+ Tregs. J Clin Invest 2006; 116:2521-31. [PMID: 16917540 PMCID: PMC1550279 DOI: 10.1172/jci28057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2006] [Accepted: 06/20/2006] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the greatest barriers against harnessing the potential of CD4+ CD25+ Tregs as a cellular immunotherapy is their hypoproliferative phenotype. We have previously shown that the hypoproliferative response of Tregs to IL-2 is associated with defective downstream PI3K signaling. Here, we demonstrate that targeted deletion of the lipid phosphatase PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10) regulates the peripheral homeostasis of Tregs in vivo and allows their expansion ex vivo in response to IL-2 alone. PTEN deficiency does not adversely affect either the thymic development or the function of Tregs, which retain their ability to suppress responder T cells in vitro and prevent colitis in vivo. Conversely, reexpression of PTEN in PTEN-deficient Tregs as well as in activated CD4+ T cells inhibits IL-2-dependent proliferation, confirming PTEN as a negative regulator of IL-2 receptor signaling. These data demonstrate that PTEN regulates the "anergic" response of Tregs to IL-2 in vitro and Treg homeostasis in vivo and indicate that inhibition of PTEN activity may facilitate the expansion of these cells for potential use in cellular immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick T. Walsh
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Cellular Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, California, USA.
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Joseph Stokes Jr. Research Institute and Biesecker Pediatric Liver Center, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jodi L. Buckler
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Cellular Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, California, USA.
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Joseph Stokes Jr. Research Institute and Biesecker Pediatric Liver Center, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jidong Zhang
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Cellular Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, California, USA.
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Joseph Stokes Jr. Research Institute and Biesecker Pediatric Liver Center, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andrew E. Gelman
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Cellular Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, California, USA.
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Joseph Stokes Jr. Research Institute and Biesecker Pediatric Liver Center, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nicole M. Dalton
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Cellular Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, California, USA.
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Joseph Stokes Jr. Research Institute and Biesecker Pediatric Liver Center, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Devon K. Taylor
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Cellular Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, California, USA.
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Joseph Stokes Jr. Research Institute and Biesecker Pediatric Liver Center, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Steven J. Bensinger
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Cellular Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, California, USA.
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Joseph Stokes Jr. Research Institute and Biesecker Pediatric Liver Center, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Wayne W. Hancock
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Cellular Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, California, USA.
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Joseph Stokes Jr. Research Institute and Biesecker Pediatric Liver Center, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Laurence A. Turka
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Cellular Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, California, USA.
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Joseph Stokes Jr. Research Institute and Biesecker Pediatric Liver Center, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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100
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Ciofani M, Zúñiga-Pflücker JC. A survival guide to early T cell development. Immunol Res 2006; 34:117-32. [PMID: 16760572 DOI: 10.1385/ir:34:2:117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The survival of immature T cell precursors is dependent on both thymus-derived extrinsic signals and self-autonomous pre-TCR-mediated signals. While the role of cytokines and the pre-TCR in promoting thymocyte survival has been well established, the relationship between pro- and anti-apoptotic signaling cascades remains poorly defined. Recent studies have established a link between cell survival and growth factor-mediated maintenance of cellular metabolism. In this regard, the Notch signaling pathway has emerged as more than an inducer of T lineage commitment and differentiation, but also as a potent trophic factor, promoting the survival and metabolic state of pre-T cells. In this review, we describe current concepts of the intracellular signaling pathways downstream of cell intrinsic and extrinsic factors that dictate survival versus death outcomes during early T cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ciofani
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, and Sunnybrook and Women's Research Institute, 2075 Bayview Ave., Toronto, Ontario, M4N 3M5 Canada
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