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Raffaghello L, Vacca A, Pistoia V, Ribatti D. Cancer associated fibroblasts in hematological malignancies. Oncotarget 2015; 6:2589-603. [PMID: 25474039 PMCID: PMC4413603 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor microenvironment plays an important role in cancer initiation and progression. In hematological malignancies, the bone marrow represents the paradigmatic anatomical site in which tumor microenvironment expresses its morphofunctional features. Among the cells participating in the composition of this microenvironment, cancer associated fibrobasts (CAFs) have received less attention in hematopoietic tumors compared to solid cancers. In this review article, we discuss the involvement of CAFs in progression of hematological malignancies and the potential targeting of CAFs in a therapeutic perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angelo Vacca
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Vito Pistoia
- Laboratorio di Oncologia, Istituto G. Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Domenico Ribatti
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy, National Cancer Institute "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy
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Revisiting the biology of infant t(4;11)/MLL-AF4+ B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 2015; 126:2676-85. [PMID: 26463423 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-09-667378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Infant B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) accounts for 10% of childhood ALL. The genetic hallmark of most infant B-ALL is chromosomal rearrangements of the mixed-lineage leukemia (MLL) gene. Despite improvement in the clinical management and survival (∼85-90%) of childhood B-ALL, the outcome of infants with MLL-rearranged (MLL-r) B-ALL remains dismal, with overall survival <35%. Among MLL-r infant B-ALL, t(4;11)+ patients harboring the fusion MLL-AF4 (MA4) display a particularly poor prognosis and a pro-B/mixed phenotype. Studies in monozygotic twins and archived blood spots have provided compelling evidence of a single cell of prenatal origin as the target for MA4 fusion, explaining the brief leukemia latency. Despite its aggressiveness and short latency, current progress on its etiology, pathogenesis, and cellular origin is limited as evidenced by the lack of mouse/human models recapitulating the disease phenotype/latency. We propose this is because infant cancer is from an etiologic and pathogenesis standpoint distinct from adult cancer and should be seen as a developmental disease. This is supported by whole-genome sequencing studies suggesting that opposite to the view of cancer as a "multiple-and-sequential-hit" model, t(4;11) alone might be sufficient to spawn leukemia. The stable genome of these patients suggests that, in infant developmental cancer, one "big-hit" might be sufficient for overt disease and supports a key contribution of epigenetics and a prenatal cell of origin during a critical developmental window of stem cell vulnerability in the leukemia pathogenesis. Here, we revisit the biology of t(4;11)+ infant B-ALL with an emphasis on its origin, genetics, and disease models.
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Abstract
In this issue of Blood, Mallampati et al report on the discovery of a new mechanism of tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) resistance, which is mediated through TKI-mediated priming of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in the bone marrow (BM).
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Rubio R, Abarrategi A, Garcia-Castro J, Martinez-Cruzado L, Suarez C, Tornin J, Santos L, Astudillo A, Colmenero I, Mulero F, Rosu-Myles M, Menendez P, Rodriguez R. Bone environment is essential for osteosarcoma development from transformed mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells 2014; 32:1136-48. [PMID: 24446210 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The cellular microenvironment plays a relevant role in cancer development. We have reported that mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) deficient for p53 alone or together with RB (p53(-/-)RB(-/-)) originate leiomyosarcoma after subcutaneous (s.c.) inoculation. Here, we show that intrabone or periosteal inoculation of p53(-/-) or p53(-/-)RB(-/-) bone marrow- or adipose tissue-derived MSCs originated metastatic osteoblastic osteosarcoma (OS). To assess the contribution of bone environment factors to OS development, we analyzed the effect of the osteoinductive factor bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) and calcified substrates on p53(-/-)RB(-/-) MSCs. We show that BMP-2 upregulates the expression of osteogenic markers in a WNT signaling-dependent manner. In addition, the s.c. coinfusion of p53(-/-)RB(-/-) MSCs together with BMP-2 resulted in appearance of tumoral osteoid areas. Likewise, when p53(-/-)RB(-/-) MSCs were inoculated embedded in a calcified ceramic scaffold composed of hydroxyapatite and tricalciumphosphate (HA/TCP), tumoral bone formation was observed in the surroundings of the HA/TCP scaffold. Moreover, the addition of BMP-2 to the ceramic/MSC implants further increased the tumoral osteoid matrix. Together, these data indicate that bone microenvironment signals are essential to drive OS development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Rubio
- GENyO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Government, Granada, Spain
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55
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Chemotherapy-induced alteration of SDF-1/CXCR4 expression in bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells from adolescents and young adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2014; 36:617-23. [PMID: 25072364 DOI: 10.1097/mph.0000000000000220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) in the marrow stroma provide a scaffold for hematopoiesis. Chemokine stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) and its receptor CXCR4 have been shown to affect the engraftment of hematopoietic stem cells. However, little is known about SDF-1/CXCR4's functions in regulating BM-MSCs in humans. As an initial step toward this issue, we have evaluated expression of SDF-1/CXCR4 in the BM-MSCs from a cohort of adolescents and young adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). We found a decrease of the CXCR4 level and an increase of the SDF-1 level in these MSCs of ALL. Moreover, cell migration appeared to be impaired in the MSCs of ALL. These changes were reversed by chemotherapy. Taken together, alteration of SDF-1/CXCR4 expression could be potentially developed as biomarkers for monitoring the effectiveness of chemotherapy.
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56
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Rodriguez R, Rosu-Myles M, Aráuzo-Bravo M, Horrillo A, Pan Q, Gonzalez-Rey E, Delgado M, Menendez P. Human bone marrow stromal cells lose immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory properties upon oncogenic transformation. Stem Cell Reports 2014; 3:606-19. [PMID: 25358789 PMCID: PMC4223704 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of their immunomodulatory properties, human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSCs) represent promising stem cells for treatment of immune disorders. hBMSCs expansion precedes their clinical use, so the possibility that hBMSCs undergo spontaneous transformation upon long-term culture should be addressed. Whether hBMSCs retain immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory properties upon oncogenic transformation remains unknown. Using sequentially mutated hBMSCs and spontaneously transformed hBMSCs, we report that, upon oncogenic transformation, hBMSCs lose immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory properties in vitro and in vivo. Transcriptome profiling and functional assays reveal immune effectors underlying the loss of immunomodulation in transformed hBMSCs. They display a proinflammatory transcriptomic signature, with deregulation of immune and inflammatory modulators and regulators of the prostaglandin synthesis. Transformed hBMSCs lose their capacity to secrete the immunosuppressive prostacyclins prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and PGI2 but produce proinflammatory thromboxanes. Together, the immunoregulatory profile adopted by hBMSCs largely depends on intrinsic genetic-molecular determinants triggered by genomic instability/oncogenic transformation. Oncogenic hBMSCs display robustly impaired immune properties Transformed hBMSCs display a proinflammatory transcriptomic signature Transformed hBMSCs lose capacity to secrete immunosuppressive prostacyclins Transformed hBMSCs gain the capacity to produce proinflammatory thromboxanes
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Affiliation(s)
- Rene Rodriguez
- Hospital Universitario de Asturias-Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo 33006, Spain
| | - Michael Rosu-Myles
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Marcos Aráuzo-Bravo
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation of Science, Bilbao 20014, Spain; Group of Computational Biology and Systems Biomedicine, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian 20014, Spain
| | - Angélica Horrillo
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute, Cell Therapy Program, Medicine School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Qiuwei Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000, the Netherlands
| | - Elena Gonzalez-Rey
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López-Neyra/CSIC, Granada 18016, Spain
| | - Mario Delgado
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López-Neyra/CSIC, Granada 18016, Spain.
| | - Pablo Menendez
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute, Cell Therapy Program, Medicine School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08036, Spain; Instituciò Catala de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona 08010, Spain.
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57
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Rodriguez R, Tornin J, Suarez C, Astudillo A, Rubio R, Yauk C, Williams A, Rosu-Myles M, Funes JM, Boshoff C, Menendez P. Expression of FUS-CHOP fusion protein in immortalized/transformed human mesenchymal stem cells drives mixoid liposarcoma formation. Stem Cells 2014; 31:2061-72. [PMID: 23836491 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports that mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) may represent the target cell for sarcoma development. Although different sarcomas have been modeled in mice upon expression of fusion oncogenes in MSCs, sarcomagenesis has not been successfully modeled in human MSCs (hMSCs). We report that FUS-CHOP, a hallmark fusion gene in mixoid liposarcoma (MLS), has an instructive role in lineage commitment, and its expression in hMSC sequentially immortalized/transformed with up to five oncogenic hits (p53 and Rb deficiency, hTERT over-expression, c-myc stabilization, and H-RAS(v12) mutation) drives the formation of serially transplantable MLS. This is the first model of sarcoma based on the expression of a sarcoma-associated fusion protein in hMSC, and allowed us to unravel the differentiation processes and signaling pathways altered in the MLS-initiating cells. This study will contribute to test novel therapeutic approaches and constitutes a proof-of-concept to use hMSCs as target cell for modeling other fusion gene-associated human sarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rene Rodriguez
- Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias and Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
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58
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Bueno C, Roldan M, Anguita E, Romero-Moya D, Martín-Antonio B, Rosu-Myles M, del Cañizo C, Campos F, García R, Gómez-Casares M, Fuster JL, Jurado M, Delgado M, Menendez P. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells from patients with aplastic anemia maintain functional and immune properties and do not contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease. Haematologica 2014; 99:1168-75. [PMID: 24727813 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2014.103580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aplastic anemia is a life-threatening bone marrow failure disorder characterized by peripheral pancytopenia and marrow hypoplasia. The majority of cases of aplastic anemia remain idiopathic, although hematopoietic stem cell deficiency and impaired immune responses are hallmarks underlying the bone marrow failure in this condition. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells constitute an essential component of the bone marrow hematopoietic microenvironment because of their immunomodulatory properties and their ability to support hematopoiesis, and they have been involved in the pathogenesis of several hematologic malignancies. We investigated whether bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells contribute, directly or indirectly, to the pathogenesis of aplastic anemia. We found that mesenchymal stem cell cultures can be established from the bone marrow of aplastic anemia patients and display the same phenotype and differentiation potential as their counterparts from normal bone marrow. Mesenchymal stem cells from aplastic anemia patients support the in vitro homeostasis and the in vivo repopulating function of CD34(+) cells, and maintain their immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory properties. These data demonstrate that bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells from patients with aplastic anemia do not have impaired functional and immunological properties, suggesting that they do not contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Bueno
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute, Cell Therapy Program of the University of Barcelona, Faculty of Medicine, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mar Roldan
- GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, Granada, Spain
| | - Eduardo Anguita
- Servicio de Hematología, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Damia Romero-Moya
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute, Cell Therapy Program of the University of Barcelona, Faculty of Medicine, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Martín-Antonio
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute, Cell Therapy Program of the University of Barcelona, Faculty of Medicine, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michael Rosu-Myles
- Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Consuelo del Cañizo
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital of Salamanca and Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Francisco Campos
- Department of Neurology, Neurovascular Area, Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Hospital Clínico-Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Regina García
- Servicio de Hematología, Hospital Clínico de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Maite Gómez-Casares
- Servicio de Hematología, Hospital Universitario Insular Materno-Infantil, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Fuster
- Sección de Oncohematología Pediátrica, Hospital Virgen de Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Jurado
- Servicio de Hematología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - Mario Delgado
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López-Neyra, CSIC, Granada, Spain
| | - Pablo Menendez
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute, Cell Therapy Program of the University of Barcelona, Faculty of Medicine, Barcelona, Spain Instituciò Catalana de Reserca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcellona, Spain
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59
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Škorvaga M, Nikitina E, Kubeš M, Košík P, Gajdošechová B, Leitnerová M, Copáková L, Belyaev I. Incidence of common preleukemic gene fusions in umbilical cord blood in Slovak population. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91116. [PMID: 24621554 PMCID: PMC3951330 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The first event in origination of many childhood leukemias is likely the presence of preleukemic clone (transformed hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells with preleukemic gene fusions (PGF)) in newborn. Thus, the screening of umbilical cord blood (UCB) for PGF may be of high importance for developing strategies for childhood leukemia prevention and treatment. However, the data on incidence of PGF in UCB are contradictive. We have compared multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and real-time quantitative PCR (RT qPCR) in neonates from Slovak National Birth Cohort. According to multiplex PCR, all 135 screened samples were negative for the most frequent PGF of B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). To explore the prevalence of prognostically important TEL-AML1, MLL-AF4 and BCR-ABL (p190), 200 UCB were screened using RT qPCR. The initial screening showed an unexpectedly high incidence of studied PGF. The validation of selected samples in two laboratories confirmed approximately ¼ of UCB positive, resulting in ∼4% incidence of TEL-AML1, ∼6.25% incidence of BCR-ABL1 p190, and ∼0.75% frequency of MLL-AF4. In most cases, the PGF presented at very low level, about 1–5 copies per 105 cells. We hypothesize that low PGF numbers reflect their relatively late origin and are likely to be eliminated in further development while higher number of PGF reflects earlier origination and may represent higher risk for leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Škorvaga
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Ekaterina Nikitina
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
- Laboratory of Oncovirology, Cancer Research Institute, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Miroslav Kubeš
- Laboratory of R&D, Eurocord-Slovakia, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Pavol Košík
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Beata Gajdošechová
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Michaela Leitnerová
- Department of Clinical Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Lucia Copáková
- Department of Clinical Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Igor Belyaev
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
- * E-mail:
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60
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Conforti A, Biagini S, Del Bufalo F, Sirleto P, Angioni A, Starc N, Li Pira G, Moretta F, Proia A, Contoli B, Genovese S, Ciardi C, Avanzini MA, Rosti V, Lo-Coco F, Locatelli F, Bernardo ME. Biological, functional and genetic characterization of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells from pediatric patients affected by acute lymphoblastic leukemia. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76989. [PMID: 24244271 PMCID: PMC3820675 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations in hematopoietic microenvironment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients have been claimed to occur, but little is known about the components of marrow stroma in these patients. In this study, we characterized mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) isolated from bone marrow (BM) of 45 pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL-MSCs) at diagnosis (day+0) and during chemotherapy treatment (days: +15; +33; +78), the time points being chosen according to the schedule of BM aspirates required by the AIEOP-BFM ALL 2009 treatment protocol. Morphology, proliferative capacity, immunophenotype, differentiation potential, immunomodulatory properties and ability to support long-term hematopoiesis of ALL-MSCs were analysed and compared with those from 41 healthy donors (HD-MSCs). ALL-MSCs were also genetically characterized through array-CGH, conventional karyotyping and FISH analysis. Moreover, we compared ALL-MSCs generated at day+0 with those isolated during chemotherapy. Morphology, immunophenotype, differentiation potential and in vitro life-span did not differ between ALL-MSCs and HD-MSCs. ALL-MSCs showed significantly lower proliferative capacity (p<0.001) and ability to support in vitro hematopoiesis (p = 0.04) as compared with HD-MSCs, while they had similar capacity to inhibit in vitro mitogen-induced T-cell proliferation (p = N.S.). ALL-MSCs showed neither the typical translocations carried by the leukemic clone (when present), nor other genetic abnormalities acquired during ex vivo culture. Our findings indicate that ALL-MSCs display reduced ability to proliferate and to support long-term hematopoiesis in vitro. ALL-MSCs isolated at diagnosis do not differ from those obtained during treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Conforti
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
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61
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Abstract
In this issue of Blood, Bueno and colleagues explore the developmental impact, as well as the transforming capacity, of the mixed-lineage leukemia (MLL)–AF4 fusion protein in combination with activation of FMS-like tyrosine receptor 3 (FLT3) in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs).1
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62
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Wong RSY, Cheong SK. Role of mesenchymal stem cells in leukaemia: Dr. Jekyll or Mr. Hyde? Clin Exp Med 2013; 14:235-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s10238-013-0247-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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63
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Ross JA, Linabery AM, Blommer CN, Langer EK, Spector LG, Hilden JM, Heerema NA, Radloff GA, Tower RL, Davies SM. Genetic variants modify susceptibility to leukemia in infants: a Children's Oncology Group report. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013; 60:31-4. [PMID: 22422485 PMCID: PMC3381932 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.24131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) gene is commonly rearranged in infant leukemia (IL). Genetic determinants of susceptibility to IL are unknown. Recent genome-wide association studies for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) have identified susceptibility loci at IKZF1, ARID5B, and CEBPE. PROCEDURE We genotyped these loci in 171 infants with leukemia and 384 controls and evaluated associations overall, by subtype [ALL, acute myeloid leukemia (AML)], and by presence (+) or absence (-) of MLL rearrangements. RESULTS Homozygosity for a variant IKZF1 allele (rs11978267) increased risk of infant AML [Odds ratio (OR) = 3.9, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.8-8.4]; the increased risk was similar for AML/MLL+ and MLL- cases. In contrast, risk of ALL/MLL- was increased in infants homozygous for the IKZF1 variant (OR = 5.1, 95% CI = 1.8-14.5) but the variant did not modify risk of ALL/MLL+. For ARID5B (rs10821936), homozygosity for the variant allele increased risk for the ALL/MLL- subgroup only (OR = 7.2, 95% CI = 2.5-20.6). There was little evidence of an association with the CEBP variant (rs2239633). CONCLUSION IKZF1 is expressed in early hematopoiesis, including precursor myeloid cells. Our data provide the first evidence that IKZF1 modifies susceptibility to infant AML, irrespective of MLL rearrangements, and could provide important new etiologic insights into this rare and heterogeneous hematopoietic malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A. Ross
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Amy M. Linabery
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | | | - Erica K. Langer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Logan G. Spector
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Joanne M. Hilden
- Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO
| | - Nyla A. Heerema
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Gretchen A. Radloff
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | | | - Stella M. Davies
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
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Rubio R, Gutierrez-Aranda I, Sáez-Castillo AI, Labarga A, Rosu-Myles M, Gonzalez-Garcia S, Toribio ML, Menendez P, Rodriguez R. The differentiation stage of p53-Rb-deficient bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells imposes the phenotype of in vivo sarcoma development. Oncogene 2012; 32:4970-80. [PMID: 23222711 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Revised: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) carrying specific mutations are at the origin of some sarcomas. We have reported that the deficiency of p53 alone or in combination with Rb (Rb(-/-) p53(-/-)) in adipose-derived MSCs (ASCs) promotes leiomyosarcoma-like tumors in vivo. Here, we hypothesized that the source of MSCs and/or the cell differentiation stage could determine the phenotype of sarcoma development. To investigate whether there is a link between the source of MSCs and sarcoma phenotype, we generated p53(-/-) and Rb(-/-)p53(-/-) MSCs from bone marrow (BM-MSCs). Both genotypes of BM-MSCs initiated leiomyosarcoma formation similar to p53(-/-) and Rb(-/-)p53(-/-) ASCs. In addition, gene expression profiling revealed transcriptome similarities between p53- or Rb-p53-deficient BM-MSCs/ASCs and muscle-associated sarcomagenesis. These data suggest that the tissue source of MSC does not seem to determine the development of a particular sarcoma phenotype. To analyze whether the differentiation stage defines the sarcoma phenotype, BM-MSCs and ASCs were induced to differentiate toward the osteogenic lineage, and both p53 and Rb were excised using Cre-expressing adenovectors at different stages along osteogenic differentiation. Regardless the level of osteogenic commitment, the inactivation of Rb and p53 in BM-MSC-derived, but not in ASC-derived, osteogenic progenitors gave rise to osteosarcoma-like tumors, which could be serially transplanted. This indicates that the osteogenic differentiation stage of BM-MSCs imposes the phenotype of in vivo sarcoma development, and that BM-MSC-derived osteogenic progenitors rather than undifferentiated BM-MSCs, undifferentiated ASCs or ASC-derived osteogenic progenitors, represent the cell of origin for osteosarcoma development.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rubio
- GENYO. Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, Granada, Spain
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65
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Abu Kasim NH, Govindasamy V, Gnanasegaran N, Musa S, Pradeep PJ, Srijaya TC, Aziz ZACA. Unique molecular signatures influencing the biological function and fate of post-natal stem cells isolated from different sources. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2012; 9:E252-66. [PMID: 23229816 DOI: 10.1002/term.1663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from a myriad of tissues has triggered the initiative of establishing tailor-made stem cells for disease-specific therapy. Nevertheless, lack of understanding on the inherent differential propensities of these cells may restrict their clinical outcome. Therefore, a comprehensive study was done to compare the proliferation, differentiation, expression of cell surface markers and gene profiling of stem cells isolated from different sources, viz. bone marrow, Wharton's jelly, adipose tissue and dental pulp. We found that although all MSCs were phenotypically similar to each other, Wharton's jelly (WJ) MSCs and dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) were highly proliferative as compared to bone marrow (BM) MSCs and adipose tissue (AD) MSCs. Moreover, indistinguishable cell surface characteristics and differentiation capacity were confirmed to be similar among all cell types. Based on gene expression profiling, we postulate that BM-MSCs constitutively expressed genes related to inflammation and immunodulation, whereas genes implicated in tissue development were highly expressed in AD-MSCs. Furthermore, the transcriptome profiling of WJ-MSCs and DPSCs revealed an inherent bias towards the neuro-ectoderm lineage. Based on our findings, we believe that there is no unique master mesenchymal stem cell that is appropriate to treat all target diseases. More precisely, MSCs from different sources exhibit distinct and unique gene expression signatures that make them competent to give rise to specific lineages rather than others. Therefore, stem cells should be subjected to rigorous characterization and utmost vigilance needs to be adopted in order to choose the best cellular source for a particular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Hayaty Abu Kasim
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Vijayendran Govindasamy
- Hygieia Innovation Sdn. Bhd, Lot 1G-2G, Lanai Complex No.2, Persiaran Seri Perdana, Percint 10, Federal Territory of Putrajaya, Malaysia.,Department of Children's Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nareshwaran Gnanasegaran
- Regenerative Dentistry Research Group (ReDReG), Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sabri Musa
- Department of Children's Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Regenerative Dentistry Research Group (ReDReG), Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Padmaja Jayaprasad Pradeep
- Oral Cancer Research and Coordinating Centre (OCRCC), Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Zeti Adura Che Ab Aziz
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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66
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André V, Longoni D, Bresolin S, Cappuzzello C, Dander E, Galbiati M, Bugarin C, Di Meglio A, Nicolis E, Maserati E, Serafini M, Warren AJ, Te Kronnie G, Cazzaniga G, Sainati L, Cipolli M, Biondi A, D'Amico G. Mesenchymal stem cells from Shwachman-Diamond syndrome patients display normal functions and do not contribute to hematological defects. Blood Cancer J 2012; 2:e94. [PMID: 23064742 PMCID: PMC3483621 DOI: 10.1038/bcj.2012.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Shwachman–Diamond syndrome (SDS) is a rare inherited disorder characterized by bone marrow (BM) dysfunction and exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. SDS patients have an increased risk for myelodisplastic syndrome and acute myeloid leukemia. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are the key component of the hematopoietic microenvironment and are relevant in inducing genetic mutations leading to leukemia. However, their role in SDS is still unexplored. We demonstrated that morphology, growth kinetics and expression of surface markers of MSCs from SDS patients (SDS-MSCs) were similar to normal MSCs. Moreover, SDS-MSCs were able to differentiate into mesengenic lineages and to inhibit the proliferation of mitogen-activated lymphocytes. We demonstrated in an in vitro coculture system that SDS-MSCs, significantly inhibited neutrophil apoptosis probably through interleukin-6 production. In a long-term coculture with CD34+-sorted cells, SDS-MSCs were able to sustain CD34+ cells survival and to preserve their stemness. Finally, SDS-MSCs had normal karyotype and did not show any chromosomal abnormality observed in the hematological components of the BM of SDS patients. Despite their pivotal role in the hematopoietic stem cell niche, our data suggest that MSC themselves do not seem to be responsible for the hematological defects typical of SDS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- V André
- Centro Ricerca 'M Tettamanti', Clinica Pediatrica Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Ospedale San Gerardo, Monza, Italy
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67
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Berdasco M, Melguizo C, Prados J, Gómez A, Alaminos M, Pujana MA, Lopez M, Setien F, Ortiz R, Zafra I, Aranega A, Esteller M. DNA methylation plasticity of human adipose-derived stem cells in lineage commitment. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 181:2079-93. [PMID: 23031258 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Revised: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Adult stem cells have an enormous potential for clinical use in regenerative medicine that avoids many of the drawbacks characteristic of embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells. In this context, easily obtainable human adipose-derived stem cells offer an interesting option for future strategies in regenerative medicine. However, little is known about their repertoire of differentiation capacities, how closely they resemble the target primary tissues, and the potential safety issues associated with their use. DNA methylation is one of the most widely recognized epigenetic factors involved in cellular identity, prompting us to consider how the analyses of 27,578 CpG sites in the genome of these cells under different conditions reflect their different natural history. We show that human adipose-derived stem cells generate myogenic and osteogenic lineages that share much of the DNA methylation landscape characteristic of primary myocytes and osteocytes. Most important, adult stem cells and in vitro-generated myocytes and osteocytes display a significantly different DNA methylome from that observed in transformed cells from these tissue types, such as rhabdomyosarcoma and osteosarcoma. These results suggest that the plasticity of the DNA methylation patterns plays an important role in lineage commitment of adult stem cells and that it could be used for clinical purposes as a biomarker of efficient and safely differentiated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Berdasco
- Cancer Epigenetics Group, Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
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68
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Chillón MC, Gómez-Casares MT, López-Jorge CE, Rodriguez-Medina C, Molines A, Sarasquete ME, Alcoceba M, Miguel JDGS, Bueno C, Montes R, Ramos F, Rodríguez JN, Giraldo P, Ramírez M, García-Delgado R, Fuster JL, González-Díaz M, Menendez P. Prognostic significance of FLT3 mutational status and expression levels in MLL-AF4+ and MLL-germline acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia 2012; 26:2360-6. [DOI: 10.1038/leu.2012.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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69
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Campioni D, Bardi MA, Cavazzini F, Tammiso E, Pezzolo E, Pregnolato E, Volta E, Cuneo A, Lanza F. Cytogenetic and molecular cytogenetic profile of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells in chronic and acute lymphoproliferative disorders. Ann Hematol 2012; 91:1563-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s00277-012-1500-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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70
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Sam TN, Kersey JH, Linabery AM, Johnson KJ, Heerema NA, Hilden JM, Davies SM, Reaman GH, Ross JA. MLL gene rearrangements in infant leukemia vary with age at diagnosis and selected demographic factors: a Children's Oncology Group (COG) study. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 58:836-9. [PMID: 21800415 PMCID: PMC3208122 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.23274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infant leukemias have a high frequency of mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) gene rearrangements. PROCEDURE Using data from a large etiologic study, we evaluated the distribution of selected demographic factors among 374 infant leukemia cases by leukemic subtype, MLL status and diagnosis age. RESULTS Overall, 228 cases were MLL+. Compared to white infants, black infants were significantly less likely to have MLL+ leukemia. Further, there was a statistically significantly higher age at diagnosis for infants with t(9;11) translocations compared to all other translocation partners in both acute lymphoblastic leukemia and acute myeloid leukemia cases. CONCLUSION These patterns may provide important etiological insight into the biology of infant leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thien N. Sam
- University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN
| | - John H. Kersey
- University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Amy M. Linabery
- Division of Pediatric Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Kimberly J. Johnson
- George Warren Brown School of Social Work, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Nyla A. Heerema
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Joanne M. Hilden
- Department of Oncology/Hematology, Peyton Manning Children’s Hospital at St. Vincent, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Stella M. Davies
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Gregory H. Reaman
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Julie A. Ross
- University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN, Division of Pediatric Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
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71
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Ramos-Mejía V, Montes R, Bueno C, Ayllón V, Real PJ, Rodríguez R, Menendez P. Residual expression of the reprogramming factors prevents differentiation of iPSC generated from human fibroblasts and cord blood CD34+ progenitors. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35824. [PMID: 22545141 PMCID: PMC3335819 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) have been generated from different tissues, with the age of the donor, tissue source and specific cell type influencing the reprogramming process. Reprogramming hematopoietic progenitors to hiPSC may provide a very useful cellular system for modelling blood diseases. We report the generation and complete characterization of hiPSCs from human neonatal fibroblasts and cord blood (CB)-derived CD34+ hematopoietic progenitors using a single polycistronic lentiviral vector containing an excisable cassette encoding the four reprogramming factors Oct4, Klf4, Sox2 and c-myc (OKSM). The ectopic expression of OKSM was fully silenced upon reprogramming in some hiPSC clones and was not reactivated upon differentiation, whereas other hiPSC clones failed to silence the transgene expression, independently of the cell type/tissue origin. When hiPSC were induced to differentiate towards hematopoietic and neural lineages those hiPSC which had silenced OKSM ectopic expression displayed good hematopoietic and early neuroectoderm differentiation potential. In contrast, those hiPSC which failed to switch off OKSM expression were unable to differentiate towards either lineage, suggesting that the residual expression of the reprogramming factors functions as a developmental brake impairing hiPSC differentiation. Successful adenovirus-based Cre-mediated excision of the provirus OKSM cassette in CB-derived CD34+ hiPSC with residual transgene expression resulted in transgene-free hiPSC clones with significantly improved differentiation capacity. Overall, our findings confirm that residual expression of reprogramming factors impairs hiPSC differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Ramos-Mejía
- Centre Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía for Genomics, Oncological Research (GENyO), Granada, Spain
- * E-mail: (VR); (PM)
| | - Rosa Montes
- Centre Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía for Genomics, Oncological Research (GENyO), Granada, Spain
| | - Clara Bueno
- Centre Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía for Genomics, Oncological Research (GENyO), Granada, Spain
| | - Verónica Ayllón
- Centre Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía for Genomics, Oncological Research (GENyO), Granada, Spain
| | - Pedro J. Real
- Centre Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía for Genomics, Oncological Research (GENyO), Granada, Spain
| | - René Rodríguez
- Centre Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía for Genomics, Oncological Research (GENyO), Granada, Spain
| | - Pablo Menendez
- Centre Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía for Genomics, Oncological Research (GENyO), Granada, Spain
- * E-mail: (VR); (PM)
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72
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Real PJ, Ligero G, Ayllon V, Ramos-Mejia V, Bueno C, Gutierrez-Aranda I, Navarro-Montero O, Lako M, Menendez P. SCL/TAL1 regulates hematopoietic specification from human embryonic stem cells. Mol Ther 2012; 20:1443-53. [PMID: 22491213 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2012.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Determining the molecular regulators/pathways responsible for the specification of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) into hematopoietic precursors has far-reaching implications for potential cell therapies and disease modeling. Mouse models lacking SCL/TAL1 (stem cell leukemia/T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia 1) do not survive beyond early embryogenesis because of complete absence of hematopoiesis, indicating that SCL is a master early hematopoietic regulator. SCL is commonly found rearranged in human leukemias. However, there is barely information on the role of SCL on human embryonic hematopoietic development. Differentiation and sorting assays show that endogenous SCL expression parallels hematopoietic specification of hESCs and that SCL is specifically expressed in hematoendothelial progenitors (CD45(-)CD31(+)CD34(+)) and, to a lesser extent, on CD45(+) hematopoietic cells. Enforced expression of SCL in hESCs accelerates the emergence of hematoendothelial progenitors and robustly promotes subsequent differentiation into primitive (CD34(+)CD45(+)) and total (CD45(+)) blood cells with higher clonogenic potential. Short-hairpin RNA-based silencing of endogenous SCL abrogates hematopoietic specification of hESCs, confirming the early hematopoiesis-promoting effect of SCL. Unfortunately, SCL expression on its own is not sufficient to confer in vivo engraftment to hESC-derived hematopoietic cells, suggesting that additional yet undefined master regulators are required to orchestrate the stepwise hematopoietic developmental process leading to the generation of definitive in vivo functional hematopoiesis from hESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro J Real
- Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucia Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research (GENyO), Granada, Spain.
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73
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Purizaca J, Meza I, Pelayo R. Early lymphoid development and microenvironmental cues in B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Arch Med Res 2012; 43:89-101. [PMID: 22480783 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) is a hematological disorder characterized by malignant and uncontrolled proliferation of B-lymphoid precursor cells in bone marrow. Over the last few years remarkable advances have been made in identifying genetic aberrations, patterns of abnormal transcriptional activity controlling early fate decisions and environmental cues that may influence leukemic development. In this review we focus on the structure of the early lymphoid system and the current knowledge about cell composition and function of the hematopoietic microenvironment that might control progenitor cell activity and lead to differentiation, proliferation and survival of developing B leukemic precursors. Learning the biology of special leukemic niches is central to understanding the pathogenesis of B-ALL and for the development of novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Purizaca
- Oncology Research Unit, Oncology Hospital, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico, D.F., Mexico
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74
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald W Stam
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Haematology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, Room: Ee15-14a, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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75
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Sánchez L, Gutierrez-Aranda I, Ligero G, Martín M, Ayllón V, Real PJ, Ramos-Mejía V, Bueno C, Menendez P. Maintenance of human embryonic stem cells in media conditioned by human mesenchymal stem cells obviates the requirement of exogenous basic fibroblast growth factor supplementation. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2012; 18:387-96. [PMID: 22136131 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2011.0546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the improvements in the human embryonic stem cell (hESC) culture systems, very similar conditions to those used to maintain hESCs on mouse feeders are broadly applied to culture methods based on human feeders. Indeed, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), a master hESC-sustaining factor, is still added in nearly all medium formulations for hESC propagation. Human foreskin fibroblasts (HFFs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) used as feeders have recently been reported to support hESC growth without exogenous bFGF. However, whether hESCs may be maintained undifferentiated without exogenous bFGF using media conditioned (CM) by human feeders remains elusive. We hypothesize that HFFs and hMSCs are likely to be functionally different and therefore the mechanisms by which HFF-CM and MSC-CM support undifferentiated growth of hESCs may differ. We have thus determined whether HFF-CM and/or MSC-CM sustain feeder-free undifferentiated growth of hESC without exogenous supplementation of bFGF. We report that hMSCs synthesize higher levels of endogenous bFGF than HFFs. Accordingly and in contrast to HFF-CM, MSC-CM produced without the addition of exogenous bFGF supports hESC pluripotency and culture homeostasis beyond 20 passages without the need of bFGF supplementation. hESCs maintained without exogenous bFGF in MSC-CM retained hESC morphology and expression of pluripotency surface markers and transcription factors, formed teratomas, and showed spontaneous and lineage-directed in vitro differentiation capacity. Our data indicate that MSC-CM, but not HFF-CM, provides microenvironment cues supporting feeder-free long-term maintenance of pluripotent hESCs and obviates the requirement of exogenous bFGF at any time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sánchez
- GENYO-Centre Pfizer-University of Granada-Government of Andalucía for Genomic and Oncological Research, Avda de la Ilustración, Granada, Spain
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76
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Abarrategi A, Marińas-Pardo L, Mirones I, Rincón E, García-Castro J. Mesenchymal niches of bone marrow in cancer. Clin Transl Oncol 2012; 13:611-6. [PMID: 21865132 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-011-0706-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, genetic and cell biology studies have indicated that tumour growth is not only determined by malignant cancer cells themselves, but also by the tumour microenvironment. Cells present in the tumour microenvironment include fibroblasts, vascular, smooth muscle, adipocytes, immune cells and mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). The nature of the relationship between MSC and tumour cells appears dual and whether MSC are pro- or anti-tumorigenic is a subject of controversial reports. This review is focused on the role of MSC and bone marrow (BM) niches in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ander Abarrategi
- Unidad de Biotecnología Celular, Área Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
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77
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A human ESC model for MLL-AF4 leukemic fusion gene reveals an impaired early hematopoietic-endothelial specification. Cell Res 2012; 22:986-1002. [PMID: 22212479 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2012.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The MLL-AF4 fusion gene is a hallmark genomic aberration in high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia in infants. Although it is well established that MLL-AF4 arises prenatally during human development, its effects on hematopoietic development in utero remain unexplored. We have created a human-specific cellular system to study early hemato-endothelial development in MLL-AF4-expressing human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). Functional studies, clonal analysis and gene expression profiling reveal that expression of MLL-AF4 in hESCs has a phenotypic, functional and gene expression impact. MLL-AF4 acts as a global transcriptional activator and a positive regulator of homeobox gene expression in hESCs. Functionally, MLL-AF4 enhances the specification of hemogenic precursors from hESCs but strongly impairs further hematopoietic commitment in favor of an endothelial cell fate. MLL-AF4 hESCs are transcriptionally primed to differentiate towards hemogenic precursors prone to endothelial maturation, as reflected by the marked upregulation of master genes associated to vascular-endothelial functions and early hematopoiesis. Furthermore, we report that MLL-AF4 expression is not sufficient to transform hESC-derived hematopoietic cells. This work illustrates how hESCs may provide unique insights into human development and further our understanding of how leukemic fusion genes, known to arise prenatally, regulate human embryonic hematopoietic specification.
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78
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Rodríguez R, García-Castro J, Trigueros C, García Arranz M, Menéndez P. Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells: clinical applications and cancer modeling. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 741:187-205. [PMID: 22457111 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-2098-9_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The recognition of the therapeutic potential of Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs) is one of the most exciting recent advances in cell therapy. In just ten years, since the description of the multilineage potential of MSCs by Pittenger et al in 1999 until now, MSCs are being used in more than 150 clinical trials as therapeutic agents. The potential of these cells for cell-based therapies relies on several key properties: (1) their capacity to differentiate into several cell lineages; (2) their lack of immunogenicity and their immunomodulatory properties; (3) their ex vivo expansion potential; (4) their ability to secrete soluble factors which regulate crucial biological functions such as proliferation and differentiation over a broad spectrum of target cells; and (5) their ability to home to damaged tissues and tumor sites. Based on these properties MSCs are being exploited worldwide for a wide range of potential clinical applications including cell replacement strategies, treatment of graft-versus-host disease, autoimmune diseases and rejection after solid organ transplantation as well as their use as vehicles to deliver anti-cancer therapies. Importantly, the low inherent immunogenicity of MSCs means that they could be used not only for autologous but also for allogeneic cell therapies. In addition, increasing evidence has revealed a complex relationship between MSCs and cancer. Thus, solid evidence has placed MSCs transformed with specific mutations as the most likely cell of origin for certain sarcomas, and MSCs have been reported to both, inhibit or promote tumor growth depending on yet undefined conditions. Here we will thoroughly discuss the different potential clinical applications of MSC as well as the role of MSCs on sarcomagenesis and the control of tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Rodríguez
- Andalusian Stem Cell Bank, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Consejería de Salud-Universidad de Granada, Spain.
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79
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Rodriguez R, Rubio R, Gutierrez-Aranda I, Melen GJ, Elosua C, García-Castro J, Menendez P. FUS-CHOP fusion protein expression coupled to p53 deficiency induces liposarcoma in mouse but not in human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells. Stem Cells 2011; 29:179-92. [PMID: 21732477 DOI: 10.1002/stem.571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Human sarcomas have been modeled in mice by expression of specific fusion genes in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). However, sarcoma models based on human MSCs are still missing. We attempted to develop a model of liposarcoma by expressing FUS (FUsed in Sarcoma; also termed TLS, Translocated in LipoSarcoma)-CHOP (C/EBP HOmologous Protein; also termed DDIT3, DNA Damage-Inducible Transcript 3), a hallmark mixoid liposarcoma-associated fusion oncogene, in wild-type and p53-deficient mouse and human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (ASCs). FUS-CHOP induced liposarcoma-like tumors when expressed in p53(-/-) but not in wild-type (wt) mouse ASCs (mASCs). In the absence of FUS-CHOP, p53(-/-) mASCs forms leiomyosarcoma, indicating that the expression of FUS-CHOP redirects the tumor genesis/phenotype. FUS-CHOP expression in wt mASCs does not initiate sarcomagenesis, indicating that p53 deficiency is required to induce FUS-CHOP-mediated liposarcoma in fat-derived mASCs. In a human setting, p53-deficient human ASCs (hASCs) displayed a higher in vitro growth rate and a more extended lifespan than wt hASCs. However, FUS-CHOP expression did not induce further changes in culture homeostasis nor initiated liposarcoma in either wt or p53-depleted hASCs. These results indicate that FUS-CHOP expression in a p53-deficient background is sufficient to initiate liposarcoma in mouse but not in hASCs, suggesting the need of additional cooperating mutations in hASCs. A microarray gene expression profiling has shed light into the potential deregulated pathways in liposarcoma formation from p53-deficient mASCs expressing FUS-CHOP, which might also function as potential cooperating mutations in the transformation process from hASCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rene Rodriguez
- Andalusian Stem Cell Bank, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Consejería de Salud-Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.
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80
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Sánchez L, Gutierrez-Aranda I, Ligero G, Rubio R, Muñoz-López M, García-Pérez JL, Ramos V, Real PJ, Bueno C, Rodríguez R, Delgado M, Menendez P. Enrichment of human ESC-derived multipotent mesenchymal stem cells with immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory properties capable to protect against experimental inflammatory bowel disease. Stem Cells 2011; 29:251-62. [PMID: 21732483 DOI: 10.1002/stem.569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Human ESCs provide access to the earliest stages of human development and may serve as an unlimited source of functional cells for future cell therapies. The optimization of methods directing the differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) into tissue-specific precursors becomes crucial. We report an efficient enrichment of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from hESCs through specific inhibition of SMAD-2/3 signaling. Human ESC-derived MSCs (hESC-MSCs) emerged as a population of fibroblastoid cells expressing a MSC phenotype: CD73+ CD90+ CD105+ CD44+ CD166+ CD45- CD34- CD14- CD19- human leucocyte antigen-DR (HLA-DR)-. After 28 days of SMAD-2/3 inhibition, hESC cultures were enriched (>42%) in multipotent MSCs. CD73+CD90+ hESC-MSCs were fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS)-isolated and long-term cultures were established and maintained for many passages displaying a faster growth than somatic tissue-derived MSCs while maintaining MSC morphology and phenotype. They displayed osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrocytic differentiation potential and exhibited potent immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory properties in vitro and in vivo, where hESC-MSCs were capable of protecting against an experimental model of inflammatory bowel disease. Interestingly, the efficient enrichment of hESCs into MSCs through inhibition of SMAD-2/3 signaling was not reproducible with distinct induced pluripotent stem cell lines. Our findings provide mechanistic insights into the differentiation of hESCs into immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory multipotent MSCs with potential future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sánchez
- Andalusian Stem Cell Bank, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, CSJA-UGR, Granada, Spain
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81
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Ramos-Mejía V, Fernández AF, Ayllón V, Real PJ, Bueno C, Anderson P, Martín F, Fraga MF, Menendez P. Maintenance of human embryonic stem cells in mesenchymal stem cell-conditioned media augments hematopoietic specification. Stem Cells Dev 2011; 21:1549-58. [PMID: 21936705 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2011.0400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The realization of human embryonic stem cells (hESC) as a model for human developmental hematopoiesis and in potential cell replacement strategies relies on an improved understanding of the extrinsic and intrinsic factors regulating hematopoietic-specific hESC differentiation. Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are multipotent cells of mesodermal origin that form a part of hematopoietic stem cell niches and have an important role in the regulation of hematopoiesis through production of secreted factors and/or cell-to-cell interactions. We have previously shown that hESCs may be successfully maintained feeder free using hMSC-conditioned media (MSC-CM). Here, we hypothesized that hESCs maintained in MSC-CM may be more prone to differentiation toward hematopoietic lineage than hESCs grown in standard human foreskin fibroblast-conditioned media. We report that specification into hemogenic progenitors and subsequent hematopoietic differentiation and clonogenic progenitor capacity is robustly enhanced in hESC lines maintained in MSC-CM. Interestingly, co-culture of hESCs on hMSCs fully abrogates hematopoietic specification of hESCs, thus suggesting that the improved hematopoietic differentiation is mediated by MSC-secreted factors rather than by MSC-hESC physical interactions. To investigate the molecular mechanism involved in this process, we analyzed global (LINE-1) methylation and genome-wide promoter DNA methylation. hESCs grown in MSC-CM showed a decrease of 17% in global DNA methylation and a promoter DNA methylation signature consisting of 45 genes commonly hypomethylated and 102 genes frequently hypermethylated. Our data indicate that maintenance of hESCs in MSC-CM robustly augments hematopoietic specification and that the process seems mediated by MSC-secreted factors conferring a DNA methylation signature to undifferentiated hESCs which may influence further predisposition toward hematopoietic specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Ramos-Mejía
- Stem Cells, Development, and Cancer Laboratory, GENYO: Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada, Spain.
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82
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Campos-Sanchez E, Toboso-Navasa A, Romero-Camarero I, Barajas-Diego M, Sanchez-García I, Cobaleda C. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia and developmental biology: a crucial interrelationship. Cell Cycle 2011; 10:3473-86. [PMID: 22031225 DOI: 10.4161/cc.10.20.17779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The latest scientific findings in the field of cancer research are redefining our understanding of the molecular and cellular basis of the disease, moving the emphasis toward the study of the mechanisms underlying the alteration of the normal processes of cellular differentiation. The concepts best exemplifying this new vision are those of cancer stem cells and tumoral reprogramming. The study of the biology of acute lymphoblastic leukemias (ALLs) has provided seminal experimental evidence supporting these new points of view. Furthermore, in the case of B cells, it has been shown that all the stages of their normal development show a tremendous degree of plasticity, allowing them to be reprogrammed to other cellular types, either normal or leukemic. Here we revise the most recent discoveries in the fields of B-cell developmental plasticity and B-ALL research and discuss their interrelationships and their implications for our understanding of the biology of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Campos-Sanchez
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC/Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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83
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Rodriguez R, Rubio R, Menendez P. Modeling sarcomagenesis using multipotent mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Res 2011; 22:62-77. [PMID: 21931359 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2011.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of their unique properties, multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) represent one of the most promising adult stem cells being used worldwide in a wide array of clinical applications. Overall, compelling evidence supports the long-term safety of ex vivo expanded human MSCs, which do not seem to transform spontaneously. However, experimental data reveal a link between MSCs and cancer, and MSCs have been reported to inhibit or promote tumor growth depending on yet undefined conditions. Interestingly, solid evidence based on transgenic mice and genetic intervention of MSCs has placed these cells as the most likely cell of origin for certain sarcomas. This research area is being increasingly explored to develop accurate MSC-based models of sarcomagenesis, which will be undoubtedly valuable in providing a better understanding about the etiology and pathogenesis of mesenchymal cancer, eventually leading to the development of more specific therapies directed against the sarcoma-initiating cell. Unfortunately, still little is known about the mechanisms underlying MSC transformation and further studies are required to develop bona fide sarcoma models based on human MSCs. Here, we comprehensively review the existing MSC-based models of sarcoma and discuss the most common mechanisms leading to tumoral transformation of MSCs and sarcomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rene Rodriguez
- Pfizer-University of Granada-Andalusian Government Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research (GENyO), Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Granada, Spain.
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84
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Calvanese V, Fernández AF, Urdinguio RG, Suárez-Alvarez B, Mangas C, Pérez-García V, Bueno C, Montes R, Ramos-Mejía V, Martínez-Camblor P, Ferrero C, Assenov Y, Bock C, Menendez P, Carrera AC, Lopez-Larrea C, Fraga MF. A promoter DNA demethylation landscape of human hematopoietic differentiation. Nucleic Acids Res 2011; 40:116-31. [PMID: 21911366 PMCID: PMC3245917 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkr685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Global mechanisms defining the gene expression programs specific for hematopoiesis are still not fully understood. Here, we show that promoter DNA demethylation is associated with the activation of hematopoietic-specific genes. Using genome-wide promoter methylation arrays, we identified 694 hematopoietic-specific genes repressed by promoter DNA methylation in human embryonic stem cells and whose loss of methylation in hematopoietic can be associated with gene expression. The association between promoter methylation and gene expression was studied for many hematopoietic-specific genes including CD45, CD34, CD28, CD19, the T cell receptor (TCR), the MHC class II gene HLA-DR, perforin 1 and the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and results indicated that DNA demethylation was not always sufficient for gene activation. Promoter demethylation occurred either early during embryonic development or later on during hematopoietic differentiation. Analysis of the genome-wide promoter methylation status of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) generated from somatic CD34+ HSPCs and differentiated derivatives from CD34+ HSPCs confirmed the role of DNA methylation in regulating the expression of genes of the hemato-immune system, and indicated that promoter methylation of these genes may be associated to stemness. Together, these data suggest that promoter DNA demethylation might play a role in the tissue/cell-specific genome-wide gene regulation within the hematopoietic compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Calvanese
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia (CNB-CSIC), Darwin 3, Cantoblanco, Madrid E-28049, Spain
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85
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Ramos-Mejia V, Bueno C, Roldan M, Sanchez L, Ligero G, Menendez P, Martin M. The adaptation of human embryonic stem cells to different feeder-free culture conditions is accompanied by a mitochondrial response. Stem Cells Dev 2011; 21:1145-55. [PMID: 21671728 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2011.0248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial contribution to the maintenance of human embryonic stem cell (hESC) pluripotency and culture homeostasis remains poorly understood. Here, we sought to determine whether hESC adaptation to different feeder-free culture conditions is linked to a mitochondrial adaptation. The expression of ESC pluripotency factors and parameters of mitochondrial contribution including mitochondrial membrane potential, mtDNA content, and the expression of master mitochondrial genes implicated in replication, transcription, and biogenesis were determined in 8 hESC lines maintained in 2 distinct human feeders-conditioned media (CM): human foreskin fibroblast-CM (HFF-CM) and mesenchymal stem cell-CM (MSC-CM). We show a robust parallel trend between the expression of ESC pluripotency factors and the mitochondrial contribution depending on the culture conditions employed to maintain the hESCs, with those in MSC-CM consistently displaying increased levels of pluripotency markers associated to an enhanced mitochondrial contribution. The differences in the mitochondrial status between hESCs maintained in MSC-CM versus HFF-CM respond to coordinated changes in mitochondrial gene expression and biogenesis. Importantly, the culture conditions determine the mitochondrial distribution within the stage-specific embryonic antigen 3 positive (SSEA3(+)) and negative (SSEA3(-)) isolated cell subsets. hESC colonies in MSC-CM display an "intrinsic" high mitochondrial status which may suffice to support undifferentiated growth, whereas hESC colonies maintained in HFF-CM show low mitochondrial status, possibly relying on the production of autologous niche with higher mitochondrial status to support pluripotency and culture homeostasis. Pluripotency markers and mitochondrial status are concomitantly reverted on changing the culture conditions, supporting an unrecognized role of the mitochondria in response to hESC culture adaptation. We provide the first evidence supporting that hESCs adaptation to different feeder-free culture systems relies on a mitochondrial response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Ramos-Mejia
- Andalusian Stem Cell Bank, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
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86
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Grisendi G, Bussolari R, Veronesi E, Piccinno S, Burns JS, De Santis G, Loschi P, Pignatti M, Di Benedetto F, Ballarin R, Di Gregorio C, Guarneri V, Piccinini L, Horwitz EM, Paolucci P, Conte P, Dominici M. Understanding tumor-stroma interplays for targeted therapies by armed mesenchymal stromal progenitors: the Mesenkillers. Am J Cancer Res 2011; 1:787-805. [PMID: 22016827 PMCID: PMC3195936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A tumor represents a complex structure containing malignant cells strictly coupled with a large variety of surrounding cells constituting the tumor stroma (TS). In recent years, the importance of TS for cancer initiation, development, local invasion and metastases has become increasingly clear allowing the identification of TS as one of the possible ways to indirectly target tumors. Inside the heterogeneous stromal cell population, tumor associated fibroblasts (TAF) play a crucial role providing both functional and supportive environments. During both tumor and stroma development, several findings suggest that TAF could be recruited from different sources such as locally derived host fibroblasts, via epithelial/endothelial mesenchymal transitions or from circulating pools of fibroblasts deriving form mesenchymal progenitors, namely mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC). These insights prompted scientists to identify multimodal approaches to target TS by biomolecules, monoclonal antibodies, and more recently via cell based strategies. These latter strategies appear extremely promising, although still associated with debated and unclear findings. This review discusses crosstalk between cancers and their stroma, dissecting specific tumor types, such as sarcoma, pancreatic and breast carcinoma, where stroma plays distinct paradigmatic roles. The recognition of these distinct stromal functions may help in planning effective and safer approaches aimed either to eradicate or to substitute TS by novel compounds and/or MSC having specific killing activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Grisendi
- Division of Oncology, Department of Oncology, Hematology and Respiratory Diseases, University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModena, Italy
| | - Rita Bussolari
- Division of Oncology, Department of Oncology, Hematology and Respiratory Diseases, University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModena, Italy
| | - Elena Veronesi
- Division of Oncology, Department of Oncology, Hematology and Respiratory Diseases, University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModena, Italy
| | - Serena Piccinno
- Division of Oncology, Department of Oncology, Hematology and Respiratory Diseases, University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModena, Italy
- Unit of Paediatric Oncology, Haematology and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Mother and ChildModena
| | - Jorge S Burns
- Division of Oncology, Department of Oncology, Hematology and Respiratory Diseases, University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModena, Italy
| | | | - Pietro Loschi
- Unit of Plastic Surgery, Department of Head & Neck SurgeryModena
| | - Marco Pignatti
- Unit of Plastic Surgery, Department of Head & Neck SurgeryModena
| | - Fabrizio Di Benedetto
- Unit of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary and Transplant Surgery, Department of General SurgeryModena
| | - Roberto Ballarin
- Unit of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary and Transplant Surgery, Department of General SurgeryModena
| | - Carmela Di Gregorio
- Section of Pathology, Department of Pathologic Anatomy and Forensic MedicineModena
| | - Valentina Guarneri
- Division of Oncology, Department of Oncology, Hematology and Respiratory Diseases, University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModena, Italy
| | - Lino Piccinini
- Division of Oncology, Department of Oncology, Hematology and Respiratory Diseases, University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModena, Italy
| | - Edwin M Horwitz
- Division of Oncology/Blood and Marrow Transplantation, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and The University of Pennsylvania School of MedicinePhiladelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Paolo Paolucci
- Unit of Paediatric Oncology, Haematology and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Mother and ChildModena
| | - PierFranco Conte
- Division of Oncology, Department of Oncology, Hematology and Respiratory Diseases, University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModena, Italy
| | - Massimo Dominici
- Division of Oncology, Department of Oncology, Hematology and Respiratory Diseases, University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModena, Italy
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87
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Menendez P, Bueno C. Expression of NG2 antigen in MLL-rearranged acute leukemias: how complex does it get? Leuk Res 2011; 35:989-90. [PMID: 21492935 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2011.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Revised: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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88
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Emerenciano M, Renaud G, Sant'Ana M, Barbieri C, Passetti F, Pombo-de-Oliveira MS. Challenges in the use of NG2 antigen as a marker to predict MLL rearrangements in multi-center studies. Leuk Res 2011; 35:1001-7. [PMID: 21444110 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2011.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Revised: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Rearrangements in MLL (MLL-r) are common within very young children with leukemia and affect the prognosis and treatment. Previous studies have suggested the use of the NG2 molecule as a marker for MLL-r but these studies were performed using a small number of infants. We analyzed 148 patients (all less than 24 months, 86 less than 12 months) from various centers in Brazil to determine the predictive power of NG2 within that cohort. We show that NG2 can be used for MLL-r prediction; however, proper staff training and standardized sampling procedures are essential when receiving samples from multiple centers as the accuracy of the prediction varies greatly on a per center basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Emerenciano
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Program, Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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89
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Enforced expression of MLL-AF4 fusion in cord blood CD34+ cells enhances the hematopoietic repopulating cell function and clonogenic potential but is not sufficient to initiate leukemia. Blood 2011; 117:4746-58. [PMID: 21389315 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-12-322230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infant acute lymphoblastic leukemia harboring the fusion mixed-lineage leukemia (MLL)-AF4 is associated with a dismal prognosis and very brief latency. Our limited understanding of transformation by MLL-AF4 is reflected in murine models, which do not accurately recapitulate the human disease. Human models for MLL-AF4 disease do not exist. Hematopoietic stem or progenitor cells (HSPCs) represent probable targets for transformation. Here, we explored in vitro and in vivo the impact of the enforced expression of MLL-AF4 in human cord blood-derived CD34(+) HSPCs. Intrabone marrow transplantation into NOD/SCID-IL2Rγ(-/-) mice revealed an enhanced multilineage hematopoietic engraftment, efficiency, and homing to other hematopoietic sites on enforced expression of MLL-AF4. Lentiviral transduction of MLL-AF4 into CD34(+) HSPCs increased the in vitro clonogenic potential of CD34(+) progenitors and promoted their proliferation. Consequently, cell cycle and apoptosis analyses suggest that MLL-AF4 conveys a selective proliferation coupled to a survival advantage, which correlates with changes in the expression of genes involved in apoptosis, sensing DNA damage and DNA repair. However, MLL-AF4 expression was insufficient to initiate leukemogenesis on its own, indicating that either additional hits (or reciprocal AF4-MLL product) may be required to initiate ALL or that cord blood-derived CD34(+) HSPCs are not the appropriate cellular target for MLL-AF4-mediated ALL.
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90
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91
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Ziegelberger G, Baum C, Borkhardt A, Cobaleda C, Dasenbrock C, Dehos A, Grosche B, Hauer J, Hornhardt S, Jung T, Kammertoens T, Lagroye I, Lehrach H, Lightfoot T, Little MP, Rossig C, Sanchez-Garcia I, Schrappe M, Schuez J, Shalapour S, Slany R, Stanulla M, Weiss W. Research recommendations toward a better understanding of the causes of childhood leukemia. Blood Cancer J 2011. [PMCID: PMC3255247 DOI: 10.1038/bcj.2010.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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92
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Askmyr M, Quach J, Purton LE. Effects of the bone marrow microenvironment on hematopoietic malignancy. Bone 2011; 48:115-20. [PMID: 20541047 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2010.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2010] [Revised: 05/25/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The bone marrow (BM) is contained within the bone cavity and is the main site of hematopoiesis, the continuous development of blood cells from immature hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. The bone marrow consists of developing hematopoietic cells and non-hematopoietic cells, the latter collectively termed the bone marrow microenvironment. These non-hematopoietic cells include cells of the osteoblast lineage, adipocytes and endothelial cells. For many years these bone marrow microenvironment cells were predicted to play active roles in regulating hematopoiesis, and recent studies have confirmed such roles. Importantly, more recent data has indicated that cells of the BM microenvironment may also contribute to hematopoietic diseases. In this review we provide an overview of the roles of the data suggesting that the cells of the bone marrow microenvironment may play an active role in the initiation and progression of hematopoietic malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Askmyr
- St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, 3065, Australia
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93
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Charbord P. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells: historical overview and concepts. Hum Gene Ther 2010; 21:1045-56. [PMID: 20565251 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2010.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This review describes the historical emergence of the concept of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), summarizing data on Wolf and Trentin's hematopoietic inductive microenvironment; Dexter's hematopoiesis-supportive stromal cells; Friedenstein's osteogenic cells; and Pittenger's trilineal osteoblastic, chondrocytic, and adipocytic precursors; to finally introduce the specific bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells with differentiation potential to four lineages (mesenchymal and vascular smooth muscle lineages), and stromal and immunomodulatory capacities. Two points are the object of detailed discussion. The first point envisions the stem cell attributes (multipotentiality, self-renewal, tissue regeneration, population heterogeneity, plasticity, and lineage priming) compared with that of the paradigmatic hematopoietic stem cell. In the second point, we discuss the possible existence of bone marrow cells with greater differentiation potential, eventually pluripotential cells. The latter point raises the issues of cell fusion, reprogramming, or selection under nonstandardized conditions of rare populations of neuroectodermal origin, or of cells that had undergone mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition. In the last section, we review data on MSC senescence and possible malignant transformation secondary to extensive culture, gene transfer of telomerase, or mutations such as leading to Ewing's sarcoma. The set of data leads to the conclusion that bone marrow MSCs constitute a specific adult tissue stem cell population. The multiple characteristics of this stem cell type account for the versatility of the mechanisms of injured tissue repair. Although MSC administration may be extremely useful in a number of clinical applications, their transplantation is not without risks that must not be overlooked when developing cell therapy protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Charbord
- Institut National de la Recherche et Santé Médicale U, Université Paris XI, Kremlin Bicêtre, France.
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94
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Ardianto B, Sugimoto T, Kawano S, Kasagi S, Jauharoh SNA, Kurimoto C, Tatsumi E, Morikawa K, Kumagai S, Hayashi Y. The HPB-AML-I cell line possesses the properties of mesenchymal stem cells. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2010; 29:163. [PMID: 21144016 PMCID: PMC3016278 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-29-163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background In spite of its establishment from the peripheral blood of a case with acute myeloid leukemia (AML)-M1, HPB-AML-I shows plastic adherence with spindle-like morphology. In addition, lipid droplets can be induced in HPB-AML-I cells by methylisobutylxanthine, hydrocortisone, and indomethacin. These findings suggest that HPB-AML-I is similar to mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) or mesenchymal stromal cells rather than to hematopoietic cells. Methods To examine this possibility, we characterized HPB-AML-I by performing cytochemical, cytogenetic, and phenotypic analyses, induction of differentiation toward mesenchymal lineage cells, and mixed lymphocyte culture analysis. Results HPB-AML-I proved to be negative for myeloperoxidase, while surface antigen analysis disclosed that it was positive for MSC-related antigens, such as CD29, CD44, CD55, CD59, and CD73, but not for CD14, CD19, CD34, CD45, CD90, CD105, CD117, and HLA-DR. Karyotypic analysis showed the presence of complicated abnormalities, but no reciprocal translocations typically detected in AML cases. Following the induction of differentiation toward adipocytes, chondrocytes, and osteocytes, HPB-AML-I cells showed, in conjunction with extracellular matrix formation, lipid accumulation, proteoglycan synthesis, and alkaline phosphatase expression. Mixed lymphocyte culture demonstrated that CD3+ T-cell proliferation was suppressed in the presence of HPB-AML-I cells. Conclusions We conclude that HPB-AML-I cells appear to be unique neoplastic cells, which may be derived from MSCs, but are not hematopoietic progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bambang Ardianto
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Medical Genetics, Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.
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95
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Insights into the cellular origin and etiology of the infant pro-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia with MLL-AF4 rearrangement. Leukemia 2010; 25:400-10. [PMID: 21135858 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2010.284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Infant acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) involving mixed-lineage leukemia (MLL) fusions has attracted a huge interest in basic and clinical research because of its prenatal origin, mixed-lineage phenotype, dismal prognosis and extremely short latency. Over 90% of infant ALLs are pro-B ALL harboring the leukemic fusion MLL-AF4. Despite the fact that major achievements have provided a better understanding about the etiology of infant MLL-AF4+ ALL over the last two decades, key questions remain unanswered. Epidemiological and genetic studies suggest that the in utero origin of MLL rearrangements in infant leukemia may be the result of prenatal exposure to genotoxic compounds. In fact, chronic exposure of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) to etoposide induces MLL rearrangements and makes hESC more prone to acquire subsequent chromosomal abnormalities than postnatal CD34(+) cells, linking embryonic exposure to topoisomerase II inhibitors to genomic instability and MLL rearrangements. Unfortunately, very little is known about the nature of the target cell for transformation. Neuron-glial antigen 2 expression was initially claimed to be specifically associated with MLL rearrangements and was recently shown to be readily expressed in CD34+CD38+, but not CD34+CD38- cells suggesting that progenitors rather than stem cells may be the target cell for transformation. Importantly, the recent findings showing that MLL-AF4 rearrangement is present and expressed in mesenchymal stem cells from infant patients with MLLAF4+ ALL challenged our current view of the etiology and cellular origin of this leukemia. It becomes therefore crucial to determine where the leukemia relapses come from and how the tumor-stroma relationship is defined at the molecular level. Finally, MLL-AF4 leukemogenesis has been particularly difficult to model and bona fide MLL-AF4 disease models do not exist so far. It is likely that the current disease models are missing some essential ingredients of leukemogenesis in the human embryo/fetus. We thus propose modeling MLL-AF4+ infant pro-B ALL using prenatal hESCs.
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96
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97
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Kumar AR, Yao Q, Li Q, Sam TA, Kersey JH. t(4;11) leukemias display addiction to MLL-AF4 but not to AF4-MLL. Leuk Res 2010; 35:305-9. [PMID: 20869771 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2010.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Revised: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The most frequent MLL-gene rearrangement found in leukemia is a reciprocal translocation with AF4 on chromosome 4 resulting in the formation of the MLL-AF4 and the AF4-MLL fusion genes. The oncogenic role of MLL-AF4 is documented but the significance of the reciprocal product - AF4-MLL in leukemia is less clear. In the human leukemia cell lines - RS4;11 and SEMK2-M1, both of which express MLL-AF4 and AF4-MLL, we knocked down the expression of AF4-MLL using siRNA. Loss of AF4-MLL had no effect on the growth of either RS4;11 or SEMK2-M1 cells. Furthermore, in SEMK2-M1 cells there were no changes in cell cycle or apoptosis with loss of AF4-MLL. In contrast, knockdown of MLL-AF4 significantly inhibited growth of both RS4;11 and SEMK2-M1. Additionally, in SEMK2-M1 cells, loss of MLL-AF4 led to G2/M cell cycle arrest and increased apoptosis. Overall, these results demonstrate that in t(4;11) leukemia, the MLL-AF4 fusion protein is critical for leukemia cell proliferation and survival while the AF4-MLL fusion product is dispensable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish R Kumar
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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Nodal/Activin signaling predicts human pluripotent stem cell lines prone to differentiate toward the hematopoietic lineage. Mol Ther 2010; 18:2173-81. [PMID: 20736931 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2010.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lineage-specific differentiation potential varies among different human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) lines, becoming therefore highly desirable to prospectively know which hPSC lines exhibit the highest differentiation potential for a certain lineage. We have compared the hematopoietic potential of 14 human embryonic stem cell (hESC)/induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines. The emergence of hemogenic progenitors, primitive and mature blood cells, and colony-forming unit (CFU) potential was analyzed at different time points. Significant differences in the propensity to differentiate toward blood were observed among hPSCs: some hPSCs exhibited good blood differentiation potential, whereas others barely displayed blood-differentiation capacity. Correlation studies revealed that the CFU potential robustly correlates with hemogenic progenitors and primitive but not mature blood cells. Developmental progression of mesoendodermal and hematopoietic transcription factors expression revealed no correlation with either hematopoietic initiation or maturation efficiency. Microarray studies showed distinct gene expression profile between hPSCs with good versus poor hematopoietic potential. Although neuroectoderm-associated genes were downregulated in hPSCs prone to hematopoietic differentiation many members of the Nodal/Activin signaling were upregulated, suggesting that this signaling predicts those hPSC lines with good blood-differentiation potential. The association between Nodal/Activin signaling and the hematopoietic differentiation potential was confirmed using loss- and gain-of-function functional assays. Our data reinforce the value of prospective comparative studies aimed at determining the lineage-specific differentiation potential among different hPSCs and indicate that Nodal/Activin signaling seems to predict those hPSC lines prone to hematopoietic specification.
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Rubio R, García-Castro J, Gutiérrez-Aranda I, Paramio J, Santos M, Catalina P, Leone PE, Menendez P, Rodríguez R. Deficiency in p53 but not retinoblastoma induces the transformation of mesenchymal stem cells in vitro and initiates leiomyosarcoma in vivo. Cancer Res 2010; 70:4185-94. [PMID: 20442289 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-4640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Sarcomas have been modeled in mice by the expression of specific fusion genes in mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), supporting the concept that MSCs might be the target initiating cell in sarcoma. In this study, we evaluated the potential oncogenic effects of p53 and/or retinoblastoma (Rb) deficiency in MSC transformation and sarcomagenesis. We derived wild-type, p53(-/-), Rb(-/-), and p53(-/-)Rb(-/-) MSC cultures and fully characterized their in vitro growth properties and in vivo tumorigenesis capabilities. In contrast with wild-type MSCs, Rb(-/-), p53(-/-), and p53(-/-)Rb(-/-) MSCs underwent in vitro transformation and showed severe alterations in culture homeostasis. More importantly, p53(-/-) and p53(-/-)Rb(-/-) MSCs, but not Rb(-/-) MSCs, were capable of tumor development in vivo after injection into immunodeficient mice. p53(-/-) or p53(-/-)Rb(-/-) MSCs originated leiomyosarcoma-like tumors, linking this type of smooth muscle sarcoma to p53 deficiency in fat tissue-derived MSCs. Sca1+ and Sca1 low/- cell populations isolated from ex vivo-established, transformed MSC lines from p53(-/-)Rb(-/-) tumors showed identical sarcomagenesis potential, with 100% tumor penetrance and identical latency, tumor weight, and histologic profile. Our findings define the differential roles of p53 and Rb in MSC transformation and offer proof-of-principle that MSCs could provide useful tools to dissect the sarcoma pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Rubio
- Andalusian Stem Cell Bank, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Consejería de Salud-Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
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