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Ernst JD. Mechanisms of M. tuberculosis Immune Evasion as Challenges to TB Vaccine Design. Cell Host Microbe 2019; 24:34-42. [PMID: 30001523 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a large global health problem, in part because of the long period of coevolution of the pathogen, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and its human host. A major factor that sustains the global epidemic of TB is the lack of a sufficiently effective vaccine. While basic mechanisms of immunity that protect against TB have been identified, attempts to improve immunity to TB by vaccination have been disappointing. This Review discusses the mechanisms used by M. tuberculosis to evade innate and adaptive immunity and that likely limit the efficacy of vaccines developed to date. Despite multiple mechanisms of immune evasion, recent trials have indicated that effective TB vaccines remain an attainable goal. This Review discusses how knowledge from other systems can inform improvements on current vaccine approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel D Ernst
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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52
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Dijkman K, Sombroek CC, Vervenne RAW, Hofman SO, Boot C, Remarque EJ, Kocken CHM, Ottenhoff THM, Kondova I, Khayum MA, Haanstra KG, Vierboom MPM, Verreck FAW. Prevention of tuberculosis infection and disease by local BCG in repeatedly exposed rhesus macaques. Nat Med 2019; 25:255-262. [PMID: 30664782 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-018-0319-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains the deadliest infectious disease1, and the widely used Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine fails to curb the epidemic. An improved vaccination strategy could provide a cost-effective intervention to break the transmission cycle and prevent antimicrobial resistance2,3. Limited knowledge of the host responses critically involved in protective immunity hampers the development of improved TB vaccination regimens. Therefore, assessment of new strategies in preclinical models to select the best candidate vaccines before clinical vaccine testing remains indispensable. We have previously established in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) that pulmonary mucosal BCG delivery reduces TB disease where standard intradermal injection fails4,5. Here, we show that pulmonary BCG prevents infection by using a repeated limiting-dose Mycobacterium tuberculosis challenge model and identify polyfunctional T-helper type 17 (TH17) cells, interleukin-10 and immunoglobulin A as correlates of local protective immunity. These findings warrant further research into mucosal immunization strategies and their translation to clinical application to more effectively prevent the spread of TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Dijkman
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, the Netherlands.
| | | | | | - Sam O Hofman
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | - Charelle Boot
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Tom H M Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ivanela Kondova
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, the Netherlands
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Rajamanickam A, Munisankar S, Bhootra Y, Dolla CK, Nutman TB, Babu S. Coexistent Helminth Infection-Mediated Modulation of Chemokine Responses in Latent Tuberculosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:1494-1500. [PMID: 30651341 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Coexistent helminth infections are known to modulate T cell and cytokine responses in latent infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis However, their role in modulating chemokine responses in latent tuberculosis (LTB) has not been explored. Because chemokines play a vital role in the protective immune responses in LTB, we postulated that coexistent helminth infection could modulate chemokine production in helminth-LTB coinfection. To test this, we measured the levels of a panel of CC and CXC chemokines at baseline and following mycobacterial Ag or mitogen stimulation in individuals with LTB with (Strongyloides stercoralis +LTB+) or without S. stercoralis (S. stercoralis -LTB+) infection and in individuals without both infections, healthy controls (HC). At baseline (in the absence of a stimulus), S. stercoralis +LTB+ individuals exhibited significantly diminished production of CCL1, CCL2, CCL4, CCL11, CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 in comparison with S. stercoralis -LTB+ and/or HC individuals. Upon mycobacterial Ag stimulation, S. stercoralis +LTB+ individuals exhibited significantly diminished production of CCL1, CCL2, CCL4, CCL11, CXCL2, CXCL9, and CXCL10 in comparison with S. stercoralis -LTB+ and/or HC individuals. No differences were observed upon mitogen stimulation. Finally, after anthelmintic treatment, the baseline levels of CCL1, CCL2, CCL4, CCL11, and CXCL11 and mycobacterial Ag-stimulated levels of CCL1, CCL2, CCL11, CXCL2, and CXCL10 were significantly increased in S. stercoralis +LTB+ individuals. Thus, our data demonstrate that S. stercoralis +LTB+ individuals are associated with a compromised ability to express both CC and CXC chemokines and that this defect is at least partially reversible upon treatment. Hence, coexistent helminth infection induces downmodulation of chemokine responses in LTB individuals with likely potential effects on tuberculosis pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Rajamanickam
- National Institutes of Health-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India 600031
| | - Saravanan Munisankar
- National Institutes of Health-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India 600031
| | - Yukthi Bhootra
- National Institutes of Health-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India 600031
| | | | - Thomas B Nutman
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Subash Babu
- National Institutes of Health-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India 600031; .,Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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54
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Bull NC, Stylianou E, Kaveh DA, Pinpathomrat N, Pasricha J, Harrington-Kandt R, Garcia-Pelayo MC, Hogarth PJ, McShane H. Enhanced protection conferred by mucosal BCG vaccination associates with presence of antigen-specific lung tissue-resident PD-1 + KLRG1 - CD4 + T cells. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:555-564. [PMID: 30446726 PMCID: PMC7051908 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-018-0109-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BCG, the only vaccine licensed against tuberculosis, demonstrates variable efficacy in humans. Recent preclinical studies highlight the potential for mucosal BCG vaccination to improve protection. Lung tissue-resident memory T cells reside within the parenchyma, potentially playing an important role in protective immunity to tuberculosis. We hypothesised that mucosal BCG vaccination may enhance generation of lung tissue-resident T cells, affording improved protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In a mouse model, mucosal intranasal (IN) BCG vaccination conferred superior protection in the lungs compared to the systemic intradermal (ID) route. Intravascular staining allowed discrimination of lung tissue-resident CD4+ T cells from those in the lung vasculature, revealing that mucosal vaccination resulted in an increased frequency of antigen-specific tissue-resident CD4+ T cells compared to systemic vaccination. Tissue-resident CD4+ T cells induced by mucosal BCG displayed enhanced proliferative capacity compared to lung vascular and splenic CD4+ T cells. Only mucosal BCG induced antigen-specific tissue-resident T cells expressing a PD-1+ KLRG1- cell-surface phenotype. These cells constitute a BCG-induced population which may be responsible for the enhanced protection observed with IN vaccination. We demonstrate that mucosal BCG vaccination significantly improves protection over systemic BCG and this correlates with a novel population of BCG-induced lung tissue-resident CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. C. Bull
- 0000 0004 1936 8948grid.4991.5The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK ,0000 0004 1765 422Xgrid.422685.fVaccine Immunology Team, Department of Bacteriology, Animal & Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey UK
| | - E. Stylianou
- 0000 0004 1936 8948grid.4991.5The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - D. A. Kaveh
- 0000 0004 1765 422Xgrid.422685.fVaccine Immunology Team, Department of Bacteriology, Animal & Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey UK
| | - N. Pinpathomrat
- 0000 0004 1936 8948grid.4991.5The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - J. Pasricha
- 0000 0004 1936 8948grid.4991.5The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - R. Harrington-Kandt
- 0000 0004 1936 8948grid.4991.5The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - M. C. Garcia-Pelayo
- 0000 0004 1765 422Xgrid.422685.fVaccine Immunology Team, Department of Bacteriology, Animal & Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey UK
| | - P. J. Hogarth
- 0000 0004 1765 422Xgrid.422685.fVaccine Immunology Team, Department of Bacteriology, Animal & Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey UK
| | - H. McShane
- 0000 0004 1936 8948grid.4991.5The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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55
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56
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Schreiner D, King CG. CD4+ Memory T Cells at Home in the Tissue: Mechanisms for Health and Disease. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2394. [PMID: 30386342 PMCID: PMC6198086 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last 10 years, a population of clonally expanded T cells that take up permanent residence in non-lymphoid tissues has been identified. The localization of these tissue resident memory (TRM) cells allows them to rapidly respond at the site of antigen exposure, making them an attractive therapeutic target for various immune interventions. Although most studies have focused on understanding the biology underlying CD8 TRMs, CD4 T cells actually far outnumber CD8 T cells in barrier tissues such as lung and skin. Depending on the immune context, CD4 TRM can contribute to immune protection, pathology, or tissue remodeling. Although the ability of CD4 T cells to differentiate into heterogeneous effector and memory subsets has been well-established, how this heterogeneity manifests within the TRM compartment and within different tissues is just beginning to be elucidated. In this review we will discuss our current understanding of how CD4 TRMs are generated and maintained as well as a potential role for CD4 TRM plasticity in mediating the balance between beneficial and pathogenic immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Schreiner
- Immune Cell Biology Lab, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Carolyn G King
- Immune Cell Biology Lab, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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57
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Sallin MA, Kauffman KD, Riou C, Du Bruyn E, Foreman TW, Sakai S, Hoft SG, Myers TG, Gardina PJ, Sher A, Moore R, Wilder-Kofie T, Moore IN, Sette A, Lindestam Arlehamn CS, Wilkinson RJ, Barber DL. Host resistance to pulmonary Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection requires CD153 expression. Nat Microbiol 2018; 3:1198-1205. [DOI: 10.1038/s41564-018-0231-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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58
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Bull NC, Kaveh DA, Garcia-Pelayo MC, Stylianou E, McShane H, Hogarth PJ. Induction and maintenance of a phenotypically heterogeneous lung tissue-resident CD4 + T cell population following BCG immunisation. Vaccine 2018; 36:5625-5635. [PMID: 30097220 PMCID: PMC6143486 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is the biggest cause of human mortality from an infectious disease. The only vaccine currently available, bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), demonstrates some protection against disseminated disease in childhood but very variable efficacy against pulmonary disease in adults. A greater understanding of protective host immune responses is required in order to aid the development of improved vaccines. Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) are a recently-identified subset of T cells which may represent an important component of protective immunity to TB. Here, we demonstrate that intradermal BCG vaccination induces a population of antigen-specific CD4+ T cells within the lung parenchyma which persist for >12 months post-vaccination. Comprehensive flow cytometric analysis reveals this population is phenotypically and functionally heterogeneous, and shares characteristics with lung vascular and splenic CD4+ T cells. This underlines the importance of utilising the intravascular staining technique for definitive identification of tissue-resident T cells, and also suggests that these anatomically distinct cellular subsets are not necessarily permanently resident within a particular tissue compartment but can migrate between compartments. This lung parenchymal population merits further investigation as a critical component of a protective immune response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb).
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi C Bull
- Vaccine Immunology Team, Department of Bacteriology, Animal & Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK.
| | - Daryan A Kaveh
- Vaccine Immunology Team, Department of Bacteriology, Animal & Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - M C Garcia-Pelayo
- Vaccine Immunology Team, Department of Bacteriology, Animal & Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Elena Stylianou
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Helen McShane
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Philip J Hogarth
- Vaccine Immunology Team, Department of Bacteriology, Animal & Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
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59
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Larsen SE, Baldwin SL, Orr MT, Reese VA, Pecor T, Granger B, Dubois Cauwelaert N, Podell BK, Coler RN. Enhanced Anti- Mycobacterium tuberculosis Immunity over Time with Combined Drug and Immunotherapy Treatment. Vaccines (Basel) 2018; 6:vaccines6020030. [PMID: 29795025 PMCID: PMC6027321 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines6020030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
It is estimated that one third of the world’s population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). This astounding statistic, in combination with costly and lengthy treatment regimens make the development of therapeutic vaccines paramount for controlling the global burden of tuberculosis. Unlike prophylactic vaccination, therapeutic immunization relies on the natural pulmonary infection with Mtb as the mucosal prime that directs boost responses back to the lung. The purpose of this work was to determine the protection and safety profile over time following therapeutic administration of our lead Mtb vaccine candidate, ID93 with a synthetic TLR4 agonist (glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant in a stable emulsion (GLA-SE)), in combination with rifampicin, isoniazid, and pyrazinamide (RHZ) drug treatment. We assessed the host inflammatory immune responses and lung pathology 7–22 weeks post infection, and determined the therapeutic efficacy of combined treatment by enumeration of the bacterial load and survival in the SWR/J mouse model. We show that drug treatment alone, or with immunotherapy, tempered the inflammatory responses measured in brochoalveolar lavage fluid and plasma compared to untreated cohorts. RHZ combined with therapeutic immunizations significantly enhanced TH1-type cytokine responses in the lung over time, corresponding to decreased pulmonary pathology evidenced by a significant decrease in the percentage of lung lesions and destructive lung inflammation. These data suggest that bacterial burden assessment alone may miss important correlates of lung architecture that directly contribute to therapeutic vaccine efficacy in the preclinical mouse model. We also confirmed our previous finding that in combination with antibiotics therapeutic immunizations provide an additive survival advantage. Moreover, therapeutic immunizations with ID93/GLA-SE induced differential T cell immune responses over the course of infection that correlated with periods of enhanced bacterial control over that of drug treatment alone. Here we advance the immunotherapy model and investigate reliable correlates of protection and Mtb control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha E Larsen
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98102, USA.
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Susan L Baldwin
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98102, USA.
| | - Mark T Orr
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98102, USA.
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Valerie A Reese
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98102, USA.
| | - Tiffany Pecor
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98102, USA.
| | - Brian Granger
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98102, USA.
| | | | - Brendan K Podell
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Rhea N Coler
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98102, USA.
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
- PAI Life Sciences Inc., Seattle, WA 98102, USA.
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60
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Tzelepis F, Blagih J, Khan N, Gillard J, Mendonca L, Roy DG, Ma EH, Joubert P, Jones RG, Divangahi M. Mitochondrial cyclophilin D regulates T cell metabolic responses and disease tolerance to tuberculosis. Sci Immunol 2018; 3:eaar4135. [PMID: 29752301 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aar4135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is one of the most ancient human pathogens, yet the exact mechanism(s) of host defense against Mtb remains unclear. Although one-third of the world's population is chronically infected with Mtb, only 5 to 10% develop active disease. This indicates that, in addition to resistance mechanisms that control bacterial burden, the host has also evolved strategies to tolerate the presence of Mtb to limit disease severity. We identify mitochondrial cyclophilin D (CypD) as a critical checkpoint of T cell metabolism that controls the expansion of activated T cells. Although loss of CypD function in T cells led to enhanced Mtb antigen-specific T cell responses, this increased T cell response had no impact on bacterial burden. Rather, mice containing CypD-deficient T cells exhibited substantially compromised disease tolerance and succumbed to Mtb infection. This study establishes a mechanistic link between T cell-mediated immunity and disease tolerance during Mtb infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Tzelepis
- Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, McGill University Health Centre, McGill International TB Centre, Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Julianna Blagih
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre and Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Nargis Khan
- Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, McGill University Health Centre, McGill International TB Centre, Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Joshua Gillard
- Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, McGill University Health Centre, McGill International TB Centre, Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Laura Mendonca
- Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, McGill University Health Centre, McGill International TB Centre, Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Dominic G Roy
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre and Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Eric H Ma
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre and Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Philippe Joubert
- Department of Pathology, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, 2725 Chemin Sainte-Foy, Quebec, Quebec G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Russell G Jones
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre and Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Maziar Divangahi
- Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, McGill University Health Centre, McGill International TB Centre, Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada.
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61
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Velasquez LN, Stüve P, Gentilini MV, Swallow M, Bartel J, Lycke NY, Barkan D, Martina M, Lujan HD, Kalay H, van Kooyk Y, Sparwasser TD, Berod L. Targeting Mycobacterium tuberculosis Antigens to Dendritic Cells via the DC-Specific-ICAM3-Grabbing-Nonintegrin Receptor Induces Strong T-Helper 1 Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2018; 9:471. [PMID: 29662482 PMCID: PMC5890140 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis remains a major global health problem and efforts to develop a more effective vaccine have been unsuccessful so far. Targeting antigens (Ags) to dendritic cells (DCs) in vivo has emerged as a new promising vaccine strategy. In this approach, Ags are delivered directly to DCs via antibodies that bind to endocytic cell-surface receptors. Here, we explored DC-specific-ICAM3-grabbing-nonintegrin (DC-SIGN) targeting as a potential vaccine against tuberculosis. For this, we made use of the hSIGN mouse model that expresses human DC-SIGN under the control of the murine CD11c promoter. We show that in vitro and in vivo delivery of anti-DC-SIGN antibodies conjugated to Ag85B and peptide 25 of Ag85B in combination with anti-CD40, the fungal cell wall component zymosan, and the cholera toxin-derived fusion protein CTA1-DD induces strong Ag-specific CD4+ T-cell responses. Improved anti-mycobacterial immunity was accompanied by increased frequencies of Ag-specific IFN-γ+ IL-2+ TNF-α+ polyfunctional CD4+ T cells in vaccinated mice compared with controls. Taken together, in this study we provide the proof of concept that the human DC-SIGN receptor can be efficiently exploited for vaccine purposes to promote immunity against mycobacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lis Noelia Velasquez
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
| | - Philipp Stüve
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
| | - Maria Virginia Gentilini
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
| | - Maxine Swallow
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
| | - Judith Bartel
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
| | - Nils Yngve Lycke
- Mucosal Immunobiology and Vaccine Center (MIVAC), Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Daniel Barkan
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Mariana Martina
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Hugo D Lujan
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Hakan Kalay
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Yvette van Kooyk
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tim D Sparwasser
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
| | - Luciana Berod
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
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62
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Orme IM, Henao-Tamayo MI. Trying to See the Forest through the Trees: Deciphering the Nature of Memory Immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:461. [PMID: 29568298 PMCID: PMC5852080 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of vaccination against tuberculosis and other diseases is to establish a heightened state of acquired specific resistance in which the memory immune response is capable of mediating an accelerated and magnified expression of protection to the pathogen when this is encountered at a later time. In the earliest studies in mice infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, memory immunity and the cells that express this were definable both in terms of kinetics of emergence, and soon thereafter by the levels of expression of markers including CD44, CD62L, and the chemokine receptor CCR7, allowing the identification of effector memory and central memory T cell subsets. Despite these initial advances in knowledge, more recent information has not revealed more clarity, but instead, has created a morass of complications—complications that, if not resolved, could harm correct vaccine design. Here, we discuss two central issues. The first is that we have always assumed that memory is induced in the same way, and consists of the same T cells, regardless of whether that immunity is generated by BCG vaccination, or by exposure to M. tuberculosis followed by effective chemotherapy. This assumption is almost certainly incorrect. Second, a myriad of additional memory subsets have now been described, such as resident, stem cell-like, tissue specific, among others, but as yet we know nothing about the relative importance of each, or whether if a new vaccine needs to induce all of these, or just some, to be fully effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Orme
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Marcela I Henao-Tamayo
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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63
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Kauffman KD, Sallin MA, Sakai S, Kamenyeva O, Kabat J, Weiner D, Sutphin M, Schimel D, Via L, Barry CE, Wilder-Kofie T, Moore I, Moore R, Barber DL. Defective positioning in granulomas but not lung-homing limits CD4 T-cell interactions with Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected macrophages in rhesus macaques. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:462-473. [PMID: 28745326 PMCID: PMC5785573 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection requires CD4 T cells to migrate into the lung and interact with infected macrophages. In mice, less-differentiated CXCR3+ CD4 T cells migrate into the lung and suppress growth of Mtb, whereas CX3CR1+ terminally differentiated Th1 cells accumulate in the blood vasculature and do not control pulmonary infection. Here we examine CD4 T-cell differentiation and lung homing during primary Mtb infection of rhesus macaques. Mtb-specific CD4 T cells simultaneously appeared in the airways and blood ∼21-28 days post exposure, indicating that recently primed effectors are quickly recruited into the lungs after entering circulation. Mtb-specific CD4 T cells in granulomas display a tissue-parenchymal CXCR3+CX3CR1-PD-1hiCTLA-4+ phenotype. However, most granuloma CD4 T cells are found within the outer lymphocyte cuff and few localize to the myeloid cell core containing the bacilli. Using the intravascular stain approach, we find essentially all Mtb-specific CD4 T cells in granulomas have extravasated across the vascular endothelium into the parenchyma. Therefore, it is unlikely to be that lung-homing defects introduced by terminal differentiation limit the migration of CD4 T cells into granulomas following primary Mtb infection of macaques. However, intralesional positioning defects within the granuloma may pose a major barrier to T-cell-mediated immunity during tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith D. Kauffman
- T lymphocyte Biology Unit, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Michelle A. Sallin
- T lymphocyte Biology Unit, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Shunsuke Sakai
- T lymphocyte Biology Unit, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Olena Kamenyeva
- Biological Imaging Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Juraj Kabat
- Biological Imaging Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Danielle Weiner
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Michelle Sutphin
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Daniel Schimel
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Laura Via
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Clifton E. Barry
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Temeri Wilder-Kofie
- Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Ian Moore
- Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Rashida Moore
- Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Daniel L. Barber
- T lymphocyte Biology Unit, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
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Abstract
Vaccination approaches eliciting strong CD4 T cell responses provide only weak protection from tuberculosis. In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Moguche et al. (2017) show that T cells specific for different immunodominant vaccine antigens can fail to protect for opposite reasons, highlighting a major challenge in tuberculosis vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Barber
- T Lymphocyte Biology Unit, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA.
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65
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Moguche AO, Musvosvi M, Penn-Nicholson A, Plumlee CR, Mearns H, Geldenhuys H, Smit E, Abrahams D, Rozot V, Dintwe O, Hoff ST, Kromann I, Ruhwald M, Bang P, Larson RP, Shafiani S, Ma S, Sherman DR, Sette A, Lindestam Arlehamn CS, McKinney DM, Maecker H, Hanekom WA, Hatherill M, Andersen P, Scriba TJ, Urdahl KB. Antigen Availability Shapes T Cell Differentiation and Function during Tuberculosis. Cell Host Microbe 2018; 21:695-706.e5. [PMID: 28618268 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2017.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
CD4 T cells are critical for protective immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the cause of tuberculosis (TB). Yet to date, TB vaccine candidates that boost antigen-specific CD4 T cells have conferred little or no protection. Here we examined CD4 T cell responses to two leading TB vaccine antigens, ESAT-6 and Ag85B, in Mtb-infected mice and in vaccinated humans with and without underlying Mtb infection. In both species, Mtb infection drove ESAT-6-specific T cells to be more differentiated than Ag85B-specific T cells. The ability of each T cell population to control Mtb in the lungs of mice was restricted for opposite reasons: Ag85B-specific T cells were limited by reduced antigen expression during persistent infection, whereas ESAT-6-specific T cells became functionally exhausted due to chronic antigenic stimulation. Our findings suggest that different vaccination strategies will be required to optimize protection mediated by T cells recognizing antigens expressed at distinct stages of Mtb infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albanus O Moguche
- Center for Infectious Disease Research (CIDR), Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Munyaradzi Musvosvi
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Adam Penn-Nicholson
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | | | - Helen Mearns
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Hennie Geldenhuys
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Erica Smit
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Deborah Abrahams
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Virginie Rozot
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - One Dintwe
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Søren T Hoff
- Statens Serum Institut (SSI), 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Peter Bang
- Statens Serum Institut (SSI), 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ryan P Larson
- Center for Infectious Disease Research (CIDR), Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Shahin Shafiani
- Center for Infectious Disease Research (CIDR), Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Shuyi Ma
- Center for Infectious Disease Research (CIDR), Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - David R Sherman
- Center for Infectious Disease Research (CIDR), Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Department of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla 92037, USA
| | | | - Denise M McKinney
- Department of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla 92037, USA
| | - Holden Maecker
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Willem A Hanekom
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Mark Hatherill
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | | | - Thomas J Scriba
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.
| | - Kevin B Urdahl
- Center for Infectious Disease Research (CIDR), Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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66
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Billeskov R, Lindenstrøm T, Woodworth J, Vilaplana C, Cardona PJ, Cassidy JP, Mortensen R, Agger EM, Andersen P. High Antigen Dose Is Detrimental to Post-Exposure Vaccine Protection against Tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1973. [PMID: 29379507 PMCID: PMC5775287 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the etiologic agent of tuberculosis (TB), causes 1.8M deaths annually. The current vaccine, BCG, has failed to eradicate TB leaving 25% of the world’s population with latent Mtb infection (LTBI), and 5–10% of these people will reactivate and develop active TB. An efficient therapeutic vaccine targeting LTBI could have an enormous impact on global TB incidence, and could be an important aid in fighting multidrug resistance, which is increasing globally. Here we show in a mouse model using the H56 (Ag85B-ESAT-6-Rv2660) TB vaccine candidate that post-exposure, but not preventive, vaccine protection requires low vaccine antigen doses for optimal protection. Loss of protection from high dose post-exposure vaccination was not associated with a loss of overall vaccine response magnitude, but rather with greater differentiation and lower functional avidity of vaccine-specific CD4 T cells. High vaccine antigen dose also led to a decreased ability of vaccine-specific CD4 T cells to home into the Mtb-infected lung parenchyma, a recently discovered important feature of T cell protection in mice. These results underscore the importance of T cell quality rather than magnitude in TB-vaccine protection, and the significant role that antigen dosing plays in vaccine-mediated protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Billeskov
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Lindenstrøm
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Joshua Woodworth
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cristina Vilaplana
- Unitat de Tuberculosi Experimental, Institut per a la Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias I Pujol, CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pere-Joan Cardona
- Unitat de Tuberculosi Experimental, Institut per a la Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias I Pujol, CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joseph P Cassidy
- Veterinary Sciences Centre, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rasmus Mortensen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Else Marie Agger
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Andersen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
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67
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Lindenstrøm T, Moguche A, Damborg M, Agger EM, Urdahl K, Andersen P. T Cells Primed by Live Mycobacteria Versus a Tuberculosis Subunit Vaccine Exhibit Distinct Functional Properties. EBioMedicine 2017; 27:27-39. [PMID: 29249639 PMCID: PMC5828549 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite inducing strong T cell responses, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection fails to elicit protective immune memory. As such latently infected or successfully treated Tuberculosis (TB) patients are not protected against recurrent disease. Here, using a mouse model of aerosol Mtb infection, we show that memory immunity to H56/CAF01 subunit vaccination conferred sustained protection in contrast to the transient natural immunity conferred by Mtb infection. Loss of protection to re-infection in natural Mtb memory was temporally linked to an accelerated differentiation of ESAT-6- and to a lesser extent, Ag85B-specific CD4 T cells in both the lung parenchyma and vasculature. This phenotype was characterized by high KLRG1 expression and low, dual production of IFN-γ and TNF. In contrast, H56/CAF01 vaccination elicited cells that expressed low levels of KLRG1 with copious expression of IL-2 and IL-17A. Co-adoptive transfer studies revealed that H56/CAF01 induced memory CD4 T cells efficiently homed into the lung parenchyma of mice chronically infected with Mtb. In comparison, natural Mtb infection- and BCG vaccine-induced memory CD4 T cells exhibited a poor ability to home into the lung parenchyma. These studies suggest that impaired lung migratory capacity is an inherent trait of the terminally differentiated memory responses primed by mycobacteria/mycobacterial vectors. Differentiation state of M. tuberculosis (Mtb)-specific CD4 memory T cells differ depending on their initial priming Live mycobacteria prime fully differentiated CD4 memory T cells with lower lung homing capacity than subunit vaccination Lung parenchymal Mtb memory CD4 T cells produce fewer & less cytokines, express more KLRG1 and cannot sustain protection
People latently infected with M. tuberculosis or successfully treated for Tuberculosis are not protected against recurrent disease, even in the presence of strong T cell responses. Here, using a well-established mouse model, we show that in contrast to subunit vaccination, live mycobacteria prime CD4 T cells that are highly differentiated, have an inferior lung homing capacity and show impaired function once in the parenchyma leading to lack of sustained protection against challenge. This indicates a central shortcoming of natural immunity that needs to be addressed in order to develop improved vaccines against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lindenstrøm
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Denmark.
| | | | - Mie Damborg
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Denmark
| | - Else Marie Agger
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Denmark
| | - Kevin Urdahl
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, USA
| | - Peter Andersen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Denmark
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68
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Sallin MA, Sakai S, Kauffman KD, Young HA, Zhu J, Barber DL. Th1 Differentiation Drives the Accumulation of Intravascular, Non-protective CD4 T Cells during Tuberculosis. Cell Rep 2017; 18:3091-3104. [PMID: 28355562 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent data indicate that the differentiation state of Th1 cells determines their protective capacity against tuberculosis. Therefore, we examined the role of Th1-polarizing factors in the generation of protective and non-protective subsets of Mtb-specific Th1 cells. We find that IL-12/23p40 promotes Th1 cell expansion and maturation beyond the CD73+CXCR3+T-betdim stage, and T-bet prevents deviation of Th1 cells into Th17 cells. Nevertheless, IL- 12/23p40 and T-bet are also essential for the production of a prominent subset of intravascular CX3CR1+KLRG1+ Th1 cells that persists poorly and can neither migrate into the lung parenchyma nor control Mtb growth. Furthermore, T-bet suppresses development of CD69+CD103+ tissue resident phenotype effectors in lung. In contrast, Th1-cell-derived IFN-γ inhibits the accumulation of intravascular CX3CR1+KLRG1+ Th1 cells. Thus, although IL-12 and T-bet are essential host survival factors, they simultaneously oppose lung CD4 T cell responses at several levels, demonstrating the dual nature of Th1 polarization in tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Sallin
- T-Lymphocyte Biology Unit, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Shunsuke Sakai
- T-Lymphocyte Biology Unit, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Keith D Kauffman
- T-Lymphocyte Biology Unit, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Howard A Young
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Jinfang Zhu
- Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Daniel L Barber
- T-Lymphocyte Biology Unit, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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69
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Low antigen dose formulated in CAF09 adjuvant Favours a cytotoxic T-cell response following intraperitoneal immunization in Göttingen minipigs. Vaccine 2017; 35:5629-5636. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.08.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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70
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Scriba TJ, Carpenter C, Pro SC, Sidney J, Musvosvi M, Rozot V, Seumois G, Rosales SL, Vijayanand P, Goletti D, Makgotlho E, Hanekom W, Hatherill M, Peters B, Sette A, Arlehamn CSL. Differential Recognition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Specific Epitopes as a Function of Tuberculosis Disease History. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 196:772-781. [PMID: 28759253 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201706-1208oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Individuals with a history of tuberculosis (TB) disease are at elevated risk of disease recurrence. The underlying cause is not known, but one explanation is that previous disease results in less-effective immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that the repertoire of Mtb-derived epitopes recognized by T cells from individuals with latent Mtb infection differs as a function of previous diagnosis of active TB disease. METHODS T-cell responses to peptide pools in samples collected from an adult screening and an adolescent validation cohort were measured by IFN-γ enzyme-linked immunospot assay or intracellular cytokine staining. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS We identified a set of "type 2" T-cell epitopes that were recognized at 10-fold-lower levels in Mtb-infected individuals with a history of TB disease less than 6 years ago than in those without previous TB. By contrast, "type 1" epitopes were recognized equally well in individuals with or without previous TB. The differential epitope recognition was not due to differences in HLA class II binding, memory phenotypes, or gene expression in the responding T cells. Instead, "TB disease history-sensitive" type 2 epitopes were significantly (P < 0.0001) more homologous to sequences from bacteria found in the human microbiome than type 1 epitopes. CONCLUSIONS Preferential loss of T-cell reactivity to Mtb epitopes that are homologous to bacteria in the microbiome in persons with previous TB disease may reflect long-term effects of antibiotic TB treatment on the microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Scriba
- 1 South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Chelsea Carpenter
- 2 Department of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California; and
| | - Sebastian Carrasco Pro
- 2 Department of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California; and
| | - John Sidney
- 2 Department of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California; and
| | - Munyaradzi Musvosvi
- 1 South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Virginie Rozot
- 1 South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Grégory Seumois
- 2 Department of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California; and
| | - Sandy L Rosales
- 2 Department of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California; and
| | - Pandurangan Vijayanand
- 2 Department of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California; and
| | - Delia Goletti
- 3 Translational Research Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Rome, Italy
| | - Edward Makgotlho
- 1 South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Willem Hanekom
- 1 South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mark Hatherill
- 1 South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Bjoern Peters
- 2 Department of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California; and
| | - Alessandro Sette
- 2 Department of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California; and
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71
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Cooper AM. Defining the Kinetics, Phenotype, and Function of T Cells Induced by Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Pillar of Immunity to Tuberculosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:831-832. [PMID: 28739592 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M Cooper
- Leicester Tuberculosis Research Group, Department of Infection Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
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72
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Mourik BC, Lubberts E, de Steenwinkel JEM, Ottenhoff THM, Leenen PJM. Interactions between Type 1 Interferons and the Th17 Response in Tuberculosis: Lessons Learned from Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2017; 8:294. [PMID: 28424682 PMCID: PMC5380685 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The classical paradigm of tuberculosis (TB) immunity, with a central protective role for Th1 responses and IFN-γ-stimulated cellular responses, has been challenged by unsatisfactory results of vaccine strategies aimed at enhancing Th1 immunity. Moreover, preclinical TB models have shown that increasing IFN-γ responses in the lungs is more damaging to the host than to the pathogen. Type 1 interferon signaling and altered Th17 responses have also been associated with active TB, but their functional roles in TB pathogenesis remain to be established. These two host responses have been studied in more detail in autoimmune diseases (AID) and show functional interactions that are of potential interest in TB immunity. In this review, we first identify the role of type 1 interferons and Th17 immunity in TB, followed by an overview of interactions between these responses observed in systemic AID. We discuss (i) the effects of GM-CSF-secreting Th17.1 cells and type 1 interferons on CCR2+ monocytes; (ii) convergence of IL-17 and type 1 interferon signaling on stimulating B-cell activating factor production and the central role of neutrophils in this process; and (iii) synergy between IL-17 and type 1 interferons in the generation and function of tertiary lymphoid structures and the associated follicular helper T-cell responses. Evaluation of these autoimmune-related pathways in TB pathogenesis provides a new perspective on recent developments in TB research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas C Mourik
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Erik Lubberts
- Department of Rheumatology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jurriaan E M de Steenwinkel
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tom H M Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Pieter J M Leenen
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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73
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Vaccination for Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection: reprogramming CD4 T-cell homing into the lung. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:318-321. [PMID: 27966550 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2016.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Development of effective tuberculosis vaccines is hampered by insufficient understanding of protective immunity. Here, Woodworth et al.1 show secondary effector CD4 T cells generated after Mtb challenge of H56/CAF01 vaccinated mice display superior lung homing compared with primary effectors. Vaccination generates large populations of parenchymal lung effector cells by inducing CXCR3+KLRG1- cells that continuously migrate from lymph nodes to lung, and limiting the generation of non-protective CX3CR1+KLRG1+ intravascular effectors, providing insight vaccine-mediated protection against tuberculosis.
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Subunit vaccine H56/CAF01 induces a population of circulating CD4 T cells that traffic into the Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected lung. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:555-564. [PMID: 27554293 PMCID: PMC5325828 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2016.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The capacity of CD4 T cells to protect against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is governed by their ability to localize to the lung site of infection. Subunit vaccine H56/CAF01, a liposome-adjuvanted fusion protein of Mtb antigens Ag85B, ESAT-6, and Rv2660, conferred durable protection and elicited polyfunctional CD4 T cells that preferentially localized to the lung parenchyma. These lung-resident T cells had reduced KLRG1 and increased CXCR3 expression, an intermediate state of Th1 differentiation that has been associated with Mtb protection. Importantly, KLGR1- CXCR3+ cells were also enriched in the lung vasculature and peripheral circulation of vaccinated animals, but not controls. Moreover, S1P1R blockade rapidly cleared this population from the blood and adoptive transfer of T cells recovered from the vasculature of vaccinated, but not control, mice efficiently trafficked into the Mtb-infected lung parenchyma. Thus, durable immunity elicited by H56/CAF01 vaccination is associated with the maintenance of circulating CD4 T cells that selectively home to the lung parenchyma.
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75
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Immunological memory is a central feature of the adaptive immune system and a prerequisite for generating effective vaccines. Understanding long-term memory responses to
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
will thus provide us with valuable insights that can guide us in the search for a novel vaccine against tuberculosis (TB). For many years, triggering CD4 T cells and, in particular, those secreting interferon-γ has been the goal of most TB vaccine research, and numerous data from animals and humans support the key role of this subset in protective immunity. More recently, we have learned that the memory response required for effective control of
M. tuberculosis
is much more complex, probably involving several phenotypically different CD4 T cell subsets as well as other cell types that are yet to be defined. Herein, we describe recent insights into memory immunity to TB in the context of both animal models and the human infection. With the increasing amount of data generated from clinical testing of novel TB vaccines, we also summarize recent knowledge of vaccine-induced memory immunity.
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76
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Sambarey A, Devaprasad A, Mohan A, Ahmed A, Nayak S, Swaminathan S, D'Souza G, Jesuraj A, Dhar C, Babu S, Vyakarnam A, Chandra N. Unbiased Identification of Blood-based Biomarkers for Pulmonary Tuberculosis by Modeling and Mining Molecular Interaction Networks. EBioMedicine 2016; 15:112-126. [PMID: 28065665 PMCID: PMC5233809 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) is met with multiple challenges, calling for a shift of focus from pathogen-centric diagnostics towards identification of host-based multi-marker signatures. Transcriptomics offer a list of differentially expressed genes, but cannot by itself identify the most influential contributors to the disease phenotype. Here, we describe a computational pipeline that adopts an unbiased approach to identify a biomarker signature. Data from RNA sequencing from whole blood samples of TB patients were integrated with a curated genome-wide molecular interaction network, from which we obtain a comprehensive perspective of variations that occur in the host due to TB. We then implement a sensitive network mining method to shortlist gene candidates that are most central to the disease alterations. We then apply a series of filters that include applicability to multiple publicly available datasets as well as additional validation on independent patient samples, and identify a signature comprising 10 genes - FCGR1A, HK3, RAB13, RBBP8, IFI44L, TIMM10, BCL6, SMARCD3, CYP4F3 and SLPI, that can discriminate between TB and healthy controls as well as distinguish TB from latent tuberculosis and HIV in most cases. The signature has the potential to serve as a diagnostic marker of TB.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Abhilash Mohan
- Department of Biochemistry, IISc, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Asma Ahmed
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research (CIDR), IISc, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Soumya Nayak
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research (CIDR), IISc, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Soumya Swaminathan
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Mayor Sathiyamoorthy Road, Chetpet, Chennai 600031, India
| | - George D'Souza
- St John's Research Institute, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, 560034 Bangalore, India
| | - Anto Jesuraj
- St John's Research Institute, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, 560034 Bangalore, India
| | - Chirag Dhar
- St John's Research Institute, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, 560034 Bangalore, India
| | - Subash Babu
- NIH-NIRT-ICER, Mayor Sathiyamoorthy Road, Chetpet, Chennai 600031, India
| | - Annapurna Vyakarnam
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research (CIDR), IISc, Bangalore 560012, India; Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London School of Medicine, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, UK
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77
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Domingo-Gonzalez R, Prince O, Cooper A, Khader SA. Cytokines and Chemokines in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. Microbiol Spectr 2016; 4:10.1128/microbiolspec.TBTB2-0018-2016. [PMID: 27763255 PMCID: PMC5205539 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.tbtb2-0018-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokines and cytokines are critical for initiating and coordinating the organized and sequential recruitment and activation of cells into Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected lungs. Correct mononuclear cellular recruitment and localization are essential to ensure control of bacterial growth without the development of diffuse and damaging granulocytic inflammation. An important block to our understanding of TB pathogenesis lies in dissecting the critical aspects of the cytokine/chemokine interplay in light of the conditional role these molecules play throughout infection and disease development. Much of the data highlighted in this review appears at first glance to be contradictory, but it is the balance between the cytokines and chemokines that is critical, and the "goldilocks" (not too much and not too little) phenomenon is paramount in any discussion of the role of these molecules in TB. Determination of how the key chemokines/cytokines and their receptors are balanced and how the loss of that balance can promote disease is vital to understanding TB pathogenesis and to identifying novel therapies for effective eradication of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oliver Prince
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
| | - Andrea Cooper
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Shabaana A Khader
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
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78
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Wikenheiser DJ, Stumhofer JS. ICOS Co-Stimulation: Friend or Foe? Front Immunol 2016; 7:304. [PMID: 27559335 PMCID: PMC4979228 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last 15 years, the inducible T cell co-stimulator (ICOS) has been implicated in various immune outcomes, including the induction and regulation of Th1, Th2, and Th17 immunity. In addition to its role in directing effector T cell differentiation, ICOS has also been consistently linked with the induction of thymus-dependent (TD) antibody (Ab) responses and the germinal center (GC) reaction. ICOS co-stimulation, therefore, appears to play a complex role in dictating the course of adaptive immunity. In this article, we summarize the initial characterization of ICOS and its relationship with the related co-stimulatory molecule CD28. We then address the contribution of ICOS in directing an effector T cell response, and ultimately disease outcome, against various bacterial, viral, and parasitic infections. Next, we assess ICOS in the context of TD Ab responses, connecting ICOS signaling to follicular helper T cell differentiation and its role in the GC reaction. Finally, we address the link between ICOS and human autoimmune disorders and evaluate potential therapies aiming to mitigate disease progression by modulating ICOS signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Wikenheiser
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock, AR , USA
| | - Jason S Stumhofer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock, AR , USA
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79
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Sakai S, Kauffman KD, Sallin MA, Sharpe AH, Young HA, Ganusov VV, Barber DL. CD4 T Cell-Derived IFN-γ Plays a Minimal Role in Control of Pulmonary Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection and Must Be Actively Repressed by PD-1 to Prevent Lethal Disease. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005667. [PMID: 27244558 PMCID: PMC4887085 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
IFN-γ–producing CD4 T cells are required for protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection, but the extent to which IFN-γ contributes to overall CD4 T cell-mediated protection remains unclear. Furthermore, it is not known if increasing IFN-γ production by CD4 T cells is desirable in Mtb infection. Here we show that IFN-γ accounts for only ~30% of CD4 T cell-dependent cumulative bacterial control in the lungs over the first six weeks of infection, but >80% of control in the spleen. Moreover, increasing the IFN-γ–producing capacity of CD4 T cells by ~2 fold exacerbates lung infection and leads to the early death of the host, despite enhancing control in the spleen. In addition, we show that the inhibitory receptor PD-1 facilitates host resistance to Mtb by preventing the detrimental over-production of IFN-γ by CD4 T cells. Specifically, PD-1 suppressed the parenchymal accumulation of and pathogenic IFN-γ production by the CXCR3+KLRG1-CX3CR1- subset of lung-homing CD4 T cells that otherwise mediates control of Mtb infection. Therefore, the primary role for T cell-derived IFN-γ in Mtb infection is at extra-pulmonary sites, and the host-protective subset of CD4 T cells requires negative regulation of IFN-γ production by PD-1 to prevent lethal immune-mediated pathology. The development of novel tuberculosis vaccines has been hindered by the poor understanding of the mechanisms of host-protection. It has been long-held that IFN-γ is the principle effector of CD4 T cell-mediated resistance to Mtb infection, but Mtb-specific CD4 T cells produce low amounts of IFN-γ in vivo, leading to the possibility that increasing IFN-γ production by Th1 cells might enhance control of Mtb infection. However, the precise contribution of IFN-γ to CD4 T cell-dependent protection and the outcome of increasing IFN-γ production by CD4 T cells have not been evaluated. Here we show that IFN-γ accounts for only ~30% of the cumulative CD4 T cell-mediated reduction in lung bacterial loads over the first 1.5 months of infection. Moreover, we find that increasing the per capita production of IFN-γ by CD4 T cells leads to the early death of the host. Lastly, we show that suppression of CD4 T cell-derived IFN-γ by the inhibitory receptor PD-1 is essential to prevent lethal disease. Therefore, poor control Mtb infection does not result from defective production of IFN-γ, and strategies to selectively boost it are unwarranted. Furthermore, identifying the primary mechanisms of CD4 T cell-dependent control of Mtb infection should be a priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Sakai
- T lymphocyte Biology Unit, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Keith D. Kauffman
- T lymphocyte Biology Unit, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michelle A. Sallin
- T lymphocyte Biology Unit, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Arlene H. Sharpe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, and Evergrande Center for Immunological Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Howard A. Young
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Vitaly V. Ganusov
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Daniel L. Barber
- T lymphocyte Biology Unit, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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80
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Local T/B cooperation in inflamed tissues is supported by T follicular helper-like cells. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10875. [PMID: 26915335 PMCID: PMC4773445 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases and other inflammatory conditions are characterized by large lymphocytic tissue infiltrates in which T and B cells can be found in close contact. Here, using a murine airway inflammation model, we compare antigen-specific T and B cells in lung tissue versus lung-draining lymph node. In the lung we identify a B-cell population exhibiting a classical germinal centre phenotype without being organized into ectopic lymphoid tissue. By contrast, classical CXCR5(+) Bcl-6(+) T follicular helper cells are not present. Nevertheless, lung-infiltrating T cells exhibit follicular helper-like properties including the potential to provide help to naive B cells. The lung tissue is also a survival niche for memory T and B cells remaining in residual peribronchial infiltrates after resolution of inflammation. Collectively, this study shows the importance of T/B cooperation not only in lymph nodes but also in inflamed peripheral tissues for local antibody responses to infection and autoimmunity.
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81
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Carpenter SM, Nunes-Alves C, Booty MG, Way SS, Behar SM. A Higher Activation Threshold of Memory CD8+ T Cells Has a Fitness Cost That Is Modified by TCR Affinity during Tuberculosis. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005380. [PMID: 26745507 PMCID: PMC4706326 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell vaccines against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and other pathogens are based on the principle that memory T cells rapidly generate effector responses upon challenge, leading to pathogen clearance. Despite eliciting a robust memory CD8+ T cell response to the immunodominant Mtb antigen TB10.4 (EsxH), we find the increased frequency of TB10.4-specific CD8+ T cells conferred by vaccination to be short-lived after Mtb challenge. To compare memory and naïve CD8+ T cell function during their response to Mtb, we track their expansions using TB10.4-specific retrogenic CD8+ T cells. We find that the primary (naïve) response outnumbers the secondary (memory) response during Mtb challenge, an effect moderated by increased TCR affinity. To determine whether the expansion of polyclonal memory T cells is restrained following Mtb challenge, we used TCRβ deep sequencing to track TB10.4-specific CD8+ T cells after vaccination and subsequent challenge in intact mice. Successful memory T cells, defined by their clonal expansion after Mtb challenge, express similar CDR3β sequences suggesting TCR selection by antigen. Thus, both TCR-dependent and -independent factors affect the fitness of memory CD8+ responses. The impaired expansion of the majority of memory T cell clonotypes may explain why some TB vaccines have not provided better protection. CD8+ T cells are important for enforcing latency of tuberculosis, and for Mtb control in patients with HIV and low CD4 counts. While vaccines that primarily elicit CD4+ T cell responses have had difficulty preventing active pulmonary TB, a TB vaccine that elicits a potent memory CD8+ T cells is a logical alternative strategy. Memory T cells are thought to respond more rapidly than the primary (naïve) response. However, by directly comparing naïve and memory TCR retrogenic CD8+ T cells specific for the TB10.4 antigen during infection, we observe memory-derived T cells to be less fit than naïve-derived T cells. We relate the reduced fitness of memory CD8+ T cells to their lower sensitivity to antigen and show that fitness can be improved by increasing TCR affinity. Using a novel method for tracking CD8+ T cells elicited by vaccination during the response to Mtb aerosol challenge in intact mice, we observe the robust expansion of a new primary response as well as clonal selection of the secondary response, likely driven by TCR affinity. We propose that generating memory T cells with high affinities should be a goal of vaccination against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M. Carpenter
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Disease and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SMC); (SMB)
| | - Cláudio Nunes-Alves
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Matthew G. Booty
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sing Sing Way
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Samuel M. Behar
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SMC); (SMB)
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82
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Interleukin-2-Dependent Allergen-Specific Tissue-Resident Memory Cells Drive Asthma. Immunity 2015; 44:155-166. [PMID: 26750312 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to inhaled allergens generates T helper 2 (Th2) CD4(+) T cells that contribute to episodes of inflammation associated with asthma. Little is known about allergen-specific Th2 memory cells and their contribution to airway inflammation. We generated reagents to understand how endogenous CD4(+) T cells specific for a house dust mite (HDM) allergen form and function. After allergen exposure, HDM-specific memory cells persisted as central memory cells in the lymphoid organs and tissue-resident memory cells in the lung. Experimental blockade of lymphocyte migration demonstrated that lung-resident cells were sufficient to induce airway hyper-responsiveness, which depended upon CD4(+) T cells. Investigation into the differentiation of pathogenic Trm cells revealed that interleukin-2 (IL-2) signaling was required for residency and directed a program of tissue homing migrational cues. These studies thus identify IL-2-dependent resident Th2 memory cells as drivers of lung allergic responses.
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83
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Boer MC, van Meijgaarden KE, Goletti D, Vanini V, Prins C, Ottenhoff THM, Joosten SA. KLRG1 and PD-1 expression are increased on T-cells following tuberculosis-treatment and identify cells with different proliferative capacities in BCG-vaccinated adults. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2015; 97:163-71. [PMID: 26750180 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In cancer and chronic infectious diseases, immune checkpoint-blockade of inhibitory receptors can enhance T-cell immunity. In tuberculosis (TB), a chronic infectious disease, prolonged antigen exposure can potentially drive terminal T-cell differentiation towards functional 'exhaustion': in human TB T-cells express PD-1 (programmed cell death protein-1) and CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein-4). However, in murine TB not PD-1 but rather killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily-G1 (KLRG1) was a superior indicator of terminal T-cell differentiation. We therefore compared expression of KLRG1, PD-1 and CTLA-4 on T-cells in different stages of human TB, and also analysed their induction following BCG-vaccination. KLRG1, PD-1 and CTLA-4-expression were highest on in vitro BCG-stimulated CD4(+) T-cells following recent TB-treatment; KLRG1 and PD-1-expression on CD4(+) T-cells in active--but not latent--TB were only slightly increased compared to healthy donors. BCG-vaccination induced KLRG1-expression on BCG-stimulated CD8(+) but not CD4(+) T-cells, while neither PD-1 nor CTLA-4-expression increased. KLRG1-expressing CD8(+) T-cells exhibited markedly decreased proliferation, whereas PD-1(+) T-cells proliferated after in vitro BCG-stimulation. Thus, we demonstrate the presence of increased KLRG1-expressing T-cells in TB-treated individuals, and present KLRG1 as a marker of decreased human T-cell proliferation following BCG-vaccination. These results expand our understanding of cell-mediated immune control of mycobacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mardi C Boer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Krista E van Meijgaarden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Delia Goletti
- Istituto Nazionale per le Malattie Infettive "L. Spallanzani", Via Portuense 292, Rome 00149, Italy
| | - Valentina Vanini
- Istituto Nazionale per le Malattie Infettive "L. Spallanzani", Via Portuense 292, Rome 00149, Italy
| | - Corine Prins
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tom H M Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Simone A Joosten
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
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84
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Pathology and immune reactivity: understanding multidimensionality in pulmonary tuberculosis. Semin Immunopathol 2015; 38:153-66. [PMID: 26438324 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-015-0531-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Heightened morbidity and mortality in pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) are consequences of complex disease processes triggered by the causative agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Mtb modulates inflammation at distinct stages of its intracellular life. Recognition and phagocytosis, replication in phagosomes and cytosol escape induce tightly regulated release of cytokines [including interleukin (IL)-1, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), IL-10], chemokines, lipid mediators, and type I interferons (IFN-I). Mtb occupies various lung lesions at sites of pathology. Bacteria are barely detectable at foci of lipid pneumonia or in perivascular/bronchiolar cuffs. However, abundant organisms are evident in caseating granulomas and at the cavity wall. Such lesions follow polar trajectories towards fibrosis, encapsulation and mineralization or liquefaction, extensive matrix destruction, and tissue injury. The outcome is determined by immune factors acting in concert. Gradients of cytokines and chemokines (CCR2, CXCR2, CXCR3/CXCR5 agonists; TNF/IL-10, IL-1/IFN-I), expression of activation/death markers on immune cells (TNF receptor 1, PD-1, IL-27 receptor) or abundance of enzymes [arginase-1, matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-1, MMP-8, MMP-9] drive genesis and progression of lesions. Distinct lesions coexist such that inflammation in TB encompasses a spectrum of tissue changes. A better understanding of the multidimensionality of immunopathology in TB will inform novel therapies against this pulmonary disease.
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85
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Jaigirdar SA, MacLeod MKL. Development and Function of Protective and Pathologic Memory CD4 T Cells. Front Immunol 2015; 6:456. [PMID: 26441961 PMCID: PMC4561815 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunological memory is one of the defining features of the adaptive immune system. As key orchestrators and mediators of immunity, CD4 T cells are central to the vast majority of adaptive immune responses. Generated following an immune response, memory CD4 T cells retain pertinent information about their activation environment enabling them to make rapid effector responses upon reactivation. These responses can either benefit the host by hastening the control of pathogens or cause damaging immunopathology. Here, we will discuss the diversity of the memory CD4 T cell pool, the signals that influence the transition of activated T cells into that pool, and highlight how activation requirements differ between naïve and memory CD4 T cells. A greater understanding of these factors has the potential to aid the design of more effective vaccines and to improve regulation of pathologic CD4 T cells, such as in the context of autoimmunity and allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shafqat Ahrar Jaigirdar
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow , Glasgow , UK
| | - Megan K L MacLeod
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow , Glasgow , UK
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86
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Ciabattini A, Prota G, Christensen D, Andersen P, Pozzi G, Medaglini D. Characterization of the Antigen-Specific CD4(+) T Cell Response Induced by Prime-Boost Strategies with CAF01 and CpG Adjuvants Administered by the Intranasal and Subcutaneous Routes. Front Immunol 2015; 6:430. [PMID: 26379666 PMCID: PMC4551867 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The design of heterologous prime-boost vaccine combinations that optimally shape the immune response is of critical importance for the development of next generation vaccines. Here, we tested different prime-boost combinations using the tuberculosis vaccine antigen H56 with CAF01 or CpG ODN 1826 adjuvants, administered by the parenteral and nasal routes. Using peptide-MHC class II tetramers, antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells were tracked following primary and booster immunizations. Both parenteral priming with H56 plus CAF01 and nasal priming with H56 plus CpG elicited significant expansion of CD4(+) tetramer-positive T cells in the spleen; however, only parenterally primed cells responded to booster immunization. Subcutaneous (SC) priming with H56 and CAF01 followed by nasal boosting with H56 and CpG showed the greater expansion of CD4(+) tetramer-positive T cells in the spleen and lungs compared to all the other homologous and heterologous prime-boost combinations. Nasal boosting exerted a recruitment of primed CD4(+) T cells into lungs that was stronger in subcutaneously than nasally primed mice, in accordance with different chemokine receptor expression induced by primary immunization. These data demonstrate that SC priming is fundamental for eliciting CD4(+) T cells that can be efficiently boosted by the nasal route and results in the recruitment of antigen-experienced cells into the lungs. Combination of different vaccine formulations and routes of delivery for priming and boosting is a strategic approach for improving and directing vaccine-induced immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Ciabattini
- Laboratorio di Microbiologia Molecolare e Biotecnologia (LA.M.M.B.), Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Siena , Siena , Italy
| | - Gennaro Prota
- Laboratorio di Microbiologia Molecolare e Biotecnologia (LA.M.M.B.), Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Siena , Siena , Italy
| | - Dennis Christensen
- Department for Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Peter Andersen
- Department for Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Gianni Pozzi
- Laboratorio di Microbiologia Molecolare e Biotecnologia (LA.M.M.B.), Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Siena , Siena , Italy
| | - Donata Medaglini
- Laboratorio di Microbiologia Molecolare e Biotecnologia (LA.M.M.B.), Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Siena , Siena , Italy
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87
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Torrado E, Fountain JJ, Liao M, Tighe M, Reiley WW, Lai RP, Meintjes G, Pearl JE, Chen X, Zak DE, Thompson EG, Aderem A, Ghilardi N, Solache A, McKinstry KK, Strutt TM, Wilkinson RJ, Swain SL, Cooper AM. Interleukin 27R regulates CD4+ T cell phenotype and impacts protective immunity during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 212:1449-63. [PMID: 26282876 PMCID: PMC4548054 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20141520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Loss of IL-27R on T cells results in increased protection from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Torrado et al. demonstrate that IL-27R−/− T cells show improved fitness that is associated with decreased expression of cell death molecules, maintenance of IL-2 production, and preferential accumulation in the lung parenchyma and around infected macrophages. CD4+ T cells mediate protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb); however, the phenotype of protective T cells is undefined, thereby confounding vaccination efforts. IL-27 is highly expressed during human tuberculosis (TB), and absence of IL-27R (Il27ra) specifically on T cells results in increased protection. IL-27R deficiency during chronic Mtb infection does not impact antigen-specific CD4+ T cell number but maintains programmed death-1 (PD-1), CD69, and CD127 expression while reducing T-bet and killer cell lectin-like receptor G1 (KLRG1) expression. Furthermore, T-bet haploinsufficiency results in failure to generate KLRG1+, antigen-specific CD4+ T cells, and in improved protection. T cells in Il27ra−/− mice accumulate preferentially in the lung parenchyma within close proximity to Mtb, and antigen-specific CD4+ T cells lacking IL-27R are intrinsically more fit than intact T cells and maintain IL-2 production. Improved fitness of IL-27R–deficient T cells is not associated with increased proliferation but with decreased expression of cell death–associated markers. Therefore, during Mtb infection, IL-27R acts intrinsically on T cells to limit protection and reduce fitness, whereas the IL-27R–deficient environment alters the phenotype and location of T cells. The significant expression of IL-27 in TB and the negative influence of IL-27R on T cell function demonstrate the pathway by which this cytokine/receptor pair is detrimental in TB.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mingfeng Liao
- Trudeau Institute, Saranac Lake, NY 12983 Guangdong Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Disease and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen 518112, China Guangdong Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Disease and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen 518112, China
| | | | | | - Rachel P Lai
- Mill Hill Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW7 1AA, England, UK
| | - Graeme Meintjes
- Clinical Infectious Diseases Research Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, England, UK
| | | | - Xinchun Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Disease and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen 518112, China Guangdong Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Disease and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen 518112, China
| | - Daniel E Zak
- Center for Infectious Disease Research (formerly Seattle Biomedical Research Institute), Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Ethan G Thompson
- Center for Infectious Disease Research (formerly Seattle Biomedical Research Institute), Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Alan Aderem
- Center for Infectious Disease Research (formerly Seattle Biomedical Research Institute), Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Nico Ghilardi
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | | | - K Kai McKinstry
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Tara M Strutt
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Robert J Wilkinson
- Mill Hill Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW7 1AA, England, UK Clinical Infectious Diseases Research Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, England, UK
| | - Susan L Swain
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
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Andersen P, Urdahl KB. TB vaccines; promoting rapid and durable protection in the lung. Curr Opin Immunol 2015; 35:55-62. [PMID: 26113434 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
TB vaccine discovery has focused on IFN-γ both for the selection of antigens and vaccine delivery strategies. Recent breakthroughs in our understanding of the requirements for immunological memory and the expression of immunity to TB in the lung now provide a framework for reconsidering that strategy. We will discuss the status of the TB vaccine field, recent insights into the role of central memory cells and the potential of tissue-resident memory cells in vaccine promoted protection against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Andersen
- Statens Serum Institut, Infectious Disease Immunology, 5 Artillerivej, DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark.
| | - Kevin B Urdahl
- Center for Infectious Disease Research (Formerly Seattle Biomedical Research Institute), Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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