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Liu YP, Kuo ST, Chiou CJ, Terregino C, Tsai HJ. Novel avian metaavulavirus isolated from birds of the family Columbidae in Taiwan. Vet Microbiol 2019; 236:108377. [PMID: 31500723 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Avian paramyxoviruses (APMVs) consist of twenty known species and have been isolated from domestic and wild birds around the world. In 2009, the isolate APMV/dove/Taiwan/AHRI33/2009 was isolated from swabs of red turtle doves (Streptopelia tranquebarica) during active surveillance of avian influenza in resident birds in Taiwan, and it was initially identified as paramyxovirus based on electron microscopy. Hemagglutination inhibition assays indicated antigenic heterogeneity of AHRI33 with the known APMV-1, -2, -3, -4, -6, -8, and -9 species, only showing weak but measurable cross-reactivity with APMV-7. Pathogenicity ICPI test revealed that the virus was avirulent for chickens. The AHRI33 virus genome revealed a typical APMV structure consisting of six genes 3'-NP-P-M-F-HN-L-5', and the length of the genome was 16,914 nucleotides, the third longest among the members of the subfamily Avulavirinae. Estimates of the nucleotide sequence identities of the genome between each prototype of APMVs had shown AHRI33 to be more closely related to APMV-7 than to the others, with a sequence identity of 62.8%. Based on topology of the phylogenetic tree of RdRp genes and the branch length between the nearest node and the tip of the branch, AHRI33 met the criteria for designation as distinct species. Together, the data suggest that the isolate APMV/dove/Taiwan/AHRI33/2009 should be considered as the prototype strain of the new species Avian metaavulavirus 21 in the genus Metaavulavirus in the subfamily Avulavirinae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Pin Liu
- Animal Health Research Institute, 376 Chung-Cheng Road, Tamsui District, New Taipei City, 25158, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ting Kuo
- Animal Health Research Institute, 376 Chung-Cheng Road, Tamsui District, New Taipei City, 25158, Taiwan
| | - Chwei-Jang Chiou
- Animal Health Research Institute, 376 Chung-Cheng Road, Tamsui District, New Taipei City, 25158, Taiwan
| | - Calogero Terregino
- OIE/FAO and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università, 10-35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Hsiang-Jung Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
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Coronado L, Rios L, Frías MT, Amarán L, Naranjo P, Percedo MI, Perera CL, Prieto F, Fonseca-Rodriguez O, Perez LJ. Positive selection pressure on E2 protein of classical swine fever virus drives variations in virulence, pathogenesis and antigenicity: Implication for epidemiological surveillance in endemic areas. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:2362-2382. [PMID: 31306567 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF), caused by CSF virus (CSFV), is considered one of the most important infectious diseases with devasting consequences for the pig industry. Recent reports describe the emergence of new CSFV strains resulting from the action of positive selection pressure, due mainly to the bottleneck effect generated by ineffective vaccination. Even though a decrease in the genetic diversity of the positively selected CSFV strains has been observed by several research groups, there is little information about the effect of this selective force on the virulence degree, antigenicity and pathogenicity of this type of strains. Hence, the aim of the current study was to determine the effect of the positive selection pressure on these three parameters of CSFV strains, emerged as result of the bottleneck effects induced by improper vaccination in a CSF-endemic area. Moreover, the effect of the positively selected strains on the epidemiological surveillance system was assessed. By the combination of in vitro, in vivo and immunoinformatic approaches, we revealed that the action of the positive selection pressure induces a decrease in virulence and alteration in pathogenicity and antigenicity. However, we also noted that the evolutionary process of CSFV, especially in segregated microenvironments, could contribute to the gain-fitness event, restoring the highly virulent pattern of the circulating strains. Besides, we denoted that the presence of low virulent strains selected by bottleneck effect after inefficient vaccination can lead to a relevant challenge for the epidemiological surveillance of CSF, contributing to under-reports of the disease, favouring the perpetuation of the virus in the field. In this study, B-cell and CTL epitopes on the E2 3D-structure model were also identified. Thus, the current study provides novel and significant insights into variation in virulence, pathogenesis and antigenicity experienced by CSFV strains after the positive selection pressure effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liani Coronado
- Centro Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria (CENSA), OIE Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis and Risk Analysis of the Caribbean Region, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Liliam Rios
- Reiman Cancer Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - María Teresa Frías
- Centro Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria (CENSA), OIE Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis and Risk Analysis of the Caribbean Region, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Laymara Amarán
- National Laboratory for Veterinary Diagnostic (NLVD), La Habana, Cuba
| | | | - María Irian Percedo
- Centro Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria (CENSA), OIE Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis and Risk Analysis of the Caribbean Region, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Carmen Laura Perera
- Centro Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria (CENSA), OIE Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis and Risk Analysis of the Caribbean Region, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Felix Prieto
- National Laboratory for Veterinary Diagnostic (NLVD), La Habana, Cuba
| | | | - Lester J Perez
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.,College of Veterinary Science, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (VDL), University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
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Almasi S, Bakhshesh M. Antigenic variation of bovine ephemeral fever viruses isolated in Iran, 2012–2013. Virus Genes 2019; 55:654-659. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-019-01688-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Shehata AA, Sedeik ME, Elbestawy AR, Zain El-Abideen MA, Ibrahim HH, Kilany WH, Ali A. Co-infections, genetic, and antigenic relatedness of avian influenza H5N8 and H5N1 viruses in domestic and wild birds in Egypt. Poult Sci 2019; 98:2371-2379. [PMID: 30668795 PMCID: PMC7107238 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 50 poultry farms of commercial broilers (N = 39) and commercial layers (N = 11) suffered from respiratory problems and mortality during the period from January 2016 to December 2017 were investigated. Also, samples were collected from quail (N = 4), Bluebird (Sialis, N = 1), and Greenfinch (Chloris chloris, N = 1) for analysis. Respiratory viral pathogens were screened by PCR and positive samples were subjected to virus isolation and genetic identification. Antigenic relatedness of isolated avian influenza (AI) H5 subtype was evaluated using cross-hemagglutination inhibition. Results revealed that the incidence of single virus infections in commercial broilers was 64.1% (25/39), with the highest incidence for ND (33.3%) and H9N2 (20.5%), followed by H5N1 (7.7%) and H5N8 (2.7). Meanwhile, H9N2/ND mixed infection was the most observed case (7.7%). Other mixed infections H5N1/ND, H5N1/H9N2/ND, H5N1/H9N2/ND/IB, H9N2/IB, and H9N2/ILT were also observed (2.6% each). In commercial layers, H5N1 and ILT were the only detected single infections (18.1% each). Mixed H9N2/ND was the most predominant infection in layers (27.3%). Other mixed infections of H9N2/IB, H5N1/H5N8/H9N2, and H9N2/ND/IB were observed in 3 separate farms (9.1% each). The H5N8 virus was detected in one quail farm and 2 out of 3 wild bird's samples. Partial HA gene sequence analysis showed the clustering of the selected AI H5N8 within the 2.3.4.4 clade, while H5N1 clustered with the clade 2.2.1.2. Interestingly, the H5N8 isolated from chickens possessed 6 amino acids substitutions at HA1 compared to those isolated from wild birds with low antigenic relatedness to AI H5N1 clades 2.2.1 or 2.2.1.2. In conclusion, mixed viral infections were observed in both broiler and layer chickens in Egypt. The detected triple H5N1, H9N2, and H5N8 influenza co-infection raises the concern of potential AI epidemic strain emergence. The low genetic and antigenic relatedness between AI H5N1 and H5N8 viruses suggest the need for modification of vaccination strategies of avian influenza in Egypt along with strict biosecurity measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awad A Shehata
- Avian and Rabbit Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud E Sedeik
- Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ahmed R Elbestawy
- Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary medicine, Damanhur University, Behaira, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Zain El-Abideen
- Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production (RLQP), Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hytham H Ibrahim
- Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Walid H Kilany
- Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production (RLQP), Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Ali
- Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
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Molecular and biological characteristics of the infectious bronchitis virus TC07-2/GVI-1 lineage isolated in China. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 75:103942. [PMID: 31255833 PMCID: PMC7185777 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.103942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, a thorough comparison of the infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) TC07–2/GVI-1 linage was conducted by comparing the S1 gene sequences of GVI-1 viruses with those of viruses representing the established genotypes and lineages. IBV GVI-1 strains were found to be closely genetically related to each other, irrespective of where the viruses were isolated, and differed from other known IBV genotypes and lineages; thus, it was confirmed that GVI represents a novel genotype. However, the GVI-1 viruses exhibited variable antigenicity when compared to each other. Further analysis found that strains CO8089L and CO8091L, which were isolated in Colombia in 2003, were closely related to GVI-1 viruses, suggesting that GVI-1 viruses likely originated from Colombia and are prevalent in at least five countries (Colombia, China, the Republic of Korea, Japan, and Vietnam). Analysis of the complete GVI-1 virus genomes suggested that the GVI-1 strains in China may be independently derived from recombination events that occurred between GI-19 strains and CO8089L/CO8091L-like viruses following the introduction of the viruses from Colombia. Similar to the viruses isolated in the Republic of Korea, GVI-1 viruses isolated in China also showed an affinity for the respiratory tract of chickens, which differed from one of the deduced parental viruses, the GI-19 strain. This difference may be due to recombination events that occurred in the genomes of the GVI-1 viruses, resulting in the replacement of the spike gene sequences in an YX10-like strain of GI-19 lineage. GVI-1 viruses likely originated from Columbia. GVI-1 strains isolated in China may be derived from recombination events between GI-19 and CO8089L/CO8091L-like viruses. GVI-1 viruses exhibited variable antigenicity. GVI viruses showed an affinity for the respiratory tract of chickens.
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Antigenic Drift of the Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Virus Neuraminidase Results in Reduced Effectiveness of A/California/7/2009 (H1N1pdm09)-Specific Antibodies. mBio 2019; 10:mBio.00307-19. [PMID: 30967460 PMCID: PMC6456748 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00307-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccines against circulating A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses has been modest in recent years, despite the absence of antigenic drift of HA, the primary vaccine component. Human monoclonal antibodies identified antigenic sites in NA that changed early after the new pandemic virus emerged. The reactivity of ferret antisera demonstrated antigenic drift of A(H1N1)pdm09 NA from 2013 onward. Passive transfer of serum raised against A/California/7/2009 was less effective than ferret serum against the homologous virus in protecting mice against a virus with the NA of more recent virus, A/Michigan/45/2015. Given the long-standing observation that NA-inhibiting antibodies are associated with resistance against disease in humans, these data demonstrate the importance of evaluating NA drift and suggest that vaccine effectiveness might be improved by selecting viruses for vaccine production that have NAs antigenically similar to those of circulating influenza viruses. The effectiveness of influenza vaccines against circulating A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses was modest for several seasons despite the absence of antigenic drift of hemagglutinin (HA), the primary vaccine component. Since antibodies against HA and neuraminidase (NA) contribute independently to protection against disease, antigenic changes in NA may allow A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses to escape from vaccine-induced immunity. In this study, analysis of the specificities of human NA-specific monoclonal antibodies identified antigenic sites that have changed over time. The impact of these differences on in vitro inhibition of enzyme activity was not evident for polyclonal antisera until viruses emerged in 2013 without a predicted glycosylation site at amino acid 386 in NA. Phylogenetic and antigenic cartography demonstrated significant antigenic changes that in most cases aligned with genetic differences. Typical of NA drift, the antigenic difference is observed in one direction, with antibodies against conserved antigenic domains in A/California/7/2009 (CA/09) continuing to inhibit NA of recent A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses reasonably well. However, ferret CA/09-specific antiserum that inhibited the NA of A/Michigan/45/2015 (MI/15) very well in vitro, protected mice against lethal MI/15 infection poorly. These data show that antiserum against the homologous antigen is most effective and suggest the antigenic properties of NA should not be overlooked when selecting viruses for vaccine production.
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Marandino A, Vagnozzi A, Craig MI, Tomás G, Techera C, Panzera Y, Vera F, Pérez R. Genetic and antigenic heterogeneity of infectious bronchitis virus in South America: implications for control programmes. Avian Pathol 2019; 48:270-277. [PMID: 30761909 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2019.1583315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a persistent sanitary problem for the South American poultry industry despite extensive vaccination. The IBV single-stranded RNA genome has high rates of mutation and recombination that generate a notorious virus variability. Since most IBV vaccines are type-specific, there is a need for constant surveillance of the circulating lineages and knowledge about their genetic and antigenic properties. Here we present an integrative analysis that provides the pattern of genetic variation of the South American IBV strains and information about their antigenic characteristics. The genetic analysis was performed using the S1 complete coding sequences of all available South American strains, including newly obtained Argentine and Uruguayan field samples. Our phylogenetic and phylodynamic analyses evidence that three main lineages (GI-1, GI-11 and GI-16) are extensively circulating in South American flocks. Strains of the GI-1 lineage (Massachusetts-type) were detected in Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Colombia. The GI-11 lineage is an exclusively South American lineage that emerged in the 1950s, and is the predominant lineage in Brazil and Uruguay at present. The GI-16 lineage emerged around 1979, and is currently circulating in most South American territories (Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, Colombia and Peru). The virus cross-neutralization test performed here reveals very low antigenic relatedness between GI-11 and GI-16 lineages (i.e. they are different serotypes). The results of this study extend our knowledge about the present and past IBV variability in South America and provide relevant elements to improve the control programmes by considering the genetic and antigenic attributes of IBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Marandino
- a Sección Genética Evolutiva , Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República Montevideo , Uruguay
| | - Ariel Vagnozzi
- b Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, INTA-Castelar Castelar , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - María Isabel Craig
- b Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, INTA-Castelar Castelar , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Gonzalo Tomás
- a Sección Genética Evolutiva , Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República Montevideo , Uruguay
| | - Claudia Techera
- a Sección Genética Evolutiva , Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República Montevideo , Uruguay
| | - Yanina Panzera
- a Sección Genética Evolutiva , Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República Montevideo , Uruguay
| | - Federico Vera
- c Laboratorio Sanidad Aviar, INTA- E.E.A , Concepción del Uruguay , Entre Ríos , Argentina
| | - Ruben Pérez
- a Sección Genética Evolutiva , Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República Montevideo , Uruguay
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Quan L, Ji C, Ding X, Peng Y, Liu M, Sun J, Jiang T, Wu A. Cluster-Transition Determining Sites Underlying the Antigenic Evolution of Seasonal Influenza Viruses. Mol Biol Evol 2019; 36:1172-1186. [DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msz050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Quan
- Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, China
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chengyang Ji
- Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiao Ding
- Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Yousong Peng
- College of Biology, Human University, Changsha, China
| | - Mi Liu
- Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jiya Sun
- Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Taijiao Jiang
- Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Aiping Wu
- Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, China
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Ma T, Xu L, Ren M, Shen J, Han Z, Sun J, Zhao Y, Liu S. Novel genotype of infectious bronchitis virus isolated in China. Vet Microbiol 2019; 230:178-186. [PMID: 30827386 PMCID: PMC7117389 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recombination events are known to contribute to the emergence of novel infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) genotypes. In this study, we carried out detailed phylogenetic analysis and sequence comparisons based on 74 complete nucleotide sequences of the IBV S1 gene, including strain I0636/16 and 73 representative sequences from each genotype and lineage. The results showed that strain I0636/16 represented a novel genotype, designated as lineage 1 within genotype VII (GVII-1). Further comparative genomic analysis revealed at least two recombination sites that replaced the spike gene in a lineage 18 within genotype I (GI-18)-like virus with an as-yet-unidentified sequence, likely derived from another IBV strain, resulting a novel serotype with a lower affinity to the respiratory tract in chickens. To the best of our knowledge, this provides the first evidence for recombination leading to replacement of the complete spike gene and the emergence of a novel genotype/serotype with a lower affinity to the respiratory tract in chickens comparing to one of its parental virus ck/CH/LGX/111119. These results emphasize the importance of limiting exposure to novel IBVs that may serve as a source of genetic material for emerging viruses, as well as the importance of IBV surveillance in chicken flocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxin Ma
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Liwen Xu
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengting Ren
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Shen
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongxi Han
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Junfeng Sun
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengwang Liu
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China.
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Zhou X, Yin R, Kwoh CK, Zheng J. A context-free encoding scheme of protein sequences for predicting antigenicity of diverse influenza A viruses. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:936. [PMID: 30598102 PMCID: PMC6311925 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5282-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The evolution of influenza A viruses leads to the antigenic changes. Serological diagnosis of the antigenicity is usually labor-intensive, time-consuming and not suitable for early-stage detection. Computational prediction of the antigenic relationship between emerging and old strains of influenza viruses using viral sequences can facilitate large-scale antigenic characterization, especially for those viruses requiring high biosafety facilities, such as H5 and H7 influenza A viruses. However, most computational models require carefully designed subtype-specific features, thereby being restricted to only one subtype. METHODS In this paper, we propose a Context-FreeEncoding Scheme (CFreeEnS) for pairs of protein sequences, which encodes a protein sequence dataset into a numeric matrix and then feeds the matrix into a downstream machine learning model. CFreeEnS is not only free from subtype-specific selected features but also able to improve the accuracy of predicting the antigenicity of influenza. Since CFreeEnS is subtype-free, it is applicable to predicting the antigenicity of diverse influenza subtypes, hopefully saving the biologists from conducting serological assays for highly pathogenic strains. RESULTS The accuracy of prediction on each subtype tested (A/H1N1, A/H3N2, A/H5N1, A/H9N2) is over 85%, and can be as high as 91.5%. This outperforms existing methods that use carefully designed subtype-specific features. Furthermore, we tested the CFreeEnS on the combined dataset of the four subtypes. The accuracy reaches 84.6%, much higher than the best performance 75.1% reported by other subtype-free models, i.e. regional band-based model and residue-based model, for predicting the antigenicity of influenza. Also, we investigate the performance of CFreeEnS when the model is trained and tested on different subtypes (i.e. transfer learning). The prediction accuracy using CFreeEnS is 84.3% when the model is trained on the A/H1N1 dataset and tested on the A/H5N1, better than the 75.2% using a regional band-based model. CONCLUSIONS The CFreeEnS not only improves the prediction of antigenicity on datasets with only one subtype but also outperforms existing methods when tested on a combined dataset with four subtypes of influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrui Zhou
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Rui Yin
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Chee-Keong Kwoh
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore.
| | - Jie Zheng
- School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201210, People's Republic of China.
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Zhang J, Wu H, Zhang Y, Cao M, Brisse M, Zhu W, Li R, Liu M, Cai M, Chen J, Chen J. Molecular evolutionary and antigenic characteristics of newly isolated H9N2 avian influenza viruses in Guangdong province, China. Arch Virol 2018; 164:607-612. [PMID: 30474753 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-4103-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Four new H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) were isolated from domestic birds in Guangdong between December 2015 and April 2016. Nucleotide sequence comparisons indicated that most of the internal genes of these four strains were highly similar to those of human H7N9 viruses. Amino acid substitutions and deletions found in the HA and NA proteins indicated that all four of these new isolates may have an enhanced ability to infect humans and other mammals. A cross-hemagglutinin-inhibition assay, conducted with two vaccine strains that are broadly used in China, suggested that antisera against vaccine candidates could not provide complete inhibition of the new isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jipei Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiji Wu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yishan Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengrui Cao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Morgan Brisse
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Twin Cites Campus, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Wanjun Zhu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Twin Cites Campus, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Rongxu Li
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Minfang Liu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingsheng Cai
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Xinzao Town, Panyu, Guangzhou, 511436, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhong Chen
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jidang Chen
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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Pathogenicity differences between a newly emerged TW-like strain and a prevalent QX-like strain of infectious bronchitis virus. Vet Microbiol 2018; 227:20-28. [PMID: 30473347 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
TW-like IBV isolates have appeared frequently in recent years in mainland China. In this study, we compared the TW-like IBV GD strain and the predominant QX-like SD strain in terms of serology and pathogenicity to 3-week-old specific-pathogen-free chickens. Both strains could cause severe respiratory distress and renal lesions, with a mortality rate were approximately 20%. Virus were continuously shed via the respiratory tract and cloaca. However, the infection pattern of the two isolates were different. The GD strain persisted for a longer duration and caused extensive damages to the tracheas and lungs. Moreover, chickens infected with the GD strain showed inefficient recovery of damaged cilia after infection. Our findings suggested that the newly emerged TW-like IBV GD strain showed obvious differences in pathogenicity, tissue tropism and replication efficiency compared with the QX-like IBV SD strain, with the TW-like GD strain showing stronger tropism to the respiratory tract and a longer duration of clinical signs.
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63
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Aly SE, Hussein HA, Aly¹ AHM, Abdel-Baky MH, El-Sanousi AA. Assessment of in vitro potency of inactivated Newcastle disease oil-adjuvanted vaccines using hemagglutination test and blocking ELISA. Vet World 2018; 11:1222-1228. [PMID: 30410225 PMCID: PMC6200565 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2018.1222-1228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The present study was aimed to establish a protocol for the evaluation of the in vitro potency of commercial inactivated Newcastle disease virus (NDV) oil-adjuvanted vaccines using hemagglutination test (HA) and blocking ELISA (B-ELISA) based on polyclonal antibodies. MATERIALS AND METHODS Aqueous phases from a total of 47 batches of inactivated NDV vaccines manufactured by 20 different companies were extracted with isopropyl myristate. The viral antigen in each sample was detected and quantified by a standard HA test and a B-ELISA assay. To verify the efficiency of the antigen extraction method used in the batches which showed HA and to test the validity of using in vitro antigen quantification by HA and B-ELISA tests, a subset of 13 batches (selected from the total 47 batches) was inoculated in groups of 3-4-week-old specific pathogen-free chickens using the recommended vaccine dose. The immunogenicity of the selected vaccine batches was assessed by the NDV-hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers in individual serum samples collected 4 weeks after vaccination. Further, the efficacy of the vaccines and their protection rates were determined by a challenge test carried out for the vaccinated chickens with the Egyptian 2012 isolate of the virulent NDV genotype VII. RESULTS A strong correlation was observed between HA titers and B-ELISA mean titers in the tested 47 batches (R2=0.817). This indicated the possibility of using the latter in vitro assays for vaccine potency assessment. The recommended protective NDV antigen titer measured by B-ELISA was determined to be 28 ELISA units per dose. The comparison between the HA titers of the aqueous extracts of test vaccines and the corresponding results of in vivo potency assays (i.e., immunogenicity and efficacy), including antibody titers in the serum of vaccinated birds, indicated that the efficiency of the antigen extraction used may interfere with obtaining a strong correlation between the in vitro and in vivo results. CONCLUSION HA or B-ELISA tests can be used as rapid and cost-effective alternatives to traditional in vivo potency tests for vaccine potency assessment by quantifying the NDV antigen present in aqueous phase extracts of the tested vaccines. The latter in vitro protocol, however, requires efficient extraction of the antigen to be able to obtain good correlation with the traditional in vivo potency tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh E. Aly
- Central Laboratory for Evaluation of Veterinary Biologics, Abbasia 11381, Egypt
| | - Hussein Ali Hussein
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Abdel-Hakim M. Aly¹
- Central Laboratory for Evaluation of Veterinary Biologics, Abbasia 11381, Egypt
| | | | - Ahmed A. El-Sanousi
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
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64
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Adabor ES, Ndifon W. Bayesian inference of antigenic and non-antigenic variables from haemagglutination inhibition assays for influenza surveillance. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:180113. [PMID: 30109067 PMCID: PMC6083687 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.180113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Haemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays are typically used for comparing and characterizing influenza viruses. Data obtained from the assays (titres) are used quantitatively to determine antigenic differences between influenza strains. However, the use of these titres has been criticized as they sometimes fail to capture accurate antigenic differences between strains. Our previous analytical work revealed how antigenic and non-antigenic variables contribute to the titres. Building on this previous work, we have developed a Bayesian method for decoupling antigenic and non-antigenic contributions to the titres in this paper. We apply this method to a compendium of HI titres of influenza A (H3N2) viruses curated from 1968 to 2016. Remarkably, the results of this fit indicate that the non-antigenic variable, which is inversely correlated with viral avidity for the red blood cells used in HI assays, oscillates during the course of influenza virus evolution, with a period that corresponds roughly to the timescale on which antigenic variants replace each other. Together, the results suggest that the new Bayesian method is applicable to the analysis of long-term dynamics of both antigenic and non-antigenic properties of influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel S. Adabor
- Research Centre, African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Wilfred Ndifon
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- Research Department, African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Next Einstein Initiative, Kigali, Rwanda
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65
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McCrone JT, Woods RJ, Martin ET, Malosh RE, Monto AS, Lauring AS. Stochastic processes constrain the within and between host evolution of influenza virus. eLife 2018; 7:e35962. [PMID: 29683424 PMCID: PMC5933925 DOI: 10.7554/elife.35962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary dynamics of influenza virus ultimately derive from processes that take place within and between infected individuals. Here we define influenza virus dynamics in human hosts through sequencing of 249 specimens from 200 individuals collected over 6290 person-seasons of observation. Because these viruses were collected from individuals in a prospective community-based cohort, they are broadly representative of natural infections with seasonal viruses. Consistent with a neutral model of evolution, sequence data from 49 serially sampled individuals illustrated the dynamic turnover of synonymous and nonsynonymous single nucleotide variants and provided little evidence for positive selection of antigenic variants. We also identified 43 genetically-validated transmission pairs in this cohort. Maximum likelihood optimization of multiple transmission models estimated an effective transmission bottleneck of 1-2 genomes. Our data suggest that positive selection is inefficient at the level of the individual host and that stochastic processes dominate the host-level evolution of influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T McCrone
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Robert J Woods
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Emily T Martin
- Department of EpidemiologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Ryan E Malosh
- Department of EpidemiologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Arnold S Monto
- Department of EpidemiologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Adam S Lauring
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
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66
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Effects of hypervariable regions in spike protein on pathogenicity, tropism, and serotypes of infectious bronchitis virus. Virus Res 2018; 250:104-113. [PMID: 29684409 PMCID: PMC7114591 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
For the first time using reverse genetics to reveal the roles of HVRs in coronavirus. The HVRs exchange from IBV S1 subunit weakened the adsorption during IBV infection in vitro. The HVRs exchange in IBV S1 reduced ARV with Beaudette, but not sufficiently change serotypes. The recombinant IBVs provided insights into reverse genetic vaccines.
To study the roles of hypervariable regions (HVRs) in receptor-binding subunit S1 of the spike protein, we manipulated the genome of the IBV Beaudette strain using a reverse genetics system to construct seven recombinant strains by separately or simultaneously replacing the three HVRs of the Beaudette strain with the corresponding fragments from a QX-like nephropathogenic isolate ck/CH/LDL/091022 from China. We characterized the growth properties of these recombinant IBVs in Vero cells and embryonated eggs, and their pathogenicity, tropism, and serotypes in specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens. All seven recombinant IBVs proliferated in Vero cells, but the heterogenous HVRs could reduce their capacity for adsorption during in vitro infection. The recombinant IBVs did not significantly increase the pathogenicity compared with the Beaudette strain in SPF chickens, and they still shared the same serotype as the Beaudette strain, but the antigenic relatedness values between the recombinant strain and Beaudette strain generally decreased with the increase in the number of the HVRs exchanged. The results of this study demonstrate the functions of HVRs and they may help to develop a vaccine candidate, as well as providing insights into the prevention and control of IBV.
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Antigenicity characterization of four representative natural reassortment IBDVs isolated from commercial three-yellow chickens from Southern China reveals different subtypes co-prevalent in the field. Vet Microbiol 2018; 219:183-189. [PMID: 29778195 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The antigenic relationships between the natural reassortment field strains of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), and between the field strains and the vaccine strains are poorly understood. In the present study, the antigenicity of four representative natural reassortment IBDV isolates designated JS7, GD10111, NN1005 and NN1172 from southern China during the years 2005-2011 and their antigenic relationship with the most commonly used vaccine strain B87 were investigated in vivo. For this purpose, cross-challenge studies were performed on 28-day-old birds, which were 2 weeks post-vaccination by oil-emulsion vaccines (OEVs) prepared from the four field viruses and B87, respectively. The protection related values (PRV) were evaluated based on the protection rate measured by clinical signs and mortality, bursa/body weight (B/BW) ratio and the viral load in the bursal samples at 3 and 7 days post challenge. As a result, the PRV showed that the isolates NN1172 and GD10111 belonged to the same antigenic subtype, while the isolates NN1005 and JS7 belong to another subtype. The vaccine strain B87 was grouped with the isolates NN1005 and JS7 but actually belongs to another small subgroup and provided only 60-80% protection against the challenge of the four field strains. The results demonstrated that different antigenic subtypes co-existed among the field natural reassortment IBDV strains and the commonly used vaccine strain B87 was antigenically different from the prevalent IBDVs in southern China.
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68
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Jang H, Elaish M, KC M, Abundo MC, Ghorbani A, Ngunjiri JM, Lee CW. Efficacy and synergy of live-attenuated and inactivated influenza vaccines in young chickens. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195285. [PMID: 29624615 PMCID: PMC5889186 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of novel highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses have been reported in poultry species in the United States since 2014. These outbreaks have proven the limitations of biosecurity control programs, and new tools are needed to reinforce the current avian influenza control arsenal. Some enzootic countries have implemented inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) in their control programs, but there are serious concerns that a long-term use of IIV without eradication may result in the selection of novel antigenically divergent strains. A broadly protective vaccine is needed, such as live-attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV). We showed in our previous studies that pc4-LAIV (a variant that encodes a C-terminally truncated NS1 protein) can provide significant protection against heterologous challenge virus in chickens vaccinated at 2–4 weeks of age through upregulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. The current study was conducted to compare the performances of pc4-LAIV and IIV in young chickens vaccinated at 1 day of age. A single dose of pc4-LAIV was able to induce stronger innate and mucosal IgA responses and protect young immunologically immature chickens better than a single dose of IIV. Most importantly, when 1-day-old chickens were intranasally primed with pc4-LAIV and subcutaneously boosted with IIV three weeks later, they showed a rapid, robust, and highly cross-reactive serum antibody response and a high level of mucosal IgA antibody response. This vaccination regimen warrants further optimization to increase its range of protection.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Chickens/immunology
- Cross Reactions
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Immunity, Mucosal/genetics
- Immunization, Secondary/methods
- Immunization, Secondary/veterinary
- Influenza A virus/genetics
- Influenza A virus/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Influenza Vaccines/genetics
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza in Birds/immunology
- Influenza in Birds/prevention & control
- Poultry Diseases/immunology
- Poultry Diseases/prevention & control
- Vaccination/methods
- Vaccination/veterinary
- Vaccines, Attenuated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Attenuated/genetics
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Vaccines, Inactivated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Inactivated/genetics
- Vaccines, Inactivated/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyesun Jang
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mohamed Elaish
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mahesh KC
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Michael C. Abundo
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Amir Ghorbani
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - John M. Ngunjiri
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JMN); (CWL)
| | - Chang-Won Lee
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JMN); (CWL)
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69
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Anis E, Holford AL, Galyon GD, Wilkes RP. Antigenic analysis of genetic variants of Canine distemper virus. Vet Microbiol 2018; 219:154-160. [PMID: 29778189 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) is an RNA virus of the genus Morbillivirus within the family Paramyxoviridae. CDV produces multi-systemic disease in dogs and other terrestrial carnivores. With the development of modified live vaccines in the 1950s and 1960s, the disease, with a few exceptions, has been successfully controlled. However, recently the cases of CDV in vaccinated dogs have been increasing throughout the world, including the United States. There are many reasons that can lead to vaccine failure, including antigenic differences between the vaccine strains and the currently circulating wild-type strains. Currently, there are at least three genetically different CDV lineages circulating in the US. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated various wild-type CDV and vaccine isolates to determine if the genetic differences observed among various strains result in significant antigenic differences based on changes to the neutralizing epitopes. The results of a cross-neutralization assay revealed that there are antigenic differences among the tested CDV wild-type isolates as well as between the tested isolates and the vaccine strains currently used in the US. Therefore, these results suggest the need to develop an updated CDV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Anis
- Tifton Veterinary Diagnostic and Investigational Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 43 Brighton Rd, Tifton, GA, 31793, USA; The Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat, Sadat City, Egypt.
| | - Amy L Holford
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
| | - Gina D Galyon
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
| | - Rebecca P Wilkes
- Tifton Veterinary Diagnostic and Investigational Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 43 Brighton Rd, Tifton, GA, 31793, USA.
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70
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Altman MO, Angeletti D, Yewdell JW. Antibody Immunodominance: The Key to Understanding Influenza Virus Antigenic Drift. Viral Immunol 2018; 31:142-149. [PMID: 29356618 PMCID: PMC5863095 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2017.0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) imposes a significant socioeconomic burden on humanity. Vaccination is effective in only 60% of individuals, even under optimal circumstances. The difficulty stems from the remarkable ability of IAV to evade existing immunity. IAV's error prone polymerase enables the rapid antigenic evolution of the two virion surface glycoproteins, neuraminidase and hemagglutinin (HA). Since the most potent antibodies (Abs) at neutralizing viral infectivity are directed the head of the HA, amino acid substitutions in this region enable IAV to evade Ab-based immunity. Here, we review recent progress in understanding how immunodominance, the tendency of the immune system to respond to foreign immunogens in a hierarchical manner, shapes IAV evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan O Altman
- Cellular Biology Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, NIAID, NIH , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Davide Angeletti
- Cellular Biology Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, NIAID, NIH , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jonathan W Yewdell
- Cellular Biology Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, NIAID, NIH , Bethesda, Maryland
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71
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Lee YN, Lee EK, Song BM, Heo GB, Woo SH, Cheon SH, Lee YJ. Evaluation of the zoonotic potential of multiple subgroups of clade 2.3.4.4 influenza A (H5N8) virus. Virology 2018; 516:38-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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72
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Jiang L, Han Z, Chen Y, Zhao W, Sun J, Zhao Y, Liu S. Characterization of the complete genome, antigenicity, pathogenicity, tissue tropism, and shedding of a recombinant avian infectious bronchitis virus with a ck/CH/LJL/140901-like backbone and an S2 fragment from a 4/91-like virus. Virus Res 2017; 244:99-109. [PMID: 29141204 PMCID: PMC7114561 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we isolated an infectious bronchitis virus, designated I1101/16, from broiler breeders in China. Analysis of the S1 gene showed that isolate I1101/16 was genetically close to strain ck/CH/LJL/140901, which belongs to the TW I genotype (also known as lineage GI-7 based on the recent IBV classification), however the S2 gene showed genetic diversity comparing to that of S1 gene. Comparison of the genomic sequences showed that the genome of isolate I1101/16 was similar to that of strain ck/CH/LJL/140901 from the 5' end of the genome to the 5' end of the S2 gene and from the 5' end of the 3a gene to the end of the genome, whereas the remaining parts of the genome sequences were more closely related to those of strain 4/91 than those of ck/CH/LJL/140901, thereby suggesting that recombination might have occurred during the origin of the virus. SimPlot and Bootscan analysis of the complete genomic sequence confirmed this hypothesis, where it showed that isolate I1101/16 arose through recombination events between ck/CH/LJL/140901- and 4/91-like viruses. Isolate I1101/16 and strain ck/CH/LJL/140901 shared identical amino acids in almost all five of their B cell epitopes, but the two viruses had a serotype relatedness value of 65, which is well below 80, i.e., the lower cutoff value for viruses of the same serotype. In addition, pathogenicity tests demonstrated that isolate I1101/16 was more pathogenic to 1-day-old specific-pathogen-free chickens than strain ck/CH/LJL/140901, according to analysis of the clinical signs, whereas strain ck/CH/LJL/140901 exhibited prolonged replication and shedding after challenge compared with isolate I1101/16. This study did not provide evidence that recombination can directly alter the antigenicity, virulence, replication, shedding, and tissue tropism of a virus, but it did show that recombination events are likely to be major determinants of viral evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Jiang
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongxi Han
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqiu Chen
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjun Zhao
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Junfeng Sun
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengwang Liu
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China.
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73
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Chong Y, Ikematsu H. Is seasonal vaccination a contributing factor to the selection of influenza epidemic variants? Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 14:518-522. [PMID: 28857677 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1373228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A/H3N2 viruses are the most common and virulent subtypes for humans. Antigenic drift, changes in antigenicity through the accumulation of mutations in the hemagglutinin (HA) gene is chiefly responsible for the continuing circulation of A/H3N2 viruses, resulting in frequent updates of vaccine strains based on new variant analyses. In humans, these drift-related mutations are considered to be primarily caused by the immune pressure elicited by natural infection. Whether or not the immune pressure elicited by vaccination (vaccine pressure) can have a certain effect on drift-related mutations is unclear. Recently, our findings suggested the possible effect of vaccine pressure on HA mutations by directly comparing amino acid differences from the corresponding vaccine strains between isolates from vaccinated and unvaccinated patients. It is possible that influenza vaccine pressure selects variants genetically distant from the vaccine strains. Considering the effect of vaccine pressure on HA mutations would contribute to further understanding the mechanism of antigenic drift, which would be helpful for predicting future epidemic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Chong
- a Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences , Fukuoka , Japan
| | - Hideyuki Ikematsu
- b Influenza Study Group, Japan Physicians Association , Fukuoka , Japan
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74
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Qiu X, Meng C, Zhan Y, Yu S, Li S, Ren T, Yuan W, Xu S, Sun Y, Tan L, Song C, Liao Y, Ding Z, Liu X, Ding C. Phylogenetic, antigenic and biological characterization of pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 circulating in China. Virol J 2017; 14:186. [PMID: 28962631 PMCID: PMC5622419 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0857-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background For many years, ND has been one of the most important infectious pigeon diseases in China. In recent years, a high mortality has been observed in ND-infected pigeons in China. Mortality is from 40% to 80% or 100% in some cases. Methods The full-length genomes of four pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 (PPMV-1) strains, which were isolated from infected pigeons in China in 2012 and 2013, were sequenced and analyzed to determine the phylogenetic characteristics of PPMV-1 circulating in pigeons of China in recent years. Furthermore, cross hemagglutination inhibition and cross virus neutralization assays, as well as animal experiments were conducted to determine the antigenicity and pathogenicity of those viruses. Proteolytic cleavage sites (residues 112–117) of the F proteins were identified as the typical virulence motif, 112RRQKR↓F117 for all four PPMV-1 strains investigated. Results Phylogenetic analysis based on sequences of complete genomes and F gene revealed that the four PPMV-1 isolates and most of recent isolates in China were highly homologous to European isolates from 1998 to 2011. All those isolates were clustered in one clade of genotype VI NDV, termed as subgroup 4bii f. The R value was calculated based on cross hemagglutination inhibition and cross virus neutralization results, and confirmed antigenic difference of the PPMV-1 strains isolated in 2013 from the LaSota vaccine strain. Several mutations were identified in the surface glycoproteins F and HN, which probably gave rise to those antigenic differences. Conclusion Our result suggested that the PPMV-1 strain prevailing in China in the last decade diverged from a common ancestor and was presumably transmitted from Europe. PPMV-1 isolates displayed obvious antigenic differences from vaccine strain LaSota. Even though PPMV-1 did not cause high mortality in experimental pigeons, the infected pigeons were exhibiting viral shedding for 3 weeks after infection, suggesting PPMV-1 is a potential threat to NDV control worldwide. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12985-017-0857-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xusheng Qiu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunchun Meng
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Zhan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengqing Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Shichao Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Ren
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Weifeng Yuan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuqin Xu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingjie Sun
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Tan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Cuiping Song
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Liao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuang Ding
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chan Ding
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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75
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Infectious Bronchitis Virus Variants: Molecular Analysis and Pathogenicity Investigation. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18102030. [PMID: 28937583 PMCID: PMC5666712 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) variants constantly emerge and pose economic threats to poultry farms worldwide. Numerous studies on the molecular and pathogenic characterization of IBV variants have been performed between 2007 and 2017, which we have reviewed herein. We noted that viral genetic mutations and recombination events commonly gave rise to distinct IBV genotypes, serotypes and pathotypes. In addition to characterizing the S1 genes, full viral genomic sequencing, comprehensive antigenicity, and pathogenicity studies on emerging variants have advanced our understanding of IBV infections, which is valuable for developing countermeasures against IBV field outbreaks. This review of IBV variants provides practical value for understanding their phylogenetic relationships and epidemiology from both regional and worldwide viewpoints.
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Liu J, Zhu J, Xu H, Li J, Hu Z, Hu S, And XW, Liu X. Effects of the HN Antigenic Difference between the Vaccine Strain and the Challenge Strain of Newcastle Disease Virus on Virus Shedding and Transmission. Viruses 2017; 9:v9080225. [PMID: 28809802 PMCID: PMC5580482 DOI: 10.3390/v9080225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease (ND) leading to heavy economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide is caused by Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Even though intensive vaccination programs have been implemented in many countries, virulent NDV can still be frequently isolated in well-vaccinated flocks. We compared the protection efficiency of LaSota and two sub-genotype VIId vaccines, NDV/AI4 and NDV O/AI4, in which NDV O/AI4 was constructed by replacing the hemagglutinin–neuraminidase (HN) gene of the vaccine strain NDV/AI4 with that from the variant NDV strain JS-14-12-Ch by the cross hemagglutination inhibition test and immune protection test. The number of birds shedding the virus and the titer of the shedding virus from the challenged birds were tested to evaluate the protection efficiency in the immune protection test. The cross hemagglutination inhibition and neutralization tests between JS-14-12-Ch and the three vaccines displayed a significant antigenic difference between JS-14-12-Ch and LaSota or NDV/AI4, but not between JS-14-12-Ch and NDV O/AI4. The results of the immune protection test showed that NDV O/AI4 could provide improved protection as determined by a significant decrease in both the number of birds shedding the virus and the titer of the shedding virus from the challenged birds. The results in this study indicated that the antigenic similarity between the vaccine strain and the challenge strain is important in reducing the shedding of virulent virus in which the congruence of the NDV HN protein may play a critical role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Jie Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Haixu Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Juan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Zenglei Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Shunlin Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Xiaoquan Wang And
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Xiufan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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Liu YF, Lai HZ, Li L, Liu YP, Zhang WY, Gao R, Huang WK, Luo QF, Gao Y, Luo Q, Xie XY, Xu JH, Chen RA. Endemic Variation of H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus in China. Avian Dis 2017; 60:817-825. [PMID: 27902899 DOI: 10.1637/11452-061616-reg] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Forty-two H9N2 subtype AIV strains were isolated from vaccinated commercial chickens in China from 2012 to 2015. Their HA genes had nucleotide sequence homology from 86.7% to 99.7%, and similarity to the classic vaccine strain was 88.6%-92.6%. A comparison was carried out with published HA genes (410 H9 strains) and whole genomes (306 strains) isolated in China during 2012-2015. Interestingly, 99.1% (448/452) of Chinese H9N2 AIV belonged to lineage h9.4.2, and 98.5% (445/452) of the viruses belonged to h9.4.2.5. Meanwhile, 99.6% (443/445) of lineage 9.4.2.5 viruses had PSRSSR↓GLF instead of PARSSR↓GLF motifs in the HA cleavage sites; 98.2% (444/452) of HA genes showed human receptor binding associated mutation Q226L. A total of 96.8% (337/348) of the viruses had three amino-acid deletions at 63-65 in the NA stalk, associated with enhanced virulence in chickens and mice; 97.1% (338/348) of M2 proteins had the S31N mutation associated with adamantane resistance in humans. Two H9 viruses isolated in this study were highly homologous to the human-origin H9N2 virus reported in 2013. The isolates were divided into four different genotypes (U, S, V, and W). Genotype S was the major one, accounting for 94.8% (330/348). Genotypes V and W were new reassortment genotypes, with genotype W recombined with the PB2 gene originating from the new wild waterfowl-like lineage. According to the cross-HI antibody titer data, HA gene evolution, and isolation history, the isolates were divided into A, B, and C antigenic groups successively. All the antigenic group viruses were found to circulate throughout China. This study emphasizes the importance of updated vaccine and strengthened veterinary biosecurity on poultry farms and trade markets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Fu Liu
- A College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Street, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642, China
| | - Han-Zhang Lai
- B Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioproducts Development for Animal Epidemic Prevention, Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. China, Guangdong Wens Dahuanong Biotechnology Co., Ltd., No. 6 Dongdi North Road, Xincheng Town, Xinxing County, Yunfu City, 527400, China.,C Guangdong Enterprise Key Laboratory of Biotechnology R&D of Veterinary Biological Products, Zhaoqing Dahuanong Biological Medicine Co., Ltd., Zhaoqing High-Tech Development Zone, Zhaoqing, Guangdong Province 526238, China
| | - Lin Li
- B Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioproducts Development for Animal Epidemic Prevention, Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. China, Guangdong Wens Dahuanong Biotechnology Co., Ltd., No. 6 Dongdi North Road, Xincheng Town, Xinxing County, Yunfu City, 527400, China
| | - Yu-Peng Liu
- B Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioproducts Development for Animal Epidemic Prevention, Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. China, Guangdong Wens Dahuanong Biotechnology Co., Ltd., No. 6 Dongdi North Road, Xincheng Town, Xinxing County, Yunfu City, 527400, China.,C Guangdong Enterprise Key Laboratory of Biotechnology R&D of Veterinary Biological Products, Zhaoqing Dahuanong Biological Medicine Co., Ltd., Zhaoqing High-Tech Development Zone, Zhaoqing, Guangdong Province 526238, China
| | - Wen-Yan Zhang
- B Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioproducts Development for Animal Epidemic Prevention, Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. China, Guangdong Wens Dahuanong Biotechnology Co., Ltd., No. 6 Dongdi North Road, Xincheng Town, Xinxing County, Yunfu City, 527400, China
| | - Ren Gao
- B Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioproducts Development for Animal Epidemic Prevention, Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. China, Guangdong Wens Dahuanong Biotechnology Co., Ltd., No. 6 Dongdi North Road, Xincheng Town, Xinxing County, Yunfu City, 527400, China
| | - Wen-Ke Huang
- B Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioproducts Development for Animal Epidemic Prevention, Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. China, Guangdong Wens Dahuanong Biotechnology Co., Ltd., No. 6 Dongdi North Road, Xincheng Town, Xinxing County, Yunfu City, 527400, China
| | - Qin-Fang Luo
- B Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioproducts Development for Animal Epidemic Prevention, Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. China, Guangdong Wens Dahuanong Biotechnology Co., Ltd., No. 6 Dongdi North Road, Xincheng Town, Xinxing County, Yunfu City, 527400, China
| | - Yan Gao
- B Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioproducts Development for Animal Epidemic Prevention, Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. China, Guangdong Wens Dahuanong Biotechnology Co., Ltd., No. 6 Dongdi North Road, Xincheng Town, Xinxing County, Yunfu City, 527400, China
| | - Qiong Luo
- B Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioproducts Development for Animal Epidemic Prevention, Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. China, Guangdong Wens Dahuanong Biotechnology Co., Ltd., No. 6 Dongdi North Road, Xincheng Town, Xinxing County, Yunfu City, 527400, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Xie
- B Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioproducts Development for Animal Epidemic Prevention, Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. China, Guangdong Wens Dahuanong Biotechnology Co., Ltd., No. 6 Dongdi North Road, Xincheng Town, Xinxing County, Yunfu City, 527400, China
| | - Jia-Hua Xu
- B Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioproducts Development for Animal Epidemic Prevention, Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. China, Guangdong Wens Dahuanong Biotechnology Co., Ltd., No. 6 Dongdi North Road, Xincheng Town, Xinxing County, Yunfu City, 527400, China.,C Guangdong Enterprise Key Laboratory of Biotechnology R&D of Veterinary Biological Products, Zhaoqing Dahuanong Biological Medicine Co., Ltd., Zhaoqing High-Tech Development Zone, Zhaoqing, Guangdong Province 526238, China
| | - Rui-Ai Chen
- A College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Street, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642, China
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78
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Feng K, Wang F, Xue Y, Zhou Q, Chen F, Bi Y, Xie Q. Epidemiology and characterization of avian infectious bronchitis virus strains circulating in southern China during the period from 2013-2015. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6576. [PMID: 28747730 PMCID: PMC5529424 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06987-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Two hundred and six strains of avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) were isolated from chickens showing signs of disease in southern China during the period from 2013–2015. The nucleotide and amino acid sequences from the isolated field strains were compared to 42 published references. Nucleotide homologies ranged from 63.1–99.9% and amino acid homologies ranging from 60.2–100%. At least seven IBV genotypes were co-circulating in commercial chicken farms in southern China. The IBV isolates were genetically diverse and underwent continuing evolution. The QX-type, TW I-type, and 4/91-type were the most common genotypes during the three-year observation period and accounted for 88.8% of the isolated strains. Notably, the prevalence of the TW I-type strains has been increasing in recent years and has become the most common genotype in China. The emergence of variant IBV strains can be attributed to recombination. Serologic analysis and antigenic 3D cartography of 4 reference and 14 field isolated strains indicated the surveyed IBVs had diverse serology types and that the serotype of the isolated QX-type and TW I-type strains was distinct from the vaccines strains. Therefore, long-term continuing surveillance is necessary for IBV prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyu Feng
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China
| | - Feng Wang
- Guangdong Wen's Foodstuff Group Co. LTD., Guangdong Enterprise Key Laboratory for Animal Health and Environmental Control, Yunfu, 527439, P.R. China
| | - Yu Xue
- Guangdong Wen's Foodstuff Group Co. LTD., Guangdong Enterprise Key Laboratory for Animal Health and Environmental Control, Yunfu, 527439, P.R. China
| | - Qingfeng Zhou
- Guangdong Wen's Foodstuff Group Co. LTD., Guangdong Enterprise Key Laboratory for Animal Health and Environmental Control, Yunfu, 527439, P.R. China
| | - Feng Chen
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China
| | - Yingzuo Bi
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China
| | - Qingmei Xie
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China. .,Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China. .,Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China. .,South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou, 510640, P.R. China.
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79
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Xu Q, Sun J, Gao M, Zhao S, Liu H, Zhang T, Han Z, Kong X, Liu S. Genetic, antigenic, and pathogenic characteristics of Newcastle disease viruses isolated from geese in China. J Vet Diagn Invest 2017; 29:489-498. [PMID: 28548568 DOI: 10.1177/1040638717709855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Four Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strains were isolated from domestic, commercial geese that showed clinical signs that were believed to be the result of NDV infections. The genetic, antigenic, and pathogenic characteristics of the 4 NDVs were compared with those of NDV strains that were isolated from chickens. The complete genomes of 2 of the NDV strains contained 15,186 nucleotides (nt); the other 2 contained 15,192 nt, and exhibited the typical genomic organization of genotype II NDV and molecular characteristics of VIId NDVs. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed that the genotype II and VIId NDVs that were isolated from geese belonged to the same clusters as the corresponding genotypes of the chicken isolates. A serologic assay demonstrated that the antigenic relatedness among the NDVs was associated with their genotypes, rather than their hosts, and that amino acid substitutions in the F and/or HN proteins may contribute to the antigenic differences among these NDV genotypes. Geese infected with genotype VIId NDVs that were isolated from geese and chickens showed similar pathologic characteristics. NDVs that were isolated from geese did not differ in genetic, serologic, and pathogenic characteristics from those isolated from chickens, indicating that these NDVs were derived from chicken NDVs. Given the significance of geese in NDV epidemiology, effective biosecurity measures should be adopted to prevent the interspecies transmission of NDVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Xu
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Junfeng Sun
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengying Gao
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Shasha Zhao
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Huairan Liu
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - TingTing Zhang
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongxi Han
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangang Kong
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengwang Liu
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
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80
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Different cross protection scopes of two avian influenza H5N1 vaccines against infection of layer chickens with a heterologous highly pathogenic virus. Res Vet Sci 2017; 114:143-152. [PMID: 28411501 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Avian influenza (AI) virus strains vary in antigenicity, and antigenic differences between circulating field virus and vaccine virus will affect the effectiveness of vaccination of poultry. Antigenic relatedness can be assessed by measuring serological cross-reactivity using haemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests. Our study aims to determine the relation between antigenic relatedness expressed by the Archetti-Horsfall ratio, and reduction of virus transmission of highly pathogenic H5N1 AI strains among vaccinated layers. Two vaccines were examined, derived from H5N1 AI virus strains A/Ck/WJava/Sukabumi/006/2008 and A/Ck/CJava/Karanganyar/051/2009. Transmission experiments were carried out in four vaccine and two control groups, with six sets of 16 specified pathogen free (SPF) layer chickens. Birds were vaccinated at 4weeks of age with one strain and challenge-infected with the homologous or heterologous strain at 8weeks of age. No transmission or virus shedding occurred in groups challenged with the homologous strain. In the group vaccinated with the Karanganyar strain, high cross-HI responses were observed, and no transmission of the Sukabumi strain occurred. However, in the group vaccinated with the Sukabumi strain, cross-HI titres were low, virus shedding was not reduced, and multiple transmissions to contact birds were observed. This study showed large differences in cross-protection of two vaccines based on two different highly pathogenic H5N1 virus strains. This implies that extrapolation of in vitro data to clinical protection and reduction of virus transmission might not be straightforward.
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81
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Dias RK, Cargnelutti JF, Weber MN, Canal CW, Bauermann FV, Ridpath JF, Weiblen R, Flores EF. Antigenic diversity of Brazilian isolates of HoBi-like pestiviruses. Vet Microbiol 2017; 203:221-228. [PMID: 28619148 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Hobi-like viruses comprise an unclassified group of bovine pestiviruses related to bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 (BVDV-1) and 2 (BVDV-2). These viruses were originally identified in fetal bovine serum from Brazilian origin and, subsequently, isolated from diseased animals in several countries. Herein we performed an antigenic characterization of eight Brazilian HoBi-like viruses isolated from persistently infected (PI) animals and from gastroenteric disease (2007-2015). Phylogenetic analysis based on the 5' unstranslated region (UTR) clustered these viruses with other HoBi-like viruses from European and Asiatic origin. Monoclonal antibody (MAb) binding indicated variability in the Hobi-like virus glycoprotein E2 and significant differences from the homologous BVDV-1 and BVDV-2 glycoprotein. Analysis of antigenic relatedness based on virus-neutralizing titers using virus-specific antisera revealed that HoBi-like viruses are antigenically very different from BVDV-1 and, to a lesser extent, from BVDV-2. Cross-neutralizing assays between pairs of HoBi-like viruses and their respective antisera indicated the existence of antigenic variability among these viruses, even for viruses isolated from the same herd in different occasions. Moreover, the identification of a HoBi-like isolate with low antigenic similarity with the other isolates indicates the potential existence of antigenic subgroups among HoBi-like virus isolates. Finally, sera of lambs immunized with commercial BVDV vaccines showed low or undetectable neutralizing activity against HoBi-like isolates. These results indicate significant antigenic differences between BVDV genotypes and Brazilian HoBi-like viruses and the existence of antigenic variability within this atypical group of pestiviruses. These findings extend the knowledge about the antigenic diversity of HoBi-like viruses and reinforce the need for their inclusion in current BVDV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Dias
- Setor de Virologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Prédio 63A, Centro de Eventos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - J F Cargnelutti
- Setor de Virologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Prédio 63A, Centro de Eventos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - M N Weber
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - C W Canal
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - F V Bauermann
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, United States of America
| | - J F Ridpath
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA 50010, United States of America.
| | - R Weiblen
- Setor de Virologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Prédio 63A, Centro de Eventos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - E F Flores
- Setor de Virologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Prédio 63A, Centro de Eventos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
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82
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Yan S, Liu X, Zhao J, Xu G, Zhao Y, Zhang G. Analysis of antigenicity and pathogenicity reveals major differences among QX-like infectious bronchitis viruses and other serotypes. Vet Microbiol 2017; 203:167-173. [PMID: 28619139 PMCID: PMC7117262 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes considerable damage to the poultry industry worldwide and the proportion of QX-like genotype isolates have increased over time. Here, to better understand the antigenicity and pathogenicity of this genotype, we conducted sequence analyses, cross neutralization tests, and also examined the pathogenicity of two strains, SD and SZ. Sequence analyses revealed that SD and SZ isolates belong to the QX-like IBV genotype and share high homology in their full-length genomes. Cross neutralization tests showed high cross neutralization between SD and SZ, but distant relationships with other representative strains of the classical IBV serotypes. Virus infection experiments showed that SD caused high mortality with strong respiratory and renal pathogenicity in chickens, whereas SZ caused milder lesions by comparison. This study highlights the big discrepancy in antigenicity that exists between QX-like strains and other serotypes. Collectively, these findings provide important information about the epidemiology and pathogenicity of IBV, which may benefit the control of IB in the poultry industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Guozhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China.
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Debbink K, McCrone JT, Petrie JG, Truscon R, Johnson E, Mantlo EK, Monto AS, Lauring AS. Vaccination has minimal impact on the intrahost diversity of H3N2 influenza viruses. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006194. [PMID: 28141862 PMCID: PMC5302840 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
While influenza virus diversity and antigenic drift have been well characterized on a global scale, the factors that influence the virus’ rapid evolution within and between human hosts are less clear. Given the modest effectiveness of seasonal vaccination, vaccine-induced antibody responses could serve as a potent selective pressure for novel influenza variants at the individual or community level. We used next generation sequencing of patient-derived viruses from a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of vaccine efficacy to characterize the diversity of influenza A virus and to define the impact of vaccine-induced immunity on within-host populations. Importantly, this study design allowed us to isolate the impact of vaccination while still studying natural infection. We used pre-season hemagglutination inhibition and neuraminidase inhibition titers to quantify vaccine-induced immunity directly and to assess its impact on intrahost populations. We identified 166 cases of H3N2 influenza over 3 seasons and 5119 person-years. We obtained whole genome sequence data for 119 samples and used a stringent and empirically validated analysis pipeline to identify intrahost single nucleotide variants at ≥1% frequency. Phylogenetic analysis of consensus hemagglutinin and neuraminidase sequences showed no stratification by pre-season HAI and NAI titer, respectively. In our study population, we found that the vast majority of intrahost single nucleotide variants were rare and that very few were found in more than one individual. Most samples had fewer than 15 single nucleotide variants across the entire genome, and the level of diversity did not significantly vary with day of sampling, vaccination status, or pre-season antibody titer. Contrary to what has been suggested in experimental systems, our data indicate that seasonal influenza vaccination has little impact on intrahost diversity in natural infection and that vaccine-induced immunity may be only a minor contributor to antigenic drift at local scales. Influenza is a significant global health problem. Vaccination is the best way to prevent influenza virus infection, and seasonal influenza vaccines are considered for reformulation each year in order to keep up with the virus’ evolution. Despite these efforts, vaccine recipients often develop an immune response that does not protect from infection. Given the current recommendation that all people over 6 months of age get vaccinated, it is important to understand how vaccination itself may impact viral evolution during natural human infection. We studied how vaccination may alter viral evolution within individuals, as each person harbors many highly-related influenza variants that differ in their ability to escape the immune response. We compared groups of people in a vaccine trial to determine the impact that vaccination has on viral diversity and variant selection within individuals. We did not detect significant differences in the number of variants detected or in the prevalence of mutations that could impact antibody binding based on vaccination group or antibody response. Our work suggests that vaccination is not a major factor in driving the emergence of new influenza strains at the level of the individual host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari Debbink
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - John T McCrone
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Joshua G Petrie
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Rachel Truscon
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Emileigh Johnson
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Emily K Mantlo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Arnold S Monto
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Adam S Lauring
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
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84
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Influence of border disease virus (BDV) on serological surveillance within the bovine virus diarrhea (BVD) eradication program in Switzerland. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:21. [PMID: 28086880 PMCID: PMC5237232 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0932-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2008, a program to eradicate bovine virus diarrhea (BVD) in cattle in Switzerland was initiated. After targeted elimination of persistently infected animals that represent the main virus reservoir, the absence of BVD is surveilled serologically since 2012. In view of steadily decreasing pestivirus seroprevalence in the cattle population, the susceptibility for (re-) infection by border disease (BD) virus mainly from small ruminants increases. Due to serological cross-reactivity of pestiviruses, serological surveillance of BVD by ELISA does not distinguish between BVD and BD virus as source of infection. RESULTS In this work the cross-serum neutralisation test (SNT) procedure was adapted to the epidemiological situation in Switzerland by the use of three pestiviruses, i.e., strains representing the subgenotype BVDV-1a, BVDV-1h and BDSwiss-a, for adequate differentiation between BVDV and BDV. Thereby the BDV-seroprevalence in seropositive cattle in Switzerland was determined for the first time. Out of 1,555 seropositive blood samples taken from cattle in the frame of the surveillance program, a total of 104 samples (6.7%) reacted with significantly higher titers against BDV than BVDV. These samples originated from 65 farms and encompassed 15 different cantons with the highest BDV-seroprevalence found in Central Switzerland. On the base of epidemiological information collected by questionnaire in case- and control farms, common housing of cattle and sheep was identified as the most significant risk factor for BDV infection in cattle by logistic regression. CONCLUSION This indicates that pestiviruses from sheep should be considered as a source of infection of domestic cattle and might well impede serological BVD surveillance.
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85
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Yang HM, Zhao J, Xue J, Yang YL, Zhang GZ. Antigenic variation of LaSota and genotype VII Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and their efficacy against challenge with velogenic NDV. Vaccine 2017; 35:27-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Identification of an infectious bronchitis coronavirus strain exhibiting a classical genotype but altered antigenicity, pathogenicity, and innate immunity profile. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37725. [PMID: 27876864 PMCID: PMC5120290 DOI: 10.1038/srep37725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) poses economic threat to the poultry industry worldwide. Pathogenic IBV 3575/08 was isolated from broilers vaccinated with the attenuated viral vaccine derived from a Taiwan strain 2575/98. In this study, extensive investigations were conducted on the genome sequences, antigenicity, pathogenicity, and host immune responses of several IBV strains in specific-pathogen-free chickens. Sequence analyses revealed that 3575/08 and 2575/98 shared high homology in their structural genes, but not in non-structural accessory proteins such as 3a, 3b and 5b. Despite a high degree of homology in their spike protein genes, cross neutralization test showed low cross protection between 3575/08 and 2575/98, suggesting distinct antigenicity for the two strains. Animal challenge experiments exhibited strong respiratory and renal pathogenicity for 3575/08. In addition, early and prolonged viral shedding and rapid viral dissemination were observed. Immune gene expression profiling by PCR array showed chickens infected with 3575/08 had delayed expression of a subset of early innate immune genes, whereas chickens infected with the wild-type or attenuated-type 2575/08 revealed quick gene induction and efficient virus control. In summary, this study reveals a new IBV strain, which harbors a known local genotype but displays remarkably altered antigenicity, pathogenicity and host defenses.
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87
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Peng Y, Wang D, Shu Y, Jiang T. Large discrepancy between the two-way rNHT distances in hemagglutinin-inhibition assay. Virol Sin 2016; 31:441-443. [PMID: 27526036 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-016-3802-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yousong Peng
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Dayan Wang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yuelong Shu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Taijiao Jiang
- Center of System Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China.
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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88
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Xia J, He X, Yao KC, Du LJ, Liu P, Yan QG, Wen YP, Cao SJ, Han XF, Huang Y. Phylogenetic and antigenic analysis of avian infectious bronchitis virus in southwestern China, 2012-2016. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 45:11-19. [PMID: 27530216 PMCID: PMC7106097 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to decipher the molecular epidemiological and antigenic characteristics of infectious bronchitis virus strains (IBVs) isolated in recent years in southwestern China. A total of 24 field strains were isolated from diseased chickens between 2012 and 2016. Phylogenetic analysis based on S1 nucleotide sequences showed that 16 of the 24 isolates were clustered into four distinct genotypes: QX (37.5%), TW (16.7%, TWI and TWII), Mass (8.3%), and J2 (4.2%). The QX genotype was still the prevalent genotype in southwestern China. Recombination analysis of the S1 subunit gene showed that eight of the 24 field strains were recombinant variants that originated from field strains and vaccine strains. A new potential recombination hotspot [ATTTT(T/A)] was identified, implying that recombination events may become more and more common. The antigenicity of ten IBVs, including seven field strains and commonly used vaccine strains, were assayed with a viral cross-neutralization assay in chicken embryonated kidney cells (CEK). The results showed that the ten IBVs could be divided into four serotypes (Massachusetts, 793B, Sczy3, and SCYB). Sczy3 and 793B were the predominant serotypes. Six of the seven field isolates (all except for cK/CH/SCYB/140913) cross-reacted well with anti-sera against other field strains. In conclusion, the genetic and antigenic features of IBVs from southwestern China in recent years have changed when compared to the previous reports. The results could provide a reference for vaccine development and the prevention of infectious bronchitis in southwestern China. The QX genotype was still the prevalent genotype in southwestern China, 2012–2016. The Sczy3 and 793B were the predominant serotypes in analyzed IBVs. A new potential recombination hotspot [ATTTT(T/A)] in S1 gene was identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China.
| | - Xiao He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China.
| | - Ke-Chang Yao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China.
| | - Li-Jing Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China.
| | - Ping Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China.
| | - Qi-Gui Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China.
| | - Yi-Ping Wen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China.
| | - San-Jie Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China.
| | - Xin-Feng Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China.
| | - Yong Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China.
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89
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Molecular Basis for Antigenic Diversity of Genus Betanodavirus. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158814. [PMID: 27438093 PMCID: PMC4954670 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Betanodaviruses are the causative agents of viral nervous necrosis (VNN), a devastating disease for the Mediterranean mariculture. Four different betanodavirus species are recognized, Striped jack-, Redspotted grouper-, Tiger puffer-, and Barfin flounder nervous necrosis virus (SJNNV, RGNNV, TPNNV and BFNNV), but there is little knowledge on their antigenic properties. In order to describe the serological relationships among different betanodavirus genotypes, serum neutralization assays were performed using rabbit polyclonal antisera against eight fish nodaviruses that cover a wide species-, temporal-, spatial- and genetic range. The results indicate that the SJNNV and RGNNV are antigenically distinct, constituting serotypes A and C, respectively. The TPNNV and BFNNV, the latter representing cold-water betanodaviruses, are antigenically related and cluster within serotype B. The reassortant viruses RGNNV/SJNNV and SJNNV/RGNNV group within serotypes A and C, respectively, indicating that the coat protein encoded by RNA2 acts as major immunoreactivity determinant. Immunostaining of in vitro expressed wild type and chimeric capsid proteins between the RGNNV and the SJNNV species indicated that the C-terminal part of the capsid protein retains the immunoreactive portion. The amino acid (aa) residues determining RGNNV and SJNNV antigenic diversity were mapped to aa residues 217–256 and aa 257–341, respectively. Neutralization of reverse genetics derived chimeric viruses indicated that these areas determine the neutralizing epitopes. The data obtained are crucial for the development of targeted serological tests for the diagnosis of VNN, and informative for development of cross-protective vaccines against various betanodavirus genotypes.
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90
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Zhu J, Hu S, Xu H, Liu J, Zhao Z, Wang X, Liu X. Characterization of virulent Newcastle disease viruses from vaccinated chicken flocks in Eastern China. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:113. [PMID: 27305943 PMCID: PMC4910237 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0732-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Newcastle disease (ND) is one of the most contagious and devastating diseases to poultry in the world. The causative agents are virulent strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV), which belong to the genus Avulavirus, sub-family Paramyxoviridae, family Paramyxovirinae. Knowing the genomic and antigenic characteristics of virulent NDVs might contribute to ND control in China. Results The results showed that all of the virulent strains belonged sub-genotype VIId shared the same cleavage site 112RRQKR/F117 in the fusion protein. At least 69 % (38 of 55) of the NDV strains possessed E347K variation in the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein. The cross-neutralization tests confirmed that the strains harboring 347 K showed lower antigenic relatedness with LaSota. Furthermore, the immune-challenge experiment indicated that LaSota could not provide complete protection against infection with the E347K variant NDVs as the vaccinated birds were still able to be infected and shed virulent challenge viruses. Conclusions Currently, sub-genotype VIId NDVs are the prevalent virulent strains circulating among vaccinated chicken flocks in Eastern China. Our findings indicated that the E347K variation in HN gene would expand the antigenic difference with LaSota, which may be responsible for the increasing isolation rate of these strains from vaccinated chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.,Shandong Binzhou Wohua Biological Engineering Co., Ltd, Binzhou, 256600, China
| | - Shunlin Hu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Haixu Xu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Jingjing Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhao
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiaoquan Wang
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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91
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Identification and molecular characterization of border disease virus (BDV) from sheep in India. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 44:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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92
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Han Z, Zhang T, Xu Q, Gao M, Chen Y, Wang Q, Zhao Y, Shao Y, Li H, Kong X, Liu S. Altered pathogenicity of a tl/CH/LDT3/03 genotype infectious bronchitis coronavirus due to natural recombination in the 5'- 17kb region of the genome. Virus Res 2015; 213:140-148. [PMID: 26616599 PMCID: PMC7114521 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
An infectious bronchitis coronavirus, designated as ck/CH/LGX/130530, was isolated from an IBV strain H120-vaccinated chicken in this study. Analysis of the S1 gene showed that isolate ck/CH/LGX/130530 was a tl/CH/LDT3/03-like virus, with a nucleotide sequence similarity of 99%. However, a complete genomic sequence analysis showed that ck/CH/LGX/130530 was more closely related to a Massachusetts type strain (95% similarity to strain H120) than to the tl/CH/LDT3/03 strain (86%), suggesting that recombination might have occurred during the origin of the virus. A SimPlot analysis of the complete genomic sequence confirmed this hypothesis, and it showed that isolate ck/CH/LGX/130530 emerged from a recombination event between parental IBV H120 strain and pathogenic tl/CH/LDT3/03-like virus. The results obtained from the pairwise comparison and nucleotide similarity showed that the recombination breakpoint was located in the nsp14 gene at nucleotides 17055-17083. In line with the high S1 gene sequence similarity, the ck/CH/LGX/130530 isolate was serotypically close to that of the tl/CH/LDT3/03 strain (73% antigenic relatedness). Furthermore, vaccination with the LDT3-A vaccine, which was derived from the tl/CH/LDT3/03 strain by serial passaging in chicken eggs, provided good protection against challenge with the tl/CH/LDT3/03 strain, in contrast to the poor protection offered with the H120 vaccine. Interestingly, isolate ck/CH/LGX/130530 exhibited low pathogenicity toward specific-pathogen-free chickens compared with the nephropathogenic tl/CH/LDT3/03 strain, which was likely due to natural recombination in the 5' 17-kb region of the genome. Our results also indicate that the replicase gene of IBV isolate ck/CH/LGX/130530 is associated with viral pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongxi Han
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianqian Xu
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengying Gao
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqiu Chen
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuling Wang
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhao Shao
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Huixin Li
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangang Kong
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengwang Liu
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China.
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93
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Adaptation of H9N2 AIV in guinea pigs enables efficient transmission by direct contact and inefficient transmission by respiratory droplets. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15928. [PMID: 26552719 PMCID: PMC4639850 DOI: 10.1038/srep15928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
H9N2 avian influenza viruses circulate worldwide in poultry and have sporadically infected humans, raising concern whether H9N2 viruses have pandemic potential. Here, we use a guinea pig model to examine whether serial passage results in adaptive viral changes that confer a transmissible phenotype to a wild-type H9N2 virus. After nine serial passages of an H9N2 virus through guinea pigs, productive transmission by direct contact occurred in 2/3 guinea pig pairs. The efficiency of transmission by direct contact increased following the fifteenth passage and occurred in 3/3 guinea pig pairs. In contrast, airborne transmission of the passaged virus was less efficient and occurred in 1/6 guinea pig pairs and 0/6 ferret pairs after the fifteenth passage. Three amino acid substitutions, HA1-Q227P, HA2-D46E, and NP-E434K, were sufficient for contact transmission in guinea pigs (2/3 pairs). The two HA amino acid substitutions enhanced receptor binding to α2,3-linked sialic acid receptors. Additionally, the HA2-D46E substitution increased virus thermostability whereas the NP-E434K mutation enhanced viral RNA polymerase activity in vitro. Our findings suggest that adaptive changes that enhance viral receptor binding, thermostability, and replicative capacity in mammalian cells can collectively enhance the transmissibility of H9N2 AIVs by direct contact in the guinea pig model.
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94
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Liu M, Zhao X, Hua S, Du X, Peng Y, Li X, Lan Y, Wang D, Wu A, Shu Y, Jiang T. Antigenic Patterns and Evolution of the Human Influenza A (H1N1) Virus. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14171. [PMID: 26412348 PMCID: PMC4585932 DOI: 10.1038/srep14171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The influenza A (H1N1) virus causes seasonal epidemics that result in severe illnesses and deaths almost every year. A deep understanding of the antigenic patterns and evolution of human influenza A (H1N1) virus is extremely important for its effective surveillance and prevention. Through development of antigenicity inference method for human influenza A (H1N1), named PREDAC-H1, we systematically mapped the antigenic patterns and evolution of the human influenza A (H1N1) virus. Eight dominant antigenic clusters have been inferred for seasonal H1N1 viruses since 1977, which demonstrated sequential replacements over time with a similar pattern in Asia, Europe and North America. Among them, six clusters emerged first in Asia. As for China, three of the eight antigenic clusters were detected in South China earlier than in North China, indicating the leading role of South China in H1N1 transmission. The comprehensive view of the antigenic evolution of human influenza A (H1N1) virus can help formulate better strategy for its prevention and control.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- China/epidemiology
- Cluster Analysis
- Evolution, Molecular
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- History, 20th Century
- History, 21st Century
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza, Human/epidemiology
- Influenza, Human/history
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Markov Chains
- Models, Statistical
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Liu
- Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005; Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiang Zhao
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Sha Hua
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiangjun Du
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Yousong Peng
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Xiyan Li
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yu Lan
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Dayan Wang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Aiping Wu
- Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005; Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yuelong Shu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Taijiao Jiang
- Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005; Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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95
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Abe Y, Tamura T, Torii S, Wakamori S, Nagai M, Mitsuhashi K, Mine J, Fujimoto Y, Nagashima N, Yoshino F, Sugita Y, Nomura T, Okamatsu M, Kida H, Sakoda Y. Genetic and antigenic characterization of bovine viral diarrhea viruses isolated from cattle in Hokkaido, Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2015; 78:61-70. [PMID: 26400674 PMCID: PMC4751118 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In our previous study, we genetically analyzed bovine viral diarrhea viruses (BVDVs)
isolated from 2000 to 2006 in Japan and reported that subgenotype 1b viruses were
predominant. In the present study, 766 BVDVs isolated from 2006 to 2014 in Hokkaido,
Japan, were genetically analyzed to understand recent epidemics. Phylogenetic analysis
based on nucleotide sequences of the 5′-untranslated region of viral genome revealed that
766 isolates were classified as genotype 1 (BVDV-1; 544 isolates) and genotype 2 (BVDV-2;
222). BVDV-1 isolates were further divided into BVDV-1a (93), 1b (371) and 1c (80)
subgenotypes, and all BVDV-2 isolates were grouped into BVDV-2a subgenotype (222). Further
comparative analysis was performed with BVDV-1a, 1b and 2a viruses isolated from 2001 to
2014. Phylogenetic analysis based on nucleotide sequences of the viral glycoprotein E2
gene, a major target of neutralizing antibodies, revealed that BVDV-1a, 1b and 2a isolates
were further classified into several clusters. Cross-neutralization tests showed that
BVDV-1b isolates were antigenically different from BVDV-1a isolates, and almost BVDV-1a,
1b and 2a isolates were antigenically similar among each subgenotype and each E2 cluster.
Taken together, BVDV-1b viruses are still predominant, and BVDV-2a viruses have increased
recently in Hokkaido, Japan. Field isolates of BVDV-1a, 1b and 2a show genetic diversity
on the E2 gene with antigenic conservation among each subgenotype during the last 14
years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Abe
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
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96
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Wang JY, Liu WH, Ren JJ, Tang P, Wu N, Wu HY, Ching CD, Liu HJ. Characterization of emerging Newcastle disease virus isolates in China. Virol J 2015; 12:119. [PMID: 26246133 PMCID: PMC4527216 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0351-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Newcastle disease (ND) is a devastating worldwide disease of poultry characterized by increased respiration, circulatory disturbances, hemorrhagic enteritis, and nervous signs. Sequence analysis shows several amino acid residue substitutions at neutralizing epitopes on the F and HN proteins of recent Shaanxi strains. Both Cross protection and cross serum neutralization tests revealed that the traditional vaccine strains were unable to provide full protection for the flocks. Methods To better understand the epidemiology of Newcastle disease outbreak, a portion of the F gene and the full-length HN gene were amplified from Shaanxi isolates by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and then conducted sequence and phylogenetic analyzes. In pathogenicity analysis, both high intra-cerebral pathogenicity index (ICPI) and mean death time (MDT) tests of chicken embryo were carried out. Furthermore, a cross-protection experiment in which specific-pathogen-free chickens vaccinated with a LaSota vaccine strain were challenged by the recent Shaanxi strain was also performed. Results Nine Newcastle disease (ND) virus (NDV) isolates which were recovered from ND outbreaks in chicken flocks in China were genotypically and pathotypically characterized. Amino acid sequence analysis revealed that all the recent Shaanxi-isolated NDVs have 112R-R-Q-K-R-F117 for the C-terminus of the F2 protein and exhibit high ICPI and MDT of chicken embryos, suggesting that they were all classified as velogenic type of NDVs. Phylogenetic analysis of these isolates showed that they belong to subgenotype VIId that have been implicated in the recent outbreaks in northwestern China. The percentage of amino acid sequence identity of F protein between recent Shaanxi stains and five vaccine strains was in the range of 81.9 %–88.1 %, while the percentage of amino acid sequence identity of HN protein between recent Shaanxi strains and vaccine strains was in the range of 87.4 %–91.2 %. Furthermore, a number of amino acid residue substitutions at neutralizing epitopes on the F and HN proteins of these isolates were observed, which may lead to the change of antibody recognition and neutralization capacity. A cross-protection experiment indicated that specific-pathogen-free chickens vaccinated with a LaSota vaccine strain was not capable of providing full protection for the flocks that were challenged by the recent Shaanxi strain. Conclusions Taken together, our findings reveal that recent Shannxi NDVstrains exhibit antigenic variations that could be responsible for recent outbreaks of NDVs in northwestern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yu Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
| | - Wan-Hua Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
| | - Juan-Juan Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
| | - Pan Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
| | - Ning Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
| | - Hung-Yi Wu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 912, Taiwan.
| | - Ching-Dong Ching
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 912, Taiwan.
| | - Hung-Jen Liu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan. .,Agricultural Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan. .,Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan.
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97
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Ferrara F, Molesti E, Temperton N. The application of pseudotypes to influenza pandemic preparedness. Future Virol 2015. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.15.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Human and animal populations are constantly exposed to multiple influenza strains due to zoonotic spillover and rapid viral evolution driven by intrinsic error-prone replication and immunological pressure. In this context, antibody responses directed against the hemagglutinin protein on the surface of the virus are of importance since they have been shown to correlate with protective immunity. Serological techniques, detecting these responses, play a critical role in influenza pandemic preparedness in particular with regard to the measurement of vaccine immunogenicity. As the recent human pandemics (H1N1) and avian influenza outbreaks (H5 and H7) have demonstrated, there is an urgent need to be better prepared to assess the contribution of the antibody response to protection against newly emerged viruses and to evaluate the extent of pre-existing heterosubtypic immunity in populations. This review compares pseudotype-based assays with wild-type and virus-like particle virus assays and discusses their place in the pandemic preparedness against the influenza virus. It additionally addresses the state-of-the-art developments of pseudotype-based assays (chimeric hemagglutinins, multiplex and post-attachment) including the development and future deployment of assay kits and approaches toward standardization to both preclinical and clinical endpoints. Progress toward the development of an influenza pseudotype library for the purposes of pandemic preparedness is also outlined and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Ferrara
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Eleonora Molesti
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Nigel Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
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98
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Computational Identification of Antigenicity-Associated Sites in the Hemagglutinin Protein of A/H1N1 Seasonal Influenza Virus. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126742. [PMID: 25978416 PMCID: PMC4433265 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The antigenic variability of influenza viruses has always made influenza vaccine development challenging. The punctuated nature of antigenic drift of influenza virus suggests that a relatively small number of genetic changes or combinations of genetic changes may drive changes in antigenic phenotype. The present study aimed to identify antigenicity-associated sites in the hemagglutinin protein of A/H1N1 seasonal influenza virus using computational approaches. Random Forest Regression (RFR) and Support Vector Regression based on Recursive Feature Elimination (SVR-RFE) were applied to H1N1 seasonal influenza viruses and used to analyze the associations between amino acid changes in the HA1 polypeptide and antigenic variation based on hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) assay data. Twenty-three and twenty antigenicity-associated sites were identified by RFR and SVR-RFE, respectively, by considering the joint effects of amino acid residues on antigenic drift. Our proposed approaches were further validated with the H3N2 dataset. The prediction models developed in this study can quantitatively predict antigenic differences with high prediction accuracy based only on HA1 sequences. Application of the study results can increase understanding of H1N1 seasonal influenza virus antigenic evolution and accelerate the selection of vaccine strains.
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99
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Development of broadly reactive H5N1 vaccine against different Egyptian H5N1 viruses. Vaccine 2015; 33:2670-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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100
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Genomic Characterizations of Six Pigeon Paramyxovirus Type 1 Viruses Isolated from Live Bird Markets in China during 2011 to 2013. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124261. [PMID: 25928057 PMCID: PMC4415766 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The genomes of six pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 (PPMV-1) isolated from symptomless pigeons in live poultry markets during the national active surveillance from 2011 to 2013 were sequenced and analyzed in this study. The complete genome lengths of all isolates were 15,192 nucleotides with the gene order of 3’-NP-P-M-F-HN-L-5’. All isolates had the same motif of 112RRQKRF117 at the cleavage site of the fusion protein, which was typical of velogenic Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Several mutations were identified in the functional domains of F and HN proteins, including fusion peptide, heptad repeat region, transmembrane domains and neutralizing epitopes. Phylogenetic analysis based on sequences of complete genomes and six genes revealed that all isolates belonged to genotype VI in class II, but at least 2 sub-genotypes were identified. Most isolates were placed into sub-genotype VIb with the exception of pi/GX/1015/13, which was classified in sub-genotype VIa. The obvious antigenic difference between PPMV-1 isolates and La Sota strain was found based on the R-value calculated by cross hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay. These results provided the evidence that PPMV-1 could be detected from healthy pigeons, and our study may be useful in designing vaccines used in pigeon, and developing molecular diagnostic tools to monitor and prevent future PPMV-1 outbreaks.
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