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Richards M, Macaulay V, Hickey E, Vega E, Sykes B, Guida V, Rengo C, Sellitto D, Cruciani F, Kivisild T, Villems R, Thomas M, Rychkov S, Rychkov O, Rychkov Y, Gölge M, Dimitrov D, Hill E, Bradley D, Romano V, Calì F, Vona G, Demaine A, Papiha S, Triantaphyllidis C, Stefanescu G, Hatina J, Belledi M, Di Rienzo A, Oppenheim A, Nørby S, Al-Zaheri N, Santachiara-Benerecetti S, Scozzari R, Torroni A, Bandelt HJ. Tracing European founder lineages in the Near Eastern mtDNA pool. Am J Hum Genet 2000; 67:1251-76. [PMID: 11032788 PMCID: PMC1288566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2000] [Accepted: 09/06/2000] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Founder analysis is a method for analysis of nonrecombining DNA sequence data, with the aim of identification and dating of migrations into new territory. The method picks out founder sequence types in potential source populations and dates lineage clusters deriving from them in the settlement zone of interest. Here, using mtDNA, we apply the approach to the colonization of Europe, to estimate the proportion of modern lineages whose ancestors arrived during each major phase of settlement. To estimate the Palaeolithic and Neolithic contributions to European mtDNA diversity more accurately than was previously achievable, we have now extended the Near Eastern, European, and northern-Caucasus databases to 1,234, 2, 804, and 208 samples, respectively. Both back-migration into the source population and recurrent mutation in the source and derived populations represent major obstacles to this approach. We have developed phylogenetic criteria to take account of both these factors, and we suggest a way to account for multiple dispersals of common sequence types. We conclude that (i) there has been substantial back-migration into the Near East, (ii) the majority of extant mtDNA lineages entered Europe in several waves during the Upper Palaeolithic, (iii) there was a founder effect or bottleneck associated with the Last Glacial Maximum, 20,000 years ago, from which derives the largest fraction of surviving lineages, and (iv) the immigrant Neolithic component is likely to comprise less than one-quarter of the mtDNA pool of modern Europeans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Richards
- 1Institute
of Molecular Medicine and 2Department of Statistics,
University of Oxford, Oxford; 3Department of Biology and
4Center for Genetic Anthropology, Departments of
Anthropology and Biology, University College London, and 5The
Linnaean Society of London, London; 6Dipartimento di Genetica
e Biologia Molecolare, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”,
and 7Istituto di Medicina Legale, Università
Cattòlica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; 8Department of
Evolutionary Biology, Tartu University, Tartu, Estonia; 9Human
Genetics Laboratory, Institute of General Genetics, Moscow;
10Department of Physiology, University of Kiel, Kiel;
11Department of Genetics, Trinity College, Dublin;
12Associazione Oasi Maria SS, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a
Carattere Scientifico per lo Studio del Ritardo Mentale e
dell’Involuzione Cerebrale, Troina, Italy;
13Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Metodologie Biomediche,
Università di Palermo; 14Dipartimento di Biologia
Sperimentale, Sezione di Antropologia, Università di Cagliari,
Cagliari, Italy; 15Postgraduate Medical School, University of
Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom; 16Department of
Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle
upon Tyne; 17Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular
Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece;
18Institutul de Cercetari Biologice, Iaşi, Romania;
19Charles University, Medical Faculty in Pilsen, Institute of
Biology, Pilsen; 20Dipartimento di Biologia Evolutiva,
Sezione di Biologia Umana, Parma, Italy; 21Department of Human
Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago; 22Department of Cell
Biology, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy; 23Department of
Hematology, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem;
24Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Forensic
Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; 25Department of
Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad;
26Dipartimento di Genetica e Microbiologia, Università
di Pavia, Pavia, Italy; 27Istituto di Biochimica,
Università di Urbino, Urbino, Italy; and
28Fachbereich Mathematik, Universität Hamburg,
Hamburg
| | - Vincent Macaulay
- 1Institute
of Molecular Medicine and 2Department of Statistics,
University of Oxford, Oxford; 3Department of Biology and
4Center for Genetic Anthropology, Departments of
Anthropology and Biology, University College London, and 5The
Linnaean Society of London, London; 6Dipartimento di Genetica
e Biologia Molecolare, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”,
and 7Istituto di Medicina Legale, Università
Cattòlica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; 8Department of
Evolutionary Biology, Tartu University, Tartu, Estonia; 9Human
Genetics Laboratory, Institute of General Genetics, Moscow;
10Department of Physiology, University of Kiel, Kiel;
11Department of Genetics, Trinity College, Dublin;
12Associazione Oasi Maria SS, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a
Carattere Scientifico per lo Studio del Ritardo Mentale e
dell’Involuzione Cerebrale, Troina, Italy;
13Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Metodologie Biomediche,
Università di Palermo; 14Dipartimento di Biologia
Sperimentale, Sezione di Antropologia, Università di Cagliari,
Cagliari, Italy; 15Postgraduate Medical School, University of
Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom; 16Department of
Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle
upon Tyne; 17Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular
Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece;
18Institutul de Cercetari Biologice, Iaşi, Romania;
19Charles University, Medical Faculty in Pilsen, Institute of
Biology, Pilsen; 20Dipartimento di Biologia Evolutiva,
Sezione di Biologia Umana, Parma, Italy; 21Department of Human
Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago; 22Department of Cell
Biology, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy; 23Department of
Hematology, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem;
24Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Forensic
Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; 25Department of
Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad;
26Dipartimento di Genetica e Microbiologia, Università
di Pavia, Pavia, Italy; 27Istituto di Biochimica,
Università di Urbino, Urbino, Italy; and
28Fachbereich Mathematik, Universität Hamburg,
Hamburg
| | - Eileen Hickey
- 1Institute
of Molecular Medicine and 2Department of Statistics,
University of Oxford, Oxford; 3Department of Biology and
4Center for Genetic Anthropology, Departments of
Anthropology and Biology, University College London, and 5The
Linnaean Society of London, London; 6Dipartimento di Genetica
e Biologia Molecolare, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”,
and 7Istituto di Medicina Legale, Università
Cattòlica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; 8Department of
Evolutionary Biology, Tartu University, Tartu, Estonia; 9Human
Genetics Laboratory, Institute of General Genetics, Moscow;
10Department of Physiology, University of Kiel, Kiel;
11Department of Genetics, Trinity College, Dublin;
12Associazione Oasi Maria SS, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a
Carattere Scientifico per lo Studio del Ritardo Mentale e
dell’Involuzione Cerebrale, Troina, Italy;
13Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Metodologie Biomediche,
Università di Palermo; 14Dipartimento di Biologia
Sperimentale, Sezione di Antropologia, Università di Cagliari,
Cagliari, Italy; 15Postgraduate Medical School, University of
Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom; 16Department of
Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle
upon Tyne; 17Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular
Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece;
18Institutul de Cercetari Biologice, Iaşi, Romania;
19Charles University, Medical Faculty in Pilsen, Institute of
Biology, Pilsen; 20Dipartimento di Biologia Evolutiva,
Sezione di Biologia Umana, Parma, Italy; 21Department of Human
Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago; 22Department of Cell
Biology, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy; 23Department of
Hematology, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem;
24Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Forensic
Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; 25Department of
Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad;
26Dipartimento di Genetica e Microbiologia, Università
di Pavia, Pavia, Italy; 27Istituto di Biochimica,
Università di Urbino, Urbino, Italy; and
28Fachbereich Mathematik, Universität Hamburg,
Hamburg
| | - Emilce Vega
- 1Institute
of Molecular Medicine and 2Department of Statistics,
University of Oxford, Oxford; 3Department of Biology and
4Center for Genetic Anthropology, Departments of
Anthropology and Biology, University College London, and 5The
Linnaean Society of London, London; 6Dipartimento di Genetica
e Biologia Molecolare, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”,
and 7Istituto di Medicina Legale, Università
Cattòlica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; 8Department of
Evolutionary Biology, Tartu University, Tartu, Estonia; 9Human
Genetics Laboratory, Institute of General Genetics, Moscow;
10Department of Physiology, University of Kiel, Kiel;
11Department of Genetics, Trinity College, Dublin;
12Associazione Oasi Maria SS, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a
Carattere Scientifico per lo Studio del Ritardo Mentale e
dell’Involuzione Cerebrale, Troina, Italy;
13Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Metodologie Biomediche,
Università di Palermo; 14Dipartimento di Biologia
Sperimentale, Sezione di Antropologia, Università di Cagliari,
Cagliari, Italy; 15Postgraduate Medical School, University of
Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom; 16Department of
Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle
upon Tyne; 17Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular
Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece;
18Institutul de Cercetari Biologice, Iaşi, Romania;
19Charles University, Medical Faculty in Pilsen, Institute of
Biology, Pilsen; 20Dipartimento di Biologia Evolutiva,
Sezione di Biologia Umana, Parma, Italy; 21Department of Human
Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago; 22Department of Cell
Biology, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy; 23Department of
Hematology, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem;
24Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Forensic
Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; 25Department of
Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad;
26Dipartimento di Genetica e Microbiologia, Università
di Pavia, Pavia, Italy; 27Istituto di Biochimica,
Università di Urbino, Urbino, Italy; and
28Fachbereich Mathematik, Universität Hamburg,
Hamburg
| | - Bryan Sykes
- 1Institute
of Molecular Medicine and 2Department of Statistics,
University of Oxford, Oxford; 3Department of Biology and
4Center for Genetic Anthropology, Departments of
Anthropology and Biology, University College London, and 5The
Linnaean Society of London, London; 6Dipartimento di Genetica
e Biologia Molecolare, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”,
and 7Istituto di Medicina Legale, Università
Cattòlica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; 8Department of
Evolutionary Biology, Tartu University, Tartu, Estonia; 9Human
Genetics Laboratory, Institute of General Genetics, Moscow;
10Department of Physiology, University of Kiel, Kiel;
11Department of Genetics, Trinity College, Dublin;
12Associazione Oasi Maria SS, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a
Carattere Scientifico per lo Studio del Ritardo Mentale e
dell’Involuzione Cerebrale, Troina, Italy;
13Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Metodologie Biomediche,
Università di Palermo; 14Dipartimento di Biologia
Sperimentale, Sezione di Antropologia, Università di Cagliari,
Cagliari, Italy; 15Postgraduate Medical School, University of
Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom; 16Department of
Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle
upon Tyne; 17Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular
Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece;
18Institutul de Cercetari Biologice, Iaşi, Romania;
19Charles University, Medical Faculty in Pilsen, Institute of
Biology, Pilsen; 20Dipartimento di Biologia Evolutiva,
Sezione di Biologia Umana, Parma, Italy; 21Department of Human
Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago; 22Department of Cell
Biology, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy; 23Department of
Hematology, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem;
24Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Forensic
Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; 25Department of
Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad;
26Dipartimento di Genetica e Microbiologia, Università
di Pavia, Pavia, Italy; 27Istituto di Biochimica,
Università di Urbino, Urbino, Italy; and
28Fachbereich Mathematik, Universität Hamburg,
Hamburg
| | - Valentina Guida
- 1Institute
of Molecular Medicine and 2Department of Statistics,
University of Oxford, Oxford; 3Department of Biology and
4Center for Genetic Anthropology, Departments of
Anthropology and Biology, University College London, and 5The
Linnaean Society of London, London; 6Dipartimento di Genetica
e Biologia Molecolare, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”,
and 7Istituto di Medicina Legale, Università
Cattòlica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; 8Department of
Evolutionary Biology, Tartu University, Tartu, Estonia; 9Human
Genetics Laboratory, Institute of General Genetics, Moscow;
10Department of Physiology, University of Kiel, Kiel;
11Department of Genetics, Trinity College, Dublin;
12Associazione Oasi Maria SS, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a
Carattere Scientifico per lo Studio del Ritardo Mentale e
dell’Involuzione Cerebrale, Troina, Italy;
13Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Metodologie Biomediche,
Università di Palermo; 14Dipartimento di Biologia
Sperimentale, Sezione di Antropologia, Università di Cagliari,
Cagliari, Italy; 15Postgraduate Medical School, University of
Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom; 16Department of
Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle
upon Tyne; 17Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular
Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece;
18Institutul de Cercetari Biologice, Iaşi, Romania;
19Charles University, Medical Faculty in Pilsen, Institute of
Biology, Pilsen; 20Dipartimento di Biologia Evolutiva,
Sezione di Biologia Umana, Parma, Italy; 21Department of Human
Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago; 22Department of Cell
Biology, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy; 23Department of
Hematology, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem;
24Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Forensic
Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; 25Department of
Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad;
26Dipartimento di Genetica e Microbiologia, Università
di Pavia, Pavia, Italy; 27Istituto di Biochimica,
Università di Urbino, Urbino, Italy; and
28Fachbereich Mathematik, Universität Hamburg,
Hamburg
| | - Chiara Rengo
- 1Institute
of Molecular Medicine and 2Department of Statistics,
University of Oxford, Oxford; 3Department of Biology and
4Center for Genetic Anthropology, Departments of
Anthropology and Biology, University College London, and 5The
Linnaean Society of London, London; 6Dipartimento di Genetica
e Biologia Molecolare, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”,
and 7Istituto di Medicina Legale, Università
Cattòlica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; 8Department of
Evolutionary Biology, Tartu University, Tartu, Estonia; 9Human
Genetics Laboratory, Institute of General Genetics, Moscow;
10Department of Physiology, University of Kiel, Kiel;
11Department of Genetics, Trinity College, Dublin;
12Associazione Oasi Maria SS, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a
Carattere Scientifico per lo Studio del Ritardo Mentale e
dell’Involuzione Cerebrale, Troina, Italy;
13Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Metodologie Biomediche,
Università di Palermo; 14Dipartimento di Biologia
Sperimentale, Sezione di Antropologia, Università di Cagliari,
Cagliari, Italy; 15Postgraduate Medical School, University of
Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom; 16Department of
Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle
upon Tyne; 17Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular
Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece;
18Institutul de Cercetari Biologice, Iaşi, Romania;
19Charles University, Medical Faculty in Pilsen, Institute of
Biology, Pilsen; 20Dipartimento di Biologia Evolutiva,
Sezione di Biologia Umana, Parma, Italy; 21Department of Human
Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago; 22Department of Cell
Biology, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy; 23Department of
Hematology, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem;
24Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Forensic
Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; 25Department of
Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad;
26Dipartimento di Genetica e Microbiologia, Università
di Pavia, Pavia, Italy; 27Istituto di Biochimica,
Università di Urbino, Urbino, Italy; and
28Fachbereich Mathematik, Universität Hamburg,
Hamburg
| | - Daniele Sellitto
- 1Institute
of Molecular Medicine and 2Department of Statistics,
University of Oxford, Oxford; 3Department of Biology and
4Center for Genetic Anthropology, Departments of
Anthropology and Biology, University College London, and 5The
Linnaean Society of London, London; 6Dipartimento di Genetica
e Biologia Molecolare, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”,
and 7Istituto di Medicina Legale, Università
Cattòlica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; 8Department of
Evolutionary Biology, Tartu University, Tartu, Estonia; 9Human
Genetics Laboratory, Institute of General Genetics, Moscow;
10Department of Physiology, University of Kiel, Kiel;
11Department of Genetics, Trinity College, Dublin;
12Associazione Oasi Maria SS, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a
Carattere Scientifico per lo Studio del Ritardo Mentale e
dell’Involuzione Cerebrale, Troina, Italy;
13Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Metodologie Biomediche,
Università di Palermo; 14Dipartimento di Biologia
Sperimentale, Sezione di Antropologia, Università di Cagliari,
Cagliari, Italy; 15Postgraduate Medical School, University of
Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom; 16Department of
Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle
upon Tyne; 17Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular
Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece;
18Institutul de Cercetari Biologice, Iaşi, Romania;
19Charles University, Medical Faculty in Pilsen, Institute of
Biology, Pilsen; 20Dipartimento di Biologia Evolutiva,
Sezione di Biologia Umana, Parma, Italy; 21Department of Human
Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago; 22Department of Cell
Biology, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy; 23Department of
Hematology, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem;
24Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Forensic
Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; 25Department of
Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad;
26Dipartimento di Genetica e Microbiologia, Università
di Pavia, Pavia, Italy; 27Istituto di Biochimica,
Università di Urbino, Urbino, Italy; and
28Fachbereich Mathematik, Universität Hamburg,
Hamburg
| | - Fulvio Cruciani
- 1Institute
of Molecular Medicine and 2Department of Statistics,
University of Oxford, Oxford; 3Department of Biology and
4Center for Genetic Anthropology, Departments of
Anthropology and Biology, University College London, and 5The
Linnaean Society of London, London; 6Dipartimento di Genetica
e Biologia Molecolare, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”,
and 7Istituto di Medicina Legale, Università
Cattòlica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; 8Department of
Evolutionary Biology, Tartu University, Tartu, Estonia; 9Human
Genetics Laboratory, Institute of General Genetics, Moscow;
10Department of Physiology, University of Kiel, Kiel;
11Department of Genetics, Trinity College, Dublin;
12Associazione Oasi Maria SS, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a
Carattere Scientifico per lo Studio del Ritardo Mentale e
dell’Involuzione Cerebrale, Troina, Italy;
13Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Metodologie Biomediche,
Università di Palermo; 14Dipartimento di Biologia
Sperimentale, Sezione di Antropologia, Università di Cagliari,
Cagliari, Italy; 15Postgraduate Medical School, University of
Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom; 16Department of
Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle
upon Tyne; 17Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular
Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece;
18Institutul de Cercetari Biologice, Iaşi, Romania;
19Charles University, Medical Faculty in Pilsen, Institute of
Biology, Pilsen; 20Dipartimento di Biologia Evolutiva,
Sezione di Biologia Umana, Parma, Italy; 21Department of Human
Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago; 22Department of Cell
Biology, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy; 23Department of
Hematology, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem;
24Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Forensic
Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; 25Department of
Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad;
26Dipartimento di Genetica e Microbiologia, Università
di Pavia, Pavia, Italy; 27Istituto di Biochimica,
Università di Urbino, Urbino, Italy; and
28Fachbereich Mathematik, Universität Hamburg,
Hamburg
| | - Toomas Kivisild
- 1Institute
of Molecular Medicine and 2Department of Statistics,
University of Oxford, Oxford; 3Department of Biology and
4Center for Genetic Anthropology, Departments of
Anthropology and Biology, University College London, and 5The
Linnaean Society of London, London; 6Dipartimento di Genetica
e Biologia Molecolare, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”,
and 7Istituto di Medicina Legale, Università
Cattòlica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; 8Department of
Evolutionary Biology, Tartu University, Tartu, Estonia; 9Human
Genetics Laboratory, Institute of General Genetics, Moscow;
10Department of Physiology, University of Kiel, Kiel;
11Department of Genetics, Trinity College, Dublin;
12Associazione Oasi Maria SS, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a
Carattere Scientifico per lo Studio del Ritardo Mentale e
dell’Involuzione Cerebrale, Troina, Italy;
13Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Metodologie Biomediche,
Università di Palermo; 14Dipartimento di Biologia
Sperimentale, Sezione di Antropologia, Università di Cagliari,
Cagliari, Italy; 15Postgraduate Medical School, University of
Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom; 16Department of
Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle
upon Tyne; 17Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular
Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece;
18Institutul de Cercetari Biologice, Iaşi, Romania;
19Charles University, Medical Faculty in Pilsen, Institute of
Biology, Pilsen; 20Dipartimento di Biologia Evolutiva,
Sezione di Biologia Umana, Parma, Italy; 21Department of Human
Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago; 22Department of Cell
Biology, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy; 23Department of
Hematology, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem;
24Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Forensic
Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; 25Department of
Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad;
26Dipartimento di Genetica e Microbiologia, Università
di Pavia, Pavia, Italy; 27Istituto di Biochimica,
Università di Urbino, Urbino, Italy; and
28Fachbereich Mathematik, Universität Hamburg,
Hamburg
| | - Richard Villems
- 1Institute
of Molecular Medicine and 2Department of Statistics,
University of Oxford, Oxford; 3Department of Biology and
4Center for Genetic Anthropology, Departments of
Anthropology and Biology, University College London, and 5The
Linnaean Society of London, London; 6Dipartimento di Genetica
e Biologia Molecolare, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”,
and 7Istituto di Medicina Legale, Università
Cattòlica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; 8Department of
Evolutionary Biology, Tartu University, Tartu, Estonia; 9Human
Genetics Laboratory, Institute of General Genetics, Moscow;
10Department of Physiology, University of Kiel, Kiel;
11Department of Genetics, Trinity College, Dublin;
12Associazione Oasi Maria SS, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a
Carattere Scientifico per lo Studio del Ritardo Mentale e
dell’Involuzione Cerebrale, Troina, Italy;
13Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Metodologie Biomediche,
Università di Palermo; 14Dipartimento di Biologia
Sperimentale, Sezione di Antropologia, Università di Cagliari,
Cagliari, Italy; 15Postgraduate Medical School, University of
Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom; 16Department of
Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle
upon Tyne; 17Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular
Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece;
18Institutul de Cercetari Biologice, Iaşi, Romania;
19Charles University, Medical Faculty in Pilsen, Institute of
Biology, Pilsen; 20Dipartimento di Biologia Evolutiva,
Sezione di Biologia Umana, Parma, Italy; 21Department of Human
Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago; 22Department of Cell
Biology, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy; 23Department of
Hematology, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem;
24Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Forensic
Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; 25Department of
Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad;
26Dipartimento di Genetica e Microbiologia, Università
di Pavia, Pavia, Italy; 27Istituto di Biochimica,
Università di Urbino, Urbino, Italy; and
28Fachbereich Mathematik, Universität Hamburg,
Hamburg
| | - Mark Thomas
- 1Institute
of Molecular Medicine and 2Department of Statistics,
University of Oxford, Oxford; 3Department of Biology and
4Center for Genetic Anthropology, Departments of
Anthropology and Biology, University College London, and 5The
Linnaean Society of London, London; 6Dipartimento di Genetica
e Biologia Molecolare, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”,
and 7Istituto di Medicina Legale, Università
Cattòlica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; 8Department of
Evolutionary Biology, Tartu University, Tartu, Estonia; 9Human
Genetics Laboratory, Institute of General Genetics, Moscow;
10Department of Physiology, University of Kiel, Kiel;
11Department of Genetics, Trinity College, Dublin;
12Associazione Oasi Maria SS, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a
Carattere Scientifico per lo Studio del Ritardo Mentale e
dell’Involuzione Cerebrale, Troina, Italy;
13Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Metodologie Biomediche,
Università di Palermo; 14Dipartimento di Biologia
Sperimentale, Sezione di Antropologia, Università di Cagliari,
Cagliari, Italy; 15Postgraduate Medical School, University of
Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom; 16Department of
Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle
upon Tyne; 17Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular
Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece;
18Institutul de Cercetari Biologice, Iaşi, Romania;
19Charles University, Medical Faculty in Pilsen, Institute of
Biology, Pilsen; 20Dipartimento di Biologia Evolutiva,
Sezione di Biologia Umana, Parma, Italy; 21Department of Human
Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago; 22Department of Cell
Biology, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy; 23Department of
Hematology, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem;
24Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Forensic
Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; 25Department of
Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad;
26Dipartimento di Genetica e Microbiologia, Università
di Pavia, Pavia, Italy; 27Istituto di Biochimica,
Università di Urbino, Urbino, Italy; and
28Fachbereich Mathematik, Universität Hamburg,
Hamburg
| | - Serge Rychkov
- 1Institute
of Molecular Medicine and 2Department of Statistics,
University of Oxford, Oxford; 3Department of Biology and
4Center for Genetic Anthropology, Departments of
Anthropology and Biology, University College London, and 5The
Linnaean Society of London, London; 6Dipartimento di Genetica
e Biologia Molecolare, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”,
and 7Istituto di Medicina Legale, Università
Cattòlica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; 8Department of
Evolutionary Biology, Tartu University, Tartu, Estonia; 9Human
Genetics Laboratory, Institute of General Genetics, Moscow;
10Department of Physiology, University of Kiel, Kiel;
11Department of Genetics, Trinity College, Dublin;
12Associazione Oasi Maria SS, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a
Carattere Scientifico per lo Studio del Ritardo Mentale e
dell’Involuzione Cerebrale, Troina, Italy;
13Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Metodologie Biomediche,
Università di Palermo; 14Dipartimento di Biologia
Sperimentale, Sezione di Antropologia, Università di Cagliari,
Cagliari, Italy; 15Postgraduate Medical School, University of
Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom; 16Department of
Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle
upon Tyne; 17Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular
Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece;
18Institutul de Cercetari Biologice, Iaşi, Romania;
19Charles University, Medical Faculty in Pilsen, Institute of
Biology, Pilsen; 20Dipartimento di Biologia Evolutiva,
Sezione di Biologia Umana, Parma, Italy; 21Department of Human
Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago; 22Department of Cell
Biology, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy; 23Department of
Hematology, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem;
24Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Forensic
Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; 25Department of
Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad;
26Dipartimento di Genetica e Microbiologia, Università
di Pavia, Pavia, Italy; 27Istituto di Biochimica,
Università di Urbino, Urbino, Italy; and
28Fachbereich Mathematik, Universität Hamburg,
Hamburg
| | - Oksana Rychkov
- 1Institute
of Molecular Medicine and 2Department of Statistics,
University of Oxford, Oxford; 3Department of Biology and
4Center for Genetic Anthropology, Departments of
Anthropology and Biology, University College London, and 5The
Linnaean Society of London, London; 6Dipartimento di Genetica
e Biologia Molecolare, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”,
and 7Istituto di Medicina Legale, Università
Cattòlica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; 8Department of
Evolutionary Biology, Tartu University, Tartu, Estonia; 9Human
Genetics Laboratory, Institute of General Genetics, Moscow;
10Department of Physiology, University of Kiel, Kiel;
11Department of Genetics, Trinity College, Dublin;
12Associazione Oasi Maria SS, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a
Carattere Scientifico per lo Studio del Ritardo Mentale e
dell’Involuzione Cerebrale, Troina, Italy;
13Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Metodologie Biomediche,
Università di Palermo; 14Dipartimento di Biologia
Sperimentale, Sezione di Antropologia, Università di Cagliari,
Cagliari, Italy; 15Postgraduate Medical School, University of
Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom; 16Department of
Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle
upon Tyne; 17Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular
Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece;
18Institutul de Cercetari Biologice, Iaşi, Romania;
19Charles University, Medical Faculty in Pilsen, Institute of
Biology, Pilsen; 20Dipartimento di Biologia Evolutiva,
Sezione di Biologia Umana, Parma, Italy; 21Department of Human
Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago; 22Department of Cell
Biology, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy; 23Department of
Hematology, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem;
24Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Forensic
Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; 25Department of
Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad;
26Dipartimento di Genetica e Microbiologia, Università
di Pavia, Pavia, Italy; 27Istituto di Biochimica,
Università di Urbino, Urbino, Italy; and
28Fachbereich Mathematik, Universität Hamburg,
Hamburg
| | - Yuri Rychkov
- 1Institute
of Molecular Medicine and 2Department of Statistics,
University of Oxford, Oxford; 3Department of Biology and
4Center for Genetic Anthropology, Departments of
Anthropology and Biology, University College London, and 5The
Linnaean Society of London, London; 6Dipartimento di Genetica
e Biologia Molecolare, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”,
and 7Istituto di Medicina Legale, Università
Cattòlica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; 8Department of
Evolutionary Biology, Tartu University, Tartu, Estonia; 9Human
Genetics Laboratory, Institute of General Genetics, Moscow;
10Department of Physiology, University of Kiel, Kiel;
11Department of Genetics, Trinity College, Dublin;
12Associazione Oasi Maria SS, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a
Carattere Scientifico per lo Studio del Ritardo Mentale e
dell’Involuzione Cerebrale, Troina, Italy;
13Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Metodologie Biomediche,
Università di Palermo; 14Dipartimento di Biologia
Sperimentale, Sezione di Antropologia, Università di Cagliari,
Cagliari, Italy; 15Postgraduate Medical School, University of
Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom; 16Department of
Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle
upon Tyne; 17Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular
Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece;
18Institutul de Cercetari Biologice, Iaşi, Romania;
19Charles University, Medical Faculty in Pilsen, Institute of
Biology, Pilsen; 20Dipartimento di Biologia Evolutiva,
Sezione di Biologia Umana, Parma, Italy; 21Department of Human
Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago; 22Department of Cell
Biology, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy; 23Department of
Hematology, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem;
24Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Forensic
Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; 25Department of
Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad;
26Dipartimento di Genetica e Microbiologia, Università
di Pavia, Pavia, Italy; 27Istituto di Biochimica,
Università di Urbino, Urbino, Italy; and
28Fachbereich Mathematik, Universität Hamburg,
Hamburg
| | - Mukaddes Gölge
- 1Institute
of Molecular Medicine and 2Department of Statistics,
University of Oxford, Oxford; 3Department of Biology and
4Center for Genetic Anthropology, Departments of
Anthropology and Biology, University College London, and 5The
Linnaean Society of London, London; 6Dipartimento di Genetica
e Biologia Molecolare, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”,
and 7Istituto di Medicina Legale, Università
Cattòlica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; 8Department of
Evolutionary Biology, Tartu University, Tartu, Estonia; 9Human
Genetics Laboratory, Institute of General Genetics, Moscow;
10Department of Physiology, University of Kiel, Kiel;
11Department of Genetics, Trinity College, Dublin;
12Associazione Oasi Maria SS, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a
Carattere Scientifico per lo Studio del Ritardo Mentale e
dell’Involuzione Cerebrale, Troina, Italy;
13Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Metodologie Biomediche,
Università di Palermo; 14Dipartimento di Biologia
Sperimentale, Sezione di Antropologia, Università di Cagliari,
Cagliari, Italy; 15Postgraduate Medical School, University of
Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom; 16Department of
Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle
upon Tyne; 17Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular
Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece;
18Institutul de Cercetari Biologice, Iaşi, Romania;
19Charles University, Medical Faculty in Pilsen, Institute of
Biology, Pilsen; 20Dipartimento di Biologia Evolutiva,
Sezione di Biologia Umana, Parma, Italy; 21Department of Human
Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago; 22Department of Cell
Biology, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy; 23Department of
Hematology, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem;
24Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Forensic
Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; 25Department of
Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad;
26Dipartimento di Genetica e Microbiologia, Università
di Pavia, Pavia, Italy; 27Istituto di Biochimica,
Università di Urbino, Urbino, Italy; and
28Fachbereich Mathematik, Universität Hamburg,
Hamburg
| | - Dimitar Dimitrov
- 1Institute
of Molecular Medicine and 2Department of Statistics,
University of Oxford, Oxford; 3Department of Biology and
4Center for Genetic Anthropology, Departments of
Anthropology and Biology, University College London, and 5The
Linnaean Society of London, London; 6Dipartimento di Genetica
e Biologia Molecolare, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”,
and 7Istituto di Medicina Legale, Università
Cattòlica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; 8Department of
Evolutionary Biology, Tartu University, Tartu, Estonia; 9Human
Genetics Laboratory, Institute of General Genetics, Moscow;
10Department of Physiology, University of Kiel, Kiel;
11Department of Genetics, Trinity College, Dublin;
12Associazione Oasi Maria SS, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a
Carattere Scientifico per lo Studio del Ritardo Mentale e
dell’Involuzione Cerebrale, Troina, Italy;
13Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Metodologie Biomediche,
Università di Palermo; 14Dipartimento di Biologia
Sperimentale, Sezione di Antropologia, Università di Cagliari,
Cagliari, Italy; 15Postgraduate Medical School, University of
Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom; 16Department of
Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle
upon Tyne; 17Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular
Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece;
18Institutul de Cercetari Biologice, Iaşi, Romania;
19Charles University, Medical Faculty in Pilsen, Institute of
Biology, Pilsen; 20Dipartimento di Biologia Evolutiva,
Sezione di Biologia Umana, Parma, Italy; 21Department of Human
Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago; 22Department of Cell
Biology, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy; 23Department of
Hematology, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem;
24Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Forensic
Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; 25Department of
Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad;
26Dipartimento di Genetica e Microbiologia, Università
di Pavia, Pavia, Italy; 27Istituto di Biochimica,
Università di Urbino, Urbino, Italy; and
28Fachbereich Mathematik, Universität Hamburg,
Hamburg
| | - Emmeline Hill
- 1Institute
of Molecular Medicine and 2Department of Statistics,
University of Oxford, Oxford; 3Department of Biology and
4Center for Genetic Anthropology, Departments of
Anthropology and Biology, University College London, and 5The
Linnaean Society of London, London; 6Dipartimento di Genetica
e Biologia Molecolare, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”,
and 7Istituto di Medicina Legale, Università
Cattòlica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; 8Department of
Evolutionary Biology, Tartu University, Tartu, Estonia; 9Human
Genetics Laboratory, Institute of General Genetics, Moscow;
10Department of Physiology, University of Kiel, Kiel;
11Department of Genetics, Trinity College, Dublin;
12Associazione Oasi Maria SS, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a
Carattere Scientifico per lo Studio del Ritardo Mentale e
dell’Involuzione Cerebrale, Troina, Italy;
13Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Metodologie Biomediche,
Università di Palermo; 14Dipartimento di Biologia
Sperimentale, Sezione di Antropologia, Università di Cagliari,
Cagliari, Italy; 15Postgraduate Medical School, University of
Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom; 16Department of
Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle
upon Tyne; 17Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular
Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece;
18Institutul de Cercetari Biologice, Iaşi, Romania;
19Charles University, Medical Faculty in Pilsen, Institute of
Biology, Pilsen; 20Dipartimento di Biologia Evolutiva,
Sezione di Biologia Umana, Parma, Italy; 21Department of Human
Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago; 22Department of Cell
Biology, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy; 23Department of
Hematology, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem;
24Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Forensic
Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; 25Department of
Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad;
26Dipartimento di Genetica e Microbiologia, Università
di Pavia, Pavia, Italy; 27Istituto di Biochimica,
Università di Urbino, Urbino, Italy; and
28Fachbereich Mathematik, Universität Hamburg,
Hamburg
| | - Dan Bradley
- 1Institute
of Molecular Medicine and 2Department of Statistics,
University of Oxford, Oxford; 3Department of Biology and
4Center for Genetic Anthropology, Departments of
Anthropology and Biology, University College London, and 5The
Linnaean Society of London, London; 6Dipartimento di Genetica
e Biologia Molecolare, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”,
and 7Istituto di Medicina Legale, Università
Cattòlica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; 8Department of
Evolutionary Biology, Tartu University, Tartu, Estonia; 9Human
Genetics Laboratory, Institute of General Genetics, Moscow;
10Department of Physiology, University of Kiel, Kiel;
11Department of Genetics, Trinity College, Dublin;
12Associazione Oasi Maria SS, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a
Carattere Scientifico per lo Studio del Ritardo Mentale e
dell’Involuzione Cerebrale, Troina, Italy;
13Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Metodologie Biomediche,
Università di Palermo; 14Dipartimento di Biologia
Sperimentale, Sezione di Antropologia, Università di Cagliari,
Cagliari, Italy; 15Postgraduate Medical School, University of
Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom; 16Department of
Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle
upon Tyne; 17Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular
Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece;
18Institutul de Cercetari Biologice, Iaşi, Romania;
19Charles University, Medical Faculty in Pilsen, Institute of
Biology, Pilsen; 20Dipartimento di Biologia Evolutiva,
Sezione di Biologia Umana, Parma, Italy; 21Department of Human
Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago; 22Department of Cell
Biology, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy; 23Department of
Hematology, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem;
24Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Forensic
Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; 25Department of
Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad;
26Dipartimento di Genetica e Microbiologia, Università
di Pavia, Pavia, Italy; 27Istituto di Biochimica,
Università di Urbino, Urbino, Italy; and
28Fachbereich Mathematik, Universität Hamburg,
Hamburg
| | - Valentino Romano
- 1Institute
of Molecular Medicine and 2Department of Statistics,
University of Oxford, Oxford; 3Department of Biology and
4Center for Genetic Anthropology, Departments of
Anthropology and Biology, University College London, and 5The
Linnaean Society of London, London; 6Dipartimento di Genetica
e Biologia Molecolare, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”,
and 7Istituto di Medicina Legale, Università
Cattòlica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; 8Department of
Evolutionary Biology, Tartu University, Tartu, Estonia; 9Human
Genetics Laboratory, Institute of General Genetics, Moscow;
10Department of Physiology, University of Kiel, Kiel;
11Department of Genetics, Trinity College, Dublin;
12Associazione Oasi Maria SS, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a
Carattere Scientifico per lo Studio del Ritardo Mentale e
dell’Involuzione Cerebrale, Troina, Italy;
13Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Metodologie Biomediche,
Università di Palermo; 14Dipartimento di Biologia
Sperimentale, Sezione di Antropologia, Università di Cagliari,
Cagliari, Italy; 15Postgraduate Medical School, University of
Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom; 16Department of
Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle
upon Tyne; 17Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular
Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece;
18Institutul de Cercetari Biologice, Iaşi, Romania;
19Charles University, Medical Faculty in Pilsen, Institute of
Biology, Pilsen; 20Dipartimento di Biologia Evolutiva,
Sezione di Biologia Umana, Parma, Italy; 21Department of Human
Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago; 22Department of Cell
Biology, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy; 23Department of
Hematology, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem;
24Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Forensic
Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; 25Department of
Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad;
26Dipartimento di Genetica e Microbiologia, Università
di Pavia, Pavia, Italy; 27Istituto di Biochimica,
Università di Urbino, Urbino, Italy; and
28Fachbereich Mathematik, Universität Hamburg,
Hamburg
| | - Francesco Calì
- 1Institute
of Molecular Medicine and 2Department of Statistics,
University of Oxford, Oxford; 3Department of Biology and
4Center for Genetic Anthropology, Departments of
Anthropology and Biology, University College London, and 5The
Linnaean Society of London, London; 6Dipartimento di Genetica
e Biologia Molecolare, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”,
and 7Istituto di Medicina Legale, Università
Cattòlica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; 8Department of
Evolutionary Biology, Tartu University, Tartu, Estonia; 9Human
Genetics Laboratory, Institute of General Genetics, Moscow;
10Department of Physiology, University of Kiel, Kiel;
11Department of Genetics, Trinity College, Dublin;
12Associazione Oasi Maria SS, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a
Carattere Scientifico per lo Studio del Ritardo Mentale e
dell’Involuzione Cerebrale, Troina, Italy;
13Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Metodologie Biomediche,
Università di Palermo; 14Dipartimento di Biologia
Sperimentale, Sezione di Antropologia, Università di Cagliari,
Cagliari, Italy; 15Postgraduate Medical School, University of
Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom; 16Department of
Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle
upon Tyne; 17Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular
Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece;
18Institutul de Cercetari Biologice, Iaşi, Romania;
19Charles University, Medical Faculty in Pilsen, Institute of
Biology, Pilsen; 20Dipartimento di Biologia Evolutiva,
Sezione di Biologia Umana, Parma, Italy; 21Department of Human
Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago; 22Department of Cell
Biology, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy; 23Department of
Hematology, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem;
24Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Forensic
Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; 25Department of
Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad;
26Dipartimento di Genetica e Microbiologia, Università
di Pavia, Pavia, Italy; 27Istituto di Biochimica,
Università di Urbino, Urbino, Italy; and
28Fachbereich Mathematik, Universität Hamburg,
Hamburg
| | - Giuseppe Vona
- 1Institute
of Molecular Medicine and 2Department of Statistics,
University of Oxford, Oxford; 3Department of Biology and
4Center for Genetic Anthropology, Departments of
Anthropology and Biology, University College London, and 5The
Linnaean Society of London, London; 6Dipartimento di Genetica
e Biologia Molecolare, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”,
and 7Istituto di Medicina Legale, Università
Cattòlica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; 8Department of
Evolutionary Biology, Tartu University, Tartu, Estonia; 9Human
Genetics Laboratory, Institute of General Genetics, Moscow;
10Department of Physiology, University of Kiel, Kiel;
11Department of Genetics, Trinity College, Dublin;
12Associazione Oasi Maria SS, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a
Carattere Scientifico per lo Studio del Ritardo Mentale e
dell’Involuzione Cerebrale, Troina, Italy;
13Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Metodologie Biomediche,
Università di Palermo; 14Dipartimento di Biologia
Sperimentale, Sezione di Antropologia, Università di Cagliari,
Cagliari, Italy; 15Postgraduate Medical School, University of
Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom; 16Department of
Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle
upon Tyne; 17Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular
Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece;
18Institutul de Cercetari Biologice, Iaşi, Romania;
19Charles University, Medical Faculty in Pilsen, Institute of
Biology, Pilsen; 20Dipartimento di Biologia Evolutiva,
Sezione di Biologia Umana, Parma, Italy; 21Department of Human
Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago; 22Department of Cell
Biology, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy; 23Department of
Hematology, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem;
24Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Forensic
Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; 25Department of
Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad;
26Dipartimento di Genetica e Microbiologia, Università
di Pavia, Pavia, Italy; 27Istituto di Biochimica,
Università di Urbino, Urbino, Italy; and
28Fachbereich Mathematik, Universität Hamburg,
Hamburg
| | - Andrew Demaine
- 1Institute
of Molecular Medicine and 2Department of Statistics,
University of Oxford, Oxford; 3Department of Biology and
4Center for Genetic Anthropology, Departments of
Anthropology and Biology, University College London, and 5The
Linnaean Society of London, London; 6Dipartimento di Genetica
e Biologia Molecolare, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”,
and 7Istituto di Medicina Legale, Università
Cattòlica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; 8Department of
Evolutionary Biology, Tartu University, Tartu, Estonia; 9Human
Genetics Laboratory, Institute of General Genetics, Moscow;
10Department of Physiology, University of Kiel, Kiel;
11Department of Genetics, Trinity College, Dublin;
12Associazione Oasi Maria SS, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a
Carattere Scientifico per lo Studio del Ritardo Mentale e
dell’Involuzione Cerebrale, Troina, Italy;
13Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Metodologie Biomediche,
Università di Palermo; 14Dipartimento di Biologia
Sperimentale, Sezione di Antropologia, Università di Cagliari,
Cagliari, Italy; 15Postgraduate Medical School, University of
Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom; 16Department of
Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle
upon Tyne; 17Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular
Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece;
18Institutul de Cercetari Biologice, Iaşi, Romania;
19Charles University, Medical Faculty in Pilsen, Institute of
Biology, Pilsen; 20Dipartimento di Biologia Evolutiva,
Sezione di Biologia Umana, Parma, Italy; 21Department of Human
Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago; 22Department of Cell
Biology, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy; 23Department of
Hematology, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem;
24Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Forensic
Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; 25Department of
Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad;
26Dipartimento di Genetica e Microbiologia, Università
di Pavia, Pavia, Italy; 27Istituto di Biochimica,
Università di Urbino, Urbino, Italy; and
28Fachbereich Mathematik, Universität Hamburg,
Hamburg
| | - Surinder Papiha
- 1Institute
of Molecular Medicine and 2Department of Statistics,
University of Oxford, Oxford; 3Department of Biology and
4Center for Genetic Anthropology, Departments of
Anthropology and Biology, University College London, and 5The
Linnaean Society of London, London; 6Dipartimento di Genetica
e Biologia Molecolare, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”,
and 7Istituto di Medicina Legale, Università
Cattòlica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; 8Department of
Evolutionary Biology, Tartu University, Tartu, Estonia; 9Human
Genetics Laboratory, Institute of General Genetics, Moscow;
10Department of Physiology, University of Kiel, Kiel;
11Department of Genetics, Trinity College, Dublin;
12Associazione Oasi Maria SS, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a
Carattere Scientifico per lo Studio del Ritardo Mentale e
dell’Involuzione Cerebrale, Troina, Italy;
13Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Metodologie Biomediche,
Università di Palermo; 14Dipartimento di Biologia
Sperimentale, Sezione di Antropologia, Università di Cagliari,
Cagliari, Italy; 15Postgraduate Medical School, University of
Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom; 16Department of
Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle
upon Tyne; 17Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular
Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece;
18Institutul de Cercetari Biologice, Iaşi, Romania;
19Charles University, Medical Faculty in Pilsen, Institute of
Biology, Pilsen; 20Dipartimento di Biologia Evolutiva,
Sezione di Biologia Umana, Parma, Italy; 21Department of Human
Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago; 22Department of Cell
Biology, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy; 23Department of
Hematology, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem;
24Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Forensic
Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; 25Department of
Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad;
26Dipartimento di Genetica e Microbiologia, Università
di Pavia, Pavia, Italy; 27Istituto di Biochimica,
Università di Urbino, Urbino, Italy; and
28Fachbereich Mathematik, Universität Hamburg,
Hamburg
| | - Costas Triantaphyllidis
- 1Institute
of Molecular Medicine and 2Department of Statistics,
University of Oxford, Oxford; 3Department of Biology and
4Center for Genetic Anthropology, Departments of
Anthropology and Biology, University College London, and 5The
Linnaean Society of London, London; 6Dipartimento di Genetica
e Biologia Molecolare, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”,
and 7Istituto di Medicina Legale, Università
Cattòlica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; 8Department of
Evolutionary Biology, Tartu University, Tartu, Estonia; 9Human
Genetics Laboratory, Institute of General Genetics, Moscow;
10Department of Physiology, University of Kiel, Kiel;
11Department of Genetics, Trinity College, Dublin;
12Associazione Oasi Maria SS, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a
Carattere Scientifico per lo Studio del Ritardo Mentale e
dell’Involuzione Cerebrale, Troina, Italy;
13Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Metodologie Biomediche,
Università di Palermo; 14Dipartimento di Biologia
Sperimentale, Sezione di Antropologia, Università di Cagliari,
Cagliari, Italy; 15Postgraduate Medical School, University of
Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom; 16Department of
Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle
upon Tyne; 17Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular
Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece;
18Institutul de Cercetari Biologice, Iaşi, Romania;
19Charles University, Medical Faculty in Pilsen, Institute of
Biology, Pilsen; 20Dipartimento di Biologia Evolutiva,
Sezione di Biologia Umana, Parma, Italy; 21Department of Human
Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago; 22Department of Cell
Biology, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy; 23Department of
Hematology, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem;
24Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Forensic
Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; 25Department of
Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad;
26Dipartimento di Genetica e Microbiologia, Università
di Pavia, Pavia, Italy; 27Istituto di Biochimica,
Università di Urbino, Urbino, Italy; and
28Fachbereich Mathematik, Universität Hamburg,
Hamburg
| | - Gheorghe Stefanescu
- 1Institute
of Molecular Medicine and 2Department of Statistics,
University of Oxford, Oxford; 3Department of Biology and
4Center for Genetic Anthropology, Departments of
Anthropology and Biology, University College London, and 5The
Linnaean Society of London, London; 6Dipartimento di Genetica
e Biologia Molecolare, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”,
and 7Istituto di Medicina Legale, Università
Cattòlica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; 8Department of
Evolutionary Biology, Tartu University, Tartu, Estonia; 9Human
Genetics Laboratory, Institute of General Genetics, Moscow;
10Department of Physiology, University of Kiel, Kiel;
11Department of Genetics, Trinity College, Dublin;
12Associazione Oasi Maria SS, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a
Carattere Scientifico per lo Studio del Ritardo Mentale e
dell’Involuzione Cerebrale, Troina, Italy;
13Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Metodologie Biomediche,
Università di Palermo; 14Dipartimento di Biologia
Sperimentale, Sezione di Antropologia, Università di Cagliari,
Cagliari, Italy; 15Postgraduate Medical School, University of
Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom; 16Department of
Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle
upon Tyne; 17Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular
Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece;
18Institutul de Cercetari Biologice, Iaşi, Romania;
19Charles University, Medical Faculty in Pilsen, Institute of
Biology, Pilsen; 20Dipartimento di Biologia Evolutiva,
Sezione di Biologia Umana, Parma, Italy; 21Department of Human
Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago; 22Department of Cell
Biology, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy; 23Department of
Hematology, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem;
24Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Forensic
Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; 25Department of
Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad;
26Dipartimento di Genetica e Microbiologia, Università
di Pavia, Pavia, Italy; 27Istituto di Biochimica,
Università di Urbino, Urbino, Italy; and
28Fachbereich Mathematik, Universität Hamburg,
Hamburg
| | - Jiři Hatina
- 1Institute
of Molecular Medicine and 2Department of Statistics,
University of Oxford, Oxford; 3Department of Biology and
4Center for Genetic Anthropology, Departments of
Anthropology and Biology, University College London, and 5The
Linnaean Society of London, London; 6Dipartimento di Genetica
e Biologia Molecolare, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”,
and 7Istituto di Medicina Legale, Università
Cattòlica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; 8Department of
Evolutionary Biology, Tartu University, Tartu, Estonia; 9Human
Genetics Laboratory, Institute of General Genetics, Moscow;
10Department of Physiology, University of Kiel, Kiel;
11Department of Genetics, Trinity College, Dublin;
12Associazione Oasi Maria SS, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a
Carattere Scientifico per lo Studio del Ritardo Mentale e
dell’Involuzione Cerebrale, Troina, Italy;
13Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Metodologie Biomediche,
Università di Palermo; 14Dipartimento di Biologia
Sperimentale, Sezione di Antropologia, Università di Cagliari,
Cagliari, Italy; 15Postgraduate Medical School, University of
Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom; 16Department of
Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle
upon Tyne; 17Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular
Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece;
18Institutul de Cercetari Biologice, Iaşi, Romania;
19Charles University, Medical Faculty in Pilsen, Institute of
Biology, Pilsen; 20Dipartimento di Biologia Evolutiva,
Sezione di Biologia Umana, Parma, Italy; 21Department of Human
Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago; 22Department of Cell
Biology, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy; 23Department of
Hematology, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem;
24Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Forensic
Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; 25Department of
Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad;
26Dipartimento di Genetica e Microbiologia, Università
di Pavia, Pavia, Italy; 27Istituto di Biochimica,
Università di Urbino, Urbino, Italy; and
28Fachbereich Mathematik, Universität Hamburg,
Hamburg
| | - Michele Belledi
- 1Institute
of Molecular Medicine and 2Department of Statistics,
University of Oxford, Oxford; 3Department of Biology and
4Center for Genetic Anthropology, Departments of
Anthropology and Biology, University College London, and 5The
Linnaean Society of London, London; 6Dipartimento di Genetica
e Biologia Molecolare, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”,
and 7Istituto di Medicina Legale, Università
Cattòlica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; 8Department of
Evolutionary Biology, Tartu University, Tartu, Estonia; 9Human
Genetics Laboratory, Institute of General Genetics, Moscow;
10Department of Physiology, University of Kiel, Kiel;
11Department of Genetics, Trinity College, Dublin;
12Associazione Oasi Maria SS, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a
Carattere Scientifico per lo Studio del Ritardo Mentale e
dell’Involuzione Cerebrale, Troina, Italy;
13Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Metodologie Biomediche,
Università di Palermo; 14Dipartimento di Biologia
Sperimentale, Sezione di Antropologia, Università di Cagliari,
Cagliari, Italy; 15Postgraduate Medical School, University of
Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom; 16Department of
Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle
upon Tyne; 17Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular
Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece;
18Institutul de Cercetari Biologice, Iaşi, Romania;
19Charles University, Medical Faculty in Pilsen, Institute of
Biology, Pilsen; 20Dipartimento di Biologia Evolutiva,
Sezione di Biologia Umana, Parma, Italy; 21Department of Human
Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago; 22Department of Cell
Biology, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy; 23Department of
Hematology, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem;
24Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Forensic
Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; 25Department of
Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad;
26Dipartimento di Genetica e Microbiologia, Università
di Pavia, Pavia, Italy; 27Istituto di Biochimica,
Università di Urbino, Urbino, Italy; and
28Fachbereich Mathematik, Universität Hamburg,
Hamburg
| | - Anna Di Rienzo
- 1Institute
of Molecular Medicine and 2Department of Statistics,
University of Oxford, Oxford; 3Department of Biology and
4Center for Genetic Anthropology, Departments of
Anthropology and Biology, University College London, and 5The
Linnaean Society of London, London; 6Dipartimento di Genetica
e Biologia Molecolare, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”,
and 7Istituto di Medicina Legale, Università
Cattòlica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; 8Department of
Evolutionary Biology, Tartu University, Tartu, Estonia; 9Human
Genetics Laboratory, Institute of General Genetics, Moscow;
10Department of Physiology, University of Kiel, Kiel;
11Department of Genetics, Trinity College, Dublin;
12Associazione Oasi Maria SS, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a
Carattere Scientifico per lo Studio del Ritardo Mentale e
dell’Involuzione Cerebrale, Troina, Italy;
13Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Metodologie Biomediche,
Università di Palermo; 14Dipartimento di Biologia
Sperimentale, Sezione di Antropologia, Università di Cagliari,
Cagliari, Italy; 15Postgraduate Medical School, University of
Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom; 16Department of
Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle
upon Tyne; 17Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular
Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece;
18Institutul de Cercetari Biologice, Iaşi, Romania;
19Charles University, Medical Faculty in Pilsen, Institute of
Biology, Pilsen; 20Dipartimento di Biologia Evolutiva,
Sezione di Biologia Umana, Parma, Italy; 21Department of Human
Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago; 22Department of Cell
Biology, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy; 23Department of
Hematology, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem;
24Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Forensic
Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; 25Department of
Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad;
26Dipartimento di Genetica e Microbiologia, Università
di Pavia, Pavia, Italy; 27Istituto di Biochimica,
Università di Urbino, Urbino, Italy; and
28Fachbereich Mathematik, Universität Hamburg,
Hamburg
| | - Ariella Oppenheim
- 1Institute
of Molecular Medicine and 2Department of Statistics,
University of Oxford, Oxford; 3Department of Biology and
4Center for Genetic Anthropology, Departments of
Anthropology and Biology, University College London, and 5The
Linnaean Society of London, London; 6Dipartimento di Genetica
e Biologia Molecolare, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”,
and 7Istituto di Medicina Legale, Università
Cattòlica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; 8Department of
Evolutionary Biology, Tartu University, Tartu, Estonia; 9Human
Genetics Laboratory, Institute of General Genetics, Moscow;
10Department of Physiology, University of Kiel, Kiel;
11Department of Genetics, Trinity College, Dublin;
12Associazione Oasi Maria SS, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a
Carattere Scientifico per lo Studio del Ritardo Mentale e
dell’Involuzione Cerebrale, Troina, Italy;
13Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Metodologie Biomediche,
Università di Palermo; 14Dipartimento di Biologia
Sperimentale, Sezione di Antropologia, Università di Cagliari,
Cagliari, Italy; 15Postgraduate Medical School, University of
Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom; 16Department of
Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle
upon Tyne; 17Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular
Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece;
18Institutul de Cercetari Biologice, Iaşi, Romania;
19Charles University, Medical Faculty in Pilsen, Institute of
Biology, Pilsen; 20Dipartimento di Biologia Evolutiva,
Sezione di Biologia Umana, Parma, Italy; 21Department of Human
Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago; 22Department of Cell
Biology, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy; 23Department of
Hematology, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem;
24Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Forensic
Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; 25Department of
Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad;
26Dipartimento di Genetica e Microbiologia, Università
di Pavia, Pavia, Italy; 27Istituto di Biochimica,
Università di Urbino, Urbino, Italy; and
28Fachbereich Mathematik, Universität Hamburg,
Hamburg
| | - Søren Nørby
- 1Institute
of Molecular Medicine and 2Department of Statistics,
University of Oxford, Oxford; 3Department of Biology and
4Center for Genetic Anthropology, Departments of
Anthropology and Biology, University College London, and 5The
Linnaean Society of London, London; 6Dipartimento di Genetica
e Biologia Molecolare, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”,
and 7Istituto di Medicina Legale, Università
Cattòlica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; 8Department of
Evolutionary Biology, Tartu University, Tartu, Estonia; 9Human
Genetics Laboratory, Institute of General Genetics, Moscow;
10Department of Physiology, University of Kiel, Kiel;
11Department of Genetics, Trinity College, Dublin;
12Associazione Oasi Maria SS, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a
Carattere Scientifico per lo Studio del Ritardo Mentale e
dell’Involuzione Cerebrale, Troina, Italy;
13Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Metodologie Biomediche,
Università di Palermo; 14Dipartimento di Biologia
Sperimentale, Sezione di Antropologia, Università di Cagliari,
Cagliari, Italy; 15Postgraduate Medical School, University of
Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom; 16Department of
Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle
upon Tyne; 17Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular
Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece;
18Institutul de Cercetari Biologice, Iaşi, Romania;
19Charles University, Medical Faculty in Pilsen, Institute of
Biology, Pilsen; 20Dipartimento di Biologia Evolutiva,
Sezione di Biologia Umana, Parma, Italy; 21Department of Human
Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago; 22Department of Cell
Biology, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy; 23Department of
Hematology, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem;
24Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Forensic
Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; 25Department of
Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad;
26Dipartimento di Genetica e Microbiologia, Università
di Pavia, Pavia, Italy; 27Istituto di Biochimica,
Università di Urbino, Urbino, Italy; and
28Fachbereich Mathematik, Universität Hamburg,
Hamburg
| | - Nadia Al-Zaheri
- 1Institute
of Molecular Medicine and 2Department of Statistics,
University of Oxford, Oxford; 3Department of Biology and
4Center for Genetic Anthropology, Departments of
Anthropology and Biology, University College London, and 5The
Linnaean Society of London, London; 6Dipartimento di Genetica
e Biologia Molecolare, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”,
and 7Istituto di Medicina Legale, Università
Cattòlica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; 8Department of
Evolutionary Biology, Tartu University, Tartu, Estonia; 9Human
Genetics Laboratory, Institute of General Genetics, Moscow;
10Department of Physiology, University of Kiel, Kiel;
11Department of Genetics, Trinity College, Dublin;
12Associazione Oasi Maria SS, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a
Carattere Scientifico per lo Studio del Ritardo Mentale e
dell’Involuzione Cerebrale, Troina, Italy;
13Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Metodologie Biomediche,
Università di Palermo; 14Dipartimento di Biologia
Sperimentale, Sezione di Antropologia, Università di Cagliari,
Cagliari, Italy; 15Postgraduate Medical School, University of
Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom; 16Department of
Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle
upon Tyne; 17Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular
Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece;
18Institutul de Cercetari Biologice, Iaşi, Romania;
19Charles University, Medical Faculty in Pilsen, Institute of
Biology, Pilsen; 20Dipartimento di Biologia Evolutiva,
Sezione di Biologia Umana, Parma, Italy; 21Department of Human
Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago; 22Department of Cell
Biology, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy; 23Department of
Hematology, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem;
24Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Forensic
Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; 25Department of
Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad;
26Dipartimento di Genetica e Microbiologia, Università
di Pavia, Pavia, Italy; 27Istituto di Biochimica,
Università di Urbino, Urbino, Italy; and
28Fachbereich Mathematik, Universität Hamburg,
Hamburg
| | - Silvana Santachiara-Benerecetti
- 1Institute
of Molecular Medicine and 2Department of Statistics,
University of Oxford, Oxford; 3Department of Biology and
4Center for Genetic Anthropology, Departments of
Anthropology and Biology, University College London, and 5The
Linnaean Society of London, London; 6Dipartimento di Genetica
e Biologia Molecolare, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”,
and 7Istituto di Medicina Legale, Università
Cattòlica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; 8Department of
Evolutionary Biology, Tartu University, Tartu, Estonia; 9Human
Genetics Laboratory, Institute of General Genetics, Moscow;
10Department of Physiology, University of Kiel, Kiel;
11Department of Genetics, Trinity College, Dublin;
12Associazione Oasi Maria SS, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a
Carattere Scientifico per lo Studio del Ritardo Mentale e
dell’Involuzione Cerebrale, Troina, Italy;
13Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Metodologie Biomediche,
Università di Palermo; 14Dipartimento di Biologia
Sperimentale, Sezione di Antropologia, Università di Cagliari,
Cagliari, Italy; 15Postgraduate Medical School, University of
Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom; 16Department of
Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle
upon Tyne; 17Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular
Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece;
18Institutul de Cercetari Biologice, Iaşi, Romania;
19Charles University, Medical Faculty in Pilsen, Institute of
Biology, Pilsen; 20Dipartimento di Biologia Evolutiva,
Sezione di Biologia Umana, Parma, Italy; 21Department of Human
Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago; 22Department of Cell
Biology, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy; 23Department of
Hematology, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem;
24Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Forensic
Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; 25Department of
Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad;
26Dipartimento di Genetica e Microbiologia, Università
di Pavia, Pavia, Italy; 27Istituto di Biochimica,
Università di Urbino, Urbino, Italy; and
28Fachbereich Mathematik, Universität Hamburg,
Hamburg
| | - Rosaria Scozzari
- 1Institute
of Molecular Medicine and 2Department of Statistics,
University of Oxford, Oxford; 3Department of Biology and
4Center for Genetic Anthropology, Departments of
Anthropology and Biology, University College London, and 5The
Linnaean Society of London, London; 6Dipartimento di Genetica
e Biologia Molecolare, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”,
and 7Istituto di Medicina Legale, Università
Cattòlica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; 8Department of
Evolutionary Biology, Tartu University, Tartu, Estonia; 9Human
Genetics Laboratory, Institute of General Genetics, Moscow;
10Department of Physiology, University of Kiel, Kiel;
11Department of Genetics, Trinity College, Dublin;
12Associazione Oasi Maria SS, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a
Carattere Scientifico per lo Studio del Ritardo Mentale e
dell’Involuzione Cerebrale, Troina, Italy;
13Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Metodologie Biomediche,
Università di Palermo; 14Dipartimento di Biologia
Sperimentale, Sezione di Antropologia, Università di Cagliari,
Cagliari, Italy; 15Postgraduate Medical School, University of
Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom; 16Department of
Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle
upon Tyne; 17Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular
Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece;
18Institutul de Cercetari Biologice, Iaşi, Romania;
19Charles University, Medical Faculty in Pilsen, Institute of
Biology, Pilsen; 20Dipartimento di Biologia Evolutiva,
Sezione di Biologia Umana, Parma, Italy; 21Department of Human
Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago; 22Department of Cell
Biology, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy; 23Department of
Hematology, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem;
24Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Forensic
Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; 25Department of
Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad;
26Dipartimento di Genetica e Microbiologia, Università
di Pavia, Pavia, Italy; 27Istituto di Biochimica,
Università di Urbino, Urbino, Italy; and
28Fachbereich Mathematik, Universität Hamburg,
Hamburg
| | - Antonio Torroni
- 1Institute
of Molecular Medicine and 2Department of Statistics,
University of Oxford, Oxford; 3Department of Biology and
4Center for Genetic Anthropology, Departments of
Anthropology and Biology, University College London, and 5The
Linnaean Society of London, London; 6Dipartimento di Genetica
e Biologia Molecolare, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”,
and 7Istituto di Medicina Legale, Università
Cattòlica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; 8Department of
Evolutionary Biology, Tartu University, Tartu, Estonia; 9Human
Genetics Laboratory, Institute of General Genetics, Moscow;
10Department of Physiology, University of Kiel, Kiel;
11Department of Genetics, Trinity College, Dublin;
12Associazione Oasi Maria SS, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a
Carattere Scientifico per lo Studio del Ritardo Mentale e
dell’Involuzione Cerebrale, Troina, Italy;
13Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Metodologie Biomediche,
Università di Palermo; 14Dipartimento di Biologia
Sperimentale, Sezione di Antropologia, Università di Cagliari,
Cagliari, Italy; 15Postgraduate Medical School, University of
Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom; 16Department of
Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle
upon Tyne; 17Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular
Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece;
18Institutul de Cercetari Biologice, Iaşi, Romania;
19Charles University, Medical Faculty in Pilsen, Institute of
Biology, Pilsen; 20Dipartimento di Biologia Evolutiva,
Sezione di Biologia Umana, Parma, Italy; 21Department of Human
Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago; 22Department of Cell
Biology, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy; 23Department of
Hematology, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem;
24Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Forensic
Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; 25Department of
Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad;
26Dipartimento di Genetica e Microbiologia, Università
di Pavia, Pavia, Italy; 27Istituto di Biochimica,
Università di Urbino, Urbino, Italy; and
28Fachbereich Mathematik, Universität Hamburg,
Hamburg
| | - Hans-Jürgen Bandelt
- 1Institute
of Molecular Medicine and 2Department of Statistics,
University of Oxford, Oxford; 3Department of Biology and
4Center for Genetic Anthropology, Departments of
Anthropology and Biology, University College London, and 5The
Linnaean Society of London, London; 6Dipartimento di Genetica
e Biologia Molecolare, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”,
and 7Istituto di Medicina Legale, Università
Cattòlica del Sacro Cuore, Rome; 8Department of
Evolutionary Biology, Tartu University, Tartu, Estonia; 9Human
Genetics Laboratory, Institute of General Genetics, Moscow;
10Department of Physiology, University of Kiel, Kiel;
11Department of Genetics, Trinity College, Dublin;
12Associazione Oasi Maria SS, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a
Carattere Scientifico per lo Studio del Ritardo Mentale e
dell’Involuzione Cerebrale, Troina, Italy;
13Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Metodologie Biomediche,
Università di Palermo; 14Dipartimento di Biologia
Sperimentale, Sezione di Antropologia, Università di Cagliari,
Cagliari, Italy; 15Postgraduate Medical School, University of
Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom; 16Department of
Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle
upon Tyne; 17Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular
Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece;
18Institutul de Cercetari Biologice, Iaşi, Romania;
19Charles University, Medical Faculty in Pilsen, Institute of
Biology, Pilsen; 20Dipartimento di Biologia Evolutiva,
Sezione di Biologia Umana, Parma, Italy; 21Department of Human
Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago; 22Department of Cell
Biology, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy; 23Department of
Hematology, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem;
24Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Forensic
Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; 25Department of
Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad;
26Dipartimento di Genetica e Microbiologia, Università
di Pavia, Pavia, Italy; 27Istituto di Biochimica,
Università di Urbino, Urbino, Italy; and
28Fachbereich Mathematik, Universität Hamburg,
Hamburg
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