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Olckers A, Ben Khelil M. The Sydney Declaration - An unique opportunity for Africa. Forensic Sci Int 2024; 357:111969. [PMID: 38428217 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.111969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
The Sydney Declaration (SD) has the inherent virtue of shifting the focus from the tools used in forensic science to the fundamental characteristics of appropriate forensic practice analysis of a situation and all related trace data for the purpose of resolving a case. Though several differences might be observed between countries regarding the technologies used, the fundamental principle of forensic logical reasoning are universally applicable to all contexts and environments and not only restricted to sophisticated, well-resourced, established forensic science laboratories based in countries that offer adequate resources, strong networks and legal frameworks. In Africa, several countries lack resources to train practitioners and to develop forensic science institutes, laboratories and other relevant institutions. The SD can serve as departure point to attain appropriate forensic science outcomes. Upholding its sound guidance can help forensic science practitioners remain faithful to their science, acknowledge their limits, give expert opinions based solely on facts and scientific analysis and interpretation, whilst also enhancing communication with their stakeholders. As forensic science develops in Africa, the SD presents a timely opportunity for us to proceed with a common understanding and a solid foundation through which our field can grow.
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Olckers A, Hammatt Z. Science serving justice: opportunities for enhancing integrity in forensic science in Africa. Forensic Sci Res 2021; 6:295-302. [PMID: 35111347 PMCID: PMC8803113 DOI: 10.1080/20961790.2021.1989794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Zoë Hammatt
- University of Hawaii and Z Consulting, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
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Adams R, Adeleke F, Anderson D, Bawa A, Branson N, Christoffels A, de Vries J, Etheredge H, Flack-Davison E, Gaffley M, Marks M, Mdhluli M, Mahomed S, Molefe M, Muthivhi T, Ncube C, Olckers A, Papathanasopoulos M, Pillay J, Schonwetter T, Singh JA, Swanepoel C, Ramsay M. Corrigendum: POPIA Code of Conduct for Research. S AFR J SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.17159/sajs.2021/10933c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Adams
- Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Fola Adeleke
- School of Law, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Dominique Anderson
- South African National Bioinformatics Institute, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ahmed Bawa
- Universities South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Nicola Branson
- Southern African Labour Development Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Alan Christoffels
- South African National Bioinformatics Institute, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jantina de Vries
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Harriet Etheredge
- Wits Donald Gordon Medical Centre, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Steve Biko Centre for Bioethics, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Eleni Flack-Davison
- Research Office, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mark Gaffley
- Faculty of Law, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Monique Marks
- Urban Futures Centre, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
| | - Mongezi Mdhluli
- South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Safia Mahomed
- College of Law, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Mapitso Molefe
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Caroline Ncube
- Department of Commercial Law, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Maria Papathanasopoulos
- Assistant Dean: Research and Postgraduate Affairs, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Director: HIV Pathogenesis Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jane Pillay
- National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Tobias Schonwetter
- Director: Intellectual Property Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jerome Amir Singh
- School of Law, Howard College, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Carmen Swanepoel
- Division of Haematological Pathology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Michèle Ramsay
- Director: Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Adams R, Adeleke F, Anderson D, Bawa A, Branson N, Christoffels A, de Vries J, Etheredge H, Flack-Davison E, Gaffley M, Marks M, Mdhluli M, Mahomed S, Molefe M, Muthivhi T, Ncube C, Olckers A, Papathanasopoulos M, Pillay J, Schonwetter T, Singh JA, Swanepoel C, Ramsay M. POPIA Code of Conduct for Research. S AFR J SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.17159/sajs.2021/10933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Adams
- Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Fola Adeleke
- School of Law, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Dominique Anderson
- South African National Bioinformatics Institute, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ahmed Bawa
- Universities South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Nicola Branson
- Southern African Labour Development Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Alan Christoffels
- South African National Bioinformatics Institute, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jantina de Vries
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Harriet Etheredge
- Wits Donald Gordon Medical Centre, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Steve Biko Centre for Bioethics, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Eleni Flack-Davison
- Research Office, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mark Gaffley
- Faculty of Law, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Monique Marks
- Urban Futures Centre, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
| | - Mongezi Mdhluli
- South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Safia Mahomed
- College of Law, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Mapitso Molefe
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Caroline Ncube
- Department of Commercial Law, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Maria Papathanasopoulos
- Assistant Dean: Research and Postgraduate Affairs, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Director: HIV Pathogenesis Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jane Pillay
- National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Tobias Schonwetter
- Director: Intellectual Property Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jerome Amir Singh
- School of Law, Howard College, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Carmen Swanepoel
- Division of Haematological Pathology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Michèle Ramsay
- Director: Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Michael S. Pepper MS, Dandara C, de Vries J, Dhai A, Labuschaigne M, Mnyongani F, Moodley K, Olckers A, Pope A, Ramesar R, Ramsay M, Towers W. An optimistic vision for biosciences in South Africa: Reply to Thaldar et al. (2019). S AFR J SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.17159/sajs.2019/a0312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. Michael S. Pepper
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council Extramural Unit for Stem Cell Research and Therapy, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Collet Dandara
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jantina de Vries
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Amaboo Dhai
- Steve Biko Centre for Bioethics, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Melodie Labuschaigne
- Department of Jurisprudence, School of Law, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Freddy Mnyongani
- School of Law, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Keymanthri Moodley
- Centre for Medical Ethics and Law, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | | | - Anne Pope
- Emeritus Associate Professor, Department of Private Law, Faculty of Law, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Raj Ramesar
- MRC/UCT Research Unit for Genomic and Precision Medicine, Division of Human Genetics, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Michèle Ramsay
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Wayne Towers
- Africa Unit for Transdisciplinary Health Research (AUTHeR), North- West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Staunton C, Adams R, Dove ES, Harriman N, Horn L, Labuschaigne M, Mulder N, Olckers A, Pope A, Ramsay M, Swanepoel C, Ni Loideain N, De Vries J. Ethical and practical issues to consider in the governance of genomic and human research data and data sharing in South Africa: a meeting report. AAS Open Res 2019; 2:15. [PMID: 32259025 PMCID: PMC7118803 DOI: 10.12688/aasopenres.12968.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic research and biobanking has undergone exponential growth in Africa and at the heart of this research is the sharing of biospecimens and associated clinical data amongst researchers in Africa and across the world. While this move towards open science is progressing, there has been a strengthening internationally of data protection regulations that seek to safeguard the rights of data subjects while promoting the movement of data for the benefit of research. In line with this global shift, many jurisdictions in Africa are introducing data protection regulations, but there has been limited consideration of the regulation of data sharing for genomic research and biobanking in Africa. South Africa (SA) is one country that has sought to regulate the international sharing of data and has enacted the Protection of Personal Information Act (POPIA) 2013 that will change the governance and regulation of data in SA, including health research data, once it is in force. To identify and discuss challenges and opportunities in the governance of data sharing for genomic and health research data in SA, a two-day meeting was convened in February 2019 in Cape Town, SA with over 30 participants with expertise in law, ethics, genomics and biobanking science, drawn from academia, industry, and government. This report sets out some of the key challenges identified during the workshop and the opportunities and limitations of the current regulatory framework in SA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel Adams
- Information Law and Policy Centre, Institute of Advanced Legal Studies, University of London, London, UK.,Human Sciences Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Edward S Dove
- School of Law, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Lyn Horn
- Office of Research Integrity, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Nicola Mulder
- Computational Biology Division, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Anne Pope
- Department of Private Law, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Michèle Ramsay
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Carmen Swanepoel
- Division of Haematological Pathology, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Pathology, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.,National Health Laboratory Services, Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nora Ni Loideain
- Information Law and Policy Centre, Institute of Advanced Legal Studies, University of London, London, UK
| | - Jantina De Vries
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Heyns
- Division of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - A. Olckers
- DNAbiotec (Pty)Ltd, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - G. Saayman
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Pepper MS, Dandara C, de Vries J, Dhai A, Labuschaigne M, Mnyongani F, Moodley K, Olckers A, Pope A, Ramesar R, Ramsay M, Soodyall H, Towers W. ASSAf consensus study on the ethical, legal and social implications of genetics and genomics in South Africa. S AFR J SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.17159/sajs.2018/a0302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. Pepper
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council Extramural Unit for Stem Cell Research and Therapy, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Collet Dandara
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jantina de Vries
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Amaboo Dhai
- Steve Biko Centre for Bioethics, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Melodie Labuschaigne
- Department of Jurisprudence, School of Law, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Freddy Mnyongani
- School of Law, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Keymanthri Moodley
- Centre for Medical Ethics and Law, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | | | - Anne Pope
- Emeritus Associate Professor, Department of Private Law, Faculty of Law, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Raj Ramesar
- MRC/UCT Research Unit for Genomic and Precision Medicine, Division of Human Genetics, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Michele Ramsay
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Himla Soodyall
- Division of Human Genetics, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Wayne Towers
- Africa Unit for Transdisciplinary Health Research (AUTHeR), North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Drögemöller B, Plummer M, Korkie L, Agenbag G, Dunaiski A, Niehaus D, Koen L, Gebhardt S, Schneider N, Olckers A, Wright G, Warnich L. Characterization of the genetic variation present in CYP3A4 in three South African populations. Front Genet 2013; 4:17. [PMID: 23423246 PMCID: PMC3574981 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2013.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The CYP3A4 enzyme is the most abundant human cytochrome P450 (CYP) and is regarded as the most important enzyme involved in drug metabolism. Inter-individual and inter-population variability in gene expression and enzyme activity are thought to be influenced, in part, by genetic variation. Although Southern African individuals have been shown to exhibit the highest levels of genetic diversity, they have been under-represented in pharmacogenetic research to date. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify genetic variation within CYP3A4 in three South African population groups comprising of 29 Khoisan, 65 Xhosa and 65 Mixed Ancestry (MA) individuals. To identify known and novel CYP3A4 variants, 15 individuals were randomly selected from each of the population groups for bi-directional Sanger sequencing of ~600 bp of the 5′-upstream region and all thirteen exons including flanking intronic regions. Genetic variants detected were genotyped in the rest of the cohort. In total, 24 SNPs were detected, including CYP3A4*12, CYP3A4*15, and the reportedly functional CYP3A4*1B promoter polymorphism, as well as two novel non-synonymous variants. These putatively functional variants, p.R162W and p.Q200H, were present in two of the three populations and all three populations, respectively, and in silico analysis predicted that the former would damage the protein product. Furthermore, the three populations were shown to exhibit distinct genetic profiles. These results confirm that South African populations show unique patterns of variation in the genes encoding xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes. This research suggests that population-specific genetic profiles for CYP3A4 and other drug metabolizing genes would be essential to make full use of pharmacogenetics in Southern Africa. Further investigation is needed to determine if the identified genetic variants influence CYP3A4 metabolism phenotype in these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britt Drögemöller
- Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University Stellenbosch, South Africa
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Olckers A, Blumenthal R, Greyling A. Forensic science in South Africa: Status of the profession. Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigss.2013.10.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Olckers A. DNA evidence in South Africa: Lessons learned to date. Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigss.2013.10.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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van der Merwe A, Greyling A, Olckers A. Training of legal professionals in DNA evidence. Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigss.2013.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Olckers A, van der Merwe A, Wayne Towers G, Retief CF, Honey E, Schutte CM. Compound heterozygosity in a South African patient with facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy. Neuromuscul Disord 2012; 22:728-34. [PMID: 22652079 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2012.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is characterised by weakness and atrophy of the facial and shoulder girdle muscles. The FSHD phenotype segregates as an autosomal dominant trait and is caused by a deletion of an integral number of 3.3 kilobase pair (kb) repeat units on chromosome 4q35. Haplotype and Southern blot analyses of chromosome 4 resulted in the detection of two BlnI resistant deletion fragments, of 24 kb and 34 kb respectively, in a single individual from a South African FSHD family. The patient had moderate facial weakness and marked winging and high-riding of the scapulae with prominent pectoral and proximal arm muscle atrophy and weakness. Quadriceps and anterior tibial muscles were weak and the patient had bilateral foot drop. Although none of his children were symptomatic yet and only two showed very mild clinical signs, one had inherited the 24 kb deletion fragment, while the other two had the 34 kb deletion fragment. Molecular analysis conclusively identified the first compound heterozygous case in the South African FSHD population. However, in accordance with other studies of compound heterozygotes and clinical findings, no direct correlation between the clinical severity of this patient and the number of deletion fragments was observed.
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Abstract
This study was aimed to compare prevalences of the metabolic syndrome in Africans using five definitions as proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO), the European Group for the Study of Insulin Resistance (EGIR), the National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults [Adult Treatment Panel (ATPIII)], the American College of Endocrinology (ACE), and the International Diabetes Federation (IDF). A further objective was to identify difficulties in classifying Africans with the metabolic syndrome and to suggest specific areas where criteria adjustments for identifying Africans should be made. A case-case-control cross-sectional study involved 102 urban African women. Except for microalbumin data, all data necessary for classification of the metabolic syndrome were collected, including fasting and 2-h glucose and insulin, anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, and lipids. The metabolic syndrome prevalences ranged from 5.4% (EGIR), 15.7% (ATPIII), >or=19.4% (WHO), 24.8% (IDF) to 25.5% (ACE). Only 2.9% (n=3) had a triglyceride level >or=1.69 mmol/l, but 58.8% (n=60) had a HDL-level <1.29 mmol/l, whereas 27% (n=26) were insulin resistant, 22.3% (n=21), had a blood pressure >or=140/90 or used hypertension medication. It seems as if the classification of hypertension, insulin resistance and hyperglycemia might have been adequate, but body composition and dyslipidemia criteria need adjustment for Africans. Since neither definition seems completely suitable for Africans it is suggested that clinical emphasis should rather be on treating any specific cardiovascular disease risk factor that is present, than on diagnosing a patient with the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Schutte
- School for Physiology, Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Potchefstroom, South Africa.
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Rooyen JMV, Pretorius PJ, Britz M, Huisman HW, Schutte AE, Towers GW, Olckers A, Schwarz PEH, Malan NT, Malan L, Schutte R. Genetic polymorphisms of beta2- and beta3-adrenergic receptor genes associated with characteristics of the metabolic syndrome in black South African women. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2008; 116:236-40. [PMID: 18393130 DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-992785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic variation in the beta2 (ADRB2) and beta3 (ADRB3) adrenergic receptor genes are associated with obesity and insulin resistance. To further elucidate the role of these genes in the pathophysiology of obesity the present study investigated associations between certain polymorphisms in ADRB2 and ADRB3 and parameters of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in a population of African origin. MATERIAL AND METHODS Data of 102 black South African women obtained in the POWIRS (Profile of Obese Women with the Insulin Resistance Syndrome) study were used. Endpoint measurements included several anthropometric variables, resting blood pressure, plasma glucose, insulin, free fatty acids (FFA), ghrelin, leptin and lipids, and insulin resistance as estimated by the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR) index. Polymorphisms were analyzed via PCR based methods. RESULTS The percentage body fat was significantly lower (p< or =0.05) and the FFA significantly higher (p< or =0.05) in lean subjects (BMI< or =25 kg/m2) with the Glu27 variant allele compared to subjects with the Gln27 wildtype allele of the ADRB2 gene. In contrast, the variant allele of the ADRB2 gene was significantly positive associated (p< or =0.05) with the HOMA-IR-index in overweight black African women (BMI>25 kg/m2). No significant differences in parameters of the metabolic syndrome were apparent between subjects with the wildtype and variant alleles in the ADRB3 gene. CONCLUSION The presence of the Glu27 and Arg64 polymorphisms of the ADRB2 and ADRB3 genes are not directly related to indices of the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M van Rooyen
- School for Physiology, Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Faculty of Health Science, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Schwarz PEH, Towers GW, van der Merwe A, Perez-Perez L, Rheeder P, Schulze J, Bornstein SR, Licinio J, Wong ML, Schutte AE, Olckers A. Global meta-analysis of the C-11377G alteration in the ADIPOQ gene indicates the presence of population-specific effects: challenge for global health initiatives. Pharmacogenomics J 2008; 9:42-8. [DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2008.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Abstract
Rapid urbanisation has led African women to have an obesity prevalence double than that of Caucasian women, and this also holds true for the stroke prevalence in Africans. The study aimed to compare various metabolic syndrome (MS) criteria of the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) of body mass index and age-matched African (n=102) and Caucasian women (n=115). More Caucasian (30.4%) than African women (24.8%) had MS. Only 48% of African women had waist circumferences (WC) higher than the IDF cutoff, compared to 62.6% of Caucasians. Caucasian women were significantly taller and heavier and had higher triglycerides, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 activity, and cortisol. African women had significantly higher blood pressure, leptin, fibrinogen and C-reactive protein, and higher odds ratios for having the MS for HDL-cholesterol, blood pressure, and fasting glucose than Caucasians. It is concluded that the IDF WC criterion needs a downward adjustment for African women due to a smaller body size. Lean African women seem to be at higher risk for MS than Caucasians. South Africa needs to stem the increasing rates of type 2 diabetes by decreasing obesity and by education (unschooled African women showed a 4.8 times higher likelihood of having MS than schooled women).
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Schutte
- School for Physiology, Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Potchefstroom, South Africa.
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Olckers A, Towers GW, van der Merwe A, Schwarz PEH, Rheeder P, Schutte AE. Protective effect against type 2 diabetes mellitus identified within the ACDC gene in a black South African diabetic cohort. Metabolism 2007; 56:587-92. [PMID: 17445531 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2006.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2005] [Accepted: 10/16/2006] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is currently one of the fastest growing noncommunicable diseases in the world. It is induced by the pathogenic interaction between insulin resistance and secretion. This group of clinically heterogeneous disorders currently affects approximately 4% of the general population, but it is rapidly increasing, especially in developing regions such as sub-Saharan Africa. During this investigation, a diabetic (n = 227) and control cohort (n = 226) of adult black South African individuals were screened for the reported single nucleotide polymorphisms, termed C-11377G and G-11391A, within the promoter of the adiponectin (ACDC) gene. Genotyping was achieved via a real-time polymerase chain reaction method. It was determined that the variant allele at G-11391A as well as the 12 haplotype was significantly associated with a protective factor with regard to T2D susceptibility. The low frequency of this variant within the cohorts investigated indicated a minor role in decreasing disease susceptibility. It may not be a significant disease risk factor in itself, but may assist in elucidating the mechanism of disease susceptibility. When compared to various non-African populations, it becomes apparent that the investigated single nucleotide polymorphisms have differential effects depending on the population investigated. This investigation therefore underscores the genetic heterogeneity at T2D susceptibility loci within the black South African population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonel Olckers
- Centre for Genome Research, North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Persequor Park, Pretoria, South Africa.
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21
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Reinecke F, Levanets O, Olivier Y, Louw R, Semete B, Grobler A, Hidalgo J, Smeitink J, Olckers A, Van Der Westhuizen F. Metallothionein isoform 2A expression is inducible and protects against ROS-mediated cell death in rotenone-treated HeLa cells. Biochem J 2006; 395:405-15. [PMID: 16402917 PMCID: PMC1422768 DOI: 10.1042/bj20051253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The role of MT (metallothionein) gene expression was investigated in rotenone-treated HeLa cells to induce a deficiency of NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I). Complex I deficiency leads to a diversity of cellular consequences, including production of ROS (reactive oxygen species) and apoptosis. HeLa cells were titrated with rotenone, resulting in dose-dependent decrease in complex I activity and elevated ROS production at activities lower than 33%. Expression of MT2A (MT isoform 2A), but not MT1A or MT1B RNA, was significantly inducible by rotenone (up to 7-fold), t-BHP (t-butyl hydroperoxide; 5-fold) and CdCl2 (50-fold), but not ZnCl2. Myxothiazol treatment did not elevate either ROS or MT2A levels, which supports a ROS-related mechanism for rotenone-induced MT2A expression. To evaluate the role of MT2A expression, MT2A and MT1B were overexpressed in HeLa cells and treated with rotenone. Compared with control and MT1B-overexpressing cells, ROS production was significantly lower and cell viability higher in MT2A-overexpressing HeLa cells when ROS production was enhanced by treatment with t-BHP. Mitochondrial membrane potential was noticeably less reduced in both MT-overexpressing cell lines. MT2A overexpression in rotenone-treated cells also significantly reduced or delayed apoptosis induction, as measured by caspase 3/7 activity and cytosolic nucleosome enrichment. We conclude that MT2A offers significant protection against the main death-causing consequences of rotenone-induced complex I deficiency in HeLa cells. Our results are in support of the protective role against oxidative stress ascribed to MTs and provide evidence that MT2A expression may be a beneficial downstream adaptive response in complex I-deficient cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fimmie Reinecke
- *Division of Biochemistry, School for Chemistry and Biochemistry, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa
| | - Oksana Levanets
- *Division of Biochemistry, School for Chemistry and Biochemistry, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa
- †Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev 03143, Ukraine
| | - Yolanda Olivier
- *Division of Biochemistry, School for Chemistry and Biochemistry, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa
| | - Roan Louw
- *Division of Biochemistry, School for Chemistry and Biochemistry, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa
| | - Boitumelo Semete
- ‡Centre for Genome Research, North-West University, Pretoria 0020, South Africa
| | - Anne Grobler
- §School for Pharmacy, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa
| | - Juan Hidalgo
- ∥Institute of Neurosciences, Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Sciences, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Jan Smeitink
- ¶Nijmegen Centre for Mitochondrial Disorders, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen 6500, The Netherlands
| | - Antonel Olckers
- ‡Centre for Genome Research, North-West University, Pretoria 0020, South Africa
| | - Francois H. Van Der Westhuizen
- *Division of Biochemistry, School for Chemistry and Biochemistry, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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22
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Mishmar D, Ruiz-Pesini E, Golik P, Macaulay V, Clark AG, Hosseini S, Brandon M, Easley K, Chen E, Brown MD, Sukernik RI, Olckers A, Wallace DC. Natural selection shaped regional mtDNA variation in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:171-6. [PMID: 12509511 PMCID: PMC140917 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0136972100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 701] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human mtDNA shows striking regional variation, traditionally attributed to genetic drift. However, it is not easy to account for the fact that only two mtDNA lineages (M and N) left Africa to colonize Eurasia and that lineages A, C, D, and G show a 5-fold enrichment from central Asia to Siberia. As an alternative to drift, natural selection might have enriched for certain mtDNA lineages as people migrated north into colder climates. To test this hypothesis we analyzed 104 complete mtDNA sequences from all global regions and lineages. African mtDNA variation did not significantly deviate from the standard neutral model, but European, Asian, and Siberian plus Native American variations did. Analysis of amino acid substitution mutations (nonsynonymous, Ka) versus neutral mutations (synonymous, Ks) (kaks) for all 13 mtDNA protein-coding genes revealed that the ATP6 gene had the highest amino acid sequence variation of any human mtDNA gene, even though ATP6 is one of the more conserved mtDNA proteins. Comparison of the kaks ratios for each mtDNA gene from the tropical, temperate, and arctic zones revealed that ATP6 was highly variable in the mtDNAs from the arctic zone, cytochrome b was particularly variable in the temperate zone, and cytochrome oxidase I was notably more variable in the tropics. Moreover, multiple amino acid changes found in ATP6, cytochrome b, and cytochrome oxidase I appeared to be functionally significant. From these analyses we conclude that selection may have played a role in shaping human regional mtDNA variation and that one of the selective influences was climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Mishmar
- Center for Molecular and Mitochondrial Medicine and Genetics, University of California, Irvine, 92697-3940, USA
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23
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Cruciani F, Santolamazza P, Shen P, Macaulay V, Moral P, Olckers A, Modiano D, Holmes S, Destro-Bisol G, Coia V, Wallace DC, Oefner PJ, Torroni A, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Scozzari R, Underhill PA. A back migration from Asia to sub-Saharan Africa is supported by high-resolution analysis of human Y-chromosome haplotypes. Am J Hum Genet 2002; 70:1197-1214. [PMID: 11910562 DOI: 10.1086/840257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2001] [Accepted: 02/07/2002] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The variation of 77 biallelic sites located in the nonrecombining portion of the Y chromosome was examined in 608 male subjects from 22 African populations. This survey revealed a total of 37 binary haplotypes, which were combined with microsatellite polymorphism data to evaluate internal diversities and to estimate coalescence ages of the binary haplotypes. The majority of binary haplotypes showed a nonuniform distribution across the continent. Analysis of molecular variance detected a high level of interpopulation diversity (PhiST=0.342), which appears to be partially related to the geography (PhiCT=0.230). In sub-Saharan Africa, the recent spread of a set of haplotypes partially erased pre-existing diversity, but a high level of population (PhiST=0.332) and geographic (PhiCT=0.179) structuring persists. Correspondence analysis shows that three main clusters of populations can be identified: northern, eastern, and sub-Saharan Africans. Among the latter, the Khoisan, the Pygmies, and the northern Cameroonians are clearly distinct from a tight cluster formed by the Niger-Congo-speaking populations from western, central western, and southern Africa. Phylogeographic analyses suggest that a large component of the present Khoisan gene pool is eastern African in origin and that Asia was the source of a back migration to sub-Saharan Africa. Haplogroup IX Y chromosomes appear to have been involved in such a migration, the traces of which can now be observed mostly in northern Cameroon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulvio Cruciani
- Dipartimenti di Genetica e Biologia Molecolare, Università La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.
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24
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Cruciani F, Santolamazza P, Shen P, Macaulay V, Moral P, Olckers A, Modiano D, Holmes S, Destro-Bisol G, Coia V, Wallace DC, Oefner PJ, Torroni A, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Scozzari R, Underhill PA. A back migration from Asia to sub-Saharan Africa is supported by high-resolution analysis of human Y-chromosome haplotypes. Am J Hum Genet 2002; 70:1197-214. [PMID: 11910562 PMCID: PMC447595 DOI: 10.1086/340257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2001] [Accepted: 02/07/2002] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The variation of 77 biallelic sites located in the nonrecombining portion of the Y chromosome was examined in 608 male subjects from 22 African populations. This survey revealed a total of 37 binary haplotypes, which were combined with microsatellite polymorphism data to evaluate internal diversities and to estimate coalescence ages of the binary haplotypes. The majority of binary haplotypes showed a nonuniform distribution across the continent. Analysis of molecular variance detected a high level of interpopulation diversity (PhiST=0.342), which appears to be partially related to the geography (PhiCT=0.230). In sub-Saharan Africa, the recent spread of a set of haplotypes partially erased pre-existing diversity, but a high level of population (PhiST=0.332) and geographic (PhiCT=0.179) structuring persists. Correspondence analysis shows that three main clusters of populations can be identified: northern, eastern, and sub-Saharan Africans. Among the latter, the Khoisan, the Pygmies, and the northern Cameroonians are clearly distinct from a tight cluster formed by the Niger-Congo-speaking populations from western, central western, and southern Africa. Phylogeographic analyses suggest that a large component of the present Khoisan gene pool is eastern African in origin and that Asia was the source of a back migration to sub-Saharan Africa. Haplogroup IX Y chromosomes appear to have been involved in such a migration, the traces of which can now be observed mostly in northern Cameroon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulvio Cruciani
- Dipartimenti di Genetica e Biologia Molecolare, Università La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.
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25
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Goosen C, Theron J, Ntsala M, Maree FF, Olckers A, Botha SJ, Lastovica AJ, van der Merwe SW. Evaluation of a novel heminested PCR assay based on the phosphoglucosamine mutase gene for detection of Helicobacter pylori in saliva and dental plaque. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40:205-9. [PMID: 11773117 PMCID: PMC120087 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.40.1.205-209.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel heminested PCR protocol was developed for the specific detection of Helicobacter pylori at low copy numbers. A set of primers specific for the phosphoglucosamine mutase gene (glmM) of H. pylori produced a 765-bp fragment that was used as template for the heminested primer pair delineating a 496-bp fragment. By using agarose gel electrophoresis for detection of the heminested PCR-amplified products, amplification of H. pylori genomic DNA was achieved at concentrations as low as 0.1 pg, equivalent to 5 x 10(2) bacteria. A study was subsequently undertaken to evaluate the heminested PCR for detection of H. pylori in dental plaque and saliva. Specimens collected from 58 individuals were cultured, and PCR was subsequently performed on the oral cultures. Identification of H. pylori in the same series of saliva and dental plaque specimens was carried out with PCR using a primer pair specific for the H. pylori urease B gene and by the heminested PCR assay. The identity of the amplified products was confirmed by DNA sequencing. Our results demonstrate that the heminested PCR assay was specific for detection of H. pylori, yielding no false-positive results, and that H. pylori had a low prevalence (approximately 3%) in specimens obtained from the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Goosen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
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26
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Chen YS, Olckers A, Schurr TG, Kogelnik AM, Huoponen K, Wallace DC. mtDNA variation in the South African Kung and Khwe-and their genetic relationships to other African populations. Am J Hum Genet 2000; 66:1362-83. [PMID: 10739760 PMCID: PMC1288201 DOI: 10.1086/302848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/1999] [Accepted: 10/17/1999] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The mtDNA variation of 74 Khoisan-speaking individuals (Kung and Khwe) from Schmidtsdrift, in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa, was examined by high-resolution RFLP analysis and control region (CR) sequencing. The resulting data were combined with published RFLP haplotype and CR sequence data from sub-Saharan African populations and then were subjected to phylogenetic analysis to deduce the evolutionary relationships among them. More than 77% of the Kung and Khwe mtDNA samples were found to belong to the major mtDNA lineage, macrohaplogroup L* (defined by a HpaI site at nucleotide position 3592), which is prevalent in sub-Saharan African populations. Additional sets of RFLPs subdivided macrohaplogroup L* into two extended haplogroups-L1 and L2-both of which appeared in the Kung and Khwe. Besides revealing the significant substructure of macrohaplogroup L* in African populations, these data showed that the Biaka Pygmies have one of the most ancient RFLP sublineages observed in African mtDNA and, thus, that they could represent one of the oldest human populations. In addition, the Kung exhibited a set of related haplotypes that were positioned closest to the root of the human mtDNA phylogeny, suggesting that they, too, represent one of the most ancient African populations. Comparison of Kung and Khwe CR sequences with those from other African populations confirmed the genetic association of the Kung with other Khoisan-speaking peoples, whereas the Khwe were more closely linked to non-Khoisan-speaking (Bantu) populations. Finally, the overall sequence divergence of 214 African RFLP haplotypes defined in both this and an earlier study was 0.364%, giving an estimated age, for all African mtDNAs, of 125,500-165,500 years before the present, a date that is concordant with all previous estimates derived from mtDNA and other genetic data, for the time of origin of modern humans in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Sheng Chen
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Department of Anthropology, Emory University, and Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Computing, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta; and Department of Human Genetics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria
| | - Antonel Olckers
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Department of Anthropology, Emory University, and Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Computing, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta; and Department of Human Genetics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria
| | - Theodore G. Schurr
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Department of Anthropology, Emory University, and Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Computing, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta; and Department of Human Genetics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria
| | - Andreas M. Kogelnik
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Department of Anthropology, Emory University, and Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Computing, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta; and Department of Human Genetics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria
| | - Kirsi Huoponen
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Department of Anthropology, Emory University, and Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Computing, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta; and Department of Human Genetics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria
| | - Douglas C. Wallace
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Department of Anthropology, Emory University, and Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Computing, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta; and Department of Human Genetics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria
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27
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Scozzari R, Cruciani F, Santolamazza P, Malaspina P, Torroni A, Sellitto D, Arredi B, Destro-Bisol G, De Stefano G, Rickards O, Martinez-Labarga C, Modiano D, Biondi G, Moral P, Olckers A, Wallace DC, Novelletto A. Combined use of biallelic and microsatellite Y-chromosome polymorphisms to infer affinities among African populations. Am J Hum Genet 1999; 65:829-46. [PMID: 10441590 PMCID: PMC1377990 DOI: 10.1086/302538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
To define Y-chromosome haplotypes, we studied seven biallelic polymorphic sites. We combined data with those from four dinucleotide-repeat polymorphisms, to establish Y-chromosome compound superhaplotypes. Eight biallelic haplotypes that matched the dendrogram proposed by other investigators were identified in 762 Y chromosomes from 25 African populations. For each biallelic site, coalescence time of lineages carrying the derived allele was estimated and compared with previous estimates. The "ancestral" haplotype (haplotype 1A) was observed among Ethiopians, "Khoisan" (!Kung and Khwe), and populations from northern Cameroon. Microsatellite distributions within this haplotype showed that the Khoisan haplotypes 1A are widely divergent from those of the other two groups. Populations from northern Africa and northern Cameroon share a haplotype (i.e., 1C), which is not observed in other African populations but represents a major Eurasian cluster. Haplotypes 1C of northern Cameroon are clearly distinct from those of Europe, whereas haplotypes 1C of northern African are well intermingled with those of the other two groups. Apportionment of diversity for the Y-chromosomal biallelic haplotypes was calculated after populations were clustered into different configurations. Despite some correspondence between language affiliation and genetic similarity, geographic proximity seems to be a better predictor of genetic affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Scozzari
- Dipartimento di Genetica e Biologia Molecolare, Università "La Sapienza", 00185, Rome, Italy.
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28
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Scozzari R, Cruciani F, Malaspina P, Santolamazza P, Ciminelli BM, Torroni A, Modiano D, Wallace DC, Kidd KK, Olckers A, Moral P, Terrenato L, Akar N, Qamar R, Mansoor A, Mehdi SQ, Meloni G, Vona G, Cole DE, Cai W, Novelletto A. Differential structuring of human populations for homologous X and Y microsatellite loci. Am J Hum Genet 1997; 61:719-33. [PMID: 9326337 PMCID: PMC1715969 DOI: 10.1086/515500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The global pattern of variation at the homologous microsatellite loci DYS413 (Yq11) and DXS8174 and DXS8175 (Xp22) was analyzed by examination of 30 world populations from four continents, accounting for more than 1,100 chromosomes per locus. The data showed discordant patterns of among- and within-population gene diversity for the Y-linked and the X-linked microsatellites. For the Y-linked polymorphism, all groups of populations displayed high FST values (the correlation between random haplotypes within subpopulations, relative to haplotypes of the total population) and showed a general trend for the haplotypes to cluster in a population-specific way. This was especially true for sub-Saharan African populations. The data also indicated that a large fraction of the variation among populations was due to the accumulation of new variants associated with the radiation process. Europeans exhibited the highest level of within-population haplotype diversity, whereas sub-Saharan Africans showed the lowest. In contrast, data for the two X-linked polymorphisms were concordant in showing lower FST values, as compared with those for DYS413, but higher within-population variances, for African versus non-African populations. Whereas the results for the X-linked loci agreed with a model of greater antiquity for the African populations, those for DYS413 showed a confounding pattern that is apparently at odds with such a model. Possible factors involved in this differential structuring for homologous X and Y microsatellite polymorphisms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Scozzari
- Dipartimento di Genetica e Biologia Molecolare, Università La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.
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29
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Vita GM, Olckers A, Jedlicka AE, George AL, Heiman-Patterson T, Rosenberg H, Fletcher JE, Levitt RC. Masseter muscle rigidity associated with glycine1306-to-alanine mutation in the adult muscle sodium channel alpha-subunit gene. Anesthesiology 1995; 82:1097-103. [PMID: 7741283 DOI: 10.1097/00000542-199505000-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Succinylcholine-induced masseter muscle rigidity (MMR) is a potentially life-threatening complication of anesthesia and is closely correlated with the heterogeneous disorder malignant hyperthermia (MH) susceptibility. MMR also is identified with a variety of neuromuscular disorders, including the myotonias, that are associated with abnormal in vitro contracture test (IVCT) results. Recently, mutations in the adult skeletal muscle sodium channel alpha-subunit gene (SCN4A) have been shown to cause generalized nondystrophic myotonias, some of which are associated with mild nonspecific symptoms. The purpose of the current investigation was to begin to evaluate the molecular genetic relationship between known mutations in the SCN4A gene, MMR, and the results of the IVCT used to diagnose MH-susceptibility. METHODS A single extended pedigree of 16 individuals was ascertained through a proband who experienced MMR and whole-body rigidity after succinylcholine administration. Subsequently, four individuals were shown to have a mild form of myotonia on clinical and laboratory examination. IVCT was carried out according to standardized protocols. Mutations in the SCN4A gene were sought in exons 22 and 24 using single-strand conformational analyses. Variability in the SCN4A gene sequence was confirmed by direct DNA sequence analyses. RESULTS Four individuals with myotonia were shown to carry a guanine-to-cytosine mutation at nucleotide position 3917 of the reported SCN4A sequence. This DNA mutation was coinherited with MMR and an abnormal IVCT result in this family. Previous studies have demonstrated that the glycine1306-to-alanine substitution is associated with a mild clinical syndrome referred to as myotonia fluctuans. CONCLUSIONS The current report provides direct evidence that succinylcholine-induced MMR, whole-body rigidity, and an abnormal IVCT result are associated with a mutation in the SCN4A gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Vita
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- A Olckers
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pretoria, South Africa
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31
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Levitt RC, Olckers A, Meyers S, Fletcher JE, Rosenberg H, Isaacs H, Meyers DA. Evidence for the localization of a malignant hyperthermia susceptibility locus (MHS2) to human chromosome 17q. Genomics 1992; 14:562-6. [PMID: 1427885 DOI: 10.1016/s0888-7543(05)80152-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Malignant hyperthermia susceptibility is a lethal autosomal dominant disorder of skeletal muscle metabolism that is triggered by all potent inhalation anesthetic gases. Recent linkage studies suggest a genetic locus for this disorder on 19q13.1. We have previously reported three unrelated families diagnosed with MHS that are unlinked to markers surrounding this locus on 19q13.1. In this report we extend these observations and present linkage studies on 16 MHS families. Four families (25%) were found linked to the region 19q12-q13.2 (Zmax = 2.96 with the ryanodine receptor at theta = 0.0). Five families (31%) were found closely linked to the anonymous marker NME1 (previously designated NM23) on chromosome 17q11.2-q24 (Zmax = 3.26 at theta = 0.0). Two families (13%) were clearly unlinked to either of these chromosomal regions. In five additional families, data were insufficient to determine their linkage status (they were potentially linked to two or more sites). The results of our heterogeneity analyses are consistent with the hypothesis that MHS can be caused in humans by any one of at least three distinct genetic loci. Furthermore, we provide preliminary linkage data suggesting the localization of a gene in human MHS to 17q11.2-q24 (MHS2), with a gene frequency of this putative locus approximately equal to that of the MHS1 locus on 19q.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Levitt
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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32
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Olckers A, Meyers DA, Meyers S, Taylor EW, Fletcher JE, Rosenberg H, Isaacs H, Levitt RC. Adult muscle sodium channel alpha-subunit is a gene candidate for malignant hyperthermia susceptibility. Genomics 1992; 14:829-31. [PMID: 1330893 DOI: 10.1016/s0888-7543(05)80206-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Olckers
- Department of Anesthesiology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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