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Vuong QV, Chalmers AC, Jyoti Bhuyan D, Bowyer MC, Scarlett CJ. Botanical, Phytochemical, and Anticancer Properties of the Eucalyptus Species. Chem Biodivers 2016; 12:907-24. [PMID: 26080737 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201400327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The genus Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae) is mainly native to Australia; however, some species are now distributed globally. Eucalyptus has been used in indigenous Australian medicines for the treatment of a range of aliments including colds, flu, fever, muscular aches, sores, internal pains, and inflammation. Eucalyptus oils containing volatile compounds have been widely used in the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries for a multitude of purposes. In addition, Eucalyptus extracts containing nonvolatile compounds are also an important source of key bioactive compounds, and several studies have linked Eucalyptus extracts with anticancer properties. With the increasing research interest in Eucalyptus and its health properties, this review briefly outlines the botanical features of Eucalyptus, discusses its traditional use as medicine, and comprehensively reviews its phytochemical and anticancer properties and, finally, proposes trends for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan V Vuong
- Pancreatic Cancer Research, Nutrition Food & Health Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Brush Rd, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia, (phone: +61-2-43484680; fax: +61-2-43484145).,School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, 10 Chittaway Road, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia
| | - Anita C Chalmers
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, 10 Chittaway Road, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia
| | - Deep Jyoti Bhuyan
- Pancreatic Cancer Research, Nutrition Food & Health Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Brush Rd, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia, (phone: +61-2-43484680; fax: +61-2-43484145).,School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, 10 Chittaway Road, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia
| | - Michael C Bowyer
- Pancreatic Cancer Research, Nutrition Food & Health Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Brush Rd, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia, (phone: +61-2-43484680; fax: +61-2-43484145).,School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, 10 Chittaway Road, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia
| | - Christopher J Scarlett
- Pancreatic Cancer Research, Nutrition Food & Health Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Brush Rd, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia, (phone: +61-2-43484680; fax: +61-2-43484145). .,School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, 10 Chittaway Road, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia.
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Beekmann K, de Haan LHJ, Actis-Goretta L, van Bladeren PJ, Rietjens IMCM. Effect of Glucuronidation on the Potential of Kaempferol to Inhibit Serine/Threonine Protein Kinases. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:1256-1263. [PMID: 26808477 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b05456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
To study the effect of metabolic conjugation of flavonoids on the potential to inhibit protein kinase activity, the inhibitory effects of the dietary flavonol kaempferol and its major plasma conjugate kaempferol-3-O-glucuronide on protein kinases were studied. To this end, the inhibition of the phosphorylation activity of recombinant protein kinase A (PKA) and of cell lysate from the hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG2 on 141 putative serine/threonine phosphorylation sites derived from human proteins was assessed. Glucuronidation reduced the inhibitory potency of kaempferol on the phosphorylation activity of PKA and HepG2 lysate on average about 16 and 3.5 times, respectively, but did not appear to affect the target selectivity for kinases present in the lysate. The data demonstrate that, upon glucuronidation, kaempferol retains part of its intrinsic kinase inhibition potential, which implies that K3G does not necessarily need to be deconjugated to the aglycone for a potential inhibitory effect on protein kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Beekmann
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University , Postbus 8000, 6700EA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Laura H J de Haan
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University , Postbus 8000, 6700EA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lucas Actis-Goretta
- Nestlé Research Center, Nestec Ltd., Vers-chez-les-Blanc, Case Postale 44, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - Peter J van Bladeren
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University , Postbus 8000, 6700EA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Nestlé Research Center, Nestec Ltd., Vers-chez-les-Blanc, Case Postale 44, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University , Postbus 8000, 6700EA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Real Hernandez LM, Fan J, Johnson MH, Gonzalez de Mejia E. Berry Phenolic Compounds Increase Expression of Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor-1α (HNF-1α) in Caco-2 and Normal Colon Cells Due to High Affinities with Transcription and Dimerization Domains of HNF-1α. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138768. [PMID: 26413797 PMCID: PMC4587667 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte nuclear factor-1α (HNF-1α) is found in the kidneys, spleen, thymus, testis, skin, and throughout the digestive organs. It has been found to promote the transcription of various proteins involved in the management of type II diabetes, including dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV). Phenolic compounds from berries and citrus fruits are known to inhibit DPP-IV, but have not been tested for their interactions with wild-type HNF-1α. By studying the interactions of compounds from berries and citrus fruits have with HNF-1α, pre-transcriptional mechanisms that inhibit the expression of proteins such as DPP-IV may be elucidated. In this study, the interactions of berry phenolic compounds and citrus flavonoids with the dimerization and transcriptional domains of HNF-1α were characterized using the molecular docking program AutoDock Vina. The anthocyanin delphinidin-3-O-arabinoside had the highest binding affinity for the dimerization domain as a homodimer (-7.2 kcal/mol) and transcription domain (-8.3 kcal/mol) of HNF-1α. Anthocyanins and anthocyanidins had relatively higher affinities than resveratrol and citrus flavonoids for both, the transcription domain and the dimerization domain as a homodimer. The flavonoid flavone had the highest affinity for a single unit of the dimerization domain (-6.5 kcal/mol). Nuclear expression of HNF-1α was measured in Caco-2 and human normal colon cells treated with blueberry and blackberry anthocyanin extracts. All extracts tested increased significantly (P < 0.05) the nuclear expression of HNF-1α in Caco-2 cells by 85.2 to 260% compared to a control. The extracts tested increased significantly (P < 0.02) the nuclear expression of HNF-1α in normal colon cells by 48.6 to 243%. It was confirmed that delphinidin-3-O-glucoside increased by 3-fold nuclear HNF-1α expression in Caco-2 cells (P < 0.05). Anthocyanins significantly increased nuclear HNF-1α expression, suggesting that these compounds might regulate the genes HNF-1α promotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis M. Real Hernandez
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, United States of America
| | - Junfeng Fan
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Michelle H. Johnson
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, United States of America
| | - Elvira Gonzalez de Mejia
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, United States of America
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Balakrishnan N, Raj JS, Kandakatla N. Discovery of Novel GSK-3β Inhibitors Using Pharmacophore and Virtual Screening Studies. Interdiscip Sci 2015; 8:303-11. [PMID: 26298578 DOI: 10.1007/s12539-015-0100-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) is a kinase family enzyme and an emerged target for the treatment of various diseases. A total of 23 structurally diverse flavonoid inhibitors were used to generate pharmacophore models using HypoGen algorithm. The hypotheses Hypo1 was considered as a best model which consists of three features: one hydrophobic and two aromatic ring features. The Hypo1 pharmacophore model was employed as a query to screen NCI and natural compound databases to discover novel potential lead compounds. In addition, molecular docking studies were carried out with 596 compounds from screening studies. NSC230353, NSC66454, NSC159593, and NSC156759 from NCI database and STOCK1N-81808, ZINC02159818, ZINC04042470, and ZINC72326235 from natural compound database were identified as potential GSK-3β inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namachivayam Balakrishnan
- Department of Chemistry, St. Joseph's College, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Joseph Santhana Raj
- Department of Chemistry, St. Joseph's College, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - Naresh Kandakatla
- Department of Chemistry, Sathayabama University, Jeppiaar Nagar, Chennai, India
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Ying X, Jing L, Ma S, Li Q, Luo X, Pan Z, Feng Y, Feng P. GSK3β mediates pancreatic cancer cell invasion in vitro via the CXCR4/MMP-2 Pathway. Cancer Cell Int 2015. [PMID: 26213494 PMCID: PMC4513390 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-015-0216-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) expression and activity are upregulated in pancreatic cancer tissues. In our previous study, we found that stromal cell-derived factor-1/ chemokine receptor C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4 (SDF-1α/CXCR4) upregulated matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) and promoted invasion in PANC1 and SW-1990 pancreatic cancer cells by activating p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK). Additionally, inhibition of GSK3β reduced MMP-2 secretion. METHODS To investigate the molecular mechanism of GSK3β in pancreatic cancer tissues, we created stable PANC1 cells up-regulation of GSK3β by transfecting GSK3β overexpression plasmid, and down-regulation of GSK3β using two different types of RNA interference. RESULTS Western blotting showed that overexpression of GSK3β up-regulated CXCR4 and MMP-2 expression; suppression of GSK3β down-regulated CXCR4 and MMP-2 protein expression. Up-regulation of MMP2 induced by overexpression of GSK3β was blocked by inhibition of CXCR4. Overexpression of GSK3β promoted PANC1 cell invasion, and down-regulation of GSK3β suppressed PANC1 cell invasion in the transwell invasion assays. However, inhibition of CXCR4 using shRNA attenuated the ability of GSK3β to promote PANC1 cell invasion. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that GSK3β promotes PANC1 cell invasion via the CXCR4/MMP-2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Ying
- Department of Gastroenterology, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 6 Beijing Road West, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300 People's Republic of China
| | - Li Jing
- Department of Hepatology, Huai'an Fourth People's Hospital, No.128, Yan an East Road, Qing pu District, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300 People's Republic of China
| | - Shijie Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 6 Beijing Road West, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300 People's Republic of China
| | - Qianjun Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 6 Beijing Road West, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoling Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 6 Beijing Road West, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenguo Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 6 Beijing Road West, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300 People's Republic of China
| | - Yanling Feng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 6 Beijing Road West, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300 People's Republic of China
| | - Pan Feng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 6 Beijing Road West, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300 People's Republic of China
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GRID and docking analyses reveal a molecular basis for flavonoid inhibition of Src family kinase activity. J Nutr Biochem 2015; 26:1156-65. [PMID: 26140983 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids reduce cardiovascular disease risk through anti-inflammatory, anti-coagulant and anti-platelet actions. One key flavonoid inhibitory mechanism is blocking kinase activity that drives these processes. Flavonoids attenuate activities of kinases including phosphoinositide-3-kinase, Fyn, Lyn, Src, Syk, PKC, PIM1/2, ERK, JNK and PKA. X-ray crystallographic analyses of kinase-flavonoid complexes show that flavonoid ring systems and their hydroxyl substitutions are important structural features for their binding to kinases. A clearer understanding of structural interactions of flavonoids with kinases is necessary to allow construction of more potent and selective counterparts. We examined flavonoid (quercetin, apigenin and catechin) interactions with Src family kinases (Lyn, Fyn and Hck) applying the Sybyl docking algorithm and GRID. A homology model (Lyn) was used in our analyses to demonstrate that high-quality predicted kinase structures are suitable for flavonoid computational studies. Our docking results revealed potential hydrogen bond contacts between flavonoid hydroxyls and kinase catalytic site residues. Identification of plausible contacts indicated that quercetin formed the most energetically stable interactions, apigenin lacked hydroxyl groups necessary for important contacts and the non-planar structure of catechin could not support predicted hydrogen bonding patterns. GRID analysis using a hydroxyl functional group supported docking results. Based on these findings, we predicted that quercetin would inhibit activities of Src family kinases with greater potency than apigenin and catechin. We validated this prediction using in vitro kinase assays. We conclude that our study can be used as a basis to construct virtual flavonoid interaction libraries to guide drug discovery using these compounds as molecular templates.
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Flavonoids and Wnt/β-catenin signaling: potential role in colorectal cancer therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:12094-106. [PMID: 25007066 PMCID: PMC4139831 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150712094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now well documented that natural products have played an important role in anticancer therapy. Many studies focus on the ability of these natural compounds to modulate tumor-related signaling pathways and the relationship of these properties to an anticancer effect. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer and the fourth leading cause of cancer death among men and women. Therefore, finding strategies to fight against CRC is an emergent health problem. CRC has a strong association with deregulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. As some types of natural compounds are capable of modulating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling, one important question is whether they could counteract CRC. In this review, we discuss the role of flavonoids, a class of natural compounds, on Wnt/β-catenin regulation and its possible potential for therapeutic usage on colorectal cancer.
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58
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Russo GL, Russo M, Spagnuolo C, Tedesco I, Bilotto S, Iannitti R, Palumbo R. Quercetin: a pleiotropic kinase inhibitor against cancer. Cancer Treat Res 2014; 159:185-205. [PMID: 24114481 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-38007-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Increased consumption of fruits and vegetables can represent an easy strategy to significantly reduce the incidence of cancer. From this observation, derived mostly from epidemiological data, the new field of chemoprevention has emerged in the primary and secondary prevention of cancer. Chemoprevention is defined as the use of natural or synthetic compounds able to stop, reverse, or delay the process of tumorigenesis in its early stages. A large number of phytochemicals are potentially capable of simultaneously inhibiting and modulating several key factors regulating cell proliferation in cancer cells. Quercetin is a flavonoid possessing potential chemopreventive properties. It is a functionally pleiotropic molecule, possessing multiple intracellular targets, affecting different cell signaling processes usually altered in cancer cells, with limited toxicity on normal cells. Simultaneously targeting multiple pathways may help to kill malignant cells and slow down the onset of drug resistance. Among the different substrates triggered by quercetin, we have reviewed the ability of the molecule to inhibit protein kinases involved in deregulated cell growth in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Luigi Russo
- Istituto Scienze dell'Alimentazione, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 83100, Avellino, Italy,
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Vuong QV, Hirun S, Phillips PA, Chuen TLK, Bowyer MC, Goldsmith CD, Scarlett CJ. Fruit-derived phenolic compounds and pancreatic cancer: perspectives from Australian native fruits. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 152:227-242. [PMID: 24463158 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Pancreatic cancer is a devastating cancer that presents late, is rapidly progressive and has current therapeutics with only limited efficacy. Bioactive compounds are ubiquitously present in fruits and numerous studies in vitro are addressing the activity of these compounds against pancreatic cancer, thus studies of specific bioactive compounds could lead to new anti-pancreatic cancer strategies. Australian native fruits have been used as foods and medicines by Australian Aboriginals for thousands of years, and preliminary studies have found these fruits to contain rich and diversified bioactive components with high antioxidant activity. Thus, Australian native fruits may possess key components for preventing or delaying the onset of tumorigenesis, or for the treatment of existing cancers, including pancreatic cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS Numerous databases including PubMed, SciFinder, Web of Knowledge, Scopus, and Sciencedirect were analysed for correlations between bioactive components from fruits and pancreatic cancer, as well as studies concerning Australian native fruits. RESULTS In this review, we comprehensively highlight the proposed mechanisms of action of fruit bioactives as anti-cancer agents, update the potential anti-pancreatic cancer activity of various major classes of bioactive compounds derived from fruits, and discuss the existence of bioactive compounds identified from a selection Australian native fruits for future studies. CONCLUSION Bioactive compounds derived from fruits possess the potential for the discovery of new anti-pancreatic cancer strategies. Further, Australian native fruits are rich in polyphenols including some flora that contain unique phenolic compounds, thereby warranting further investigations into their anti-cancer properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q V Vuong
- Pancreatic Cancer Research, Nutrition Food & Health Research Group, Australia; School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - S Hirun
- Pancreatic Cancer Research, Nutrition Food & Health Research Group, Australia; School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - P A Phillips
- Pancreatic Cancer Translational Research Group, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Prince of Wales Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - T L K Chuen
- Pancreatic Cancer Research, Nutrition Food & Health Research Group, Australia; School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - M C Bowyer
- Pancreatic Cancer Research, Nutrition Food & Health Research Group, Australia; School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - C D Goldsmith
- Pancreatic Cancer Research, Nutrition Food & Health Research Group, Australia; School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - C J Scarlett
- Pancreatic Cancer Research, Nutrition Food & Health Research Group, Australia; School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.
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Russo GL, Russo M, Spagnuolo C. The pleiotropic flavonoid quercetin: from its metabolism to the inhibition of protein kinases in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Food Funct 2014; 5:2393-2401. [DOI: 10.1039/c4fo00413b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
Quercetin inhibits the key protein kinases active in chronic lymphocytic leukemia, ameliorating anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Luigi Russo
- Istituto Scienze dell'Alimentazione
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
- CNR
- Avellino, Italy
| | - Maria Russo
- Istituto Scienze dell'Alimentazione
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
- CNR
- Avellino, Italy
| | - Carmela Spagnuolo
- Istituto Scienze dell'Alimentazione
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
- CNR
- Avellino, Italy
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Johnson JL, Gonzalez de Mejia E. Interactions between dietary flavonoids apigenin or luteolin and chemotherapeutic drugs to potentiate anti-proliferative effect on human pancreatic cancer cells, in vitro. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 60:83-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Jiang B, Chi C, Fu YW, Zhang QZ, Wang GX. In vivo anthelmintic effect of flavonol rhamnosides from Dryopteris crassirhizoma against Dactylogyrus intermedius in goldfish (Carassius auratus). Parasitol Res 2013; 112:4097-104. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3600-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Johnson JL, de Mejia EG. Flavonoid apigenin modified gene expression associated with inflammation and cancer and induced apoptosis in human pancreatic cancer cells through inhibition of GSK-3β/NF-κB signaling cascade. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 57:2112-27. [PMID: 23943362 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2013] [Revised: 06/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE The objective was to examine the inhibitory effects of citrus fruit bioactive compounds on BxPC-3 and PANC-1 human pancreatic cancer cells, focusing on the antiproliferative mechanism of action of the flavonoid apigenin related to the glycogen synthase kinase-3β/nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway. METHODS AND RESULTS Flavonoids, limonoids, phenolic acids, and ascorbic acid were tested for cytotoxic effects on BxPC-3 and PANC-1 cells; apigenin was the most potent (IC50 = 23 and 12 μM for 24 and 48 h for BxPC-3 and IC50 = 71 and 41 μM for 24 and 48 h for PANC-1). Apigenin induced pancreatic cell death through inhibition of the glycogen synthase kinase-3β/nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway. Apigenin arrested cell cycle at G2 /M phase (36 and 32% at 50 μM for BxPC-3 and PANC-1, respectively) with concomitant decrease in the expression of cyclin B1. Apigenin activated the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis (44 and 14% at 50 μM for BxPC-3 and PANC-1, respectively) and modified the expression of apoptotic proteins. Apigenin highly upregulated the expression of cytokine genes IL17F (114.2-fold), LTA (33.1-fold), IL17C (23.2-fold), IL17A (11.3-fold), and IFNB1 (8.9-fold) in BxPC-3 cells, which potentially contributed to the anticancer properties. CONCLUSION Flavonoids have a protective role in pancreatic cancer tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodee L Johnson
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
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64
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Ansari MA, Roberts KN, Scheff SW. Dose- and time-dependent neuroprotective effects of Pycnogenol following traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2013; 30:1542-9. [PMID: 23557184 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2013.2910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
After traumatic brain injury (TBI), both primary and secondary injury cascades are initiated, leading to neuronal death and cognitive dysfunction. We have previously shown that the combinational bioflavonoid, Pycnogenol (PYC), alters some secondary injury cascades and protects synaptic proteins when administered immediately following trauma. The purpose of the present study was to explore further the beneficial effects of PYC and to test whether it can be used in a more clinically relevant fashion. Young adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to a unilateral moderate/severe cortical contusion. Subjects received a single intravenous (i.v.) injection of PYC (1, 5, or 10 mg/kg) or vehicle, with treatment initiated at 15 min, 2 h, or 4 h post injury. All rats were killed at 96 h post TBI. Both the cortex and hippocampus ipsilateral and contralateral to the injury were evaluated for possible changes in oxidative stress (thiobarbituric acid reactive species; TBARS) and both pre- and post-synaptic proteins (synapsin-I, synaptophysin, drebrin, post synaptic density protein-95, and synapse associated protein-97). Following TBI, TBARS were significantly increased in both the injured cortex and ipsilateral hippocampus. Regardless of the dose and delay in treatment, PYC treatment significantly lowered TBARS. PYC treatment significantly protected both the cortex and hippocampus from injury-related declines in pre- and post-synaptic proteins. These results demonstrate that a single i.v. treatment of PYC is neuroprotective after TBI with a therapeutic window of at least 4 h post trauma. The natural bioflavonoid PYC may provide a possible therapeutic intervention in neurotrauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mubeen A Ansari
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0230, USA
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Candrawinata VI, Golding JB, Roach PD, Stathopoulos CE. From Apple to Juice—The Fate of Polyphenolic Compounds. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2013.790049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Pathak L, Agrawal Y, Dhir A. Natural polyphenols in the management of major depression. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2013; 22:863-80. [PMID: 23642183 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2013.794783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Natural polyphenols, the non-essential micronutrients, found in array of plant products, are known to affect various physiological and biochemical functions in the body. Studies have shown the protective effect of these polyphenols in different neurological and mental disorders. These polyphenols modulate monoaminergic neurotransmission in the brain and thus possess antidepressant-like activity at least in animal models of depression. AREAS COVERED The present review discusses the use of these natural polyphenols in the treatment of major depression. The review article discusses the antidepressant potential of some important polyphenols such as amentoflavone, apigenin, chlorogenic acid, curcumin, ferulic acid, hesperidin, rutin, quercetin, naringenin, resveratrol, ellagic acid, nobiletin and proanthocyanidins. The mechanism of action of these polyphenols in the treatment of major depression is also discussed in detail. EXPERT OPINION There is an exciting prospect in the discovery of natural polyphenols as therapeutic agents in the treatment of major depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokesh Pathak
- Gujarat Forensic Sciences University, Institute of Research & Development, DFS Headquarters, Sector 18-A, Gandhinagar, Gujarat-382007, India
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES The flavonoid quercetin holds promise as an antitumor agent in several preclinical animal models. However, the efficacy of oral administration of quercetin in a pancreatic cancer mouse model is unknown. METHODS The antiproliferative effects of quercetin alone or in combination with gemcitabine were tested in 2 human pancreatic cancer cell lines using cell count and MTT assays. Apoptosis was evaluated by flow cytometry. Tumor growth in vivo was investigated in an orthotopic pancreatic cancer animal model using bioluminescence. Quercetin was administered orally in the diet. RESULTS Quercetin inhibited the growth of pancreatic cancer cell lines, which was caused by an induction of apoptosis. In addition, dietary supplementation of quercetin attenuated the growth of orthotopically transplanted pancreatic xenografts. The combination of gemcitabine and quercetin had no additional effect compared with quercetin alone. In vivo quercetin caused significant apoptosis and reduced tumor cell proliferation. CONCLUSIONS Our data provide evidence that oral administration of quercetin was capable of inhibiting growth of orthotopic pancreatic tumors in a nude mouse model. These data suggest a possible benefit of quercetin in patients with pancreatic cancer.
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Romagnolo DF, Selmin OI. Flavonoids and cancer prevention: a review of the evidence. J Nutr Gerontol Geriatr 2012; 31:206-38. [PMID: 22888839 DOI: 10.1080/21551197.2012.702534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this work is to review data from epidemiological and preclinical studies addressing the potential benefits of diets based on flavonoids for cancer prevention. Flavonoids are subdivided into subclasses including flavonols, flavones, flavanones, flavan-3-ols, anthocyanidins, and isoflavones. Epidemiological studies suggest dietary intake of flavonoids may reduce the risk of tumors of the breast, colon, lung, prostate, and pancreas. However, some studies have reported inconclusive or even harmful associations. A major challenge in the interpretation of epidemiological studies is that most of the data originate from case-control studies and retrospective acquisition of flavonoid intake. Differences in agricultural, sociodemographics, and lifestyle factors contribute to the heterogeneity in the intake of flavonoids among populations residing in the United States, Europe, and Asia. Dose and timing of exposure may influence the anticancer response to flavonoid-rich diets. A limited number of intervention trials of flavonoids have documented cancer preventative effects. Proposed anticancer mechanisms for flavonoids are inhibition of proliferation, inflammation, invasion, metastasis, and activation of apoptosis. Prospective studies with larger sample sizes are needed to develop biomarkers of flavonoid intake and effect. Mechanistic studies are needed to ascertain how flavonoid-rich diets influence gene regulation for cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donato F Romagnolo
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0038, USA.
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Abstract
Apigenin (4',5,7-trihydroxyflavone, 5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one) is a flavonoid found in many fruits, vegetables, and herbs, the most abundant sources being the leafy herb parsley and dried flowers of chamomile. Present in dietary sources as a glycoside, it is cleaved in the gastrointestinal lumen to be absorbed and distributed as apigenin itself. For this reason, the epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract is exposed to higher concentrations of apigenin than tissues at other locations. This would also be true for epithelial cancers of the gastrointestinal tract. We consider the evidence for actions of apigenin that might hinder the ability of gastrointestinal cancers to progress and spread. Apigenin has been shown to inhibit cell growth, sensitize cancer cells to elimination by apoptosis, and hinder the development of blood vessels to serve the growing tumor. It also has actions that alter the relationship of the cancer cells with their microenvironment. Apigenin is able to reduce cancer cell glucose uptake, inhibit remodeling of the extracellular matrix, inhibit cell adhesion molecules that participate in cancer progression, and oppose chemokine signaling pathways that direct the course of metastasis into other locations. As such, apigenin may provide some additional benefit beyond existing drugs in slowing the emergence of metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Émilie C Lefort
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Neuroprotective effect of Pycnogenol® following traumatic brain injury. Exp Neurol 2012; 239:183-91. [PMID: 23059456 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Revised: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) involves primary and secondary injury cascades that underlie delayed neuronal dysfunction and death. Oxidative stress is one of the most celebrated secondary injury mechanisms. A close relationship exists between levels of oxidative stress and the pathogenesis of TBI. However, other cascades, such as an increase in proinflammatory cytokines, also play important roles in the overall response to the trauma. Pharmacologic intervention, in order to be successful, requires a multifaceted approach. Naturally occurring flavonoids are unique in possessing not only tremendous free radical scavenging properties but also the ability to modulate cellular homeostasis leading to a reduction in inflammation and cell toxicity. This study evaluated the therapeutic role of Pycnogenol (PYC), a patented combinational bioflavonoid. Young adult Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to a unilateral moderate cortical contusion and treated post injury with PYC or vehicle. At either 48 or 96 h post trauma, the animals were killed and the cortex and hippocampus analyzed for changes in enzymatic and non-enzymatic oxidative stress markers. In addition, possible changes in both pre- and post-synaptic proteins (synapsin-1, PSD-95, drebrin, synapse associated protein-97) were analyzed. Finally, a separate cohort of animals was used to evaluate two proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α). Following the trauma there was a significant increase in oxidative stress in both the injured cortex and the ipsilateral hippocampus. Animals treated with PYC significantly ameliorated levels of protein carbonyls, lipid peroxidation, and protein nitration. The PYC treatment also significantly reduced the loss of key pre- and post-synaptic proteins with some levels in the hippocampus of PYC treated animals not significantly different from sham operated controls. Although levels of the proinflammatory cytokines were significantly elevated in both injury groups, the cohort treated with PYC showed a significant reduction compared to vehicle treated controls. These results are the first to show a neuroprotective effect of PYC following TBI. They also suggest that the diverse effects of bioflavonoids may provide a unique avenue for possible therapeutic intervention following head trauma.
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Portis S, Giunta B, Obregon D, Tan J. The role of glycogen synthase kinase-3 signaling in neurodevelopment and fragile X syndrome. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2012; 4:140-148. [PMID: 23071871 PMCID: PMC3466494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS), one of the most common genetic causes of autism, results from a loss of fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) expression. At the molecular level, abnormal neurodevelopment is thought to result from dysregulated protein synthesis of key neural synaptic proteins, however recent evidence suggests broader roles for this protein including glutamate signaling, memory, and regulation of the critical serine/threonine regulatory kinase, glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3). In this review, genetic and molecular features of FXS are detailed in the context of FXS neuropathology. Additionally, potential mechanisms by which FMRP silencing impacts GSK-3 and GSK-3-associated signaling pathways are discussed. As GSK-3 signaling represents a central regulatory node for critical neurodevelopmental pathways, understanding how FXS results from FMRP-mediated GSK-3 dysregulation may provide novel therapeutic targets for disease-modifying interventions for FXS and related ASDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Portis
- Rashid Laboratory for Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida3515 E. Fletcher Ave, Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Brian Giunta
- Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South FloridaTampa, FL, 33612
| | - Demian Obregon
- Rashid Laboratory for Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida3515 E. Fletcher Ave, Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Jun Tan
- Rashid Laboratory for Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida3515 E. Fletcher Ave, Tampa, FL 33612
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The dietary flavonoid luteolin inhibits Aurora B kinase activity and blocks proliferation of cancer cells. Eur J Pharm Sci 2012; 46:388-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2011] [Revised: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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de Souza Gil E, Enache AT, de Oliveira-Brett AM. Anodic Behaviour of Flavonoids Orientin, Eriodictyol and Robinin at a Glassy Carbon Electrode. ELECTROANAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201200211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Cuccioloni M, Bonfili L, Mozzicafreddo M, Cecarini V, Eleuteri AM, Angeletti M. Sanguisorba minor extract suppresses plasmin-mediated mechanisms of cancer cell migration. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2012; 1820:1027-34. [PMID: 22348918 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Revised: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sanguisorba minor, as well as several other edible herbs and vegetables, has been used extensively in traditional medicine. The observed beneficial effects can be attributed at least in part to the direct modulation of several enzymatic activities by its polyphenolic constituents. METHODS The ethanol extract of Sanguisorba minor was characterized by reversed-phase liquid chromatography, and most relevant analytes were identified by multiple stage mass spectrometry. The whole extract and the most relevant isolated constituents were tested for their ability to modulate the activity of human plasmin both toward a synthetic substrate and in human breast cancer cell culture models. Kinetic and equilibrium parameters were obtained by a concerted spectrophotometric and biosensor-based approach. RESULTS Quercetin-3-glucuronide was recognized as the compound mainly responsible for the in vitro plasmin inhibition by S. minor extract, with an inhibition constant in the high nanomolar range; in detail, our approach based on bioinformatic, enzymatic and binding analyses classified the inhibition as competitive. Most interestingly, cell-based assays showed that this flavonoid was effective in suppressing plasmin-induced loss of cancer cell adhesion. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Our results show that the extract from Sanguisorba minor limits plasmin-mediated tumor cell motility in vitro, mostly due to quercetin-3-glucuronide. This glucuronated flavonoid is a promising template for rational designing of anticancer drugs to be used in the treatment of pathological states involving the unregulated activity of plasmin.
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