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Abstract
Alginate is a biomaterial that has found numerous applications in biomedical science and engineering due to its favorable properties, including biocompatibility and ease of gelation. Alginate hydrogels have been particularly attractive in wound healing, drug delivery, and tissue engineering applications to date, as these gels retain structural similarity to the extracellular matrices in tissues and can be manipulated to play several critical roles. This review will provide a comprehensive overview of general properties of alginate and its hydrogels, their biomedical applications, and suggest new perspectives for future studies with these polymers.
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Steinmetz NJ, Bryant SJ. The effects of intermittent dynamic loading on chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation of human marrow stromal cells encapsulated in RGD-modified poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels. Acta Biomater 2011; 7:3829-40. [PMID: 21742067 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2011.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Revised: 05/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Biochemical and biomechanical cues are known to influence the differentiation of stem cells. Biomechanical cues arise from cellular interactions with their surrounding matrix and from applied forces. This study investigates the role of biomechanical cues in chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation of human marrow stromal cells (hMSC) when encapsulated in synthetic hydrogels. Poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels were fabricated with tethered cell adhesion moieties, RGD. Cell-laden hydrogels were subjected to 4 h daily intermittent dynamic compressive loading (0.3Hz, 15% amplitude strain) for up to 14 days and the cell response evaluated by gene expression and matrix deposition for chondrogenic and osteogenic markers. The three-dimensional hydrogel supported chondrogenesis and osteogenesis under free swelling conditions, as shown by the up-regulation of cartilage-related markers (SOX9, Col II, Col X, and aggrecan) and staining for type II collagen and aggrecan and osteogenically by up-regulation of ALP and staining for type I collagen and for mineralization. However, under dynamic loading the expression of cartilage-related markers SOX9, Col II, Col X, and aggrecan were down-regulated, along with reduced aggrecan staining and no positive staining for type II collagen. Additionally, the bone-related markers RUNX2, Col I, and ALP were down-regulated and positive staining for type I collagen and mineralization was reduced. In conclusion, the selected loading regime appears to have an inhibitory effect on chondrogenesis and osteogenesis of hMSC encapsulated in PEG-RGD hydrogels after 14 days in culture, potentially due to overloading of the differentiating hMSC before sufficient pericellular matrix is produced and/or due to large strains, particularly for osteogenically differentiating hMSC.
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53
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Gribova V, Crouzier T, Picart C. A material's point of view on recent developments of polymeric biomaterials: control of mechanical and biochemical properties. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY 2011; 21:14354-14366. [PMID: 25067892 PMCID: PMC4111539 DOI: 10.1039/c1jm11372k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cells respond to a variety of stimuli, including biochemical, topographical and mechanical signals originating from their micro-environment. Cell responses to the mechanical properties of their substrates have been increasingly studied for about 14 years. To this end, several types of materials based on synthetic and natural polymers have been developed. Presentation of biochemical ligands to the cells is also important to provide additional functionalities or more selectivity in the details of cell/material interaction. In this review article, we will emphasize the development of synthetic and natural polymeric materials with well-characterized and tunable mechanical properties. We will also highlight how biochemical signals can be presented to the cells by combining them with these biomaterials. Such developments in materials science are not only important for fundamental biophysical studies on cell/material interactions but also for the design of a new generation of advanced and highly functional biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varvara Gribova
- LMGP-MINATEC, Grenoble Institute of Technology, 3 parvis Louis Néel 38016 Grenoble, France
| | - Thomas Crouzier
- LMGP-MINATEC, Grenoble Institute of Technology, 3 parvis Louis Néel 38016 Grenoble, France
| | - Catherine Picart
- LMGP-MINATEC, Grenoble Institute of Technology, 3 parvis Louis Néel 38016 Grenoble, France
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54
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Sun HH, Qu TJ, Zhang XH, Yu Q, Chen FM. Designing biomaterials for in situ periodontal tissue regeneration. Biotechnol Prog 2011; 28:3-20. [PMID: 21913341 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Revised: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The regeneration of periodontal tissue poses a significant challenge to biomaterial scientists, tissue engineers and periodontal clinicians. Recent advances in this field have shifted the focus from the attempt to recreate tissue replacements/constructs ex vivo to the development of biofunctionalized biomaterials that incorporate and release regulatory signals in a precise and near-physiological fashion to achieve in situ regeneration. The molecular and physical information coded within the biomaterials define a local biochemical and mechanical niche with complex and dynamic regulation that establishes key interactions with host endogenous cells and, hence, may help to unlock latent regenerative pathways in the body by instructing cell homing and regulating cell proliferation/differentiation. In the future, these innovative principles and biomaterial devices promise to have a profound impact on periodontal reconstructive therapy and are also likely to reconcile the clinical and commercial pressures on other tissue engineering endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Hua Sun
- Department of Operative Dentistry & Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
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55
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Synergistic enhancement of human bone marrow stromal cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation on BMP-2-derived and RGD peptide concentration gradients. Acta Biomater 2011; 7:2091-100. [PMID: 21272672 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2011.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Revised: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Rational design of bioactive tissue engineered scaffolds for directing bone regeneration in vivo requires a comprehensive understanding of cell interactions with the immobilized bioactive molecules. In the current study, substrates possessing gradient concentrations of immobilized peptides were used to measure the concentration-dependent proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow stromal cells. Two bioactive peptides, one derived from extracellular matrix protein (ECM), GRGDS, and one from bone morphogenic protein-2 (BMP-2), KIPKASSVPTELSAISTLYL, were found to synergistically enhance cell proliferation, up-regulate osteogenic mRNA markers bone sialoprotein (BSP) and Runt-related transcription factor 2, and produce mineralization at densities greater than 130 pmol cm(-2) (65 pmol cm(-2) for each peptide). In addition, COOH-terminated self-assembled monolayers alone led to up-regulated BSP mRNA levels at densities above 200 pmol cm(-2) and increased cell proliferation from day 3 to day 14. Taking further advantage of both the synergistic potentials and the concentration-dependent activities of ECM and growth-factor-derived peptides on proliferative activity and osteogenic differentiation, without the need for additional osteogenic supplements, will enable the successful incorporation of the bioactive species into biorelevant tissue engineering scaffolds.
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56
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Nguyen LH, Kudva AK, Guckert NL, Linse KD, Roy K. Unique biomaterial compositions direct bone marrow stem cells into specific chondrocytic phenotypes corresponding to the various zones of articular cartilage. Biomaterials 2011; 32:1327-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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57
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Mussano F, Lee KJ, Zuk P, Tran L, Cacalano NA, Jewett A, Carossa S, Nishimura I. Differential effect of ionizing radiation exposure on multipotent and differentiation-restricted bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. J Cell Biochem 2011; 111:322-32. [PMID: 20506196 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Debilitating effects of bone marrow from ionizing radiation exposure has been well established for hematopoietic stem cells; however, radiation toxicity of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has been controversial. The present study addressed if ionizing radiation exposure differently affected bone marrow MSCs with various differentiation commitments. Mouse bone-marrow-derived MSCs, D1 cells of early passages (≤ 5 passages; p5) maintained the complete characteristics of multipotent MSCs, whereas, after ≥ 45 passages (p45) the differentiation capability of D1 cells became partially restricted. Both p5 and p45 D1 cells were subjected to single dose irradiation by radioactive isotope (137)Cs. Radiation treatment impaired cell renewal and differentiation activities of p5 D1 cells; however, p45 D1 cells were less affected. Radiation treatment upregulated both pro- and anti-apoptotic genes of p5 D1 cells in a dose-dependent manner, potentially resulting in the various apoptosis thresholds. It was found that constitutive as well as radiation-induced phosphorylation levels of histone H2AX was significantly higher in p45 D1 cells than in p5 D1 cells. The increased repair activity of DNA double-strand breakage may play a role for p45 D1 cells to exhibit the relative radioresistance. In conclusion, the radiation toxicity predominantly affecting multipotent MSCs may occur at unexpectedly low doses, which may, in part, contribute to the catabolic pathology of bone tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Mussano
- The Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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58
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Braschler T, Valero A, Colella L, Pataky K, Brugger J, Renaud P. Fluidic microstructuring of alginate hydrogels for the single cell niche. LAB ON A CHIP 2010; 10:2771-2777. [PMID: 20820482 DOI: 10.1039/c004988c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Controlling alginate gel formation by diffusion of Ca(2+) ions through a filter barrier, a layer-by-layer deposition technique with resolution on the size scale of a single cell is presented. It offers the possibility of exposing cells under biocompatible conditions to microheterogeneous three-dimensional environments, mimicking the layered structure of extracellular matrix in tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Braschler
- Laboratory of Microsystems, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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59
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Kim JK, Shukla R, Casagrande L, Sedgley C, Nör JE, Baker JR, Hill EE. Differentiating dental pulp cells via RGD-dendrimer conjugates. J Dent Res 2010; 89:1433-8. [PMID: 20929719 DOI: 10.1177/0022034510384870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic dental injuries are often irreversible, underscoring the need for therapies that protect dental pulp cells and enhance their regeneration. We hypothesized that generation 5 poly amido amine (PAMAM) dendrimers (G5), functionalized with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FL) and αVβ3-specific, cyclic arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) peptides, will bind to dental pulp cells (DPCs) and modulate their differentiation. Dental pulp cells and mouse odontoblast-like cells (MDPC-23) (±) treated with G5-FL-RGD were analyzed via Western blot, RT-PCR, and quantitative PCR. Transcription of dental differentiation markers was as follows: Dentin matrix protein (DMP-1), dentin sialoprotein (DSPP), and matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein (MEPE) as well as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) all increased via the JNK pathway. Long-term G5-RGD treatment of dental pulp cells resulted in enhanced mineralization as examined via Von Kossa assay, suggesting that PAMAM dendrimers conjugated to cyclic RGD peptides can increase the odontogenic potential of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Kim
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, 1011 N. University, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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60
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Qian T, Wang Y. Micro/nano-fabrication technologies for cell biology. Med Biol Eng Comput 2010; 48:1023-32. [PMID: 20490938 PMCID: PMC3373892 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-010-0632-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2009] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Micro/nano-fabrication techniques, such as soft lithography and electrospinning, have been well-developed and widely applied in many research fields in the past decade. Due to the low costs and simple procedures, these techniques have become important and popular for biological studies. In this review, we focus on the studies integrating micro/nano-fabrication work to elucidate the molecular mechanism of signaling transduction in cell biology. We first describe different micro/nano-fabrication technologies, including techniques generating three-dimensional scaffolds for tissue engineering. We then introduce the application of these technologies in manipulating the physical or chemical micro/nano-environment to regulate the cellular behavior and response, such as cell life and death, differentiation, proliferation, and cell migration. Recent advancement in integrating the micro/nano-technologies and live cell imaging are also discussed. Finally, potential schemes in cell biology involving micro/nano-fabrication technologies are proposed to provide perspectives on the future research activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongcheng Qian
- Department of Bioengineering and the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingxiao Wang
- Department of Bioengineering and the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA, Department of Integrative and Molecular Physiology, Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, Institute for Genomic, Biology, Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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61
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Petrie Aronin CE, Tuan RS. Therapeutic potential of the immunomodulatory activities of adult mesenchymal stem cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 90:67-74. [PMID: 20301222 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.20174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Adult mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) include a select population of resident cells within adult tissues, which retain the ability to differentiate along several tissue-specific lineages under defined media conditions and have finite expansion potential in vitro. These adult progenitor populations have been identified in various tissues, but it remains unclear exactly what role both transplanted and native MSCs play in processes of disease and regeneration. Interestingly, increasing evidence reveals a unique antiinflammatory immunomodulatory phenotype shared among this population, lending support to the idea that MSCs play a central role in early tissue remodeling responses where a controlled inflammatory response is required. However, additional evidence suggests that MSCs may not retain infinite immune privilege and that the context with which these cells are introduced in vivo may influence their immune phenotype. Therefore, understanding this dynamic microenvironment in which MSCs participate in complex feedback loops acting upon and being influenced by a plethora of secreted cytokines, extracellular matrix molecules, and fragments will be critical to elucidating the role of MSCs in the intertwined processes of immunomodulation and tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caren E Petrie Aronin
- Cartilage Biology and Orthopaedics Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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62
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Huebsch N, Arany PR, Mao AS, Shvartsman D, Ali OA, Bencherif SA, Rivera-Feliciano J, Mooney DJ. Harnessing traction-mediated manipulation of the cell/matrix interface to control stem-cell fate. NATURE MATERIALS 2010; 9:518-26. [PMID: 20418863 PMCID: PMC2919753 DOI: 10.1038/nmat2732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1116] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2009] [Accepted: 02/26/2010] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells sense and respond to the mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix. However, both the extent to which extracellular-matrix mechanics affect stem-cell fate in three-dimensional microenvironments and the underlying biophysical mechanisms are unclear. We demonstrate that the commitment of mesenchymal stem-cell populations changes in response to the rigidity of three-dimensional microenvironments, with osteogenesis occurring predominantly at 11-30 kPa. In contrast to previous two-dimensional work, however, cell fate was not correlated with morphology. Instead, matrix stiffness regulated integrin binding as well as reorganization of adhesion ligands on the nanoscale, both of which were traction dependent and correlated with osteogenic commitment of mesenchymal stem-cell populations. These findings suggest that cells interpret changes in the physical properties of adhesion substrates as changes in adhesion-ligand presentation, and that cells themselves can be harnessed as tools to mechanically process materials into structures that feed back to manipulate their fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Huebsch
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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63
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von der Mark K, Park J, Bauer S, Schmuki P. Nanoscale engineering of biomimetic surfaces: cues from the extracellular matrix. Cell Tissue Res 2009; 339:131-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-009-0896-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2009] [Accepted: 10/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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64
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Battistini L, Burreddu P, Carta P, Rassu G, Auzzas L, Curti C, Zanardi F, Manzoni L, Araldi EMV, Scolastico C, Casiraghi G. 4-Aminoproline-based arginine-glycine-aspartate integrin binders with exposed ligation points: practical in-solution synthesis, conjugation and binding affinity evaluation. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:4924-35. [DOI: 10.1039/b914836a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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