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Timan P, Rojanasthien N, Manorot M, Sangdee C, Teekachunhatean S. Effect of synbiotic fermented milk on oral bioavailability of isoflavones in postmenopausal women. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2014; 65:761-7. [PMID: 24720601 DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2014.908169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of synbiotic fermented milk, containing Lactobacillus paracasei and inulin, on oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of isoflavones in healthy postmenopausal women. The study was a one-group pre-post treatment study. Twelve subjects were assigned to consume a single oral dose of 375 mL of soy beverage. Blood samples were collected immediately before and at various time points until 32 hours after the administration of the soy beverage. After a washout period, subjects were requested to consume 180 mL of synbiotic fermented milk after breakfast and dinner for 14 days, followed by a single oral dose of 375 mL of soy beverage on the next day. Collection of blood samples after the administration of the soy beverage were performed at the same time points as the former phase. Plasma isoflavone concentrations were measured by using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique. In conclusion, this study highlighted that continuous consumption of synbiotic fermented milk followed by a single oral administration of soy beverage significantly enhanced oral bioavailability of isoflavones compared with a single oral dose of soy beverage alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Porntip Timan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand and
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Smit S, Szymańska E, Kunz I, Gomez Roldan V, van Tilborg MWEM, Weber P, Prudence K, van der Kloet FM, van Duynhoven JPM, Smilde AK, de Vos RCH, Bendik I. Nutrikinetic modeling reveals order of genistein phase II metabolites appearance in human plasma. Mol Nutr Food Res 2014; 58:2111-21. [PMID: 25045152 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201400325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Genistein from foods or supplements is metabolized by the gut microbiota and the human body, thereby releasing many different metabolites into systemic circulation. The order of their appearance in plasma and the possible influence of food format are still unknown. This study compared the nutrikinetic profiles of genistein metabolites. METHODS AND RESULTS In a randomized cross-over trial, 12 healthy young volunteers were administered a single dose of 30 mg genistein provided as a genistein tablet, a genistein tablet in low fat milk, and soy milk containing genistein glycosides. A high mass resolution LC-LTQ-Orbitrap FTMS platform detected and quantified in human plasma: free genistein, seven of its phase-II metabolites and 15 gut-derived metabolites. Interestingly, a novel metabolite, genistein-4'-glucuronide-7-sulfate (G-4'G-7S) was identified. Nutrikinetic analysis using population-based modeling revealed the order of appearance of five genistein phase II metabolites in plasma: (1) genistein-4',7-diglucuronide, (2) genistein-7-sulfate, (3) genistein-4'-sulfate-7-glucuronide, (4) genistein-4'-glucuronide, and (5) genistein-7-glucuronide, independent of the food matrix. CONCLUSION The conjugated genistein metabolites appear in a distinct order in human plasma. The specific early appearance of G-4',7-diG suggests a multistep formation process for the mono and hetero genistein conjugates, involving one or two deglucuronidation steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Smit
- Biosystems Data Analysis, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Yerramsetty V, Gallaher DD, Ismail B. Malonylglucoside conjugates of isoflavones are much less bioavailable compared with unconjugated β-glucosidic forms in rats. J Nutr 2014; 144:631-7. [PMID: 24647389 DOI: 10.3945/jn.114.190801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite considerable interest in the physiologic effects of isoflavones, the in vivo bioavailability of the most common isoflavone forms, malonylglucoside conjugates, has not been determined. Differences in the bioavailability of malonylglucosides compared with the nonconjugated β-glucoside forms may explain the inconsistent findings regarding the physiologic effects of isoflavones. Therefore, our objective was to determine the effect of malonyl- conjugation on isoflavone bioavailability in an animal model. Malonylgenistin and malonyldaidzin, and their corresponding nonconjugated glucosides, were extracted from soy grits and purified using liquid chromatography. Purity of the isolated forms was confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. Male rats were gavaged with malonylgenistin, genistin, malonyldaidzin, or daidzin at a dose of 100 μmol/kg body weight. Blood and urine samples were collected at time intervals ranging from 0 to 48 h. Isoflavone metabolites in plasma and urine were determined using stable isotope dilution-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Comparisons of pharmacokinetic variables were made between nonconjugated and conjugated glucosides and over time of plasma collection. The areas under the time-concentration curve of the metabolites in the plasma obtained after the administration of nonconjugated β-glucosides were 1 to 6 times higher than those of their respective malonylglucosides (P ≤ 0.05). Additionally, maximum plasma concentration and urinary excretion of isoflavone metabolites were significantly higher (1-9 times; P ≤ 0.05) after the administration of nonconjugated β-glucosides. To our knowledge, these results demonstrated, for the first time, that nonconjugated β-glucosides are relatively more bioavailable than their respective malonylglucosides. These differences in the bioavailability of conjugated and nonconjugated β-glucosides should be considered in future studies focused on the bioactivity of isoflavones.
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Šošić-Jurjević B, Filipović B, Wirth EK, Živanović J, Radulović N, Janković S, Milošević V, Köhrle J. Soy isoflavones interfere with thyroid hormone homeostasis in orchidectomized middle-aged rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 278:124-34. [PMID: 24793811 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that genistein (G) and daidzein (D) administered subcutaneously (10mg/kg) induce changes in the angio-follicular units of the thyroid gland, reduce concentration of total thyroid hormones (TH) and increase thyrotropin (TSH) in serum of orchidectomized middle-aged (16-month-old) rats. To further investigate these effects, we now examined expression levels of the thyroglobulin (Tg), thyroperoxidase (Tpo), vascular endothelial growth factor A (Vegfa) and deiodinase type 1 (Dio 1) genes in the thyroid; in the pituitary, genes involved in TH feedback control (Tsh β, Dio 1, Dio 2, Trh receptor); and in the liver and kidney, expression of T3-activated genes Dio 1 and Spot 14, as well as transthyretin (Ttr), by quantitative real-time PCR. We also analyzed TPO-immunopositivity and immunofluorescence of T4 bound to Tg, determined thyroid T4 levels and measured deiodinase enzyme activities in examined organs. Decreased expression of Tg and Tpo genes (p<0.05) correlated with immunohistochemical staining results, and together with decreased serum total T4 levels, indicates decreased Tg and TH synthesis following treatments with both isoflavones. However, expression of Spot 14 (p<0.05) gene in liver and kidney was up-regulated, and liver Dio 1 expression and activity (p<0.05) increased. At the level of pituitary, no significant change in gene expression levels, or Dio 1 and 2 enzyme activities was observed. In conclusion, both G and D impaired Tg and TH synthesis, but at the same time increased tissue availability of TH in peripheral tissues of Orx middle-aged rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branka Šošić-Jurjević
- Institute for Biological Research, Siniša Stanković, University of Belgrade, Despot Stefan Blvd. 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Branko Filipović
- Institute for Biological Research, Siniša Stanković, University of Belgrade, Despot Stefan Blvd. 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Eva Katrin Wirth
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jasmina Živanović
- Institute for Biological Research, Siniša Stanković, University of Belgrade, Despot Stefan Blvd. 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Niko Radulović
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, University of Niš, Višegradska 33, 18000 Niš, Serbia
| | - Snežana Janković
- Institute for Science Application in Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Despot Stefan Blvd. 68b, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Verica Milošević
- Institute for Biological Research, Siniša Stanković, University of Belgrade, Despot Stefan Blvd. 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Josef Köhrle
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
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Kolesar JM, Pomplun M, Havighurst T, Stublaski J, Wollmer B, Kim K, Tangrea JA, Parnes HL, House MG, Gee J, Messing E, Bailey HH. Soy food frequency questionnaire does not correlate with baseline isoflavone levels in patients with bladder cancer. J Oncol Pharm Pract 2014; 21:128-31. [PMID: 24642450 DOI: 10.1177/1078155214528552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The isoflavone genistein, a natural soy product with receptor tyrosine kinase-inhibiting activity, as well as phytoestrogenic and other potential anticarcinogenic effects, is being studied as an anticancer agent. Since isoflavones are commonly consumed in food products containing soy proteins, a method to control for baseline isoflavone consumption is needed. METHODS HPLC was used to evaluate baseline plasma and urine concentrations of isoflavone in fifty-four participants with bladder cancer enrolled on a phase II chemoprevention study of G-2535. The soy food frequency questionnaire was used to assess participant's baseline soy intake. The association between baseline isoflavone concentrations and intakes for genistein and daidzein was assessed by the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. RESULTS The majority of participants had no detectable genistein or daidzein in plasma at baseline. The median and range of values were 0 (0-1480) nmol/L for genistein, and 0 (0-1260) nmol/L for daidzein. In urine, the median and range of values were 91.0 (0-9030) nmol/L for genistein and 623 (0-100,000) nmol/L for daidzein. The median and range of weekly estimated genistein intake was 0 (0-236) mg/wk; the median and range of weekly estimated daidzein intake was 0 (0-114) mg/wk. There was no relationship to soy intake as measured by the food frequency questionnaire and baseline isoflavone levels in plasma or urine and the Spearman's rank correlation coefficients were not significant. CONCLUSION The soy food frequency questionnaire did not correlate with plasma or urine concentrations of either isoflavone. IMPACT Alternative methods for controlling for soy consumption, including measuring plasma and urine concentrations, in isoflavone chemoprevention trials should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill M Kolesar
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Marcia Pomplun
- Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Tom Havighurst
- Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jeanne Stublaski
- Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Barbara Wollmer
- Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - KyungMann Kim
- Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Joseph A Tangrea
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Howard L Parnes
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Margaret G House
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jason Gee
- Institute of Urology, Lahey Clinic Medical Center, Burlington, MA, USA
| | - Edward Messing
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Howard H Bailey
- Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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Yousefi Jourdehi A, Sudagar M, Bahmani M, Hosseini SA, Dehghani AA, Yazdani MA. Comparative study of dietary soy phytoestrogens genistein and equol effects on growth parameters and ovarian development in farmed female beluga sturgeon, Huso huso. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2014; 40:117-128. [PMID: 24464509 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-013-9829-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Oocyte maturation in fish is a hormonally regulated process. In the light of long-term oocyte maturation in beluga, the aim of this research was to study the estrogenic effects of different concentrations of soy dietary genistein (GE) and equol (EQ) on the growth performance and ovary development in farmed female Huso huso. Fish were fed with concentrations 0 (control), 0.2, 0.4, 0.8 and 1.6 g of EQ and GE per kg of isoproteic (CP 45 %) and isoenergetic (19.5 MJ/kg) diets during a year. Blood samples and ovary biopsies were collected from each fish seasonally. The main results of the present experimentation are that growth performance was not affected significantly both in GE and EQ (P > 0.05). EQ at concentration 0.4 g/kg had more estrogenic effects than other concentrations of EQ and GE in beluga so that 64 % of fish were matured sexually. Some reproductive indices such as oocyte diameter, testosterone (T) and 17β-estradiol (E₂) increased significantly at EQ 0.4 g/kg at the end of experiment (P < 0.05), while 17α-hydroxy progesterone level (17α-OHP) showed no significant changes at all concentrations. Biochemical indices such as calcium, phosphorous and cholesterol increased at GE concentrations, but decreased at EQ concentrations similarly at the end of experiment. There was a negative relationship between plasma phosphorous and alkaline phosphatase enzyme levels. Based on results, EQ at concentration 0.4 g/kg improved oocyte development more than the other concentrations of GE and EQ, and therefore, it can be used as an additive to diets for inducing ovary development in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Yousefi Jourdehi
- The University of Gorgan Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran,
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57
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Yanagihara N, Zhang H, Toyohira Y, Takahashi K, Ueno S, Tsutsui M, Takahashi K. New insights into the pharmacological potential of plant flavonoids in the catecholamine system. J Pharmacol Sci 2014; 124:123-8. [PMID: 24492414 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.13r17cp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are biologically active polyphenolic compounds widely distributed in plants. Recent research has focused on high dietary intake of flavonoids because of their potential to reduce the risks of diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and cancers. We report here the effects of plant flavonoids on catecholamine signaling in cultured bovine adrenal medullary cells used as a model of central and peripheral sympathetic neurons. Daidzein (0.01 - 1.0 μM), a soy isoflavone, stimulated (14)C-catecholamine synthesis through plasma membrane estrogen receptors. Nobiletin (1.0 - 100 μM), a citrus polymethoxy flavone, enhanced (14)C-catecholamine synthesis through the phosphorylation of Ser19 and Ser40 of tyrosine hydroxylase, which was associated with (45)Ca(2+) influx and catecholamine secretion. Treatment with genistein (0.01 - 10 μM), another isoflavone, but not daidzein, enhanced [(3)H]noradrenaline uptake by SK-N-SH cells, a human noradrenergic neuroblastoma cell line. Daidzein as well as nobiletin (≥ 1.0 μM) inhibited catecholamine synthesis and secretion induced by acetylcholine, a physiological secretagogue. The present review shows that plant flavonoids have various pharmacological potentials on the catecholamine system in adrenal medullary cells, and probably also in sympathetic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Yanagihara
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan
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58
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Sakamoto Y, Naka A, Ohara N, Kondo K, Iida K. Daidzein regulates proinflammatory adipokines thereby improving obesity-related inflammation through PPARγ. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 58:718-26. [PMID: 24343975 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Daidzein was recently reported to act like an activator of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) thereby enhancing differentiation of adipocytes. Although PPARγ plays a role in adipokine expression, it has not been well researched whether daidzein affects expression of adipokines. This study aimed to clarify the effects of daidzein on proinflammatory adipokines and adipose inflammation causing insulin resistance in obesity. METHODS AND RESULTS 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with daidzein or genistein. Diet-induced obese C57BL/6J mice were fed high-fat high-sucrose diets with daidzein (1.0 g/kg chow) for 12 wk. The results showed that both isoflavones, especially daidzein, stimulated adipogenic differentiation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes with the activation of PPARγ. Daidzein also increased adiponectin expression and decreased MCP-1 expression with the consistent regulation of their secretion. In obese mice, daidzein inhibited hypertrophy in fat cell size and improved insulin sensitivity, concomitant with upregulation of PPARγ in fat tissue. Decreased expression of MCP-1 and TNF-α, and increased expression of adiponectin were also observed in adipose tissue of daidzein-fed mice. Additionally, daidzein administration significantly inhibited macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue. CONCLUSION Daidzein regulates adipokine expression through the PPARγ, thereby improving the adverse effects of adipose inflammation, such as insulin resistance, in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Sakamoto
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan
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Chang Y, Choue R. Plasma pharmacokinetics and urinary excretion of isoflavones after ingestion of soy products with different aglycone/glucoside ratios in South Korean women. Nutr Res Pract 2013; 7:393-9. [PMID: 24133619 PMCID: PMC3796665 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2013.7.5.393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Asian populations are thought to receive significant health benefits from traditional diets rich in soybeans due to high isoflavone contents. However, available epidemiologic data only weakly support this hypothesis. The present study was carried out to assess the pharmacokinetics of isoflavones in South Korean women after ingestion of soy-based foods. Twenty-six healthy female volunteers (20-30 y old) consumed three different soy products (i.e., isogen, soymilk, and fermented soybeans) with different aglycone/glucoside ratios. Plasma and urine isoflavone concentrations were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) after ingestion of one of the soy products. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined using the WinNonlin program. The area under the curve (AUC) for plasma daidzein levels of the soymilk group (2,101 ± 352 ng · h/mL) was significantly smaller than those of the isogen (2,628 ± 573 ng · h/mL) and fermented soybean (2,593 ± 465 ng · h/mL) groups. The maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of daidzein for the soymilk group (231 ± 44 ng/mL) was significantly higher than those of the isogen (160 ± 32 ng/mL) and fermented soybean (195 ± 35 ng/mL) groups. The half-lives of daidzein and genistein in the soymilk group (5.9 and 5.6 h, respectively) were significantly shorter than those in the individuals given isogen (9.6 and 8.5 h, respectively) or fermented soybean (9.5 and 8.2 h, respectively). The urinary recovery rates of daidzein and genistein were 42% and 17% for the isogen group, 46% and 23% for the fermented soybean group, and 33% and 22% for the soymilk group. In conclusion, our data indicated that soy products containing high levels of isoflavone aglycone are more effective for maintaining plasma isoflavone concentrations. Additional dose-response, durational, and interventional studies are required to evaluate the ability of soy-based foods to increase the bioavailability of isoflavones that positively affect human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngeun Chang
- Department of Agrofood Resources, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Gyeonggi 441-853, Korea
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Isoflavones: estrogenic activity, biological effect and bioavailability. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2013; 38:15-25. [PMID: 23161396 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-012-0112-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Isoflavones are phytoestrogens with potent estrogenic activity; genistein, daidzein and glycitein are the most active isoflavones found in soy beans. Phytoestrogens have similarity in structure with the human female hormone 17-β-estradiol, which can bind to both alpha and beta estrogen receptors, and mimic the action of estrogens on target organs, thereby exerting many health benefits when used in some hormone-dependent diseases. Numerous clinical studies claim benefits of genistein and daidzein in chemoprevention of breast and prostate cancer, cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis as well as in relieving postmenopausal symptoms. The ability of isoflavones to prevent cancer and other chronic diseases largely depends on pharmacokinetic properties of these compounds, in particular absorption and distribution to the target tissue. The chemical form in which isoflavones occur is important because it influences their bioavailability and, therefore, their biological activity. Glucose-conjugated isoflavones are highly polar, water-soluble compounds. They are hardly absorbed by the intestinal epithelium and have weaker biological activities than the corresponding aglycone. Different microbial families of colon can transform glycosylated isoflavones into aglycones. Clinical studies show important differences between the aglycone and conjugated forms of genistein and daidzein. The evaluation of isoflavone metabolism and bioavailability is crucial to understanding their biological effects. Lipid-based formulations such as drug incorporation into oils, emulsions and self-microemulsifying formulations have been introduced to increase bioavailability. Complexation with cyclodextrin also represent a valid method to improve the physicochemical characteristics of these substances in order to be absorbed and distributed to target tissues. We review and discuss pharmacokinetic issues that critically influence the biological activity of isoflavones.
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Yang Z, Kulkarni K, Zhu W, Hu M. Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of genistein: mechanistic studies on its ADME. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2013; 12:1264-80. [PMID: 22583407 DOI: 10.2174/187152012803833107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Genistein, one of the most active natural flavonoids, exerts various biological effects including chemoprevention, antioxidation, antiproliferation and anticancer. More than 30 clinical trials of genistein with various disease indications have been conducted to evaluate its clinical efficacy. Based on many animals and human pharmacokinetic studies, it is well known that the most challenge issue for developing genistein as a chemoprevention agent is the low oral bioavailability, which may be the major reason relating to its ambiguous therapeutic effects and large interindividual variations in clinical trials. In order to better correlate pharmacokinetic to pharmacodynamics results in animals and clinical studies, an in-depth understanding of pharmacokinetic behavior of genistein and its ADME properties are needed. Numerous in vitro/in vivo ADME studies had been conducted to reveal the main factors contributing to the low oral bioavailability of genistein. Therefore, this review focuses on summarizing the most recent progress on mechanistic studies of genistein ADME and provides a systemic view of these processes to explain genistein pharmacokinetic behaviors in vivo. The better understanding of genistein ADME property may lead to development of proper strategy to improve genistein oral bioavailability via mechanism-based approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yang
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Jia Z, Babu PVA, Si H, Nallasamy P, Zhu H, Zhen W, Misra HP, Li Y, Liu D. Genistein inhibits TNF-α-induced endothelial inflammation through the protein kinase pathway A and improves vascular inflammation in C57BL/6 mice. Int J Cardiol 2013; 168:2637-45. [PMID: 23587398 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Genistein, a soy isoflavone, has received wide attention for its potential to improve vascular function, but the mechanism of this effect is unclear. Here, we report that genistein at physiological concentrations (0.1 μM-5 μM) significantly inhibited TNF-α-induced adhesion of monocytes to human umbilical vein endothelial cells, a key event in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Genistein also significantly suppressed TNF-α-induced production of adhesion molecules and chemokines such as sICAM-1, sVCAM-1, sE-Selectin, MCP-1 and IL-8, which play key role in the firm adhesion of monocytes to activated endothelial cells (ECs). Genistein at physiologically relevant concentrations didn't significantly induce antioxidant enzyme activities or scavenge free radicals. Further, blocking the estrogen receptors (ERs) in ECs didn't alter the preventive effect of genistein on endothelial inflammation. However, inhibition of protein kinase A (PKA) significantly attenuated the inhibitory effects of genistein on TNF-α-induced monocyte adhesion to ECs as well as the production of MCP-1 and IL-8. In animal study, dietary genistein significantly suppressed TNF-α-induced increase in circulating chemokines and adhesion molecules in C57BL/6 mice. Genistein treatment also reduced VCAM-1 and monocytes-derived F4/80-positive macrophages in the aorta of TNF-α-treated mice. In conclusion, genistein protects against TNF-α-induced vascular endothelial inflammation both in vitro and in vivo models. This anti-inflammatory effect of genistein is independent of the ER-mediated signaling machinery or antioxidant activity, but mediated via the PKA signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenquan Jia
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, 27412, USA.
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Gilbert ER, Liu D. Anti-diabetic functions of soy isoflavone genistein: mechanisms underlying its effects on pancreatic β-cell function. Food Funct 2013; 4:200-12. [PMID: 23160185 PMCID: PMC3678366 DOI: 10.1039/c2fo30199g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is a result of chronic insulin resistance and loss of functional pancreatic β-cell mass. Strategies to preserve β-cell mass and a greater understanding of the mechanisms underlying β-cell turnover are needed to prevent and treat this devastating disease. Genistein, a naturally occurring soy isoflavone, is reported to have numerous health benefits attributed to multiple biological functions. Over the past 10 years, numerous studies have demonstrated that genistein has anti-diabetic effects, in particular, direct effects on β-cell proliferation, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and protection against apoptosis, independent of its functions as an estrogen receptor agonist, antioxidant, or tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Effects are structure-specific and not common to all flavonoids. While there are limited data on the effects of genistein consumption in humans with diabetes, there are a plethora of animal and cell-culture studies that demonstrate a direct effect of genistein on β-cells at physiologically relevant concentrations (<10 μM). The effects appear to involve cAMP/PKA signaling and there are some studies that suggest an effect on epigenetic regulation of gene expression. This review focuses on the anti-diabetic effects of genistein in both in vitro and in vivo models and potential mechanisms underlying its direct effects on β-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth. R. Gilbert
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
| | - Dongmin Liu
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
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64
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Jia Z, Zhen W, Velayutham Anandh Babu P, Liu D. Phytoestrogen genistein protects against endothelial barrier dysfunction in vascular endothelial cells through PKA-mediated suppression of RhoA signaling. Endocrinology 2013; 154:727-37. [PMID: 23254196 PMCID: PMC3548180 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The soy-derived phytoestrogen genistein has received attention for its potential to improve vascular function, but its mechanism remains unclear. Here, we report that genistein at physiologically relevant concentrations (0.1-10 μM) significantly inhibited thrombin-induced increase in endothelial monolayer permeability. Genistein also reduced the formation of stress fibers by thrombin and suppressed thrombin-induced phosphorylation of myosin light chain (MLC) on Ser(19)/Thr(18) in endothelial cells (ECs). Genistein had no effect on resting intracellular [Ca(2+)] or thrombin-induced increase in Ca(2+) mobilization. Addition of the inhibitors of endothelial nitric oxide synthase or estrogen receptor did not alter the protective effect of genistein. RhoA is a small GTPase that plays an important role in actin-myosin contraction and endothelial barrier dysfunction. RhoA inhibitor blocked the protective effect of genistein on endothelial permeability and also ablated thrombin-induced MLC-phosphorylation in ECs. Inhibition of PKA significantly attenuated the effect of genistein on thrombin-induced EC permeability, MLC phosphorylation, and RhoA membrane translocation in ECs. Furthermore, thrombin diminished cAMP production in ECs, which were prevented by treatment with genistein. These findings demonstrated that genistein improves thrombin-induced endothelial barrier dysfunction in ECs through PKA-mediated suppression of RhoA signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenquan Jia
- Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27412, USA
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Amiot MJ, Romier B, Dao TMA, Fanciullino R, Ciccolini J, Burcelin R, Pechere L, Emond C, Savouret JF, Seree E. Optimization of trans-Resveratrol bioavailability for human therapy. Biochimie 2013; 95:1233-8. [PMID: 23376875 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We have developed an innovative soluble galenic form to overcome the low absorption of trans-Resveratrol (t-Res) as a dry powder. We present here data on pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, and toxicity of t-Res in human volunteers treated with this soluble form, plus additional data on biological effects in rodents. Fifteen healthy volunteers of both sexes received 40 mg of t-Res in two forms, the soluble formulation (caplets) and the original powder (capsules), in a crossover design. Blood samples were collected at 15 min, 30 min, and every hour for 5 h. Plasma concentrations of t-Res and its metabolites were analyzed by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. The single dose (40 mg) of the soluble t-Res was well absorbed and elicited biologically efficient blood levels (0.1-6 μM) for several hours, despite metabolization into glucuronide and sulfate conjugates coupled to renal elimination. In contrast, t-Res administered as a dry powder barely elicited efficient blood levels for a short duration. The new formulation led to 8.8-fold higher t-Res levels in plasma versus the powder. t-Res metabolism was not modified and neither intolerance nor toxicity were observed during the study and the following week. The soluble formulation elicited a robust anti-inflammatory effect in various tissues of mice fed a high-fat diet, while dry powder t-Res was almost inactive. Our data suggest that significant improvements in t-Res bioavailability and efficiency can be obtained by this soluble galenic form, also allowing lower doses. The use of t-Res in human therapy is thus greatly facilitated and the toxicity risk is reduced.
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66
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Ji G, Zhang Y, Yang Q, Cheng S, Hao J, Zhao X, Jiang Z. Genistein suppresses LPS-induced inflammatory response through inhibiting NF-κB following AMP kinase activation in RAW 264.7 macrophages. PLoS One 2012; 7:e53101. [PMID: 23300870 PMCID: PMC3534028 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Genistein, the major isoflavone in soybean, was recently reported to exert beneficial effects in metabolic disorders and inflammatory diseases. In the present study, we investigated the effects and mechanisms of a dietary concentration of genistein on the inflammatory response in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Our results demonstrated that genistein effectively inhibited the LPS-induced overproduction of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6), as well as LPS-induced nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activation. In addition, the data also showed that genistein prevented LPS-induced decrease in adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation. These effects were obviously attenuated by an AMPK inhibitor. Taken together, our results suggest that the dietary concentration of genistein is able to attenuate inflammatory responses via inhibition of NF-κB activation following AMPK stimulation. The data provide direct evidence for the potential application of low concentrations of genistein in the prevention and treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiyuan Ji
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yupei Zhang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qinhe Yang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaobin Cheng
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Hao
- Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plant, Nanning, China
| | - Xihong Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhuoqin Jiang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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Zhai X, Lin M, Zhang F, Hu Y, Xu X, Li Y, Liu K, Ma X, Tian X, Yao J. Dietary flavonoid genistein induces Nrf2 and phase II detoxification gene expression via ERKs and PKC pathways and protects against oxidative stress in Caco-2 cells. Mol Nutr Food Res 2012; 57:249-59. [PMID: 23255485 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201200536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Revised: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Flavonoids have well-known antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer activities. Isoflavone genistein is considered a potent antioxidant agent against oxidative stress. Although several mechanisms have been proposed, a clear antioxidant mechanism of genistein is still remained to be answered. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, we focused on the concerted effects on expression of Nrf2 and phase II enzyme pathway components. Transient transfection assays, RT-PCR and immunoblot analysis were performed to study its molecular mechanisms of action. In Caco-2 cells, treatment with genistein markedly attenuated H(2)O(2) -induced peroxide formation; this amelioration was reversed by buthionine sulfoximine(GCLC inhibitor) and zinc protoporphyrin(HO-1 inhibitor). Genistein increased HO-1 and GCLC mRNA and protein expression. Genistein treatment activated the ERK1/2 and PKC signaling pathway; therefore increased Nrf2 mRNA and protein expression. The roles of the ERK1/2 and PKC signaling pathway were determined using PD98059 (ERK1/2 inhibitor) and GF109203X (PKC inhibitor) and RNA interference directed against Nrf2. Both inhibitors and siNrf2 abolished genistein-induced HO-1 and GCLC protein expression. These results suggest the involvement of ERK1/2, PKC, and Nrf2 in inducing HO-1 and GCLC by genistein. CONCLUSION Our studies show that genistein up-regulated HO-1 and GCLC expression through the EKR1/2 and PKC /Nrf2 pathways during oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Zhai
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, P R China
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Simmons AL, Chitchumroonchokchai C, Vodovotz Y, Failla ML. Isoflavone retention during processing, bioaccessibility, and transport by Caco-2 cells: effects of source and amount of fat in a soy soft pretzel. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:12196-203. [PMID: 23167916 PMCID: PMC4214257 DOI: 10.1021/jf3037209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The impact of source and amount of lipid used to prepare a soy soft pretzel on the bioaccessibility and transport of isoflavones was investigated using the coupled in vitro digestion/Caco-2 human cell model. Pretzels were prepared without or with 2.9 or 6.0% exogenous lipid from either shortening, canola oil, ground almond, or ground hazelnut. The isoflavone backbone structure was stable during pretzel production, although there was partial conversion from malonyl and acetyl glucosides to simple glucosides and aglycones. Endogenous β-glucosidase activity in ground almond facilitated partial conversion of simple glucosides to aglycones during proofing, resulting in a slight decrease in bioaccessibility of isoflavones as compared with other sources of lipid. Amount and source of lipid did not affect bioaccessibility or uptake and metabolism of isoflavones by Caco-2 cells, although transport across the monolayer was greater with the lesser amount of shortening. These results suggest that the isoflavone structure, but not source or amount of lipid in a soy pretzel, may affect bioavailability of isoflavones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber L. Simmons
- Interdisciplinary Ph.D. Program in Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | | | - Yael Vodovotz
- Interdisciplinary Ph.D. Program in Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Mark L. Failla
- Interdisciplinary Ph.D. Program in Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Department of Human Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Corresponding Author: Phone: 1 (614) 247-2412. Fax: 1 (614) 247-5048.
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Alonso-Castro AJ, Zapata-Bustos R, Gómez-Espinoza G, Salazar-Olivo LA. Isoorientin reverts TNF-α-induced insulin resistance in adipocytes activating the insulin signaling pathway. Endocrinology 2012; 153:5222-30. [PMID: 22948221 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Isoorientin (ISO) is a plant C-glycosylflavonoid with purported antidiabetic effects but unexplored mechanisms of action. To gain insight into its antidiabetic mechanisms, we assayed nontoxic ISO concentrations on the 2-(N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1, 3-diazol-4-yl) amino)-2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-NBDG) uptake by murine 3T3-F442A and human sc adipocytes. In insulin-sensitive adipocytes, ISO stimulated the 2-NBDG uptake by 210% (murine) and 67% (human), compared with insulin treatment. Notably, ISO also induced 2-NBDG uptake in murine (139%) and human (60%) adipocytes made resistant to insulin by treatment with TNF-α, compared with the incorporation induced in these cells by rosiglitazone. ISO induction of glucose uptake in adipocytes was abolished by inhibitors of the insulin signaling pathway. These inhibitors also blocked the proper phosphorylation of insulin signaling pathway components induced by ISO in both insulin-sensitive and insulin-resistant adipocytes. Additionally, ISO stimulated the transcription of genes encoding components of insulin signaling pathway in murine insulin-sensitive and insulin-resistant adipocytes. In summary, we show here that ISO exerts its antidiabetic effects by activating the insulin signaling pathway in adipocytes, reverts the insulin resistance caused in these cells by TNF-α by stimulating the proper phosphorylation of proteins in this signaling pathway, and induces the expression of genes encoding these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Josabad Alonso-Castro
- Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, Molecular Biology Division, San Luis Potosí, México
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70
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Wakeling LA, Ford D. Polymorphisms in genes involved in the metabolism and transport of soy isoflavones affect the urinary metabolite profile in premenopausal women following consumption of a commercial soy supplement as a single bolus dose. Mol Nutr Food Res 2012; 56:1794-802. [PMID: 23097198 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201200287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Genetic variation in relevant enzymes and transporters may contribute to discordant observations concerning health outcomes of dietary isoflavone consumption, so we examined the association of the UGT1A1*28 promoter polymorphism and of other SNPs with isoflavone metabolites in urine. METHODS AND RESULTS We genotyped prospectively for polymorphisms in UGT1A1 (UGT1A1*28), LPH (666G>A), CBG (1368T>A), ABCG2 (421C>A), and ABCC2 (1249G>A) to select 100 women (18-50 years) to receive a commercial soy supplement as a single dose and collect all urine over 24 h for analysis by RP-HPLC. We observed large differences in isoflavone recovery (mean 39%, eightfold variation) and metabolites. Glucuronides were the major metabolites (72% of total). UGT1A1*28 was associated only with percentage of glycitein as sulphate (positive; p = 0.046), but excluding five participants with both minor alleles of CBG and ABCG2 uncovered additional associations with percentage of glycitein as glucuronide (negative; p = 0.028), combined isoflavones as sulphate (positive; p = 0.035) and sulphate-to-glucuronide ratio for combined isoflavones (positive; p = 0.036). CBG1368T>A, ABCG2 421C>A, and ABCC2 1249G>A were also associated with differences in isoflavone metabolites in urine. CONCLUSION Genetic variation in UGT1A1, CBG, ABCG2, and ABCC2 influences isoflavone metabolism so may affect benefits of dietary consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa A Wakeling
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Human Nutrition Research Centre, Newcastle University, Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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71
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Galluzzo P, Marino M. Nutritional flavonoids impact on nuclear and extranuclear estrogen receptor activities. GENES AND NUTRITION 2012; 1:161-76. [PMID: 18850212 DOI: 10.1007/bf02829966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2006] [Accepted: 04/30/2006] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids are a large group of nonnutrient compounds naturally produced from plants as part of their defence mechanisms against stresses of different origins. They emerged from being considered an agricultural oddity only after it was observed that these compounds possess a potential protective function against several human degenerative diseases. This has led to recommending the consumption of food containing high concentrations of flavonoids, which at present, especially as soy isoflavones, are even available as overthecounter nutraceuticals. The increased use of flavonoids has occurred even though their mechanisms are not completely understood, in particular those involving the flavonoid impact on estrogen signals. In fact, most of the human health protective effects of flavonoids are described either as estrogenmimetic, or as antiestrogenic, while others do not involve estrogen signaling at all. Thus, the same molecule is reported as an endocrine disruptor, an estrogen mimetic or as an antioxidant without estrogenic effects. This is due in part to the complexity of the estrogen mechanism, which is conducted by different pathways and involves two different receptor isoforms. These pathways can be modulated by flavonoids and should be considered for a reliable evaluation of flavonoid, both estrogenicity and antiestrogenicity, and for a correct prediction of their effects on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Galluzzo
- Department of Biology, University "Roma Tre", Viale G. Marconi 446, I-00146, Roma, Italy
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72
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Gencel VB, Benjamin MM, Bahou SN, Khalil RA. Vascular effects of phytoestrogens and alternative menopausal hormone therapy in cardiovascular disease. Mini Rev Med Chem 2012; 12:149-74. [PMID: 22070687 DOI: 10.2174/138955712798995020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Revised: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Phytoestrogens are estrogenic compounds of plant origin classified into different groups including isoflavones, lignans, coumestans and stilbenes. Isoflavones such as genistein and daidzein are the most studied and most potent phytoestrogens, and are found mainly in soy based foods. The effects of phytoestrogens are partly mediated via estrogen receptors (ERs): ERα, ERβ and possibly GPER. The interaction of phytoestrogens with ERs is thought to induce both genomic and non-genomic effects in many tissues including the vasculature. Some phytoestrogens such as genistein have additional non-ER-mediated effects involving signaling pathways such as tyrosine kinase. Experimental studies have shown beneficial effects of phytoestrogens on endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle, and extracellular matrix. Phytoestrogens may also affect other pathophysiologic vascular processes such as lipid profile, angiogenesis, inflammation, tissue damage by reactive oxygen species, and these effects could delay the progression of atherosclerosis. As recent clinical trials showed no vascular benefits or even increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and CV events with conventional menopausal hormone therapy (MHT), phytoestrogens are being considered as alternatives to pharmacologic MHT. Epidemiological studies in the Far East population suggest that dietary intake of phytoestrogens may contribute to the decreased incidence of postmenopausal CVD and thromboembolic events. Also, the WHO-CARDIAC study supported that consumption of high soybean diet is associated with lower mortalities from coronary artery disease. However, as with estrogen, there has been some discrepancy between the experimental studies demonstrating the vascular benefits of phytoestrogens and the data from clinical trials. This is likely because the phytoestrogens clinical trials have been limited in many aspects including the number of participants enrolled, the clinical end points investigated, and the lack of long-term follow-up. Further investigation of the cellular mechanisms underlying the vascular effects of phytoestrogens and careful evaluation of the epidemiological evidence and clinical trials of their potential vascular benefits would put forward the use of phytoestrogens as an alternative MHT for the relief of menopausal symptoms and amelioration of postmenopausal CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- V B Gencel
- Vascular Surgery Research Laboratory, Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Ahn-Jarvis J, Clinton SK, Riedl KM, Vodovotz Y, Schwartz SJ. Impact of food matrix on isoflavone metabolism and cardiovascular biomarkers in adults with hypercholesterolemia. Food Funct 2012; 3:1051-8. [PMID: 22739802 DOI: 10.1039/c2fo10284f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The role of food matrix and gender on soy isoflavone metabolism and biomarkers of activity were examined in twenty free-living adults (34.7 ± 11.5 years old) with hypercholesterolemia (221.9 ± 18.7mg dL(-1)). In a randomized crossover design study, participants consumed soy bread (3 wk) or a soy beverage (3 wk) containing 20 g soy protein with 99 and 93 mg isoflavones aglycone equivalents per day, respectively. During soy bread intervention, women had significantly greater microbial metabolite excretion (P = 0.05) of isoflavonoids than men. In men, isoflavone metabolite excretion was not discernibly different between the two matrices. Significant reductions (P≤ 0.05) in triglycerides (24.8%), LDL cholesterol (6.0%), apolipoprotein A-I (12.3%), and lipid oxidative stress capacity (25.5%), were observed after soy food intervention. Our findings suggest that the food matrix significantly impacts soy isoflavone metabolism, particularly microbial metabolites in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Ahn-Jarvis
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Muthiah YD, Ong CE, Sulaiman SA, Tan SC, Ismail R. In-vitro inhibitory effect of Tualang honey on cytochrome P450 2C8 activity. J Pharm Pharmacol 2012; 64:1761-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2012.01551.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
To investigate the effect of Tualang honey on cytochrome P450 2C8 (CYP2C8) activity in vitro using an amodiaquine N-desethylase assay.
Methods
CYP2C8 and NADPH cytochrome P450 reductase was cotransformed, expressed and harvested. The incubation assay contained expressed proteins, MgCl2, NADP, glucose 6-phosphate, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, potassium phosphate buffer, and amodiaquine. The rate of conversion of amodiaquine to desethylamodiaquine, the metabolite, was determined using a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. The inhibition parameters, IC50 (concentration of inhibitor causing 50% inhibition of original enzyme activity) and apparent inhibition constant (Ki) values were determined.
Key findings
The recombinant proteins were successfully expressed and used to investigate the effect of Tualang honey on CYP2C8 activity. The activity was measured by the rate of metabolism of amodiaquine to desethylamodiaquine determined using a successfully developed HPLC method. Kinetic parameters as determined by nonlinear least-squares regression and evaluated with Aikeike's goodness of fit criteria revealed that Tualang honey competitively inhibited CYP2C8 activity in a dose-dependent manner. Maximum inhibition of 80% occurred at 0.01% honey. The IC50 and Ki values were (10.0 ± 3.0) × 10−3% and (5.1 ± 0.5) × 10−3% w/v, respectively.
Conclusions
This study has provided evidence for the in vitro inhibition of CYP2C8-mediated amodiaquine N-desethylase activity by Tualang honey. It revealed that honey, through this inhibition, may have the potential to cause in-vivo drug–food interaction with drugs metabolized by CYP2C8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasotha Devi Muthiah
- Pharmacogenetics & Novel Therapeutics Cluster, Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Chin Eng Ong
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Sunway Campus, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siti Amrah Sulaiman
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Soo Choon Tan
- Pharmacogenetics & Novel Therapeutics Cluster, Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Rusli Ismail
- Pharmacogenetics & Novel Therapeutics Cluster, Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Cederroth CR, Zimmermann C, Nef S. Soy, phytoestrogens and their impact on reproductive health. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 355:192-200. [PMID: 22210487 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
There is growing interest in the potential health threats posed by endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) to the reproductive system. Soybean is the most important dietary source of isoflavones, an important class of phytoestrogen. While consumption of soy food or phytoestrogen supplements has been frequently associated with beneficial health effects, the potentially adverse effects on development, fertility, and the reproductive and endocrine systems are likely underappreciated. Here we review the available epidemiological, clinical and animal data on the effects of soy and phytoestrogens on the development and function of the male and female reproductive system, and weigh the evidence as to their detrimental impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Robin Cederroth
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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Influence of fructooligosaccharide on pharmacokinetics of isoflavones in postmenopausal women. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:783802. [PMID: 22611432 PMCID: PMC3350959 DOI: 10.1155/2012/783802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Revised: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present paper was to determine the influence of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on the pharmacokinetics of isoflavones in healthy postmenopausal women. The study was a fixed-sequence, two-phase, crossover study. Twelve subjects received a single oral dose of 300 mL of a soy beverage. Blood samples were collected before the dose and at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, and 32 h after the administration of the soy beverage. After a washout period of at least 1 week, subjects were assigned to receive oral doses of FOS, 5 g each time, twice a day (after breakfast and dinner) for 14 days, followed by a single oral dose of the same soy beverage on the next day. Blood samples were then collected at the same time points mentioned previously. Plasma isoflavone concentrations were determined by HPLC. Continuous oral administrations of FOS followed by a single oral administration of soy beverage caused significant increases in Cmax, AUC0–32, and AUC0–∞ of genistein and AUC0–32 of daidzein, comparing to those obtained following a single oral dose of soy beverage alone. Other pharmacokinetic parameters (Tmax and t1/2 of both aglycones and AUC0–∞ of daidzein) between both regimens were not significantly different.
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Babu PVA, Si H, Fu Z, Zhen W, Liu D. Genistein prevents hyperglycemia-induced monocyte adhesion to human aortic endothelial cells through preservation of the cAMP signaling pathway and ameliorates vascular inflammation in obese diabetic mice. J Nutr 2012; 142:724-30. [PMID: 22399524 PMCID: PMC3301991 DOI: 10.3945/jn.111.152322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia-induced vascular inflammation resulting in the enhanced monocyte-endothelial cell (EC) interaction is the key event in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in diabetes. Here, we investigated the effect of isoflavone genistein on hyperglycemia-stimulated vascular inflammation. Human aortic EC (HAEC) were pretreated with genistein before the addition of high glucose (HG; 25 mmol/L) for 48 h. Genistein at a physiological concentration (0.1 μmol/L) significantly inhibited HG-induced adhesion of monocytes to HAEC and suppressed endothelial production of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) and IL-8. Inhibition of adenylate cyclase or protein kinase A (PKA) significantly attenuated the antiadhesion effect of genistein. Consistently, genistein improved HG-impaired intracellular cAMP production and PKA activity in HAEC. Six-week-old diabetic db/db mice were untreated (db/db) or treated with a diet containing 1 g genistein/kg diet (db/db+G) for 8 wk. Their nondiabetic db/+ mice were used as normal controls. Circulating concentrations of MCP-1/JE and KC were significantly greater, whereas IL-10 concentrations were lower in db/db mice than those in normal mice. Dietary supplementation of genistein did not normalize but significantly suppressed the elevated serum concentrations of MCP-1/JE from 286 ± 30 ng/L to 181 ± 35 ng/L and KC from 321 ± 21 ng/L to 232 ± 20 ng/L while increasing that of IL-10 from 35 ± 4 ng/L to 346 ± 35 ng/L in db/db+G mice. Further, genistein treatment suppressed diabetes-induced adhesion of monocytes to EC by 87% and endothelial secretion of adhesion molecules. We conclude that genistein improves diabetes-caused vascular inflammation, which may be mediated through promoting the cAMP/PKA pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Dongmin Liu
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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78
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Messing E, Gee JR, Saltzstein DR, Kim K, diSant'Agnese A, Kolesar J, Harris L, Faerber A, Havighurst T, Young JM, Efros M, Getzenberg RH, Wheeler MA, Tangrea J, Parnes H, House M, Busby JE, Hohl R, Bailey H. A phase 2 cancer chemoprevention biomarker trial of isoflavone G-2535 (genistein) in presurgical bladder cancer patients. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2012; 5:621-30. [PMID: 22293631 PMCID: PMC3324663 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-11-0455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The soy compound genistein has been observed preclinically to inhibit bladder cancer growth with one potential mechanism being the inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor phosphorylation (p-EGFR). A phase 2 randomized, placebo-controlled trial investigated whether daily, oral genistein (300 or 600 mg/d as the purified soy extract G-2535) for 14 to 21 days before surgery alters molecular pathways in bladder epithelial tissue in 59 subjects diagnosed with urothelial bladder cancer (median age, 71 years). G-2535 treatment was well tolerated; observed toxicities were primarily mild to moderate gastrointestinal or metabolic and usually not attributed to study drug. Genistein was detected in plasma and urine of subjects receiving G-2535 at concentrations greater than placebo subjects' but were not dose-dependent. Reduction in bladder cancer tissue p-EGFR staining between the placebo arm and the combined genistein arms was significant at the protocol-specified significance level of 0.10 (P = 0.07). This difference was most prominent when comparing the 300-mg group with placebo (P = 0.015), but there was no significant reduction in p-EGFR staining between the 600-mg group and placebo. No difference in normal bladder epithelium p-EGFR staining was observed between treatment groups. No significant differences in tumor tissue staining between treatment groups were observed for COX-2, Ki-67, activated caspase-3, Akt, p-Akt, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), or p-MAPK. No significant differences in urinary survivin or BLCA-4 levels between treatment groups were observed. Genistein displayed a possible bimodal effect (more effective at the lower dose) on bladder cancer tissue EGFR phosphorylation that should be evaluated further, possibly in combination with other agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Messing
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
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79
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Tubbs C, Hartig P, Cardon M, Varga N, Milnes M. Activation of southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum) estrogen receptors by phytoestrogens: potential role in the reproductive failure of captive-born females? Endocrinology 2012; 153:1444-52. [PMID: 22253418 PMCID: PMC3281539 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-1962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The captive southern white rhinoceros (SWR; Ceratotherium simum simum) population serves as an important genetic reservoir critical to the conservation of this vulnerable species. Unfortunately, captive populations are declining due to the poor reproductive success of captive-born females. Captive female SWR exhibit reproductive problems suggested to result from continual ovarian follicular activity and prolonged exposure to endogenous estrogen. However, we investigated the potential role of exogenous dietary phytoestrogens in the reproductive failure of SWR by cloning and characterizing in vitro phytoestrogen binding and activation of recombinant SWR estrogen receptors (ESR). We compared those characteristics with recombinant greater one-horned rhinoceros (GOHR; Rhinoceros unicornis) ESR, a species that receives similar captive diets yet reproduces relatively well. Our results indicate that phytoestrogens bind rhino ESR in a manner similar to other vertebrate species, but there are no differences found in phytoestrogen binding affinity of SWR ESR compared with GOHR ESR. However, species-specific differences in ESR activation by phytoestrogens were detected. The phytoestrogen coumestrol stimulated greater maximal activation of SWR ESR1 than GOHR ESR1. SWR ESR2 were also more sensitive to phytoestrogens and were activated to a greater extent by both coumestrol and daidzein. The concentrations in which significant differences in ESR activation occurred (10(-7) to 10(-5) m) are consistent with circulating concentrations measured in other vertebrate species. Taken together, these findings suggest that phytoestrogens potentially pose a risk to the reproductive health of captive SWR. However, additional studies are needed to further clarify the physiological role of dietary phytoestrogens in the reduced fertility of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Tubbs
- San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research, 15600 San Pasqual Valley Road, Escondido, California 92027, USA.
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80
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Matthies A, Loh G, Blaut M, Braune A. Daidzein and genistein are converted to equol and 5-hydroxy-equol by human intestinal Slackia isoflavoniconvertens in gnotobiotic rats. J Nutr 2012; 142:40-6. [PMID: 22113864 DOI: 10.3945/jn.111.148247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal conversion of the isoflavone daidzein to the bioactive equol is exclusively catalyzed by gut bacteria, but a direct role in equol formation under in vivo conditions has not yet been demonstrated. Slackia isoflavoniconvertens is one of the few equol-forming gut bacteria isolated from humans and, moreover, it also converts genistein to 5-hydroxy-equol. To demonstrate the isoflavone-converting ability of S. isoflavoniconvertens in vivo, the metabolization of dietary daidzein and genistein was investigated in male and female rats harboring a simplified human microbiota without (control) or with S. isoflavoniconvertens (SIA). Feces, urine, intestinal contents, and plasma of the rats were analyzed for daidzein, genistein, and their metabolites. Equol and 5-hydroxy-equol were found in intestinal contents, feces, and urine of SIA rats but not in the corresponding samples of the control rats. 5-Hydroxy-equol was present at much lower concentrations than equol and the main metabolite produced from genistein was the intermediate dihydrogenistein. The plasma of SIA rats contained equol but no 5-hydroxy-equol. Equol formation had no effect on plasma concentrations of the insulin-like growth factor I. The concentrations of daidzein and genistein were considerably lower in all samples of the SIA rats than in those of the control rats. Male SIA rats had higher intestinal and fecal concentrations of the isoflavones and their metabolites than female SIA rats. The observed activity in the rat model indicates that S. isoflavoniconvertens is capable of contributing in vivo to the bioactivation of daidzein and genistein by formation of equol and 5-hydroxy-equol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Matthies
- Department of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
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81
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Shen Q, Li X, Li W, Zhao X. Enhanced intestinal absorption of daidzein by borneol/menthol eutectic mixture and microemulsion. AAPS PharmSciTech 2011; 12:1044-9. [PMID: 21842308 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-011-9672-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the effect of a borneol/menthol eutectic mixture (25:75) and microemulsion on the absorption of daidzein in rat intestinal membrane was evaluated. The microemulsion formulation was composed of ethyl oleate (oil), Cremophor RH40 (surfactant), PEG400 (co-surfactant), and water. The borneol/menthol eutectic mixture and its microemulsion were found to enhance the intestinal absorption of daidzein in vitro. A diffusion chamber system with isolated rat intestinal membranes was used. In contrast, verapamil (0.3 mM), a typical P-glycoprotein inhibitor, showed no effect on the absorption of daidzein by this system. A pharmacokinetic study was conducted in rats. After oral administration of daidzein at a dose of 10 mg/kg in the form of either borneol/menthol eutectic mixtures or suspension, the relative bioavailability of borneol/menthol eutectic mixtures and microemulsion was enhanced by about 1.5- and 3.65-fold, respectively, compared with a daidzein suspension. In conclusion, a borneol/menthol eutectic mixture can enhance the absorption of daidzein, although the mechanism of absorption enhancement is still unclear.
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82
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Kundu R, Dasgupta S, Biswas A, Bhattacharya S, Pal BC, Bhattacharya S, Rao P, Barua N, Bordoloi M, Bhattacharya S. Carlinoside reduces hepatic bilirubin accumulation by stimulating bilirubin-UGT activity through Nrf2 gene expression. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 82:1186-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.07.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Revised: 06/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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83
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Setchell KDR, Brown NM, Zhao X, Lindley SL, Heubi JE, King EC, Messina MJ. Soy isoflavone phase II metabolism differs between rodents and humans: implications for the effect on breast cancer risk. Am J Clin Nutr 2011; 94:1284-94. [PMID: 21955647 PMCID: PMC3192476 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.111.019638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human and animal studies have produced conflicting results with regard to the effect of soy isoflavones on breast cancer risk. This may be due to differences in isoflavone metabolism. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine whether soy isoflavone phase II metabolism differs between humans and rodents. DESIGN Circulating total and unconjugated isoflavone concentrations were determined by mass spectrometry in plasma samples from 7 separate studies: 1) in Sprague-Dawley rats and in 3 strains of mice fed commercial soy-containing diets; 2) in Sprague-Dawley rats gavaged with genistein; 3) in healthy adults who consumed single servings of soy nuts, soy milk, and tempeh; 4) in healthy adults subchronically given soy milk; 5) in healthy women orally administered 50 mg genistein; 6) in healthy women orally administered 20 mg pure S-(-)equol; and 7) in 6-mo-old infants fed soy infant formula and later, at age 3 y, a soy germ isoflavone supplement. RESULTS The proportion of unconjugated genistein in plasma from adults and infants who consumed different soy foods, pure genistein, or an isoflavone supplement was <1% in steady state and <2% at peak concentrations. By contrast, rodents fed soy-containing diets conjugate isoflavones less efficiently. The plasma percentages of unconjugated genistein concentrations in Sprague-Dawley rats and C57BL/6, nude, and transgenic AngptL4B6 mice were 4.0 ± 0.6%, 4.6 ± 0.6%, 11.6 ± 0%, and 30.1 ± 4.3%, respectively, which represent 20, 23, 58, and 150 times that in humans. CONCLUSION The markedly higher circulating concentrations of biologically active (unconjugated) genistein in certain strains of mice cast doubt on the value of the use of these rodents for gaining insight into the effects of isoflavones in humans, especially with regard to the effects on breast tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth D R Setchell
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, OH 45229, USA.
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84
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IBARRETA DOLORES, DAXENBERGER ANDREAS, MEYER HEINRICHHD. Possible health impact of phytoestrogens and xenoestrogens in food. APMIS 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2001.tb05792.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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85
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KOH EUNMI, MITCHELL ALYSONE. CHARACTERIZATION OF URINARY ISOFLAVONE METABOLITES EXCRETED AFTER THE CONSUMPTION OF SOY FLOUR OR SOYBEAN PASTE USING LC-(ESI)MS/MS. J Food Biochem 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4514.2010.00469.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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86
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Clarkson TB, Utian WH, Barnes S, Gold EB, Basaria SS, Aso T, Kronenberg F, Frankenfeld CL, Cline JM, Landgren BM, Gallagher JC, Weaver CM, Hodis HN, Brinton RD, Maki PM. The role of soy isoflavones in menopausal health: report of The North American Menopause Society/Wulf H. Utian Translational Science Symposium in Chicago, IL (October 2010). Menopause 2011; 18:732-53. [PMID: 21685820 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0b013e31821fc8e0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES If and to what extent soy protein, soy isoflavones, and their metabolites, including S(--)-equol, have beneficial effects on women's health is currently unclear. The North American Menopause Society (NAMS)/Utian Translational Science Symposium on Soy and Soy Isoflavones convened October 9-10, 2010, to clarify basic and clinical research findings as they relate to the risk and benefits of soy products for peri- and postmenopausal women. METHODS A working group of faculty and panelists composed of clinical and research experts in the fields of women's health and botanicals met during a 2-day translational symposium to cover the latest evidence-based science on isoflavones as they affect menopausal symptoms, breast and endometrial cancer, atherosclerosis, bone loss, and cognition. Full descriptions of the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of isoflavones were also presented. Subspecialty groups then broke off with the goal of translating the information into a report for general medical practice and identifying further research areas. All faculty and panelists reviewed the final report, which was then approved by the NAMS Board of Trustees. RESULTS From the hundreds of studies reviewed in this report, there are mixed results of the effects on midlife women. Soy-based isoflavones are modestly effective in relieving menopausal symptoms; supplements providing higher proportions of genistein or increased in S(--)-equol may provide more benefits. Soy food consumption is associated with lower risk of breast and endometrial cancer in observational studies. The efficacy of isoflavones on bone has not been proven, and the clinical picture of whether soy has cardiovascular benefits is still evolving. Preliminary findings on cognitive benefit from isoflavone therapy support a "critical window" hypothesis wherein younger postmenopausal women derive more than older women. CONCLUSIONS Several areas for further research have been identified on soy and midlife women. More clinical studies are needed that compare outcomes among women whose intestinal bacteria have the ability to convert daidzein to equol (equol producers) with those that lack that ability (equol nonproducers) in order to determine if equol producers derive greater benefits from soy supplementation. Larger studies are needed in younger postmenopausal women, and more research is needed to understand the modes of use of soy isoflavone supplements in women. The interrelations of other dietary components on soy isoflavones consumed as a part of diet or by supplement on equol production also require further study, as do potential interactions with prescription and over-the-counter medications. And finally, greater standardization and documentation of clinical trial data of soy are needed.
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Abstract
A high intake of fruits and vegetables is associated with a lower risk of cancer. In this context, considerable attention is paid to Asian populations who consume high amounts of soy and soy-derived isoflavones, and have a lower risk for several cancer types such as breast and prostate cancers than populations in Western countries. Hence, interest focuses on soyfoods, soy products, and soy ingredients such as isoflavones with regard to their possible beneficial effects that were observed in numerous experiments and studies. The outcomes of the studies are not always conclusive, are often contradictory depending on the experimental conditions, and are, therefore, difficult to interpret. Isoflavone research revealed not only beneficial but also adverse effects, for instance, on the reproductive system. This is also the case with tumor-promoting effects on, for example, breast tissue. Isoflavone extracts and supplements are often used for the treatment of menopausal symptoms and for the prevention of age-associated conditions such as cardiovascular diseases and osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. In relation to this, questions about the effectiveness and safety of isoflavones have to be clarified. Moreover, there are concerns about the maternal consumption of isoflavones due to the development of leukemia in infants. In contrast, men may benefit from the intake of isoflavones with regard to reducing the risk of prostate cancer. Therefore, this review examines the risks but also the benefits of isoflavones with regard to various kinds of cancer, which can be derived from animal and human studies as well as from in vitro experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Andres
- Department of Food Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
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88
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Lehraiki A, Chamaillard C, Krust A, Habert R, Levacher C. Genistein impairs early testosterone production in fetal mouse testis via estrogen receptor alpha. Toxicol In Vitro 2011; 25:1542-7. [PMID: 21624456 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2011.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Revised: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The widespread consumption of soy-based products raises the issue of the reproductive toxicity of phytoestrogens. Indeed, it is well known that genistein, an isoflavone found in soybeans and soy products, mimics the actions of estrogens and that the fetal testis is responsive to estrogens. Therefore we investigated whether genistein could have deleterious effects on fetal testis. Using organ cultures of fetal testes from wild type and ERα or ERβ knock-out mice we show that genistein inhibits testosterone secretion by fetal Leydig cells during early fetal development (E12.5), within the "masculinization programming window". This effect occurs through an ERα-dependent mechanism and starting at 10 nM genistein, a concentration which is compatible with human consumption. No effect of genistein on the number of gonocytes was detected at any of the studied developmental stages. These results suggest that fetal exposure to phytoestrogens can affect the development and function of the male reproductive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelali Lehraiki
- Laboratory of Gonad Differentiation and Radiobiology, Stem Cells and Radiation Service, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Radiation Biology, Life Sciences Division, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, B.P. 6, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
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89
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Wu B, Kulkarni K, Basu S, Zhang S, Hu M. First-pass metabolism via UDP-glucuronosyltransferase: a barrier to oral bioavailability of phenolics. J Pharm Sci 2011; 100:3655-81. [PMID: 21484808 DOI: 10.1002/jps.22568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glucuronidation mediated by UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) is a significant metabolic pathway that facilitates efficient elimination of numerous endobiotics and xenobiotics, including phenolics. UGT genetic deficiency and polymorphisms or inhibition of glucuronidation by concomitant use of drugs are associated with inherited physiological disorders or drug-induced toxicities. Moreover, extensive glucuronidation can be a barrier to oral bioavailability as the first-pass glucuronidation (or premature clearance by UGTs) of orally administered agents usually results in the poor oral bioavailability and lack of efficacies. This review focused on the first-pass glucuronidation of phenolics including natural polyphenols and pharmaceuticals. The complexity of UGT-mediated metabolism of phenolics is highlighted with species-, gender-, organ- and isoform-dependent specificity, as well as functional compensation between UGT1A and 2B subfamily. In addition, recent advances are discussed with respect to the mechanisms of enzymatic actions, including the important properties such as binding pocket size and phosphorylation requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baojian Wu
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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90
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Neonatal exposure to genistein ameliorates high-fat diet-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in rats. Br J Nutr 2011; 106:105-13. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114510005799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is becoming a prevalent disease in developing countries with no effective therapy. Isoflavones such as genistein have been shown to prevent NASH in a rat model, but the effects of neonatal exposure to genistein on lipid metabolism have been rarely studied. In the present study, three doses of genistein (30, 300 or 1200 μg/rat per d) were injected (subcutaneously) into neonatal male Sprague–Dawley rats at postnatal days 1–5. After weaning, these rats were allowed free access to a high-fat diet for 6 weeks. The results demonstrate that NASH was induced by high fat feeding in the control rats, whereas genistein-treated rats displayed smaller body weight, and lower hepatic inflammation and steatosis. The mid dose of genistein was most effective. Neonatal exposure to genistein also resulted in a lower incidence of apoptotic cells in the liver. Additionally, neonatal genistein-treated rats showed lower hepatic expression of fatty acid synthase and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1, but higher expression of PPARα, indicative of lower rates of lipid synthesis and higher rates of β-oxidation. These results indicate that neonatal treatment with genistein has a prolonged effect on hepatic lipid metabolism that is maintained post-weaning, offering a potential approach for the prevention of hepatic steatosis and NASH.
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91
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Maul R, Siegl D, Kulling SE. Glucuronidation of the Red Clover Isoflavone Irilone by Liver Microsomes from Different Species and Human UDP-Glucuronosyltransferases. Drug Metab Dispos 2010; 39:610-6. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.110.033076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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92
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Kim MH, Park JS, Jung JW, Byun KW, Kang KS, Lee YS. Daidzein supplementation prevents non-alcoholic fatty liver disease through alternation of hepatic gene expression profiles and adipocyte metabolism. Int J Obes (Lond) 2010; 35:1019-30. [PMID: 21157426 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2010.256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Globally, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) continues to rise and isoflavones exert antisteatotic effects by the regulation of hepatic lipogenesis/insulin resistance or adiposity/a variety of adipocytokines are related to hepatic steatosis. However, there is very little information regarding the potential effects of daidzein, the secondary abundant isoflavone, on NAFLD. Here, we have assessed the hepatic global transcription profiles, adipocytokines and adiposity in mice with high fat-induced NAFLD and their alteration by daidzein supplementation. METHODS C57BL/6J mice were fed with normal fat (16% fat of total energy), high fat (HF; 36% fat of total energy) and HF supplemented with daidzein (0.1, 0.5, 1 and 2 g per kg diet) for 12 weeks. RESULTS Daidzein supplementation (≥ 0.5 g per kg diet) reduced hepatic lipid concentrations and alleviated hepatic steatosis. The hepatic microarray showed that daidzein supplementation (1 g per kg diet) downregulated carbohydrate responsive element binding protein, a determinant of de novo lipogenesis, its upstream gene liver X receptor β and its target genes encoding for lipogenic enzymes, thereby preventing hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance. These results were confirmed by lower insulin and blood glucose levels as well as homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance scores. In addition, daidzein supplementation inhibited adiposity by the upregulation of genes involved in fatty acid β-oxidation and the antiadipogeneis, and moreover augmented antisteatohepatitic leptin and adiponectin mRNA levels, whereas it reduced the mRNA or concentration of steatotic tumor necrosis factor α and ghrelin. CONCLUSIONS These findings show that daidzein might alleviate NAFLD through the direct regulation of hepatic de novo lipogenesis and insulin signaling, and the indirect control of adiposity and adipocytokines by the alteration of adipocyte metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-H Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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93
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Anti-angiogenic genistein inhibits VEGF-induced endothelial cell activation by decreasing PTK activity and MAPK activation. Med Oncol 2010; 29:349-57. [PMID: 21132400 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-010-9770-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Genistein (Gen), a soy isoflavone, is considered to exert potent antitumor effect partially through its anti-angiogenesis property. However, the precise molecular mechanism is still unknown. Our previous investigations have demonstrated that genistein down-regulates expression of pro-angiogenic factors via inhibiting protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) activity both in breast cancer cells and in xenograft tumors. In the present experiment, we chose cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), which have a considerable role in tumor angiogenesis formation, to explore the influence of genistein on VEGF-stimulated endothelial cell activation and the underlying mechanism. Stimulation of human primary HUVECs by VEGF not only increased endothelial cell protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) activity but also augmented matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), -9 secretions and increased MMP-2, -9 activities. Treatment of ECs with genistein induced VEGF-loaded endothelial apoptosis by inhibiting production and activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). In addition, exposure to genistein decreased activation of JNK and p38, not ERK-1/2, induced by VEGF. Collectively, our findings suggested that the inhibition of PTK activity and MAPK activation and the decrease in MMPs production and activity by genistein interrupt VEGF-stimulated endothelial cell activation, which thereby may represent a mechanism that would explain the anti-angiogenesis effect of genistein and its cancer-protective function.
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94
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Tokalov SV, Abramyuk AM, Abolmaali ND. Protection of p53 wild type cells from taxol by genistein in the combined treatment of lung cancer. Nutr Cancer 2010; 62:795-801. [PMID: 20661829 DOI: 10.1080/01635581003605912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study specifies the basic principles to selectively kill p53-deficient cells (H1299, FaDu) by taxol and to protect p53 wild type cells (A549) by the prior administration of structurally related flavonoids (apigenin, genistein, and quercetin). Cytotoxic and cytostatic properties of flavonoids were investigated in vitro by flow cytometry and were compared to known anticancer drugs (cisplatin, doxorubicin, etoposide). It was confirmed that doxorubicin induced growth arrest and protected A549 cells from taxol while simultaneously killing or blocking H1299 and FaDu cancer cells. It was found that doxorubicin could be successfully substituted in this way by the isoflavone genistein used at physiologically relevant concentrations. The other compounds analyzed revealed less selectivity (apigenin, cisplatin) or demonstrated higher toxicity (cisplatin, etoposide, and quercetin). We concluded that genistein-based therapy may have antagonistic effects when combined with mitotic poisons. The proposed therapeutic strategy allows protection of p53 wild type cells from taxol and selectively increases apoptosis in p53-deficient cells. This strategy exploits the naturally occurring compound that can be used without significant toxicity in rather high concentrations as present in common diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey V Tokalov
- OncoRay-Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, University of Technology Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, Dresden, Germany.
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95
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de Souza PL, Russell PJ, Kearsley JH, Howes LG. Clinical pharmacology of isoflavones and its relevance for potential prevention of prostate cancer. Nutr Rev 2010; 68:542-55. [PMID: 20796219 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2010.00314.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoflavones are phytoestrogens that have pleiotropic effects in a wide variety of cancer cell lines. Many of these biological effects involve key components of signal transduction pathways within cancer cells, including prostate cancer cells. Epidemiological studies have raised the hypothesis that isoflavones may play an important role in the prevention and modulation of prostate cancer growth. Since randomized phase III trials of isoflavones in prostate cancer prevention are currently lacking, the best evidence for this concept is presently provided by case control studies. However, in vitro data are much more convincing in regard to the activity of a number of isoflavones, and have led to the development of genistein and phenoxodiol in the clinic as potential treatments for cancer. In addition, the potential activity of isoflavones in combination with cytotoxics or radiotherapy warrants further investigation. This review focuses on the clinical pharmacology of isoflavones and its relevance to their development for use in the prevention of prostate cancer, and it evaluates some of the conflicting data in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul L de Souza
- St. George Hospital Clinical School, UNSW, Kogarah, New South Wales, Australia.
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96
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Kim MH, Kang KS, Lee YS. The inhibitory effect of genistein on hepatic steatosis is linked to visceral adipocyte metabolism in mice with diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Br J Nutr 2010; 104:1333-42. [PMID: 20687969 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114510002266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been deeply associated with visceral adiposity, adipose tissue inflammation and a variety of adipocytokines. We reported previously that genistein inhibited NAFLD by enhancing fatty acid catabolism. However, this molecular approach focused on hepatic metabolism. Thus, we have attempted to determine whether this anti-steatotic effect of genistein is linked to visceral adipocyte metabolism. C57BL/6J mice were fed on normal-fat (NF) diet, high-fat (HF) diet and HF diet supplemented with genistein (1, 2 and 4 g/kg diet) for 12 weeks. Mice fed on the HF diet gained body weight, exhibited increased visceral fat mass and elevated levels of serum and liver lipids, and developed NAFLD, unlike what was observed in mice fed on the NF diet. However, genistein supplementation (2 and 4 g/kg diet) normalised these alternations. In the linear regression analysis, visceral fat (R 0·77) and TNFα (R 0·62) were strongly correlated with NAFLD among other NAFLD-related parameters. Genistein supplementation suppressed the hypertrophy of adipocytes via the up-regulation of genes involved in fatty acid β-oxidation, including PPARα, 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase and very long-chain acyl CoA dehydrogenase, as well as through the down-regulation of genes associated with adipogenesis or lipogenesis, including liver X receptor-α, sterol-regulatory element-binding protein-1c, PPARγ, retinoid X receptor-α and acetyl CoA carboxylase 2. Moreover, genistein supplementation augmented an anti-steatohepatitic adiponectin TNF and reduced a steatohepatitic TNFα. Collectively, these findings show that genistein may prevent NAFLD via the regulation of visceral adipocyte metabolism and adipocytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Hyun Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanangno, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
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97
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Jackson MD, McFarlane-Anderson ND, Simon GA, Bennett FI, Walker SP. Urinary phytoestrogens and risk of prostate cancer in Jamaican men. Cancer Causes Control 2010; 21:2249-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s10552-010-9648-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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98
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Azarova AM, Lin RK, Tsai YC, Liu LF, Lin CP, Lyu YL. Genistein induces topoisomerase IIbeta- and proteasome-mediated DNA sequence rearrangements: Implications in infant leukemia. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 399:66-71. [PMID: 20638367 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Genistein is a bioflavonoid enriched in soy products. However, high levels of maternal soy consumption have been linked to the development of infant leukemia ALL and AML. The majority of infant leukemia is linked to mixed lineage leukemia gene (MLL) translocations. Previous studies have implicated topoisomerase II (Top2) in genistein-induced infant leukemia. In order to understand the roles of the two Top2 isozymes in and the molecular mechanism for genistein-induced infant leukemia, we carried out studies in vitro using purified recombinant human Top2 isozymes, as well as studies in cultured mouse myeloid progenitor cells (32Dc13) and Top2beta knockout mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). First, we showed that genistein efficiently induced both Top2alpha and Top2beta cleavage complexes in the purified system as well as in cultured mouse cells. Second, genistein induced proteasomal degradation of Top2beta in 32Dc13 cells. Third, the genistein-induced DNA double-strand break (DSB) signal, gamma-H2AX, was dependent on the Top2beta isozyme and proteasome activity. Fourth, the requirement for Top2beta and proteasome activity was mirrored in genistein-induced DNA sequence rearrangements, as monitored by a DNA integration assay. Together, our results suggest a model in which genistein-induced Top2beta cleavage complexes are processed by proteasome, leading to the exposure of otherwise Top2beta-concealed DSBs and subsequent chromosome rearrangements, and implicate a major role of Top2beta and proteasome in genistein-induced infant leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Azarova
- Department of Pharmacology, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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Fu Z, Zhang W, Zhen W, Lum H, Nadler J, Bassaganya-Riera J, Jia Z, Wang Y, Misra H, Liu D. Genistein induces pancreatic beta-cell proliferation through activation of multiple signaling pathways and prevents insulin-deficient diabetes in mice. Endocrinology 2010; 151:3026-37. [PMID: 20484465 PMCID: PMC2903942 DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-1294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Genistein, a flavonoid in legumes and some herbal medicines, has various biological actions. However, studies on whether genistein has an effect on pancreatic beta-cell function are very limited. In the present study, we investigated the effect of genistein on beta-cell proliferation and cellular signaling related to this effect and further determined its antidiabetic potential in insulin-deficient diabetic mice. Genistein induced both INS1 and human islet beta-cell proliferation after 24 h of incubation, with 5 mum genistein inducing a maximal 27% increase. The effect of genistein on beta-cell proliferation was neither dependent on estrogen receptors nor shared by 17beta-estradiol or a host of structurally related flavonoid compounds. Pharmacological or molecular intervention of protein kinase A (PKA) or ERK1/2 completely abolished genistein-stimulated beta-cell proliferation, suggesting that both molecules are essential for genistein action. Consistent with its effect on cell proliferation, genistein induced cAMP/PKA signaling and subsequent phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in both INS1 cells and human islets. Furthermore, genistein induced protein expression of cyclin D1, a major cell-cycle regulator essential for beta-cell growth. Dietary intake of genistein significantly improved hyperglycemia, glucose tolerance, and blood insulin levels in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice, concomitant with improved islet beta-cell proliferation, survival, and mass. These results demonstrate that genistein may be a natural antidiabetic agent by directly modulating pancreatic beta-cell function via activation of the cAMP/PKA-dependent ERK1/2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Fu
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
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Abstract
Equol, first isolated from equine urine in 1932 and identified 50 years later in human urine as a metabolite of the soy isoflavones, daidzin and daidzein, is produced by intestinal bacteria in some, but not all, adults. This observation led to the term equol-producers to define those adults that could make equol in response to consuming soy isoflavones and the hypothesis that the health benefits of soy-based diets may be greater in equol-producers than in equol nonproducers. By virtue of a chiral center, equol occurs as a diastereoisomer and intestinal bacteria are enantiospecific in synthesizing exclusively the S-(-)equol enantiomer, an enantiomer that has selective affinity for the estrogen receptor-beta. Both enantiomers are of interest from a clinical and pharmacological perspective and are currently being developed as nutraceutical and pharmacological agents. The wide range of biological activities these enantiomers possess warrants their investigation for the treatment of a number of hormone-related conditions involving estrogen-dependent and androgen-related conditions. The following review describes the history, chemistry, and factors governing the intestinal bacterial formation of equol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth D R Setchell
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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