51
|
Kam CY, Dubash AD, Magistrati E, Polo S, Satchell KJF, Sheikh F, Lampe PD, Green KJ. Desmoplakin maintains gap junctions by inhibiting Ras/MAPK and lysosomal degradation of connexin-43. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:3219-3235. [PMID: 29959233 PMCID: PMC6123000 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201710161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Desmosomal mutations result in potentially deadly cardiocutaneous disease caused by electrical conduction defects and disruption of gap junctions. Kam et al. demonstrate a mechanism whereby loss of the intermediate filament anchoring protein desmoplakin stimulates Cx43 turnover by increasing K-Ras expression, marking Cx43 for lysosomal degradation through ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Desmoplakin (DP) is an obligate component of desmosomes, intercellular adhesive junctions that maintain the integrity of the epidermis and myocardium. Mutations in DP can cause cardiac and cutaneous disease, including arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM), an inherited disorder that frequently results in deadly arrhythmias. Conduction defects in ACM are linked to the remodeling and functional interference with Cx43-based gap junctions that electrically and chemically couple cells. How DP loss impairs gap junctions is poorly understood. We show that DP prevents lysosomal-mediated degradation of Cx43. DP loss triggered robust activation of ERK1/2–MAPK and increased phosphorylation of S279/282 of Cx43, which signals clathrin-mediated internalization and subsequent lysosomal degradation of Cx43. RNA sequencing revealed Ras-GTPases as candidates for the aberrant activation of ERK1/2 upon loss of DP. Using a novel Ras inhibitor, Ras/Rap1-specific peptidase (RRSP), or K-Ras knockdown, we demonstrate restoration of Cx43 in DP-deficient cardiomyocytes. Collectively, our results reveal a novel mechanism for the regulation of the Cx43 life cycle by DP in cardiocutaneous models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yuan Kam
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Adi D Dubash
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | | | - Simona Polo
- Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, Italy.,Dipartimento di Oncologia ed Emato-oncologia, Universita' degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Karla J F Satchell
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Farah Sheikh
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Paul D Lampe
- Translational Research Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Kathleen J Green
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL .,Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Hoorntje ET, Te Rijdt WP, James CA, Pilichou K, Basso C, Judge DP, Bezzina CR, van Tintelen JP. Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy: pathology, genetics, and concepts in pathogenesis. Cardiovasc Res 2018; 113:1521-1531. [PMID: 28957532 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvx150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) is a rare, heritable heart disease characterized by fibro-fatty replacement of the myocardium and a high degree of electric instability. It was first thought to be a congenital disorder, but is now regarded as a dystrophic heart muscle disease that develops over time. There is no curative treatment and current treatment strategies focus on attenuating the symptoms, slowing disease progression, and preventing life-threatening arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. Identification of mutations in genes encoding desmosomal proteins and in other genes has led to insights into the disease pathogenesis and greatly facilitated identification of family members at risk. The disease phenotype is, however, highly variable and characterized by incomplete penetrance. Although the reasons are still poorly understood, sex, endurance exercise and a gene-dosage effect seem to play a role in these phenomena. The discovery of the genes and mutations implicated in ACM has allowed animal and cellular models to be generated, enabling researchers to start unravelling it's underlying molecular mechanisms. Observations in humans and in animal models suggest that reduced cell-cell adhesion affects gap junction and ion channel remodelling at the intercalated disc, and along with impaired desmosomal function, these can lead to perturbations in signalling cascades like the Wnt/β-catenin and Hippo/YAP pathways. Perturbations of these pathways are also thought to lead to fibro-fatty replacement. A better understanding of the molecular processes may lead to new therapies that target specific pathways involved in ACM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edgar T Hoorntje
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Heart Institute, Moreelsepark 1, 3511 EP, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter P Te Rijdt
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cynthia A James
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kalliopi Pilichou
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Padua 35121, Italy
| | - Cristina Basso
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Padua 35121, Italy
| | - Daniel P Judge
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Connie R Bezzina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Heart Centre, Academic Medical Centre, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Peter van Tintelen
- Netherlands Heart Institute, Moreelsepark 1, 3511 EP, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Centre Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Mazurek SR, Calway T, Harmon C, Farrell P, Kim GH. MicroRNA-130a Regulation of Desmocollin 2 in a Novel Model of Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy. Microrna 2018; 6:143-150. [PMID: 27834139 DOI: 10.2174/2211536605666161109111031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNAs are small noncoding RNA molecules that play a critical role in regulating physiological and disease processes. Recent studies have now recognized microRNAs as an important player in cardiac arrhythmogenesis. Molecular insight into arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (AC) has primarily focused on mutations in desmosome proteins. To our knowledge, models of AC due to microRNA dysregulation have not been reported. Previously, we reported on miR-130a mediated down-regulation of Connexin43. OBJECTIVE Here, we investigate miR-130a-mediated translational repression of Desmocollin2 (DSC2), as it has a predicted target site for miR-130a. DSC2 is an important protein for cell adhesion, which has been shown to be dysregulated in human AC. METHOD & RESULTS After induction of miR-130a, transgenic mice demonstrated right ventricular dilation. Surface ECG revealed spontaneous premature ventricular complexes confirming an arrhythmogenic phenotype in αMHC-miR130a mice. Using total protein from whole ventricular lysate, western blot analysis demonstrated an 80% reduction in DSC2 levels in transgenic myocardium. Furthermore, immunofluorescent staining confirmed downregulation of DSC2 in transgenic compared with littermate control myocardium. In transgenic hearts, histologic findings revealed fibrosis and lipid accumulation within both ventricles. To validate DSC2 as a direct target of miR-130a, we performed in vitro target assays in 3T3 fibroblasts, known to express miR-130a. Using a luciferase reporter fused to the 3UTR of DSC2 compared with a control, we found a 42% reduction in luciferase activity with the DSC2 3UTR. This reduction was reversed upon selective inhibition of miR-130a. CONCLUSION Overexpression of miR-130a results in a disease phenotype characteristic of AC and therefore, may serve as potential model for microRNA-induced AC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan R Mazurek
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637. United States
| | - Tyler Calway
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637. United States
| | - Cynthia Harmon
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637. United States
| | - Priyanka Farrell
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637. United States
| | - Gene H Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637. United States
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Karmouch J, Zhou QQ, Miyake CY, Lombardi R, Kretzschmar K, Bannier-Hélaouët M, Clevers H, Wehrens XHT, Willerson JT, Marian AJ. Distinct Cellular Basis for Early Cardiac Arrhythmias, the Cardinal Manifestation of Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy, and the Skin Phenotype of Cardiocutaneous Syndromes. Circ Res 2017; 121:1346-1359. [PMID: 29018034 PMCID: PMC5722680 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.311876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy is caused primarily by mutations in genes encoding desmosome proteins. Ventricular arrhythmias are the cardinal and typically early manifestations, whereas myocardial fibroadiposis is the pathological hallmark. Homozygous DSP (desmoplakin) and JUP (junction protein plakoglobin) mutations are responsible for a subset of patients with arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy who exhibit cardiac arrhythmias and dysfunction, palmoplanter keratosis, and hair abnormalities (cardiocutaneous syndromes). OBJECTIVE To determine phenotypic consequences of deletion of Dsp in a subset of cells common to the heart and skin. METHODS AND RESULTS Expression of CSPG4 (chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4) was detected in epidermal keratinocytes and the cardiac conduction system. CSPG4pos cells constituted ≈5.6±3.3% of the nonmyocyte cells in the mouse heart. Inducible postnatal deletion of Dsp under the transcriptional control of the Cspg4 locus led to ventricular arrhythmias, atrial fibrillation, atrioventricular conduction defects, and death by 4 months of age. Cardiac arrhythmias occurred early and in the absence of cardiac dysfunction and excess cardiac fibroadipocytes, as in human arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy. The mice exhibited palmoplantar keratosis and progressive alopecia, leading to alopecia totalis, associated with accelerated proliferation and impaired terminal differentiation of keratinocytes. The phenotype is similar to human cardiocutaneous syndromes caused by homozygous mutations in DSP. CONCLUSIONS Deletion of Dsp under the transcriptional regulation of the CSPG4 locus led to lethal cardiac arrhythmias in the absence of cardiac dysfunction or fibroadiposis, palmoplantar keratosis, and alopecia, resembling the human cardiocutaneous syndromes. The findings offer a cellular basis for early cardiac arrhythmias in patients with arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy and cardiocutaneous syndromes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Karmouch
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston (J.K., Q.Q.Z., R.L., J.T.W., A.J.M.); Texas Heart Institute, Houston (J.T.W., A.J.M.); Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (C.Y.M., X.H.T.W.); Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children Hospital, Houston (C.Y.M.); Hubrecht Institute, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands (K.K., M.B.-H., H.C.); Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands (H.C.); and École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, France (M.B.-H.)
| | - Qiong Q Zhou
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston (J.K., Q.Q.Z., R.L., J.T.W., A.J.M.); Texas Heart Institute, Houston (J.T.W., A.J.M.); Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (C.Y.M., X.H.T.W.); Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children Hospital, Houston (C.Y.M.); Hubrecht Institute, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands (K.K., M.B.-H., H.C.); Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands (H.C.); and École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, France (M.B.-H.)
| | - Christina Y Miyake
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston (J.K., Q.Q.Z., R.L., J.T.W., A.J.M.); Texas Heart Institute, Houston (J.T.W., A.J.M.); Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (C.Y.M., X.H.T.W.); Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children Hospital, Houston (C.Y.M.); Hubrecht Institute, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands (K.K., M.B.-H., H.C.); Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands (H.C.); and École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, France (M.B.-H.)
| | - Raffaella Lombardi
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston (J.K., Q.Q.Z., R.L., J.T.W., A.J.M.); Texas Heart Institute, Houston (J.T.W., A.J.M.); Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (C.Y.M., X.H.T.W.); Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children Hospital, Houston (C.Y.M.); Hubrecht Institute, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands (K.K., M.B.-H., H.C.); Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands (H.C.); and École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, France (M.B.-H.)
| | - Kai Kretzschmar
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston (J.K., Q.Q.Z., R.L., J.T.W., A.J.M.); Texas Heart Institute, Houston (J.T.W., A.J.M.); Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (C.Y.M., X.H.T.W.); Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children Hospital, Houston (C.Y.M.); Hubrecht Institute, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands (K.K., M.B.-H., H.C.); Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands (H.C.); and École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, France (M.B.-H.)
| | - Marie Bannier-Hélaouët
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston (J.K., Q.Q.Z., R.L., J.T.W., A.J.M.); Texas Heart Institute, Houston (J.T.W., A.J.M.); Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (C.Y.M., X.H.T.W.); Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children Hospital, Houston (C.Y.M.); Hubrecht Institute, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands (K.K., M.B.-H., H.C.); Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands (H.C.); and École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, France (M.B.-H.)
| | - Hans Clevers
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston (J.K., Q.Q.Z., R.L., J.T.W., A.J.M.); Texas Heart Institute, Houston (J.T.W., A.J.M.); Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (C.Y.M., X.H.T.W.); Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children Hospital, Houston (C.Y.M.); Hubrecht Institute, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands (K.K., M.B.-H., H.C.); Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands (H.C.); and École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, France (M.B.-H.)
| | - Xander H T Wehrens
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston (J.K., Q.Q.Z., R.L., J.T.W., A.J.M.); Texas Heart Institute, Houston (J.T.W., A.J.M.); Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (C.Y.M., X.H.T.W.); Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children Hospital, Houston (C.Y.M.); Hubrecht Institute, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands (K.K., M.B.-H., H.C.); Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands (H.C.); and École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, France (M.B.-H.)
| | - James T Willerson
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston (J.K., Q.Q.Z., R.L., J.T.W., A.J.M.); Texas Heart Institute, Houston (J.T.W., A.J.M.); Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (C.Y.M., X.H.T.W.); Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children Hospital, Houston (C.Y.M.); Hubrecht Institute, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands (K.K., M.B.-H., H.C.); Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands (H.C.); and École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, France (M.B.-H.)
| | - Ali J Marian
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston (J.K., Q.Q.Z., R.L., J.T.W., A.J.M.); Texas Heart Institute, Houston (J.T.W., A.J.M.); Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (C.Y.M., X.H.T.W.); Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children Hospital, Houston (C.Y.M.); Hubrecht Institute, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands (K.K., M.B.-H., H.C.); Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands (H.C.); and École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, France (M.B.-H.).
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Moncayo-Arlandi J, Brugada R. Unmasking the molecular link between arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy and Brugada syndrome. Nat Rev Cardiol 2017; 14:744-756. [DOI: 10.1038/nrcardio.2017.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
56
|
Padrón-Barthe L, Domínguez F, Garcia-Pavia P, Lara-Pezzi E. Animal models of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy: what have we learned and where do we go? Insight for therapeutics. Basic Res Cardiol 2017; 112:50. [PMID: 28688053 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-017-0640-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is a rare genetically-determined cardiac heart muscle disorder characterized by fibro-fatty replacement of the myocardium that results in heart failure and sudden cardiac death (SCD), predominantly in young males. The disease is often caused by mutations in genes encoding proteins of the desmosomal complex, with a significant minority caused by mutations in non-desmosomal proteins. Existing treatment options are based on SCD prevention with the implantable cardioverter defibrillator, antiarrhythmic drugs, and anti-heart failure medication. Heart transplantation may also be required and there is currently no cure. Several genetically modified animal models have been developed to characterize the disease, assess its progression, and determine the influence of potential environmental factors. These models have also been very valuable for translational therapeutic approaches, to screen new treatment options that prevent and/or reverse the disease. Here, we review the available ARVC animal models reported to date, highlighting the most important pathophysiological findings and discussing the effect of treatments tested so far in this setting. We also describe gaps in our knowledge of the disease, with the goal of stimulating research and improving patient outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fernando Domínguez
- CIBER Cardiovascular Diseases (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain.,Heart Failure and Inherited Cardiac Diseases Unit, Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Manuel de Falla, 2, Majadahonda, 28222, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Garcia-Pavia
- CIBER Cardiovascular Diseases (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain. .,Heart Failure and Inherited Cardiac Diseases Unit, Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Manuel de Falla, 2, Majadahonda, 28222, Madrid, Spain. .,Francisco de Vitoria University, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Enrique Lara-Pezzi
- CIBER Cardiovascular Diseases (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain. .,Myocardial Pathophysiology Area, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Melchor Fernandez Almagro, 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain. .,Faculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Genetic and epigenetic regulation of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:2064-2069. [PMID: 28454914 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (AC) is most commonly characterized as a disease of the intercalated disc that promotes abnormal cardiac conduction. Previously, arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy was frequently referred to as arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia (ARVC/D); however, genotype-phenotype studies have defined a broader phenotypic spectrum; with the identification of left-dominant and biventricular subtypes. Molecular insight into AC has primarily focused on mutations in desmosomal proteins and the downstream signaling pathways; however, desmosomal gene mutations can only be identified in approximately 50% of patients with AC. Animal and cellular studies have shown that in addition to abnormal biomechanical properties from changes in desmosome function, crosstalk from the desmosome to the nucleus, gap junctions, and ion channels are implicated in the pathobiology of AC. In this review, we highlight some of the newly identified genetic and epigenetic mechanisms that may lead to the development of AC including the role of the Hippo pathway and microRNAs. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Genetic and epigenetic control of heart failure - edited by Jun Ren & Megan Yingmei Zhang.
Collapse
|
58
|
Resveratrol protects the loss of connexin 43 induced by ethanol exposure in neonatal mouse cardiomyocytes. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2017; 390:651-660. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-017-1368-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
59
|
Schinner C, Vielmuth F, Rötzer V, Hiermaier M, Radeva MY, Co TK, Hartlieb E, Schmidt A, Imhof A, Messoudi A, Horn A, Schlipp A, Spindler V, Waschke J. Adrenergic Signaling Strengthens Cardiac Myocyte Cohesion. Circ Res 2017; 120:1305-1317. [PMID: 28289018 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.309631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The sympathetic nervous system is a major mediator of heart function. Intercalated discs composed of desmosomes, adherens junctions, and gap junctions provide the structural backbone for coordinated contraction of cardiac myocytes. OBJECTIVE Gap junctions dynamically remodel to adapt to sympathetic signaling. However, it is unknown whether such rapid adaption also occurs for the adhesive function provided by desmosomes and adherens junctions. METHODS AND RESULTS Atomic force microscopy revealed that β-adrenergic signaling enhances both the number of desmoglein 2-specific interactions along cell junctions and the mean desmoglein 2-mediated binding forces, whereas N-cadherin-mediated interactions were not affected. This was accompanied by increased cell cohesion in cardiac myocyte cultures and murine heart slices. Enhanced desmoglein 2-positive contacts and increased junction length as revealed by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy reflected cAMP-induced reorganization of intercellular contacts. The mechanism underlying cAMP-mediated strengthening of desmoglein 2 binding was dependent on expression of the intercalated disc plaque protein plakoglobin (Pg) and direct phosphorylation at S665 by protein kinase A: Pg deficiency as well as overexpression of the phospho-deficient Pg-mutant S665A abrogated both cAMP-mediated junctional remodeling and increase of cohesion. Moreover, Pg knockout hearts failed to functionally adapt to adrenergic stimulation. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, we provide first evidence for positive adhesiotropy as a new cardiac function of sympathetic signaling. Positive adhesiotropy is dependent on Pg phosphorylation at S665 by protein kinase A. This mechanism may be of high medical relevance because loss of junctional Pg is a hallmark of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Schinner
- From the Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology (C.S., F.V., V.R., M.H., M.Y.R., T.K.C., E.H., A.M., A.H., A. Schlipp, V.S., J.W.) and Biomedical Center and Center for Integrated Protein Sciences Munich (A. Schmidt, A.I.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Germany
| | - Franziska Vielmuth
- From the Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology (C.S., F.V., V.R., M.H., M.Y.R., T.K.C., E.H., A.M., A.H., A. Schlipp, V.S., J.W.) and Biomedical Center and Center for Integrated Protein Sciences Munich (A. Schmidt, A.I.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Germany
| | - Vera Rötzer
- From the Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology (C.S., F.V., V.R., M.H., M.Y.R., T.K.C., E.H., A.M., A.H., A. Schlipp, V.S., J.W.) and Biomedical Center and Center for Integrated Protein Sciences Munich (A. Schmidt, A.I.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Germany
| | - Matthias Hiermaier
- From the Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology (C.S., F.V., V.R., M.H., M.Y.R., T.K.C., E.H., A.M., A.H., A. Schlipp, V.S., J.W.) and Biomedical Center and Center for Integrated Protein Sciences Munich (A. Schmidt, A.I.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Germany
| | - Mariya Y Radeva
- From the Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology (C.S., F.V., V.R., M.H., M.Y.R., T.K.C., E.H., A.M., A.H., A. Schlipp, V.S., J.W.) and Biomedical Center and Center for Integrated Protein Sciences Munich (A. Schmidt, A.I.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Germany
| | - Thu Kim Co
- From the Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology (C.S., F.V., V.R., M.H., M.Y.R., T.K.C., E.H., A.M., A.H., A. Schlipp, V.S., J.W.) and Biomedical Center and Center for Integrated Protein Sciences Munich (A. Schmidt, A.I.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Germany
| | - Eva Hartlieb
- From the Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology (C.S., F.V., V.R., M.H., M.Y.R., T.K.C., E.H., A.M., A.H., A. Schlipp, V.S., J.W.) and Biomedical Center and Center for Integrated Protein Sciences Munich (A. Schmidt, A.I.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Germany
| | - Andreas Schmidt
- From the Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology (C.S., F.V., V.R., M.H., M.Y.R., T.K.C., E.H., A.M., A.H., A. Schlipp, V.S., J.W.) and Biomedical Center and Center for Integrated Protein Sciences Munich (A. Schmidt, A.I.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Germany
| | - Axel Imhof
- From the Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology (C.S., F.V., V.R., M.H., M.Y.R., T.K.C., E.H., A.M., A.H., A. Schlipp, V.S., J.W.) and Biomedical Center and Center for Integrated Protein Sciences Munich (A. Schmidt, A.I.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Germany
| | - Ahmed Messoudi
- From the Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology (C.S., F.V., V.R., M.H., M.Y.R., T.K.C., E.H., A.M., A.H., A. Schlipp, V.S., J.W.) and Biomedical Center and Center for Integrated Protein Sciences Munich (A. Schmidt, A.I.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Germany
| | - Anja Horn
- From the Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology (C.S., F.V., V.R., M.H., M.Y.R., T.K.C., E.H., A.M., A.H., A. Schlipp, V.S., J.W.) and Biomedical Center and Center for Integrated Protein Sciences Munich (A. Schmidt, A.I.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Germany
| | - Angela Schlipp
- From the Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology (C.S., F.V., V.R., M.H., M.Y.R., T.K.C., E.H., A.M., A.H., A. Schlipp, V.S., J.W.) and Biomedical Center and Center for Integrated Protein Sciences Munich (A. Schmidt, A.I.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Germany
| | - Volker Spindler
- From the Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology (C.S., F.V., V.R., M.H., M.Y.R., T.K.C., E.H., A.M., A.H., A. Schlipp, V.S., J.W.) and Biomedical Center and Center for Integrated Protein Sciences Munich (A. Schmidt, A.I.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Germany
| | - Jens Waschke
- From the Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology (C.S., F.V., V.R., M.H., M.Y.R., T.K.C., E.H., A.M., A.H., A. Schlipp, V.S., J.W.) and Biomedical Center and Center for Integrated Protein Sciences Munich (A. Schmidt, A.I.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Wen Y, Li B. The conduction system and expressions of hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channel 4 and connexin43 expressions in the hearts of fetal day 13 mice. Biotech Histochem 2017; 92:86-91. [PMID: 28296544 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2016.1255994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the development of the sinus node of the heart conduction system by localizing hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channel 4 (HCN4) and connexin43 (Cx43) in the hearts of fetal day 13 mice. Horizontal serial sections of day 13 whole fetuses were stained by hematoxylin and eosin and immunofluorescence to identify myocardial cells that express HCN4, hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channel 2 (HCN2) and Cx43. Expression levels of HCN4 and Cx43 were determined by quantitative RT-PCR in both fetal day 13 and adult mice. We found that both Cx43 and HCN4 expressions were located on the cell membranes in the hearts of fetal day 13 mice, but Cx43 was distributed throughout the myocardial cells. HCN4 expression was concentrated mainly in the left dorsal epicardium of the right atrium where Cx43 expression was low or absent. Quantitative RT-PCR demonstrated that HCN4 expression was significantly higher and HCN2 expression was significantly lower in fetal day 13 mice than in adults. We found no statistically significant difference in Cx43 expression between fetal day 13 mice and adults. HCN4 stained myocardial cells in the left dorsal epicardium of the right atrium are the origin of the sinus node and the remainder of the heart conduction system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Wen
- a Department of Histology and Embryology , College of Basic Medical Sciences
| | - B Li
- b Department of Sports Medicine, Shengjing Hospital , China Medical University , Shenyang , China
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Jones JCR, Kam CY, Harmon RM, Woychek AV, Hopkinson SB, Green KJ. Intermediate Filaments and the Plasma Membrane. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:9/1/a025866. [PMID: 28049646 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a025866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A variety of intermediate filament (IF) types show intricate association with plasma membrane proteins, including receptors and adhesion molecules. The molecular basis of linkage of IFs to desmosomes at sites of cell-cell interaction and hemidesmosomes at sites of cell-matrix adhesion has been elucidated and involves IF-associated proteins. However, IFs also interact with focal adhesions and cell-surface molecules, including dystroglycan. Through such membrane interactions, it is well accepted that IFs play important roles in the establishment and maintenance of tissue integrity. However, by organizing cell-surface complexes, IFs likely regulate, albeit indirectly, signaling pathways that are key to tissue homeostasis and repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C R Jones
- The School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164
| | - Chen Yuan Kam
- Departments of Dermatology and Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Robert M Harmon
- Departments of Dermatology and Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Alexandra V Woychek
- The School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164
| | - Susan B Hopkinson
- The School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164
| | - Kathleen J Green
- Departments of Dermatology and Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Abstract
Cardiac arrhythmias can follow disruption of the normal cellular electrophysiological processes underlying excitable activity and their tissue propagation as coherent wavefronts from the primary sinoatrial node pacemaker, through the atria, conducting structures and ventricular myocardium. These physiological events are driven by interacting, voltage-dependent, processes of activation, inactivation, and recovery in the ion channels present in cardiomyocyte membranes. Generation and conduction of these events are further modulated by intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis, and metabolic and structural change. This review describes experimental studies on murine models for known clinical arrhythmic conditions in which these mechanisms were modified by genetic, physiological, or pharmacological manipulation. These exemplars yielded molecular, physiological, and structural phenotypes often directly translatable to their corresponding clinical conditions, which could be investigated at the molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, and whole animal levels. Arrhythmogenesis could be explored during normal pacing activity, regular stimulation, following imposed extra-stimuli, or during progressively incremented steady pacing frequencies. Arrhythmic substrate was identified with temporal and spatial functional heterogeneities predisposing to reentrant excitation phenomena. These could arise from abnormalities in cardiac pacing function, tissue electrical connectivity, and cellular excitation and recovery. Triggering events during or following recovery from action potential excitation could thereby lead to sustained arrhythmia. These surface membrane processes were modified by alterations in cellular Ca2+ homeostasis and energetics, as well as cellular and tissue structural change. Study of murine systems thus offers major insights into both our understanding of normal cardiac activity and its propagation, and their relationship to mechanisms generating clinical arrhythmias.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L-H Huang
- Physiological Laboratory and the Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Moncayo-Arlandi J, Guasch E, Sanz-de la Garza M, Casado M, Garcia NA, Mont L, Sitges M, Knöll R, Buyandelger B, Campuzano O, Diez-Juan A, Brugada R. Molecular disturbance underlies to arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy induced by transgene content, age and exercise in a truncated PKP2 mouse model. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:3676-3688. [PMID: 27412010 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) is a disorder characterized by a progressive ventricular myocardial replacement by fat and fibrosis, which lead to ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. Mutations in the desmosomal gene Plakophilin-2 (PKP2) accounts for >40% of all known mutations, generally causing a truncated protein. In a PKP2-truncated mouse model, we hypothesize that content of transgene, endurance training and aging will be determinant in disease progression. In addition, we investigated the molecular defects associated with the phenotype in this model. We developed a transgenic mouse model containing a truncated PKP2 (PKP2-Ser329) and generated three transgenic lines expressing increasing transgene content. The pathophysiological features of ACM in this model were assessed. While we did not observe fibro-fatty replacement, ultrastructural defects were exhibited. Moreover, we observed transgene content-dependent development of structural (ventricle dilatation and dysfunction) and electrophysiological anomalies in mice (PR interval and QRS prolongation and arrhythmia induction). In concordance with pathological defects, we detected a content reduction and remodeling of the structural proteins Desmocollin-2, Plakoglobin, native Plakophilin-2, Desmin and β-Catenin as well as the electrical coupling proteins Connexin 43 and cardiac sodium channel (Nav1.5). Surprisingly, we observed structural but not electrophysiological abnormalities only in trained and old mice. We demonstrated that truncated PKP2 provokes ACM in the absence of fibro-fatty replacement in the mouse. Transgene dose is essential to reveal the pathology, whereas aging and endurance training trigger limited phenotype. Molecular abnormalities underlay the structural and electrophysiological defects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Moncayo-Arlandi
- Cardiovascular Genetic Centre, Institute of Biomedical Research of Girona (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Eduard Guasch
- Arrhythmia Unit, Cardiology Department, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona and IDIBAPS
| | - Maria Sanz-de la Garza
- Imaging Section, Cardiology Department, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona and IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marta Casado
- Institute of Biomedicine of Valencia, IBV-CSIC, Valencia, Spain
| | - Nahuel Aquiles Garcia
- Mixed unit for Cardiovascular Repair, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe-Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Lluis Mont
- Arrhythmia Unit, Cardiology Department, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona and IDIBAPS
| | - Marta Sitges
- Imaging Section, Cardiology Department, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona and IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ralph Knöll
- Department of Medicine, Integrated Cardio Metabolic Centre (ICMC), Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Byambajav Buyandelger
- Department of Medicine, Integrated Cardio Metabolic Centre (ICMC), Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Oscar Campuzano
- Cardiovascular Genetic Centre, Institute of Biomedical Research of Girona (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain
- Medical Science Department, School of Medicine, University of Girona
| | | | - Ramon Brugada
- Cardiovascular Genetic Centre, Institute of Biomedical Research of Girona (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain,
- Medical Science Department, School of Medicine, University of Girona
- Cardiovascular Genetics Clinic, Hospital Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Choy L, Yeo JM, Tse V, Chan SP, Tse G. Cardiac disease and arrhythmogenesis: Mechanistic insights from mouse models. IJC HEART & VASCULATURE 2016; 12:1-10. [PMID: 27766308 PMCID: PMC5064289 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcha.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The mouse is the second mammalian species, after the human, in which substantial amount of the genomic information has been analyzed. With advances in transgenic technology, mutagenesis is now much easier to carry out in mice. Consequently, an increasing number of transgenic mouse systems have been generated for the study of cardiac arrhythmias in ion channelopathies and cardiomyopathies. Mouse hearts are also amenable to physical manipulation such as coronary artery ligation and transverse aortic constriction to induce heart failure, radiofrequency ablation of the AV node to model complete AV block and even implantation of a miniature pacemaker to induce cardiac dyssynchrony. Last but not least, pharmacological models, despite being simplistic, have enabled us to understand the physiological mechanisms of arrhythmias and evaluate the anti-arrhythmic properties of experimental agents, such as gap junction modulators, that may be exert therapeutic effects in other cardiac diseases. In this article, we examine these in turn, demonstrating that primary inherited arrhythmic syndromes are now recognized to be more complex than abnormality in a particular ion channel, involving alterations in gene expression and structural remodelling. Conversely, in cardiomyopathies and heart failure, mutations in ion channels and proteins have been identified as underlying causes, and electrophysiological remodelling are recognized pathological features. Transgenic techniques causing mutagenesis in mice are extremely powerful in dissecting the relative contributions of different genes play in producing disease phenotypes. Mouse models can serve as useful systems in which to explore how protein defects contribute to arrhythmias and direct future therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lois Choy
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Jie Ming Yeo
- School of Medicine, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Vivian Tse
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Canada
| | - Shing Po Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Gary Tse
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Ortega A, Gil-Cayuela C, Tarazón E, García-Manzanares M, Montero JA, Cinca J, Portolés M, Rivera M, Roselló-Lletí E. New Cell Adhesion Molecules in Human Ischemic Cardiomyopathy. PCDHGA3 Implications in Decreased Stroke Volume and Ventricular Dysfunction. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160168. [PMID: 27472518 PMCID: PMC4966940 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intercalated disks are unique structures in cardiac tissue, in which adherens junctions, desmosomes, and GAP junctions co-localize, thereby facilitating cardiac muscle contraction and function. Protocadherins are involved in these junctions; however, their role in heart physiology is poorly understood. We aimed to analyze the transcriptomic profile of adhesion molecules in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM) and relate the changes uncovered with the hemodynamic alterations and functional depression observed in these patients. Methods and Results Twenty-three left ventricular tissue samples from patients diagnosed with ICM (n = 13) undergoing heart transplantation and control donors (CNT, n = 10) were analyzed using RNA sequencing. Forty-two cell adhesion genes involved in cellular junctions were differentially expressed in ICM myocardium. Notably, the levels of protocadherin PCDHGA3 were related with the stroke volume (r = –0.826, P = 0.003), ejection fraction (r = –0.793, P = 0.004) and left ventricular end systolic and diastolic diameters (r = 0.867, P = 0.001; r = 0.781, P = 0.005, respectively). Conclusions Our results support the importance of intercalated disks molecular alterations, closely involved in the contractile function, highlighting its crucial significance and showing gene expression changes not previously described. Specifically, altered PCDHGA3 gene expression was strongly associated with reduced stroke volume and ventricular dysfunction in ICM, suggesting a relevant role in hemodynamic perturbations and cardiac performance for this unexplored protocadherin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ortega
- Cardiocirculatory Unit, The Health Research Institute La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Estefanía Tarazón
- Cardiocirculatory Unit, The Health Research Institute La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - José Anastasio Montero
- Cardiovascular Surgery Service, University and Polytechnic La Fe Hospital, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan Cinca
- Cardiology Service of Santa Creu i Sant Pau Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Portolés
- Cardiocirculatory Unit, The Health Research Institute La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Miguel Rivera
- Cardiocirculatory Unit, The Health Research Institute La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Esther Roselló-Lletí
- Cardiocirculatory Unit, The Health Research Institute La Fe, Valencia, Spain
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Gu R, Xu J, Lin Y, Zhang J, Wang H, Sheng W, Ma D, Ma X, Huang G. Liganded retinoic acid X receptor α represses connexin 43 through a potential retinoic acid response element in the promoter region. Pediatr Res 2016; 80:159-68. [PMID: 26991262 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2016.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Retinoic acid X receptor alpha (RXRα) and Connexin 43 (Cx43) both play a crucial role in cardiogenesis. However, little is known about the interplay mechanism between the RXRα and Cx43. METHODS The activations of retinoic acid response element (RARE) in Cx43 were measured by luciferase transfection assay. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) was performed to prove that RXRα can directly bind to the RARE sequence. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blotting were used to analyze the RXRα and Cx43 mRNA level and protein level in cells. RESULTS In this study, we confirmed the negative association of the gene expression between the RXRα and Cx43 in the cell level. Interestingly, a functional RARE was detected in the region from -1,426 to -314 base pairs upstream from the transcriptional start site of Cx43. Moreover, we also prove that RXRα can directly bind to this RARE sequence in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS RXRα negatively regulates the transcription and expression by directly binding to the RARE in the promoter of Cx43. The RARE-like sequence harbored in the Cx43 promoter region may serve as a functional RARE in the retinoic acid (RA) signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyi Gu
- Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yixiang Lin
- Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Present address: Department of Pediatrics, Chengdu Women and Children's Medical Center, Sichuan, China
| | - Huijun Wang
- Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Sheng
- Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Shanghai, China
| | - Duan Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojing Ma
- Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoying Huang
- Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Mezzano V, Liang Y, Wright AT, Lyon RC, Pfeiffer E, Song MY, Gu Y, Dalton ND, Scheinman M, Peterson KL, Evans SM, Fowler S, Cerrone M, McCulloch AD, Sheikh F. Desmosomal junctions are necessary for adult sinus node function. Cardiovasc Res 2016; 111:274-86. [PMID: 27097650 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvw083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Current mechanisms driving cardiac pacemaker function have focused on ion channel and gap junction channel function, which are essential for action potential generation and propagation between pacemaker cells. However, pacemaker cells also harbour desmosomes that structurally anchor pacemaker cells to each other in tissue, but their role in pacemaker function remains unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS To determine the role of desmosomes in pacemaker function, we generated a novel mouse model harbouring cardiac conduction-specific ablation (csKO) of the central desmosomal protein, desmoplakin (DSP) using the Hcn4-Cre-ERT2 mouse line. Hcn4-Cre targets cells of the adult mouse sinoatrial node (SAN) and can ablate DSP expression in the adult DSP csKO SAN resulting in specific loss of desmosomal proteins and structures. Dysregulation of DSP via loss-of-function (adult DSP csKO mice) and mutation (clinical case of a patient harbouring a pathogenic DSP variant) in mice and man, respectively, revealed that desmosomal dysregulation is associated with a primary phenotype of increased sinus pauses/dysfunction in the absence of cardiomyopathy. Underlying defects in beat-to-beat regulation were also observed in DSP csKO mice in vivo and intact atria ex vivo. DSP csKO SAN exhibited migrating lead pacemaker sites associated with connexin 45 loss. In vitro studies exploiting ventricular cardiomyocytes that harbour DSP loss and concurrent early connexin loss phenocopied the loss of beat-to-beat regulation observed in DSP csKO mice and atria, extending the importance of DSP-associated mechanisms in driving beat-to-beat regulation of working cardiomyocytes. CONCLUSION We provide evidence of a mechanism that implicates an essential role for desmosomes in cardiac pacemaker function, which has broad implications in better understanding mechanisms underlying beat-to-beat regulation as well as sinus node disease and dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Mezzano
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0613C, USA
| | - Yan Liang
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0613C, USA
| | - Adam T Wright
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Robert C Lyon
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0613C, USA
| | - Emily Pfeiffer
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Michael Y Song
- Scripps Translational Science Institute, Department of Medicine, Scripps Green Hospital, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yusu Gu
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0613C, USA
| | - Nancy D Dalton
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0613C, USA
| | - Melvin Scheinman
- Department of Cardiac Electrophysiology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Kirk L Peterson
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0613C, USA
| | - Sylvia M Evans
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Steven Fowler
- Cardiovascular Genetics Program, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Marina Cerrone
- Cardiovascular Genetics Program, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Andrew D McCulloch
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0613C, USA Department of Bioengineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Farah Sheikh
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0613C, USA
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Pellman J, Zhang J, Sheikh F. Myocyte-fibroblast communication in cardiac fibrosis and arrhythmias: Mechanisms and model systems. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2016; 94:22-31. [PMID: 26996756 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Development of cardiac fibrosis and arrhythmias is controlled by the activity of and communication between cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts in the heart. Myocyte-fibroblast interactions occur via both direct and indirect means including paracrine mediators, extracellular matrix interactions, electrical modulators, mechanical junctions, and membrane nanotubes. In the diseased heart, cardiomyocyte and fibroblast ratios and activity, and thus myocyte-fibroblast interactions, change and are thought to contribute to the course of disease including development of fibrosis and arrhythmogenic activity. Fibroblasts have a developing role in modulating cardiomyocyte electrical and hypertrophic activity, however gaps in knowledge regarding these interactions still exist. Research in this field has necessitated the development of unique approaches to isolate and control myocyte-fibroblast interactions. Numerous methods for 2D and 3D co-culture systems have been developed, while a growing part of this field is in the use of better tools for in vivo systems including cardiomyocyte and fibroblast specific Cre mouse lines for cell type specific genetic ablation. This review will focus on (i) mechanisms of myocyte-fibroblast communication and their effects on disease features such as cardiac fibrosis and arrhythmias as well as (ii) methods being used and currently developed in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Pellman
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Farah Sheikh
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Zhao Q, Chen Y, Peng L, Gao R, Liu N, Jiang P, Liu C, Tang S, Quan L, Makielski JC, Cheng J. Identification of rare variants of DSP gene in sudden unexplained nocturnal death syndrome in the southern Chinese Han population. Int J Legal Med 2016; 130:317-22. [PMID: 26585738 PMCID: PMC4951159 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-015-1275-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Sudden unexplained nocturnal death syndrome (SUNDS) is a perplexing disorder to both forensic pathologists and clinic physicians. Desmoplakin (DSP) gene was the first desmosomal gene linked to arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) which was associated with sudden death. To identify the genetic variants of the DSP gene in SUNDS in the southern Chinese Han population, we genetically screened the DSP gene in 40 sporadic SUNDS victims, 16 Brugada syndrome (BrS) patients, and 2 early repolarization syndrome (ERS) patients using next generation sequencing (NSG) and direct Sanger sequencing. A total of 10 genetic variants of the DSP gene were detected in 11 cases, comprised of two novel missense mutations (p.I125F and p.D521A) and eight previously reported rare variants. Of eight reported variants, two were previously considered pathogenic (p.Q90R and p.R2639Q), three were predicted in silico to be pathogenic (p.R315C, p.E1357D and p.D2579H), and the rest three were predicted to be benign (p.N1234S, p.R1308Q, and p.T2267S). This is the first report of DSP genetic screening in Chinese SUNDS and Brugada syndrome. Our results imply that DSP mutations contribute to the genetic cause of some SUNDS victims and maybe a new susceptible gene for Brugada syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qianhao Zhao
- Department of Forensic Pathology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Yili Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Longlun Peng
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Rui Gao
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Nian Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100029, China
| | | | - Chao Liu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Shuangbo Tang
- Department of Forensic Pathology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Li Quan
- Department of Forensic Pathology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.
| | - Jonathan C Makielski
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53792, USA.
| | - Jianding Cheng
- Department of Forensic Pathology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Song J, Wang M, Chen X, Liu L, Chen L, Song Z, Teng X, Xing Y, Chen K, Zhao K, Hou J, Yang P. Prolactin mediates effects of chronic psychological stress on induction of fibrofatty cells in the heart. Am J Transl Res 2016; 8:644-652. [PMID: 27158356 PMCID: PMC4846913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cardiocyte apoptosis plays an important role in the pathogenesis of heart diseases. The mechanism is unclear. It is reported that prolactin (PRL) is involved in cardiac disorders. This study aims to investigate the role of PRL in mediating the psychological stress-induced fibrofatty cell differentiation in the heart. In this study, BALB/c mice were treated with a 30-day restraint stress. The heart tissue was processed by paraffin embedding and hematoxylin and eosin. The expression of Sca1 in NIH3T3 cells was assessed by cell culture, flow cytometry and Western blotting. The results showed that chronic stress induced fibrofatty cells in the mouse heart and high serum PRL levels. The induction of fibrofatty cell was mimicked by administration with recombinant PRL. The stress also induced the expression of Sca1 in the mouse heart. Exposure of NIH3T3 cells (a fibroblast cell line) to PRL in the culture enhanced the expression of stem cell antigen-1 (Sca1), phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and expression of adipocyte-related protein molecules, including adiponectin, fatty acid binding protein (aP2), peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-g (PPARg) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP)α, in the cells. We conclude that psychological stress-derived PRL induces fibroblasts to differentiate into fibrofatty cells in the heart.
Collapse
|
71
|
Ehler E. Cardiac cytoarchitecture - why the "hardware" is important for heart function! BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1863:1857-63. [PMID: 26577135 PMCID: PMC5104690 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cells that constitute fully differentiated tissues are characterised by an architecture that makes them perfectly suited for the job they have to do. This is especially obvious for cardiomyocytes, which have an extremely regular shape and display a paracrystalline arrangement of their cytoplasmic components. This article will focus on the two major cytoskeletal multiprotein complexes that are found in cardiomyocytes, the myofibrils, which are responsible for contraction and the intercalated disc, which mediates mechanical and electrochemical contact between individual cardiomyocytes. Recent studies have revealed that these two sites are also crucial in sensing excessive mechanical strain. Signalling processes will be triggered that## lead to changes in gene expression and eventually lead to an altered cardiac cytoarchitecture in the diseased heart, which results in a compromised function. Thus, understanding these changes and the signals that lead to them is crucial to design treatment strategies that can attenuate these processes. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cardiomyocyte Biology: Integration of Developmental and Environmental Cues in the Heart edited by Marcus Schaub and Hughes Abriel.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Ehler
- BHF Centre of Research Excellence at King's College London, Cardiovascular Division and Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Kant S, Holthöfer B, Magin TM, Krusche CA, Leube RE. Desmoglein 2-Dependent Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy Is Caused by a Loss of Adhesive Function. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 8:553-63. [PMID: 26085008 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.114.000974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The desmosomal cadherin desmoglein 2 (Dsg2) localizes to the intercalated disc coupling adjacent cardiomyocytes. Desmoglein 2 gene (DSG2) mutations cause arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (AC) in human and transgenic mice. AC is characterized by arrhythmia, cardiodilation, cardiomyocyte necrosis with replacement fibrosis, interstitial fibrosis, and intercalated disc dissociation. The genetic DSG2 constellations encountered are compatible with loss of adhesion and altered signaling. To further elucidate pathomechanisms, we examined whether heart-specific Dsg2 depletion triggers cardiomyopathy. METHODS AND RESULTS Because DSG2 knockouts die during early embryogenesis, mice were prepared with cardiomyocyte-specific DSG2 ablation. Healthy transgenic animals were born with a functional heart presenting intercalated discs with incorporated desmosomal proteins. Dsg2 protein expression was reduced below 3% in the heart. All animals developed AC during postnatal growth with pronounced chamber dilation, calcifying cardiomyocyte necrosis, aseptic inflammation, interstitial and focal replacement fibrosis, and conduction defects with altered connexin 43 distribution. Electron microscopy revealed absence of desmosome-like structures and regional loss of intercalated disc adhesion. Mice carrying 2 mutant DSG2 alleles coding for Dsg2 lacking part of the adhesive EC1-EC2 domains present an indistinguishable phenotype, which is similar to that observed in human AC patients. CONCLUSIONS The observations show that the presence of Dsg2 is not essential for late heart morphogenesis and for cardiac contractility to support postnatal life. On increasing mechanical demands, heart function is severely compromised as evidenced by the onset of cardiomyopathy with pronounced morphological alterations. We propose that loss of Dsg2 compromises adhesion, and that this is a major pathogenic mechanism in DSG2-related and probably other desmosome-related ACs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Kant
- From the Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany (S.K., B.H., C.A.K., R.E.L.); and Institute of Biology and Translational Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (T.M.M.)
| | - Bastian Holthöfer
- From the Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany (S.K., B.H., C.A.K., R.E.L.); and Institute of Biology and Translational Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (T.M.M.)
| | - Thomas M Magin
- From the Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany (S.K., B.H., C.A.K., R.E.L.); and Institute of Biology and Translational Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (T.M.M.)
| | - Claudia A Krusche
- From the Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany (S.K., B.H., C.A.K., R.E.L.); and Institute of Biology and Translational Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (T.M.M.)
| | - Rudolf E Leube
- From the Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany (S.K., B.H., C.A.K., R.E.L.); and Institute of Biology and Translational Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (T.M.M.).
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Lyon RC, Zanella F, Omens JH, Sheikh F. Mechanotransduction in cardiac hypertrophy and failure. Circ Res 2015; 116:1462-1476. [PMID: 25858069 PMCID: PMC4394185 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.304937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac muscle cells have an intrinsic ability to sense and respond to mechanical load through a process known as mechanotransduction. In the heart, this process involves the conversion of mechanical stimuli into biochemical events that induce changes in myocardial structure and function. Mechanotransduction and its downstream effects function initially as adaptive responses that serve as compensatory mechanisms during adaptation to the initial load. However, under prolonged and abnormal loading conditions, the remodeling processes can become maladaptive, leading to altered physiological function and the development of pathological cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. Although the mechanisms underlying mechanotransduction are far from being fully elucidated, human and mouse genetic studies have highlighted various cytoskeletal and sarcolemmal structures in cardiac myocytes as the likely candidates for load transducers, based on their link to signaling molecules and architectural components important in disease pathogenesis. In this review, we summarize recent developments that have uncovered specific protein complexes linked to mechanotransduction and mechanotransmission within the sarcomere, the intercalated disc, and at the sarcolemma. The protein structures acting as mechanotransducers are the first step in the process that drives physiological and pathological cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling, as well as the transition to heart failure, and may provide better insights into mechanisms driving mechanotransduction-based diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert C. Lyon
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Fabian Zanella
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jeffrey H. Omens
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Farah Sheikh
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Franke WW, Rickelt S, Zimbelmann R, Dörflinger Y, Kuhn C, Frey N, Heid H, Rosin-Arbesfeld R. Striatins as plaque molecules of zonulae adhaerentes in simple epithelia, of tessellate junctions in stratified epithelia, of cardiac composite junctions and of various size classes of lateral adherens junctions in cultures of epithelia- and carcinoma-derived cells. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 359:779-97. [PMID: 25501894 PMCID: PMC4341017 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-2053-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Proteins of the striatin family (striatins 1–4; sizes ranging from 90 to 110 kDa on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) are highly homologous in their amino acid sequences but can differ in their cell-type-specific gene expression patterns and biological functions. In various cell types, we have found one, two or three polypeptides of this evolutionarily old and nearly ubiquitous family of proteins known to serve as scaffold proteins for diverse protein complexes. Light and electron microscopic immunolocalization methods have revealed striatins in mammalian cell-cell adherens junctions (AJs). In simple epithelia, we have localized striatins as constitutive components of the plaques of the subapical zonulae adhaerentes of cells, including intestinal, glandular, ductal and urothelial cells and hepatocytes. Striatins colocalize with E-cadherin or E–N-cadherin heterodimers and with the plaque proteins α- and β-catenin, p120 and p0071. In some epithelia and carcinomas and in cultured cells derived therefrom, striatins are also seen in lateral AJs. In stratified epithelia and in corresponding squamous cell carcinomas, striatins can be found in plaques of some forms of tessellate junctions. Moreover, striatins are major plaque proteins of composite junctions (CJs; areae compositae) in the intercalated disks connecting cardiomyocytes, colocalizing with other CJ molecules, including plectin and ankyrin-G. We discuss the “multimodulator” scaffold roles of striatins in the initiation and regulation of the formation of various complex particles and structures. We propose that striatins are included in the diagnostic candidate list of proteins that, in the CJs of human hearts, can occur in mutated forms in the pathogeneses of hereditary cardiomyopathies, as seen in some types of genetically determined heart damage in boxer dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Werner W Franke
- Helmholtz Group for Cell Biology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
75
|
Patel DM, Dubash AD, Kreitzer G, Green KJ. Disease mutations in desmoplakin inhibit Cx43 membrane targeting mediated by desmoplakin-EB1 interactions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 206:779-97. [PMID: 25225338 PMCID: PMC4164953 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201312110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms by which microtubule plus ends interact with regions of cell-cell contact during tissue development and morphogenesis are not fully understood. We characterize a previously unreported interaction between the microtubule binding protein end-binding 1 (EB1) and the desmosomal protein desmoplakin (DP), and demonstrate that DP-EB1 interactions enable DP to modify microtubule organization and dynamics near sites of cell-cell contact. EB1 interacts with a region of the DP N terminus containing a hotspot for pathogenic mutations associated with arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (AC). We show that a subset of AC mutations, in addition to a mutation associated with skin fragility/woolly hair syndrome, impair gap junction localization and function by misregulating DP-EB1 interactions and altering microtubule dynamics. This work identifies a novel function for a desmosomal protein in regulating microtubules that affect membrane targeting of gap junction components, and elucidates a mechanism by which DP mutations may contribute to the development of cardiac and cutaneous diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dipal M Patel
- Department of Pathology and Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Adi D Dubash
- Department of Pathology and Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Geri Kreitzer
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Kathleen J Green
- Department of Pathology and Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611 Department of Pathology and Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Calore M, Lorenzon A, De Bortoli M, Poloni G, Rampazzo A. Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy: a disease of intercalated discs. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 360:491-500. [PMID: 25344329 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-2015-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) is an acquired progressive disease having an age-related penetrance and showing clinical manifestations usually during adolescence and young adulthood. It is characterized clinically by a high incidence of severe ventricular tachyarrhythmias and sudden cardiac death and pathologically by degeneration of ventricular cardiomyocytes with replacement by fibro-fatty tissue. Whereas, in the past, the disease was considered to involve only the right ventricle, more recent clinical studies have established that the left ventricle is frequently involved. ACM is an inherited disease in up to 50% of cases, with predominantly an autosomal dominant pattern of transmission, although recessive inheritance has also been described. Since most of the pathogenic mutations have been identified in genes encoding desmosomal proteins, ACM is currently defined as a disease of desmosomes. However, on the basis of the most recent description of the intercalated disc organization and of the identification of a novel ACM gene encoding for an area composita protein, ACM can be considered as a disease of the intercalated disc, rather than only as a desmosomal disease. Despite increasing knowledge of the genetic basis of ACM, we are just beginning to understand early molecular events leading to cardiomyocyte degeneration, fibrosis and fibro-fatty substitution. This review summarizes recent advances in our comprehension of the link between the molecular genetics and pathogenesis of ACM and of the novel role of cardiac intercalated discs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Calore
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Via G. Colombo 3, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
77
|
Asimaki A, Saffitz JE. Remodeling of cell-cell junctions in arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 21:13-23. [PMID: 24460198 DOI: 10.3109/15419061.2013.876016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (AC) is a primary myocardial disorder characterized by a high incidence of ventricular arrhythmias often preceding the onset of ventricular remodeling and dysfunction. Approximately 50% of patients diagnosed with AC have one or more mutations in genes encoding desmosomal proteins, although non-desmosomal genes have also been associated with the disease. Increasing evidence implicates remodeling of intercalated disk proteins reflecting abnormal responses to mechanical load and aberrant cell signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of AC. This review summarizes recent advances in understanding disease mechanisms in AC that have come from studies of human myocardium and experimental models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angeliki Asimaki
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
78
|
Patel DM, Green KJ. Desmosomes in the Heart: A Review of Clinical and Mechanistic Analyses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 21:109-28. [DOI: 10.3109/15419061.2014.906533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
79
|
Mezzano V, Pellman J, Sheikh F. Cell junctions in the specialized conduction system of the heart. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 21:149-59. [PMID: 24738884 DOI: 10.3109/15419061.2014.905928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Anchoring cell junctions are integral in maintaining electro-mechanical coupling of ventricular working cardiomyocytes; however, their role in cardiomyocytes of the cardiac conduction system (CCS) remains less clear. Recent studies in genetic mouse models and humans highlight the appearance of these cell junctions alongside gap junctions in the CCS and also show that defects in these structures and their components are associated with conduction impairments in the CCS. Here we outline current evidence supporting an integral relationship between anchoring and gap junctions in the CCS. Specifically we focus on (1) molecular and ultrastructural evidence for cell-cell junctions in specialized cardiomyocytes of the CCS, (2) genetic mouse models specifically targeting cell-cell junction components in the heart which exhibit CCS conduction defects and (3) human clinical studies from patients with cell-cell junction-based diseases that exhibit CCS electrophysiological defects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Mezzano
- Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine , New York , New York
| | | | | |
Collapse
|