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Cong W, Bai R, Li YF, Wang L, Chen C. Selenium Nanoparticles as an Efficient Nanomedicine for the Therapy of Huntington's Disease. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:34725-34735. [PMID: 31479233 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b12319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an incurable disease with progressive loss of neural function, which is influenced by epigenetic, oxidative stress, metabolic, and nutritional factors. Targeting inhibition of huntingtin protein aggregation is a strategy for HD therapy, but the efficacy is unsatisfactory. Studies found that selenium (Se) levels in the brain are insufficient for HD disease individuals, while improvement in Se homeostasis in the brain may attenuate neuronal loss and dysfunction. In this study, we applied selenium nanoparticles (NPs) (Nano-Se) for the HD disease therapy by regulating HD-related neurodegeneration and cognitive decline based on transgenic HD models of Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). At low dosages, Nano-Se NPs significantly reduced neuronal death, relieved behavioral dysfunction, and protected C. elegans from damages in stress conditions. The molecular mechanism further revealed that Nano-Se attenuated oxidative stress, inhibited the aggregation of huntingtin proteins, and downregulated the expression of histone deacetylase family members at mRNA levels. The results suggested that Nano-Se has great potential for Huntington's disease therapy. In conclusion, the mechanism about how Nano-Se NPs protect from damages in stress conditions and how they repair neural functions will benefit HD disease therapy. This study will also guide rational design of Nano-Se NPs or other selenium compounds to improve HD therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenshu Cong
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China , Beijing 100190 , China
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Peking University , Beijing 100191 , China
| | - Ru Bai
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Yu-Feng Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Liming Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Chunying Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China , Beijing 100190 , China
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Abstract
Introduction: Huntington's disease (HD) is an inherited neurodegenerative condition for which there are no disease-modifying treatments. The availability of early genetic diagnosis makes HD an ideal candidate for early intervention. Growing understanding of pathogenesis has led to the identification of new therapeutic targets for which some compounds are now in clinical trials. Areas covered: A detailed review of medical databases and clinical trial registries was performed. Recent clinical trials aimed to establish disease-modification were included. Focus was assigned to RNA and DNA-based therapies aimed at lowering mutant huntingtin (mHTT) including antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), RNA interference (RNAi), zinc finger proteins (ZFPs) and the CRISPR-Cas9 system. Modulation of mHTT and immunotherapies is also covered. Expert opinion: Targeting HD pathogenesis at its most proximal level is under intense investigation. ASOs are the only HTT-lowering strategy in clinical trials of manifest HD. Safety and efficacy of an allele specific vs. allele non-specific approach has yet to be established. Success will extend to premanifest carriers for which development of clinical and imaging biomarkers will be necessary. Scientific and technological advancement will bolster new methods of treatment delivery. Cumulative experience, collaborative research, and platforms such as ENROLL-HD will facilitate efficient and effective clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassaan Bashir
- Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston , TX , USA
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53
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da S. Hage-Melim LI, Ferreira JV, de Oliveira NK, Correia LC, Almeida MR, Poiani JG, Taft CA, de Paula da Silva CH. The Impact of Natural Compounds on the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases. CURR ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272823666190327100418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) are characterized by a progressive deterioration of the motor and/or cognitive function, that are often accompanied by psychiatric disorders, caused by a selective loss of neurons in the central nervous system. Among the NDDs we can mention Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), Huntington’s disease (HD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), spinocerebellar ataxia 3 (SCA3), spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). AD and HD are characterized mainly by massive neuronal loss. PD, ALS, SCA3 and SBMA are agerelated diseases which have characteristic motor symptoms. CJD is an NDD caused by prion proteins. With increasing life expectancy, elderly populations tend to have more health problems, such as chronic diseases related to age and disability. Therefore, the development of therapeutic strategies to treat or prevent multiple pathophysiological conditions in the elderly can improve the expectation and quality of life. The attention of researchers has been focused on bioactive natural compounds that represent important resources in the discovery and development of drug candidates against NDDs. In this review, we discuss the pathogenesis, symptoms, potential targets, treatment and natural compounds effective in the treatment of AD, PD, HD, ALS, SCA3, SBMA and CJD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorane I. da S. Hage-Melim
- Laboratorio de Quimica Farmaceutica e Medicinal (PharMedChem), Universidade Federal do Amapa, Macapa, Brazil
| | - Jaderson V. Ferreira
- Laboratorio de Quimica Farmaceutica e Medicinal (PharMedChem), Universidade Federal do Amapa, Macapa, Brazil
| | - Nayana K.S. de Oliveira
- Laboratorio de Quimica Farmaceutica e Medicinal (PharMedChem), Universidade Federal do Amapa, Macapa, Brazil
| | - Lenir C. Correia
- Laboratorio de Quimica Farmaceutica e Medicinal (PharMedChem), Universidade Federal do Amapa, Macapa, Brazil
| | - Marcos R.S. Almeida
- Laboratorio de Quimica Farmaceutica e Medicinal (PharMedChem), Universidade Federal do Amapa, Macapa, Brazil
| | - João G.C. Poiani
- Laboratorio Computacional de Química Farmaceutica, Departamento de Ciencias Farmaceuticas, Faculdade de Ciencias Farmaceuticas de Ribeirao Preto, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlton A. Taft
- Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos H.T. de Paula da Silva
- Laboratorio Computacional de Química Farmaceutica, Departamento de Ciencias Farmaceuticas, Faculdade de Ciencias Farmaceuticas de Ribeirao Preto, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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54
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Nikseresht S, Khodagholi F, Ahmadiani A. Protective effects of ex-527 on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury through necroptosis signaling pathway attenuation. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:1816-1826. [PMID: 30067864 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Necroptosis, a novel type of programmed cell death, is involved in ischemia-reperfusion-induced brain injury. Sirtuin 1 (Sirt1), as a well-known member of histone deacetylase class III, plays pivotal roles in inflammation, metabolism, and neuron loss in cerebral ischemia. We explored the relationship between Sirt1 and the necroptosis signaling pathway and its downstream events by administration of ex-527, as a selective and potent inhibitor of Sirt1, and necrostatin-1 (nec-1), as a necroptosis inhibitor, in an animal model of focal cerebral ischemia. Our data showed different patterns of sirt1 and necroptosis critical regulators, including receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 and mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein gene expressions in the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus after ischemia-reperfusion. We found that ex-527 microinjection reduces the infarction volume of ischemic brains and improves the survival rate, but not stroke-associated neurological deficits. Additionally, treatment with ex-527 effectively abolished the elevation of the critical regulators of necroptosis, whereas necroptosis inhibition through nec-1 microinjection did not influence Sirt1 expression levels. Our data also demonstrated that the ex-527 relieves ischemia-induced perturbation of necroptosis-associated metabolic enzymes activity in downstream. This study provides a new approach to the possible neuroprotective potential of ex-527 orchestrated by necroptosis pathway inhibition to alleviate ischemia-reperfusion brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Nikseresht
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fariba Khodagholi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolhassan Ahmadiani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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55
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Baldo B, Gabery S, Soylu-Kucharz R, Cheong RY, Henningsen JB, Englund E, McLean C, Kirik D, Halliday G, Petersén Å. SIRT1 is increased in affected brain regions and hypothalamic metabolic pathways are altered in Huntington disease. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2018; 45:361-379. [PMID: 30019499 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Metabolic dysfunction is involved in modulating the disease process in Huntington disease (HD) but the underlying mechanisms are not known. The aim of this study was to investigate if the metabolic regulators sirtuins are affected in HD. METHODS Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reactions were used to assess levels of SIRT1-3 and downstream targets in post mortem brain tissue from HD patients and control cases as well as after selective hypothalamic expression of mutant huntingtin (HTT) using recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors in mice. RESULTS We show that mRNA levels of the metabolic regulator SIRT1 are increased in the striatum and the cerebral cortex but not in the less affected cerebellum in post mortem HD brains. Levels of SIRT2 are only increased in the striatum and SIRT3 is not affected in HD. Interestingly, mRNA levels of SIRT1 are selectively increased in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) and ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) in HD. Further analyses of the LHA and VMH confirmed pathological changes in these regions including effects on SIRT1 downstream targets and reduced mRNA levels of orexin (hypocretin), prodynorphin and melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) in the LHA and of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the VMH. Analyses after selective hypothalamic expression of mutant HTT suggest that effects on BDNF, orexin, dynorphin and MCH are early and direct, whereas changes in SIRT1 require more widespread expression of mutant HTT. CONCLUSIONS We show that SIRT1 expression is increased in HD-affected brain regions and that metabolic pathways are altered in the HD hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Baldo
- Translational Neuroendocrine Research Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - S Gabery
- Translational Neuroendocrine Research Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - R Soylu-Kucharz
- Translational Neuroendocrine Research Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - R Y Cheong
- Translational Neuroendocrine Research Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - J B Henningsen
- Translational Neuroendocrine Research Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - E Englund
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - C McLean
- Department of Pathology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - D Kirik
- B.R.A.I.N.S. Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - G Halliday
- Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney Medical School, UNSW Medicine and NeuRA, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Å Petersén
- Translational Neuroendocrine Research Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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56
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Ziemka-Nalecz M, Jaworska J, Sypecka J, Zalewska T. Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors: A Therapeutic Key in Neurological Disorders? J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2018; 77:855-870. [DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nly073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Ziemka-Nalecz
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Jaworska
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Sypecka
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Teresa Zalewska
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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57
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Bonomi R, Popov V, Laws MT, Gelovani D, Majhi A, Shavrin A, Lu X, Muzik O, Turkman N, Liu R, Mangner T, Gelovani JG. Molecular Imaging of Sirtuin1 Expression-Activity in Rat Brain Using Positron-Emission Tomography-Magnetic-Resonance Imaging with [ 18F]-2-Fluorobenzoylaminohexanoicanilide. J Med Chem 2018; 61:7116-7130. [PMID: 30052441 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) is a class III histone deacetylase that plays significant roles in the regulation of lifespan, metabolism, memory, and circadian rhythms and in the mechanisms of many diseases. However, methods of monitoring the pharmacodynamics of SIRT1-targeted drugs are limited to blood sampling because of the invasive nature of biopsies. For the noninvasive monitoring of the spatial and temporal dynamics of SIRT1 expression-activity in vivo by PET-CT-MRI, we developed a novel substrate-type radiotracer, [18F]-2-fluorobenzoylaminohexanoicanilide (2-[18F]BzAHA). PET-CT-MRI studies in rats demonstrated increased accumulation of 2-[18F]BzAHA-derived radioactivity in the hypothalamus, hippocampus, nucleus accumbens, and locus coeruleus, consistent with autoradiographic and immunofluorescent (IMF) analyses of brain-tissue sections. Pretreatment with the SIRT1 specific inhibitor, EX-527 (5 mg/kg, ip), resulted in about a 20% reduction of 2-[18F]BzAHA-derived-radioactivity accumulation in these structures. In vivo imaging of SIRT1 expression-activity should facilitate studies that improve the understanding of SIRT1-mediated regulation in the brain and aid in the development and clinical translation of SIRT1-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Bonomi
- Karmanos Cancer Institute , Detroit , Michigan 48202 , United States
| | - Vadim Popov
- Karmanos Cancer Institute , Detroit , Michigan 48202 , United States
| | - Maxwell T Laws
- Karmanos Cancer Institute , Detroit , Michigan 48202 , United States
| | - David Gelovani
- Karmanos Cancer Institute , Detroit , Michigan 48202 , United States
| | - Anjoy Majhi
- Karmanos Cancer Institute , Detroit , Michigan 48202 , United States
| | - Aleksandr Shavrin
- Karmanos Cancer Institute , Detroit , Michigan 48202 , United States
| | | | | | - Nashaat Turkman
- Karmanos Cancer Institute , Detroit , Michigan 48202 , United States
| | - Renshyan Liu
- National Taiwan University , Taipei City 10617 , Taiwan
| | | | - Juri G Gelovani
- Karmanos Cancer Institute , Detroit , Michigan 48202 , United States
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58
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Maulik M, Mitra S, Hunter S, Hunstiger M, Oliver SR, Bult-Ito A, Taylor BE. Sir-2.1 mediated attenuation of α-synuclein expression by Alaskan bog blueberry polyphenols in a transgenic model of Caenorhabditis elegans. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10216. [PMID: 29976995 PMCID: PMC6033853 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26905-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Misfolding and accumulation of cellular protein aggregates are pathological hallmarks of aging and neurodegeneration. One such protein is α-synuclein, which when misfolded, forms aggregates and disrupts normal cellular functions of the neurons causing Parkinson's disease. Nutritional interventions abundant in pharmacologically potent polyphenols have demonstrated a therapeutic role for combating protein aggregation associated with neurodegeneration. The current study hypothesized that Alaskan bog blueberry (Vaccinum uliginosum), which is high in polyphenolic content, will reduce α-synuclein expression in a model of Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). We observed that blueberry extracts attenuated α-synuclein protein expression, improved healthspan in the form of motility and restored lipid content in the transgenic strain of C. elegans expressing human α-synuclein. We also found reduced gene expression levels of sir-2.1 (ortholog of mammalian Sirtuin 1) in blueberry treated transgenic animals indicating that the beneficial effects of blueberries could be mediated through partial reduction of sirtuin activity. This therapeutic effect of the blueberries was attributed to its xenohormetic properties. The current results highlight the role of Alaskan blueberries in mediating inhibition of sir-2.1 as a novel therapeutic approach to improving pathologies of protein misfolding diseases. Finally, our study warrants further investigation of the structure, and specificity of such small molecules from indigenous natural compounds and its role as sirtuin regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malabika Maulik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA.
| | - Swarup Mitra
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The Research Institution on Addictions, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Skyler Hunter
- Department of Biology and Wildlife, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Moriah Hunstiger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - S Ryan Oliver
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Abel Bult-Ito
- Department of Biology and Wildlife, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Barbara E Taylor
- Department of Biological Sciences and College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, USA.
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59
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Xiang C, Zhang S, Dong X, Ma S, Cong S. Transcriptional Dysregulation and Post-translational Modifications in Polyglutamine Diseases: From Pathogenesis to Potential Therapeutic Strategies. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:153. [PMID: 29867345 PMCID: PMC5962650 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyglutamine (polyQ) diseases are hereditary neurodegenerative disorders caused by an abnormal expansion of a trinucleotide CAG repeat in the coding region of their respective associated genes. PolyQ diseases mainly display progressive degeneration of the brain and spinal cord. Nine polyQ diseases are known, including Huntington's disease (HD), spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA), dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA), and six forms of spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA). HD is the best characterized polyQ disease. Many studies have reported that transcriptional dysregulation and post-translational disruptions, which may interact with each other, are central features of polyQ diseases. Post-translational modifications, such as the acetylation of histones, are closely associated with the regulation of the transcriptional activity. A number of groups have studied the interactions between the polyQ proteins and transcription factors. Pharmacological drugs or genetic manipulations aimed at correcting the dysregulation have been confirmed to be effective in the treatment of polyQ diseases in many animal and cellular models. For example, histone deaceylase inhibitors have been demonstrated to have beneficial effects in cases of HD, SBMA, DRPLA, and SCA3. In this review, we describe the transcriptional and post-translational dysregulation in polyQ diseases with special focus on HD, and we summarize and comment on potential treatment approaches targeting disruption of transcription and post-translation processes in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Shuyan Cong
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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60
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Kieburtz K, Reilmann R, Olanow CW. Huntington's disease: Current and future therapeutic prospects. Mov Disord 2018; 33:1033-1041. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.27363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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Epigenetic modulation by small molecule compounds for neurodegenerative disorders. Pharmacol Res 2018; 132:135-148. [PMID: 29684672 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The accumulation of somatic and genetic mutations which altered the structure and coding information of the DNA are the major cause of neurological disorders. However, our recent understanding of molecular mechanisms of 'epigenetic' phenomenon reveals that the modifications of chromatin play a significant role in the development and severity of neurological disorders. These epigenetic processes are dynamic and reversible as compared to genetic ablations which are stable and irreversible. Therefore, targeting these epigenetic processes through small molecule modulators are of great therapeutic potential. To date, large number of small molecule modulators have been discovered which are capable of altering the brain pathology by targeting epigenetic enzymes. In this review, we shall put forward the key studies supporting the role of altered epigenetic processes in neurological disorders with especial emphasis on neurodegenerative disorders. A few small molecule modulators which have been shown to possess promising results in the animal model system of neurological disorders will also be discussed with future perspectives.
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SIRT1 Deacetylates Tau and Reduces Pathogenic Tau Spread in a Mouse Model of Tauopathy. J Neurosci 2018; 38:3680-3688. [PMID: 29540553 PMCID: PMC5895994 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2369-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperacetylation of tau has been implicated in neurodegeneration and cognitive decline in tauopathy brains. The nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide-dependent class-III protein deacetylase SIRT1 is one of the major enzymes involved in removal of acetyl groups from tau in vitro However, whether SIRT1 regulates acetylation of pathogenic tau and ameliorates tau-mediated pathogenesis remains unclear. Here, we report deacetylating activity of SIRT1 for acetylated Lys174 (K174) of tau in tauP301S transgenic mice with a brain-specific SIRT1 deletion. We show that SIRT1 deficiency leads to exacerbation of premature mortality, synapse loss, and behavioral disinhibition in tauP301S transgenic mice of both sexes. By contrast, SIRT1 overexpression by stereotaxic delivery of adeno-associated virus that encodes SIRT1 into the hippocampus reduces acetylated K174 tau. Furthermore, SIRT1 overexpression significantly attenuates the spread of tau pathology into anatomically connected brain regions of tauP301S transgenic mice of both sexes. These findings suggest the functional importance of SIRT1 in regulating pathogenic tau acetylation and in suppressing the spread of tau pathology in vivoSIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT In neurodegenerative disorders with inclusions of microtubule-associated protein tau, aberrant lysine acetylation of tau plays critical roles in promoting tau accumulation and toxicity. Identifying strategies to deacetylate tau could interfere with disease progression; however, little is known about how pathogenic tau is deacetylated in vivo Here we show that the protein deacetylase SIRT1 reduces tau acetylation in a mouse model of neurodegeneration. SIRT1 deficiency in the brain aggravates synapse loss and behavioral disinhibition, and SIRT1 overexpression ameliorates propagation of tau pathology.
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63
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Wong SY, Tang BL. SIRT1 as a therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease. Rev Neurosci 2018; 27:813-825. [PMID: 27497424 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2016-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent cause of dementia in the aging population worldwide. SIRT1 deacetylation of histones and transcription factors impinge on multiple neuronal and non-neuronal targets, and modulates stress response, energy metabolism and cellular senescence/death pathways. Collectively, SIRT1 activity could potentially affect multiple aspects of hippocampal and cortical neuron function and survival, thus modifying disease onset and progression. In this review, the known and potential mechanisms of action of SIRT1 with regard to AD, and its potential as a therapeutic target, are discussed.
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64
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Chongtham A, Barbaro B, Filip T, Syed A, Huang W, Smith MR, Marsh JL. Nonmammalian Models of Huntington's Disease. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1780:75-96. [PMID: 29856015 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7825-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Flies, worms, yeast and more recently zebra fish have all been engineered to express expanded polyglutamine repeat versions of Huntingtin with various resulting pathologies including early death, neurodegeneration, and loss of motor function. Each of these models present particular features that make it useful in studying the mechanisms of polyglutamine pathology. However, one particular unbiased readout of mHTT pathology is functional loss of motor control. Loss of motor control is prominent in patients, but it remains unresolved whether pathogenic symptoms in patients result from overt degeneration and loss of neurons or from malfunctioning of surviving neurons as the pathogenic insult builds up. This is why a functional assay such as motor control can be uniquely powerful in revealing early as well as late neurological deficits and does not rely on assumptions such as that the level of inclusions or the degree of neuronal loss can be equated with the level of pathology. Drosophila is well suited for such assays because it contains a functioning nervous system with many parallels to the human condition. In addition, the ability to readily express mHTT transgenes in different tissues and subsets of neurons allows one the possibility of isolating a particular effect to a subset of neurons where one can correlate subcellular events in response to mHTT challenge with pathology at both the cellular and organismal levels. Here we describe methods to monitor the degree of motor function disruption in Drosophila models of HD and we include a brief summary of other nonmammalian models of HD and discussion of their unique strengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjalika Chongtham
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, 92697, CA, USA
| | - Brett Barbaro
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, 92697, CA, USA.,The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tomas Filip
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, 92697, CA, USA.,Biology Centre Czech Acad. Sci., Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Adeela Syed
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, 92697, CA, USA
| | - Weijian Huang
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, 92697, CA, USA
| | - Marianne R Smith
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, 92697, CA, USA.,University Advancement, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - J Lawrence Marsh
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, 92697, CA, USA.
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65
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Sirtuins as Modifiers of Huntington's Disease (HD) Pathology. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2018; 154:105-145. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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66
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Aguiar S, van der Gaag B, Cortese FAB. RNAi mechanisms in Huntington's disease therapy: siRNA versus shRNA. Transl Neurodegener 2017; 6:30. [PMID: 29209494 PMCID: PMC5702971 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-017-0101-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's Disease (HD) is a genetically dominant trinucleotide repeat disorder resulting from CAG repeats within the Huntingtin (HTT) gene exceeding a normal range (> 36 CAGs). Symptoms of the disease manifest in middle age and include chorea, dystonia, and cognitive decline. Typical latency from diagnosis to death is 20 years. There are currently no disease-modifying therapies available to HD patients. RNAi is a potentially curative therapy for HD. A popular line of research employs siRNA or antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) to knock down mutant Huntingtin mRNA (mHTT). Unfortunately, this modality requires repeated dosing, commonly exhibit off target effects (OTEs), and exert renal and hepatic toxicity. In contrast, a single AAV-mediated short-hairpin RNA (shRNA) dose can last years with low toxicity. In addition, we highlight research indicating that shRNA elicits fewer OTEs than siRNA when tested head-to-head. Despite this promise, shRNA therapy has been held back by difficulties controlling expression (oversaturating cells with toxic levels of RNA construct). In this review, we compare RNAi modalities for HD and propose novel methods of optimizing shRNA expression and on-target fidelity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Aguiar
- Molecular Neuroscience Laboratory, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS-CNS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Fulbright Program, US Department of State (IIE), New York City, NY USA
| | - Bram van der Gaag
- Molecular Neuroscience Laboratory, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS-CNS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Francesco Albert Bosco Cortese
- Biogerontology Research Foundation (BGRF), Oxford, UK
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University School of Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, Canada
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Chopra V, Quinti L, Khanna P, Paganetti P, Kuhn R, Young AB, Kazantsev AG, Hersch S. LBH589, A Hydroxamic Acid-Derived HDAC Inhibitor, is Neuroprotective in Mouse Models of Huntington's Disease. J Huntingtons Dis 2017; 5:347-355. [PMID: 27983565 PMCID: PMC5181668 DOI: 10.3233/jhd-160226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Modulation of gene transcription by HDAC inhibitors has been shown repeatedly to be neuroprotective in cellular, invertebrate, and rodent models of Huntington's disease (HD). It has been difficult to translate these treatments to the clinic, however, because existing compounds have limited potency or brain bioavailability. OBJECTIVE In the present study, we assessed the therapeutic potential of LBH589, an orally bioavailable hydroxamic acid-derived nonselective HDAC inhibitor in mouse models of HD. METHOD The efficacy of LBH589 is tested in two HD mouse models using various biochemical, behavioral and neuropathological outcome measures. RESULTS We show that LBH589 crosses the blood brain barrier; induces histone hyperacetylation and prevents striatal neuronal shrinkage in R6/2 HD mice. In full-length knock-in HD mice LBH589-treatment improves motor performance and reduces neuronal atrophy. CONCLUSIONS Our efficacious results of LBH589 in fragment and full-length mouse models of HD suggest that LBH589 is a promising candidate for clinical assessment in HD patients and provides confirmation that non-selective HDAC inhibitors can be viable clinical candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanita Chopra
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Luisa Quinti
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Prarthana Khanna
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Paolo Paganetti
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rainer Kuhn
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anne B Young
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Aleksey G Kazantsev
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Steven Hersch
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
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She DT, Jo DG, Arumugam TV. Emerging Roles of Sirtuins in Ischemic Stroke. Transl Stroke Res 2017; 8:10.1007/s12975-017-0544-4. [PMID: 28656393 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-017-0544-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. It is characterized by a sudden disruption of blood flow to the brain causing cell death and damage, which will lead to neurological impairments. In the current state, only one drug is approved to be used in clinical setting and new therapies that confer ischemic neuroprotection are desperately needed. Several targets and pathways have been indicated to be neuroprotective in ischemic stroke, among which the sirtuin family of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent deacetylases has emerged as important modulators of several processes in the normal physiology and pathological conditions such as stroke. Recent studies have identified some members of the sirtuin family are able to ameliorate the devastating consequences of ischemic stroke by conferring neuroprotection by means of reducing neuronal cell death, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation whereas some sirtuins are found to be detrimental in the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke. This review summarizes implications of sirtuins in ischemic stroke and the experimental evidences that demonstrate the potential of sirtuin modulators as neuroprotective therapy for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T She
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
- Neurobiology/Ageing Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - Dong-Gyu Jo
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Thiruma V Arumugam
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore.
- Neurobiology/Ageing Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117456, Singapore.
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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69
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Schiedel M, Robaa D, Rumpf T, Sippl W, Jung M. The Current State of NAD + -Dependent Histone Deacetylases (Sirtuins) as Novel Therapeutic Targets. Med Res Rev 2017; 38:147-200. [PMID: 28094444 DOI: 10.1002/med.21436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Sirtuins are NAD+ -dependent protein deacylases that cleave off acetyl, as well as other acyl groups, from the ε-amino group of lysines in histones and other substrate proteins. Seven sirtuin isotypes (Sirt1-7) have been identified in mammalian cells. As sirtuins are involved in the regulation of various physiological processes such as cell survival, cell cycle progression, apoptosis, DNA repair, cell metabolism, and caloric restriction, a dysregulation of their enzymatic activity has been associated with the pathogenesis of neoplastic, metabolic, infectious, and neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, sirtuins are promising targets for pharmaceutical intervention. Growing interest in a modulation of sirtuin activity has prompted the discovery of several small molecules, able to inhibit or activate certain sirtuin isotypes. Herein, we give an update to our previous review on the topic in this journal (Schemies, 2010), focusing on recent developments in sirtuin biology, sirtuin modulators, and their potential as novel therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schiedel
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dina Robaa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Martin-Luther Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Tobias Rumpf
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Sippl
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Martin-Luther Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Manfred Jung
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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70
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Hall AM, Brennan GP, Nguyen TM, Singh-Taylor A, Mun HS, Sargious MJ, Baram TZ. The Role of Sirt1 in Epileptogenesis. eNeuro 2017; 4:ENEURO.0301-16.2017. [PMID: 28197553 PMCID: PMC5301079 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0301-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms by which brain insults lead to subsequent epilepsy remain unclear. Insults, including trauma, stroke, tumors, infections, and long seizures [status epilepticus (SE)], create a neuronal state of increased metabolic demand or decreased energy supply. Neurons express molecules that monitor their metabolic state, including sirtuins (Sirts). Sirtuins deacetylate cytoplasmic proteins and nuclear histones, and their epigenetic modulation of the chromatin governs the expression of many genes, influencing neuronal properties. Thus, sirtuins are poised to enduringly modulate neuronal properties following SE, potentially contributing to epileptogenesis, a hypothesis supported by the epilepsy-attenuating effects of blocking a downstream target of Sirt1, Neuron-Restrictive Silencer Factor (NRSF) also know as REST (RE1-Silencing Transcription factor). Here we used an adult male rat model of epileptogenesis provoked by kainic acid-induced SE (KA-SE). We assessed KA-SE-provoked Sirt1 activity, infused a Sirt1 inhibitor (EX-527) after KA-SE, and examined for epileptogenesis using continuous digital video-EEG. Sirt1 activity, measured using chromatin immunoprecipitation for Sirt1 binding at a target gene, increased rapidly after SE. Post hoc infusion of the Sirt1 inhibitor prevented Sirt1-mediated repression of a target gene. Blocking Sirt1 activity transiently after KA-SE did not significantly influence the time- course and all of the parameters of epilepsy development. Specifically, latency to first seizure and seizure number, duration, and severity (using the Racine scale and EEG measures) as well as the frequency and duration of interictal spike series, were all unchanged. KA-SE provoked a robust inflammatory response and modest cell loss, yet neither was altered by blocking Sirt1. In conclusion, blocking Sirt1 activity after KA-SE does not abrogate epilepsy development, suggesting that the mechanisms of such acquired epileptogenesis are independent of Sirt1 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia M. Hall
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Gary P. Brennan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Tiffany M. Nguyen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Akanksha Singh-Taylor
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Hyun-Seung Mun
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Mary J. Sargious
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Tallie Z. Baram
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION An inherited, chronic progressive, neurodegenerative disorder is Huntington's disease, characterized by motor, cognitive, and psychiatric symptoms. Predictive genetic testing allows earlier diagnosis and identification of gene carriers for Huntington's disease. These individuals are ideal candidates for testing of therapeutic interventions for disease modification. Areas covered: According to queries in Pubmed, Embase and clinical register databases, research and clinical studies emerge on symptomatic and neuroprotective therapies in Huntington's disease. This review discusses novel agents for symptomatic therapy and disease modification. They are currently in phase I and II of drug development Expert opinion: There are promising, safe and well tolerated compounds for amelioration of motor and neuropsychiatric symptoms, but their efficacy still needs to be proven in clinical trials. Deterioration of mutant huntingtin expression, antiapoptotic or cell death inhibition as disease modifying concepts was efficacious in models of Huntington's disease. However, the risk for clinical trial failures is high not only due to ineffectiveness of the tested agent. Negative study outcomes may also result from design misconceptions, underestimation of the heterogeneity of Huntington's disease, too short study durations and too small study cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Müller
- a Department of Neurology , St. Joseph Hospital Berlin-Weißensee , Berlin , Germany
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72
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Jęśko H, Wencel P, Strosznajder RP, Strosznajder JB. Sirtuins and Their Roles in Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Disorders. Neurochem Res 2016; 42:876-890. [PMID: 27882448 PMCID: PMC5357501 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-2110-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sirtuins (SIRT1-SIRT7) are unique histone deacetylases (HDACs) whose activity depends on NAD+ levels and thus on the cellular metabolic status. SIRTs regulate energy metabolism and mitochondrial function. They orchestrate the stress response and damage repair. Through these functions sirtuins modulate the course of aging and affect neurodegenerative diseases. SIRTSs interact with multiple signaling proteins, transcription factors (TFs) and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) another class of NAD+-dependent post-translational protein modifiers. The cross-talk between SIRTs TFs and PARPs is a highly promising research target in a number of brain pathologies. This review describes updated results on sirtuins in brain aging/neurodegeneration. It focuses on SIRT1 but also on the roles of mitochondrial SIRTs (SIRT3, 4, 5) and on SIRT6 and SIRT2 localized in the nucleus and in cytosol, respectively. The involvement of SIRTs in regulation of insulin-like growth factor signaling in the brain during aging and in Alzheimer's disease was also focused. Moreover, we analyze the mechanism(s) and potential significance of interactions between SIRTs and several TFs in the regulation of cell survival and death. A critical view is given on the application of SIRT activators/modulators in therapy of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henryk Jęśko
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawińskiego st., 02106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Przemysław Wencel
- Laboratory of Preclinical Research and Environmental Agents, Department of Neurosurgery, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawińskiego st., 02106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Robert P Strosznajder
- Laboratory of Preclinical Research and Environmental Agents, Department of Neurosurgery, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawińskiego st., 02106, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Joanna B Strosznajder
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawińskiego st., 02106, Warsaw, Poland
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73
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Encapsulation of the HDACi Ex527 into Liposomes and Polymer-Based Particles. Methods Mol Biol 2016. [PMID: 27761837 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6527-4_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Incorporation of drugs into particles can improve their therapeutic effectiveness. Solubility, half-life time, targeting, and the release of the drug can be modified by the encapsulation into a particle. Histone deacetylase inhibitors have a great potential to be used as therapeutics for many different diseases. In this chapter, we describe the inclusion of the low molar mass HDACi Ex527 into polymer-based particles and liposomes.
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74
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Ganai SA, Ramadoss M, Mahadevan V. Histone Deacetylase (HDAC) Inhibitors - emerging roles in neuronal memory, learning, synaptic plasticity and neural regeneration. Curr Neuropharmacol 2016; 14:55-71. [PMID: 26487502 PMCID: PMC4787286 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x13666151021111609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 08/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation of neuronal signalling through histone acetylation dictates transcription programs that govern neuronal memory, plasticity and learning paradigms. Histone Acetyl Transferases (HATs) and Histone Deacetylases (HDACs) are antagonistic enzymes that regulate gene expression through acetylation and deacetylation of histone proteins around which DNA is wrapped inside a eukaryotic cell nucleus. The epigenetic control of HDACs and the cellular imbalance between HATs and HDACs dictate disease states and have been implicated in muscular dystrophy, loss of memory, neurodegeneration and autistic disorders. Altering gene expression profiles through inhibition of HDACs is now emerging as a powerful technique in therapy. This review presents evolving applications of HDAC inhibitors as potential drugs in neurological research and therapy. Mechanisms that govern their
expression profiles in neuronal signalling, plasticity and learning will be covered. Promising and exciting possibilities of HDAC inhibitors in memory formation, fear conditioning, ischemic stroke and neural regeneration have been detailed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vijayalakshmi Mahadevan
- School of Chemical & Biotechnology SASTRA University Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur - 613 401 India.
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75
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The phasor-FLIM fingerprints reveal shifts from OXPHOS to enhanced glycolysis in Huntington Disease. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34755. [PMID: 27713486 PMCID: PMC5054433 DOI: 10.1038/srep34755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Huntington disease (HD) is an autosomal neurodegenerative disorder caused by the expansion of Polyglutamine (polyQ) in exon 1 of the Huntingtin protein. Glutamine repeats below 36 are considered normal while repeats above 40 lead to HD. Impairment in energy metabolism is a common trend in Huntington pathogenesis; however, this effect is not fully understood. Here, we used the phasor approach and Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy (FLIM) to measure changes between free and bound fractions of NADH as a indirect measure of metabolic alteration in living cells. Using Phasor-FLIM, pixel maps of metabolic alteration in HEK293 cell lines and in transgenic Drosophila expressing expanded and unexpanded polyQ HTT exon1 in the eye disc were developed. We found a significant shift towards increased free NADH, indicating an increased glycolytic state for cells and tissues expressing the expanded polyQ compared to unexpanded control. In the nucleus, a further lifetime shift occurs towards higher free NADH suggesting a possible synergism between metabolic dysfunction and transcriptional regulation. Our results indicate that metabolic dysfunction in HD shifts to increased glycolysis leading to oxidative stress and cell death. This powerful label free method can be used to screen native HD tissue samples and for potential drug screening.
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76
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Huang WJ, Chen WW, Zhang X. Huntington's disease: Molecular basis of pathology and status of current therapeutic approaches. Exp Ther Med 2016; 12:1951-1956. [PMID: 27698679 PMCID: PMC5038571 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a frequent and incurable hereditary neurodegenerative disorder that impairs motor and cognitive functions. Mutations in huntingtin (HTT) protein, which is essential for neuronal development, lead to the development of HD. An increase in the number of CAG repeats within the HTT gene, which lead to an expansion of polyglutamine tract in the resulting mutated HTT protein, which is toxic, is the causative factor of HD. Although the molecular basis of HD is known, there is no known cure for this disease other than symptomatic relief treatment approaches. The toxicity of mutHTT appears to be more detrimental to striatal medium spiny neurons, which degenerate in this disease. Therapeutic strategies addressing a reduction in the mutHTT content at the transcriptional level using zinc finger proteins and at the translational level with RNA interference and antisense oligonucleotides or promoting the proteosomal degradation of mutHTT are being studied extensively in preclinical models and also to a limited extent in clinical trials. The post-translational modification of mutHTT is another possibility that is currently being investigated for drug development. In addition to the pharmacological approaches, several lines of evidence suggested the potential therapeutic use of stem cell therapy, in particular using the patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells, to replace the lost striatal neurons. The multi-pronged clinical investigations currently underway may identify therapies and potentially improve the quality of life for the HD patients in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Juan Huang
- Department of Neurology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Wei Chen
- Department of Neurology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, P.R. China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, P.R. China
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77
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Guo YJ, Dong SY, Cui XX, Feng Y, Liu T, Yin M, Kuo SH, Tan EK, Zhao WJ, Wu YC. Resveratrol alleviates MPTP-induced motor impairments and pathological changes by autophagic degradation of α-synuclein via SIRT1-deacetylated LC3. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 60:2161-2175. [PMID: 27296520 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201600111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE The accumulation of misfolded α-synuclein in dopaminergic neurons is the leading cause of Parkinson's disease (PD). Resveratrol (RV), a polyphenolic compound derived from grapes and red wine, exerts a wide range of beneficial effects via activation of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and induction of vitagenes. Here, we assessed the role of RV in a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) induced mouse model of PD and explored its potential mechanisms. METHODS AND RESULTS RV and EX527, a specific inhibitor of SIRT1, were administered before and after MPTP treatment. RV protected against MPTP-induced loss of dopaminergic neurons, and decreases in tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine levels, as well as behavioral impairments. Meanwhile, RV administration activated SIRT1. Microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) was then deacetylated and redistributed from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, which provoked the autophagic degradation of α-synuclein in dopaminergic neurons. Furthermore, EX527 antagonized the neuroprotective effects of RV by reducing LC3 deacetylation and subsequent autophagic degradation of α-synuclein. CONCLUSION We showed that RV ameliorated both motor deficits and pathological changes in MPTP-treated mice via activation of SIRT1 and subsequent LC3 deacetylation-mediated autophagic degradation of α-synuclein. Our observations suggest that RV may be a potential prophylactic and/or therapeutic agent for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Jie Guo
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Su-Yan Dong
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Xin Cui
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Ya Feng
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Te Liu
- Shanghai Geriatric Institute of Chinese Medicine, Longhua Hospital, , Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Ming Yin
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Sheng-Han Kuo
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, NY, USA
| | - Eng-King Tan
- Department of Neurology, Singapore General Hospital, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore
| | - Wen-Juan Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yun-Cheng Wu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China.
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78
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Estévez-Fraga C, Avilés Olmos I, Mañanes Barral V, López-Sendón Moreno JL. Therapeutic advances in Huntington’s disease. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/21678707.2016.1196128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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79
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Mason SL, Barker RA. Novel targets for Huntington's disease: future prospects. Degener Neurol Neuromuscul Dis 2016; 6:25-36. [PMID: 30050366 PMCID: PMC6053088 DOI: 10.2147/dnnd.s83808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an incurable, inherited, progressive, neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized by a triad of motor, cognitive, and psychiatric problems. Despite the noticeable increase in therapeutic trials in HD in the last 20 years, there have, to date, been very few significant advances. The main hope for new and emerging therapeutics for HD is to develop a neuroprotective compound capable of slowing down or even stopping the progression of the disease and ultimately prevent the subtle early signs from developing into manifest disease. Recently, there has been a noticeable shift away from symptomatic therapies in favor of more mechanistic-based interventions, a change driven by a better understanding of the pathogenesis of this disorder. In this review, we discuss the status of, and supporting evidence for, potential novel treatments of HD that are currently under development or have reached the level of early Phase I/II clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roger A Barker
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, .,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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80
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Brennan GP, Dey D, Chen Y, Patterson KP, Magnetta EJ, Hall AM, Dube CM, Mei YT, Baram TZ. Dual and Opposing Roles of MicroRNA-124 in Epilepsy Are Mediated through Inflammatory and NRSF-Dependent Gene Networks. Cell Rep 2016; 14:2402-12. [PMID: 26947066 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Insult-provoked transformation of neuronal networks into epileptic ones involves multiple mechanisms. Intervention studies have identified both dysregulated inflammatory pathways and NRSF-mediated repression of crucial neuronal genes as contributors to epileptogenesis. However, it remains unclear how epilepsy-provoking insults (e.g., prolonged seizures) induce both inflammation and NRSF and whether common mechanisms exist. We examined miR-124 as a candidate dual regulator of NRSF and inflammatory pathways. Status epilepticus (SE) led to reduced miR-124 expression via SIRT1--and, in turn, miR-124 repression--via C/EBPα upregulated NRSF. We tested whether augmenting miR-124 after SE would abort epileptogenesis by preventing inflammation and NRSF upregulation. SE-sustaining animals developed epilepsy, but supplementing miR-124 did not modify epileptogenesis. Examining this result further, we found that synthetic miR-124 not only effectively blocked NRSF upregulation and rescued NRSF target genes, but also augmented microglia activation and inflammatory cytokines. Thus, miR-124 attenuates epileptogenesis via NRSF while promoting epilepsy via inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary P Brennan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Deblina Dey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Yuncai Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Katelin P Patterson
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Eric J Magnetta
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Alicia M Hall
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Celine M Dube
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Yu-Tang Mei
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Tallie Z Baram
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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81
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Recombinant Adeno Associated Viral (AAV) vector type 9 delivery of Ex1-Q138-mutant huntingtin in the rat striatum as a short-time model for in vivo studies in drug discovery. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 86:41-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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82
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SIRT1 Activity Is Linked to Its Brain Region-Specific Phosphorylation and Is Impaired in Huntington's Disease Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0145425. [PMID: 26815359 PMCID: PMC4731418 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington’s disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder for which there are no disease-modifying treatments. SIRT1 is a NAD+-dependent protein deacetylase that is implicated in maintaining neuronal health during development, differentiation and ageing. Previous studies suggested that the modulation of SIRT1 activity is neuroprotective in HD mouse models, however, the mechanisms controlling SIRT1 activity are unknown. We have identified a striatum-specific phosphorylation-dependent regulatory mechanism of SIRT1 induction under normal physiological conditions, which is impaired in HD. We demonstrate that SIRT1 activity is down-regulated in the brains of two complementary HD mouse models, which correlated with altered SIRT1 phosphorylation levels. This SIRT1 impairment could not be rescued by the ablation of DBC1, a negative regulator of SIRT1, but was linked to changes in the sub-cellular distribution of AMPK-α1, a positive regulator of SIRT1 function. This work provides insights into the regulation of SIRT1 activity with the potential for the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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83
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Westerberg G, Chiesa JA, Andersen CA, Diamanti D, Magnoni L, Pollio G, Darpo B, Zhou M. Safety, pharmacokinetics, pharmacogenomics and QT concentration-effect modelling of the SirT1 inhibitor selisistat in healthy volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2015; 79:477-91. [PMID: 25223836 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Selisistat (SEN0014196), a first-in-class SirT1 inhibitor, is being developed as a disease-modifying therapy for Huntington's disease. This first-in-human study investigated the safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenomics of single and multiple doses of selisistat in healthy male and female subjects. METHOD In this double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study, seven cohorts of eight subjects received a single dose of selisistat at dose levels of 5, 25, 75, 150, 300 and 600 mg and four cohorts of eight subjects were administered 100, 200 and 300 mg once daily for 7 days. Blood sampling and safety assessments were conducted throughout the study. RESULTS Selisistat was rapidly absorbed and systemic exposure increased in proportion to dose in the 5-300 mg range. Steady-state plasma concentrations were achieved within 4 days of repeated dosing. The incidence of drug related adverse events showed no correlation with dose level or number of doses received and was comparable with the placebo group. No serious adverse events were reported and no subjects were withdrawn due to adverse events. There were no trends in clinical laboratory parameters or vital signs. No trends in heart rate or ECG parameters, including the QTc interval and T-wave morphology, were observed. There were no findings in physical or neurological examinations or postural control. Transcriptional alteration was observed in peripheral blood. CONCLUSION Selisistat was safe and well tolerated by healthy male and female subjects after single doses up to 600 mg and multiple doses up to 300 mg day(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Westerberg
- Siena Biotech SpA, 35, Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo, 53100, Siena, Italy; La Crocina Pharmaceutical Consultants D.I., Podere La Crocina, 53020, San Giovanni d'Asso, Italy
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84
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Rumpf T, Gerhardt S, Einsle O, Jung M. Seeding for sirtuins: microseed matrix seeding to obtain crystals of human Sirt3 and Sirt2 suitable for soaking. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2015; 71:1498-510. [PMID: 26625292 PMCID: PMC4666478 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x15019986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sirtuins constitute a family of NAD(+)-dependent enzymes that catalyse the cleavage of various acyl groups from the ℇ-amino group of lysines. They regulate a series of cellular processes and their misregulation has been implicated in various diseases, making sirtuins attractive drug targets. To date, only a few sirtuin modulators have been reported that are suitable for cellular research and their development has been hampered by a lack of structural information. In this work, microseed matrix seeding (MMS) was used to obtain crystals of human Sirt3 in its apo form and of human Sirt2 in complex with ADP ribose (ADPR). Crystal formation using MMS was predictable, less error-prone and yielded a higher number of crystals per drop than using conventional crystallization screening methods. The crystals were used to solve the crystal structures of apo Sirt3 and of Sirt2 in complex with ADPR at an improved resolution, as well as the crystal structures of Sirt2 in complex with ADPR and the indoles EX527 and CHIC35. These Sirt2-ADPR-indole complexes unexpectedly contain two indole molecules and provide novel insights into selective Sirt2 inhibition. The MMS approach for Sirt2 and Sirt3 may be used as the basis for structure-based optimization of Sirt2/3 inhibitors in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Rumpf
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Albertstrasse 25, 79104 Freiburg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Gerhardt
- Institute of Biochemistry and BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104 Freiburg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Oliver Einsle
- Institute of Biochemistry and BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104 Freiburg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Manfred Jung
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Albertstrasse 25, 79104 Freiburg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
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85
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Naia L, Rego AC. Sirtuins: double players in Huntington's disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1852:2183-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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86
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Lo Iacono L, Visco-Comandini F, Valzania A, Viscomi MT, Coviello M, Giampà A, Roscini L, Bisicchia E, Siracusano A, Troisi A, Puglisi-Allegra S, Carola V. Adversity in childhood and depression: linked through SIRT1. Transl Psychiatry 2015; 5:e629. [PMID: 26327687 PMCID: PMC5068813 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2015.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Experiencing an adverse childhood and parental neglect is a risk factor for depression in the adult population. Patients with a history of traumatic childhood develop a subtype of depression that is characterized by earlier onset, poor treatment response and more severe symptoms. The long-lasting molecular mechanisms that are engaged during early traumatic events and determine the risk for depression are poorly understood. In this study, we altered adult depression-like behavior in mice by applying juvenile isolation stress. We found that this behavioral phenotype was associated with a reduction in the levels of the deacetylase sirtuin1 (SIRT1) in the brain and in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Notably, peripheral blood mRNA expression of SIRT1 predicted the extent of behavioral despair only when depression-like behavior was induced by juvenile--but not adult--stress, implicating SIRT1 in the regulation of adult behavior at early ages. Consistent with this hypothesis, pharmacological modulation of SIRT1 during juvenile age altered the depression-like behavior in naive mice. We also performed a pilot study in humans, in which the blood levels of SIRT1 correlated significantly with the severity of symptoms in major depression patients, especially in those who received less parental care during childhood. On the basis of these novel findings, we propose the involvement of SIRT1 in the long-term consequences of adverse childhood experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Lo Iacono
- Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCSS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - F Visco-Comandini
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome ‘La Sapienza,' Rome, Italy
| | - A Valzania
- Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCSS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - M T Viscomi
- Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCSS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - M Coviello
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - A Giampà
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - L Roscini
- Department of Psychology and ‘Daniel Bovet' Center, University of Rome ‘La Sapienza,' Rome, Italy
| | - E Bisicchia
- Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCSS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - A Siracusano
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - A Troisi
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - S Puglisi-Allegra
- Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCSS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy,Department of Psychology and ‘Daniel Bovet' Center, University of Rome ‘La Sapienza,' Rome, Italy
| | - V Carola
- Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCSS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy,Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCSS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Fosso del Fiorano 63, Rome 00143, Italy. E-mail:
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87
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Sharma S, Taliyan R. Transcriptional dysregulation in Huntington's disease: The role of histone deacetylases. Pharmacol Res 2015; 100:157-69. [PMID: 26254871 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a progressive neurological disorder for which there are no disease-modifying treatments. Although, the exact underlying mechanism(s) leading to the neural cell death in HD still remains elusive, the transcriptional dysregulation is a major molecular feature. Recently, the transcriptional activation and repression regulated by chromatin acetylation has been found to be impaired in HD pathology. The acetylation and deacetylation of histone proteins is carried out by opposing actions of histone acetyl-transferases and histone deacetylases (HDACs), respectively. Studies carried out in cell culture, yeast, Drosophila and rodent model(s) have indicated that HDAC inhibitors (HDACIs) might provide useful class of therapeutic agents for HD. Clinical trials have also reported the beneficial effects of HDACIs in patients suffering from HD. Therefore, the development of HDACIs as therapeutics for HD has been vigorously pursued. In this review, we highlight and summarize the putative role of HDACs in HD like pathology and further discuss the potential of HDACIs as new therapeutic avenues for the treatment of HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorabh Sharma
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacy Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333031, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Rajeev Taliyan
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacy Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333031, Rajasthan, India
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88
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Lewis EA, Smith GA. Using Drosophila models of Huntington's disease as a translatable tool. J Neurosci Methods 2015; 265:89-98. [PMID: 26241927 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2015.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The Huntingtin (Htt) protein is essential for a wealth of intracellular signaling cascades and when mutated, causes multifactorial dysregulation of basic cellular processes. Understanding the contribution to each of these intracellular pathways is essential for the elucidation of mechanisms that drive pathophysiology. Using appropriate models of Huntington's disease (HD) is key to finding the molecular mechanisms that contribute to neurodegeneration. While mouse models and cell lines expressing mutant Htt have been instrumental to HD research, there has been a significant contribution to our understating of the disease from studies utilizing Drosophila melanogaster. Flies have an Htt protein, so the endogenous pathways with which it interacts are likely conserved. Transgenic flies engineered to overexpress the human mutant HTT gene display protein aggregation, neurodegeneration, behavioral deficits and a reduced lifespan. The short life span of flies, low cost of maintaining stocks and genetic tools available for in vivo manipulation make them ideal for the discovery of new genes that are involved in HD pathology. It is possible to do rapid genome wide screens for enhancers or suppressors of the mutant Htt-mediated phenotype, expressed in specific tissues or neuronal subtypes. However, there likely remain many yet unknown genes that modify disease progression, which could be found through additional screening approaches using the fly. Importantly, there have been instances where genes discovered in Drosophila have been translated to HD mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Lewis
- Neurobiology Department, Aaron Lazare Research Building, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Gaynor A Smith
- Neurobiology Department, Aaron Lazare Research Building, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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89
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Qureshi IA, Mehler MF. Epigenetics and therapeutic targets mediating neuroprotection. Brain Res 2015; 1628:265-272. [PMID: 26236020 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The rapidly evolving science of epigenetics is transforming our understanding of the nervous system in health and disease and holds great promise for the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches targeting neurological diseases. Increasing evidence suggests that epigenetic factors and mechanisms serve as important mediators of the pathogenic processes that lead to irrevocable neural injury and of countervailing homeostatic and regenerative responses. Epigenetics is, therefore, of considerable translational significance to the field of neuroprotection. In this brief review, we provide an overview of epigenetic mechanisms and highlight the emerging roles played by epigenetic processes in neural cell dysfunction and death and in resultant neuroprotective responses. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irfan A Qureshi
- Roslyn and Leslie Goldstein Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Institute for Brain Disorders and Neural Regeneration, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Rose F. Kennedy Center for Research on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
| | - Mark F Mehler
- Roslyn and Leslie Goldstein Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Institute for Brain Disorders and Neural Regeneration, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Rose F. Kennedy Center for Research on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Stem Cell Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Center for Epigenomics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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90
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Gpd1 Regulates the Activity of Tcp-1 and Heat Shock Response in Yeast Cells: Effect on Aggregation of Mutant Huntingtin. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:3900-3913. [PMID: 26164272 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9329-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A significant correlation has been observed between the length of the polyglutamine tract in huntingtin, its aggregation and the progression of Huntington's disease (HD). The chaperonin TRiC is a potent antagonist of aggregation of mutant huntingtin. Using the well-validated Saccharomyces cerevisiae model of HD, we have investigated the role of age-related post-translational modifications of this heterooligomeric chaperonin on its ability to inhibit aggregation of the mutant protein. We show that the glycerol synthetic enzyme Gpd1 is involved in the post-translational modification of Tcp-1 (subunit of TRiC) by acetylation and glycation through the NAD(+)/NADH shuttle and the triose phosphate intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate, respectively. The extent of modification of Tcp-1 shows a negative correlation with the solubility of mutant huntingtin. The absence of Gpd1 also induces heat shock response in yeast cells, further inhibiting aggregation of the mutant protein. Thus, Gpd1 acts as a major regulator of the protein folding machinery in the yeast model of HD. Modification and inactivation of cellular chaperonin are accelerated in an aging cell, which has further deleterious effects for a cell harbouring misfolded/aggregated protein(s).
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91
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Sampaio C, Borowsky B, Reilmann R. Clinical trials in Huntington's disease: Interventions in early clinical development and newer methodological approaches. Mov Disord 2015; 29:1419-28. [PMID: 25216371 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the identification of the Huntington's disease (HD) gene, knowledge has accumulated about mechanisms directly or indirectly affected by the mutated Huntingtin protein. Transgenic and knock-in animal models of HD facilitate the preclinical evaluation of these targets. Several treatment approaches with varying, but growing, preclinical evidence have been translated into clinical trials. We review major landmarks in clinical development and report on the main clinical trials that are ongoing or have been recently completed. We also review clinical trial settings and designs that influence drug-development decisions, particularly given that HD is an orphan disease. In addition, we provide a critical analysis of the evolution of the methodology of HD clinical trials to identify trends toward new processes and endpoints. Biomarker studies, such as TRACK-HD and PREDICT-HD, have generated evidence for the potential usefulness of novel outcome measures for HD clinical trials, such as volumetric imaging, quantitative motor (Q-Motor) measures, and novel cognitive endpoints. All of these endpoints are currently applied in ongoing clinical trials, which will provide insight into their reliability, sensitivity, and validity, and their use may expedite proof-of-concept studies. We also outline the specific opportunities that could provide a framework for a successful avenue toward identifying and efficiently testing and translating novel mechanisms of action in the HD field.
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92
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Valor LM. Epigenetic-based therapies in the preclinical and clinical treatment of Huntington's disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 67:45-8. [PMID: 25936670 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The study of epigenetics is providing novel insights about the functional and developmental complexity of the nervous system. In neuropathology, therapies aimed at correcting epigenetic dysregulation have been extensively documented in a large variety of models for neurodegenerative, neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders. Taking the treatment of Huntington's disease as a paradigm for the study of these ameliorative strategies, this review updates the main conclusions derived from the use of epigenetic drugs at the preclinical and clinical stages, including actions beyond epigenetics. This article is part of a Directed Issue entitled: Epigenetics dynamics in development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis M Valor
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante (Universidad Miguel Hernández - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Av. Santiago Ramón y Cajal s/n, Sant Joan d'Alacant, 03550 Alicante, Spain.
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93
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Bates GP, Dorsey R, Gusella JF, Hayden MR, Kay C, Leavitt BR, Nance M, Ross CA, Scahill RI, Wetzel R, Wild EJ, Tabrizi SJ. Huntington disease. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2015; 1:15005. [PMID: 27188817 DOI: 10.1038/nrdp.2015.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 933] [Impact Index Per Article: 103.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Huntington disease is devastating to patients and their families - with autosomal dominant inheritance, onset typically in the prime of adult life, progressive course, and a combination of motor, cognitive and behavioural features. The disease is caused by an expanded CAG trinucleotide repeat (of variable length) in HTT, the gene that encodes the protein huntingtin. In mutation carriers, huntingtin is produced with abnormally long polyglutamine sequences that confer toxic gains of function and predispose the protein to fragmentation, resulting in neuronal dysfunction and death. In this Primer, we review the epidemiology of Huntington disease, noting that prevalence is higher than previously thought, geographically variable and increasing. We describe the relationship between CAG repeat length and clinical phenotype, as well as the concept of genetic modifiers of the disease. We discuss normal huntingtin protein function, evidence for differential toxicity of mutant huntingtin variants, theories of huntingtin aggregation and the many different mechanisms of Huntington disease pathogenesis. We describe the genetic and clinical diagnosis of the condition, its clinical assessment and the multidisciplinary management of symptoms, given the absence of effective disease-modifying therapies. We review past and present clinical trials and therapeutic strategies under investigation, including impending trials of targeted huntingtin-lowering drugs and the progress in development of biomarkers that will support the next generation of trials. For an illustrated summary of this Primer, visit: http://go.nature.com/hPMENh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian P Bates
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ray Dorsey
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - James F Gusella
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael R Hayden
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Department of Medical Genetics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Chris Kay
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Department of Medical Genetics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Blair R Leavitt
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Department of Medical Genetics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Martha Nance
- Struthers Parkinson's Center, Golden Valley, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; and Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Christopher A Ross
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Departments of Neurology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rachael I Scahill
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Ronald Wetzel
- Department of Structural Biology and Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Edward J Wild
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Sarah J Tabrizi
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
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94
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Morató L, Ruiz M, Boada J, Calingasan NY, Galino J, Guilera C, Jové M, Naudí A, Ferrer I, Pamplona R, Serrano M, Portero-Otín M, Beal MF, Fourcade S, Pujol A. Activation of sirtuin 1 as therapy for the peroxisomal disease adrenoleukodystrophy. Cell Death Differ 2015; 22:1742-53. [PMID: 25822341 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2015.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress and mitochondrial failure are prominent factors in the axonal degeneration process. In this study, we demonstrate that sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), a key regulator of the mitochondrial function, is impaired in the axonopathy and peroxisomal disease X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD). We have restored SIRT1 activity using a dual strategy of resveratrol treatment or by the moderate transgenic overexpression of SIRT1 in a X-ALD mouse model. Both strategies normalized redox homeostasis, mitochondrial respiration, bioenergetic failure, axonal degeneration and associated locomotor disabilities in the X-ALD mice. These results indicate that the reactivation of SIRT1 may be a valuable strategy to treat X-ALD and other axonopathies in which the control of redox and energetic homeostasis is impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Morató
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER) ISCIII, Spain.,Institute of Neuropathology, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Ruiz
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER) ISCIII, Spain.,Institute of Neuropathology, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Boada
- Experimental Medicine Department, University of Lleida-IRBLleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain
| | - N Y Calingasan
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1006 New York, USA
| | - J Galino
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER) ISCIII, Spain.,Institute of Neuropathology, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Guilera
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER) ISCIII, Spain.,Institute of Neuropathology, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Jové
- Experimental Medicine Department, University of Lleida-IRBLleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain
| | - A Naudí
- Experimental Medicine Department, University of Lleida-IRBLleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain
| | - I Ferrer
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) ISCIII, Spain
| | - R Pamplona
- Experimental Medicine Department, University of Lleida-IRBLleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain
| | - M Serrano
- Tumor Suppression Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - M Portero-Otín
- Experimental Medicine Department, University of Lleida-IRBLleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain
| | - M F Beal
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1006 New York, USA
| | - S Fourcade
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER) ISCIII, Spain.,Institute of Neuropathology, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Pujol
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER) ISCIII, Spain.,Institute of Neuropathology, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain.,Catalan Institution of Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
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95
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Ng F, Wijaya L, Tang BL. SIRT1 in the brain-connections with aging-associated disorders and lifespan. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:64. [PMID: 25805970 PMCID: PMC4353374 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The silent mating type information regulation 2 proteins (sirtuins) 1 of class III histone deacetylases (HDACs) have been associated with health span and longevity. SIRT1, the best studied member of the mammalian sirtuins, has a myriad of roles in multiple tissues and organs. However, a significant part of SIRT1's role that impinges on aging and lifespan may lie in its activities in the central nervous system (CNS) neurons. Systemically, SIRT1 influences energy metabolism and circadian rhythm through its activity in the hypothalamic nuclei. From a cell biological perspective, SIRT1 is a crucial component of multiple interconnected regulatory networks that modulate dendritic and axonal growth, as well as survival against stress. This neuronal cell autonomous activity of SIRT1 is also important for neuronal plasticity, cognitive functions, as well as protection against aging-associated neuronal degeneration and cognitive decline. We discuss recent findings that have shed light on the various activities of SIRT1 in the brain, which collectively impinge on aging-associated disorders and lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Ng
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System Singapore, Singapore
| | - Laura Wijaya
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bor Luen Tang
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System Singapore, Singapore ; NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore Singapore, Singapore
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96
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Süssmuth SD, Haider S, Landwehrmeyer GB, Farmer R, Frost C, Tripepi G, Andersen CA, Di Bacco M, Lamanna C, Diodato E, Massai L, Diamanti D, Mori E, Magnoni L, Dreyhaupt J, Schiefele K, Craufurd D, Saft C, Rudzinska M, Ryglewicz D, Orth M, Brzozy S, Baran A, Pollio G, Andre R, Tabrizi SJ, Darpo B, Westerberg G. An exploratory double-blind, randomized clinical trial with selisistat, a SirT1 inhibitor, in patients with Huntington's disease. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2015; 79:465-76. [PMID: 25223731 PMCID: PMC4345957 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Selisistat, a selective SirT1 inhibitor is being developed as a potentially disease-modifying therapeutic for Huntington's disease (HD). This was the first study of selisistat in HD patients and was primarily aimed at development of pharmacodynamic biomarkers. METHODS This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre exploratory study. Fifty-five male and female patients in early stage HD were randomized to receive 10 mg or 100 mg of selisistat or placebo once daily for 14 days. Blood sampling, clinical and safety assessments were conducted throughout the study. Candidate pharmacodynamic markers included circulating soluble huntingtin and innate immune markers. RESULTS Selisistat was found to be safe and well tolerated, and systemic exposure parameters showed that the average steady-state plasma concentration achieved at the 10 mg dose level (125 nm) was comparable with the IC50 for SirT1 inhibition. No adverse effects on motor, cognitive or functional readouts were recorded. While circulating levels of soluble huntingtin were not affected by selisistat in this study, the biological samples collected have allowed development of assay technology for use in future studies. No effects on innate immune markers were seen. CONCLUSIONS Selisistat was found to be safe and well tolerated in early stage HD patients at plasma concentrations within the anticipated therapeutic concentration range.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Salman Haider
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London Institute of NeurologyLondon, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ruth Farmer
- Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondon, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Frost
- Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondon, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Claudia Lamanna
- Siena Biotech SpASiena, Italy
- European Huntington's Disease Network (EHDN)Chieti, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jens Dreyhaupt
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm UniversityUlm, Germany
| | - Karin Schiefele
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm UniversityUlm, Germany
| | - David Craufurd
- Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of ManchesterManchester, United Kingdom
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Manchester Academic Health Science CentreManchester, United Kingdom
| | - Carsten Saft
- Department of Neurology, Huntington-Center NRW, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-UniversityBochum, Germany
| | - Monika Rudzinska
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of SilesiaKatowice, Poland
| | - Danuta Ryglewicz
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and NeurologyWarsaw, Poland
| | - Michael Orth
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University HospitalUlm, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Ralph Andre
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London Institute of NeurologyLondon, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah J Tabrizi
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London Institute of NeurologyLondon, United Kingdom
| | - Borje Darpo
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Danderyd HospitalStockholm, Sweden
- iCardiac TechnologiesRochester, NY, USA
| | - Goran Westerberg
- Siena Biotech SpASiena, Italy
- La Crocina Pharmaceutical Consultants D.I.San Giovanni d'Asso (S), Italy
| | - Paddington Consortium
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University HospitalUlm, Germany
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London Institute of NeurologyLondon, United Kingdom
- Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondon, United Kingdom
- Siena Biotech SpASiena, Italy
- European Huntington's Disease Network (EHDN)Chieti, Italy
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm UniversityUlm, Germany
- Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of ManchesterManchester, United Kingdom
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Manchester Academic Health Science CentreManchester, United Kingdom
- Department of Neurology, Huntington-Center NRW, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-UniversityBochum, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of SilesiaKatowice, Poland
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and NeurologyWarsaw, Poland
- KCR.S.A.Warsaw, Poland
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Danderyd HospitalStockholm, Sweden
- iCardiac TechnologiesRochester, NY, USA
- La Crocina Pharmaceutical Consultants D.I.San Giovanni d'Asso (S), Italy
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97
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Rowlands BD, Lau CL, Ryall JG, Thomas DS, Klugmann M, Beart PM, Rae CD. Silent information regulator 1 modulator resveratrol increases brain lactate production and inhibits mitochondrial metabolism, whereas SRT1720 increases oxidative metabolism. J Neurosci Res 2015; 93:1147-56. [PMID: 25677687 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Silent information regulators (SIRTs) have been shown to deacetylate a range of metabolic enzymes, including those in glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, and thus alter their activity. SIRTs require NAD(+) for their activity, linking cellular energy status to enzyme activity. To examine the impact of SIRT1 modulation on oxidative metabolism, this study tests the effect of ligands that are either SIRT-activating compounds (resveratrol and SRT1720) or SIRT inhibitors (EX527) on the metabolism of (13)C-enriched substrates by guinea pig brain cortical tissue slices with (13)C and (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Resveratrol increased lactate labeling but decreased incorporation of (13)C into Krebs cycle intermediates, consistent with effects on AMPK and inhibition of the F0/F1-ATPase. By testing with resveratrol that was directly applied to astrocytes with a Seahorse analyzer, increased glycolytic shift and increased mitochondrial proton leak resulting from interactions of resveratrol with the mitochondrial electron transport chain were revealed. SRT1720, by contrast, stimulated incorporation of (13)C into Krebs cycle intermediates and reduced incorporation into lactate, although the inhibitor EX527 paradoxically also increased Krebs cycle (13)C incorporation. In summary, the various SIRT1 modulators show distinct acute effects on oxidative metabolism. The strong effects of resveratrol on the mitochondrial respiratory chain and on glycolysis suggest that caution should be used in attempts to increase bioavailability of this compound in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Rowlands
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Physiology and Translational Neuroscience Facility, School of Medical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Chew Ling Lau
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - James G Ryall
- Stem Cell Metabolism and Regenerative Medicine Group, Basic and Clinical Myology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Donald S Thomas
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, The University of New South Wales, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Matthias Klugmann
- Department of Physiology and Translational Neuroscience Facility, School of Medical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Philip M Beart
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Caroline D Rae
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Physiology and Translational Neuroscience Facility, School of Medical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
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98
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Parlato R, Bierhoff H. Role of nucleolar dysfunction in neurodegenerative disorders: a game of genes? AIMS MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.3934/molsci.2015.3.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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99
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Seifert T, Malo M, Kokkola T, Engen K, Fridén-Saxin M, Wallén EAA, Lahtela-Kakkonen M, Jarho EM, Luthman K. Chroman-4-one- and Chromone-Based Sirtuin 2 Inhibitors with Antiproliferative Properties in Cancer Cells. J Med Chem 2014; 57:9870-88. [DOI: 10.1021/jm500930h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tina Seifert
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, Kemivagen 10, SE-412
96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Marcus Malo
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, Kemivagen 10, SE-412
96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Tarja Kokkola
- School
of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Karin Engen
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, Kemivagen 10, SE-412
96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Maria Fridén-Saxin
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, Kemivagen 10, SE-412
96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Erik A. A. Wallén
- Division
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Elina M. Jarho
- School
of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kristina Luthman
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, Kemivagen 10, SE-412
96 Göteborg, Sweden
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100
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Jiang M, Zheng J, Peng Q, Hou Z, Zhang J, Mori S, Ellis JL, Vlasuk GP, Fries H, Suri V, Duan W. Sirtuin 1 activator SRT2104 protects Huntington's disease mice. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2014; 1:1047-52. [PMID: 25574479 PMCID: PMC4284130 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 09/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sirtuin 1 is a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent protein deacetylase which regulates longevity and improves metabolism. Activation of Sirtuin 1 confers beneficial effects in models of neurodegenerative diseases. We and others have provided convincing evidence that overexpression of Sirtuin 1 plays a neuroprotective role in mouse models of Huntington's disease. In this study, we report that SRT2104, a small molecule Sirtuin 1 activator, penetrated the blood–brain barrier, attenuated brain atrophy, improved motor function, and extended survival in a mouse model of Huntington's disease. These findings imply a novel therapeutic strategy for Huntington's disease by targeting Sirtuin 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mali Jiang
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, Maryland, 21287
| | - Jennifer Zheng
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, Maryland, 21287
| | - Qi Peng
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, Maryland, 21287
| | - Zhipeng Hou
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, Maryland, 21287
| | - Jiangyang Zhang
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, Maryland, 21287
| | - Susumu Mori
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, Maryland, 21287
| | - James L Ellis
- Sirtris, a GSK company Collegeville, Pennsylvania, 19426
| | | | - Harvey Fries
- Sirtris, a GSK company Collegeville, Pennsylvania, 19426
| | - Vipin Suri
- Sirtris, a GSK company Collegeville, Pennsylvania, 19426
| | - Wenzhen Duan
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, Maryland, 21287 ; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, Maryland, 21287 ; Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, Maryland, 21287
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