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Shiokawa A, Kotaki R, Takano T, Nakajima-Adachi H, Hachimura S. Mesenteric lymph node CD11b - CD103 + PD-L1 High dendritic cells highly induce regulatory T cells. Immunology 2017; 152:52-64. [PMID: 28423181 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Revised: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) in mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) induce Foxp3+ regulatory T cells to regulate immune responses to beneficial or non-harmful agents in the intestine, such as commensal bacteria and foods. Several studies in MLN DCs have revealed that the CD103+ DC subset highly induces regulatory T cells, and another study has reported that MLN DCs from programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) -deficient mice could not induce regulatory T cells. Hence, the present study investigated the expression of these molecules on MLN CD11c+ cells. Four distinct subsets expressing CD103 and/or PD-L1 were identified, namely CD11b+ CD103+ PD-L1High , CD11b- CD103+ PD-L1High , CD11b- CD103+ PD-L1Low and CD11b+ CD103- PD-L1Int . Among them, the CD11b- CD103+ PD-L1High DC subset highly induced Foxp3+ T cells. This subset expressed Aldh1a2 and Itgb8 genes, which are involved in retinoic acid metabolism and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) activation, respectively. Exogenous TGF-β supplementation equalized the level of Foxp3+ T-cell induction by the four subsets whereas retinoic acid did not, which suggests that high ability to activate TGF-β is determinant for the high Foxp3+ T-cell induction by CD11b- CD103+ PD-L1High DC subset. Finally, this subset exhibited a migratory DC phenotype and could take up and present orally administered antigens. Collectively, the MLN CD11b- CD103+ PD-L1High DC subset probably takes up luminal antigens in the intestine, migrates to MLNs, and highly induces regulatory T cells through TGF-β activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Shiokawa
- Research Center for Food Safety, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Kotaki
- Research Center for Food Safety, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Takano
- Research Center for Food Safety, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruyo Nakajima-Adachi
- Research Center for Food Safety, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hachimura
- Research Center for Food Safety, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Cantorna MT. Comment on "Diet-Derived Short Chain Fatty Acids Stimulate Intestinal Epithelial Cells To Induce Mucosal Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells". THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:4188. [PMID: 28533278 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Margherita T Cantorna
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
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53
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Biljes D, Hammerschmidt-Kamper C, Merches K, Esser C. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor in T cells contributes to sustaining oral tolerance against ovalbumin in a mouse model. EXCLI JOURNAL 2017; 16:291-301. [PMID: 30233276 PMCID: PMC6141817 DOI: 10.17179/excli2017-168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Oral tolerance (OT) towards antigens encountered in the gut is a vital immune function of gut immunity. Experimental models can demonstrate OT efficacy by feeding of a protein followed by peripheral immunization and measuring the specific antibody titer. We had previously shown that exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), a xenobiotic high-affinity aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-ligand, destabilized OT against ovalbumin (OVA) in mice. AhR is involved in the development, differentiation and function of immune cells, and highly expressed in gut epithelial cells and gut immune cells. We here used AhR-deficient mice to study the role of AhR in OT further. We show that complete AhR-deficiency undermines the stability of oral tolerance against OVA upon multiple immunizations, despite no renewed oral encounter with the antigen. This OT destabilization is accompanied by significant changes in IL10 and TGFβ RNA in the gut tissue. Using conditional AhR-deficient mouse lines, we identify T cells as the major responsible immune cell type in this context. Our findings add to knowledge that lack of AhR signaling in the gut impairs important gut immune functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Biljes
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Auf'm Hennekamp 50, D-40225 Düsseldorf
| | | | - Katja Merches
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Auf'm Hennekamp 50, D-40225 Düsseldorf
| | - Charlotte Esser
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Auf'm Hennekamp 50, D-40225 Düsseldorf
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Critical role of intestinal interleukin-4 modulating regulatory T cells for desensitization, tolerance, and inflammation of food allergy. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172795. [PMID: 28234975 PMCID: PMC5325285 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and objective The mechanism inducing either inflammation or tolerance to orally administered food allergens remains unclear. To investigate this we analyzed mouse models of food allergy (OVA23-3) and tolerance (DO11.10 [D10]), both of which express ovalbumin (OVA)-specific T-cell receptors. Methods OVA23-3, recombination activating gene (RAG)-2-deficient OVA23-3 (R23-3), D10, and RAG-2-deficient D10 (RD10) mice consumed a diet containing egg white (EW diet) for 2–28 days. Interleukin (IL)-4 production by CD4+ T cells was measured as a causative factor of enteropathy, and anti-IL-4 antibody was used to reveal the role of Foxp3+ OVA-specific Tregs (aiTreg) in this process. Results Unlike OVA23-3 and R23-3 mice, D10 and RD10 mice did not develop enteropathy and weight loss on the EW diet. On days 7–10, in EW-fed D10 and RD10 mice, splenic CD4+ T cells produced significantly more IL-4 than did those in the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs); this is in contrast to the excessive IL-4 response in the MLNs of EW-fed OVA23-3 and R23-3 mice. EW-fed R23-3 mice had few aiTregs, whereas EW-fed RD10 mice had them in both tissues. Intravenous injections of anti-IL-4 antibody recovered the percentage of aiTregs in the MLNs of R23-3 mice. On day 28, in EW-fed OVA23-3 and R23-3 mice, expression of Foxp3 on CD4+ T cells corresponded with recovery from inflammation, but recurrence of weight loss was observed on restarting the EW diet after receiving the control-diet for 1 month. No recurrence developed in D10 mice. Conclusions Excessive IL-4 levels in the MLNs directly inhibited the induction of aiTregs and caused enteropathy. The aiTregs generated in the attenuation of T cell-dependent food allergic enteropathy may function differently than aiTregs induced in a tolerance model. Comparing the two models enables to investigate their aiTreg functions and to clarify differences between inflammation with subsequent desensitization versus tolerance.
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55
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Czarnewski P, Das S, Parigi SM, Villablanca EJ. Retinoic Acid and Its Role in Modulating Intestinal Innate Immunity. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9010068. [PMID: 28098786 PMCID: PMC5295112 DOI: 10.3390/nu9010068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin A (VA) is amongst the most well characterized food-derived nutrients with diverse immune modulatory roles. Deficiency in dietary VA has not only been associated with immune dysfunctions in the gut, but also with several systemic immune disorders. In particular, VA metabolite all-trans retinoic acid (atRA) has been shown to be crucial in inducing gut tropism in lymphocytes and modulating T helper differentiation. In addition to the widely recognized role in adaptive immunity, increasing evidence identifies atRA as an important modulator of innate immune cells, such as tolerogenic dendritic cells (DCs) and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). Here, we focus on the role of retinoic acid in differentiation, trafficking and the functions of innate immune cells in health and inflammation associated disorders. Lastly, we discuss the potential involvement of atRA during the plausible crosstalk between DCs and ILCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Czarnewski
- Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm 171-76, Sweden.
| | - Srustidhar Das
- Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm 171-76, Sweden.
| | - Sara M Parigi
- Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm 171-76, Sweden.
| | - Eduardo J Villablanca
- Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm 171-76, Sweden.
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Erkelens MN, Mebius RE. Retinoic Acid and Immune Homeostasis: A Balancing Act. Trends Immunol 2017; 38:168-180. [PMID: 28094101 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In the immune system, the vitamin A metabolite retinoic acid (RA) is known for its role in inducing gut-homing molecules in T and B cells, inducing regulatory T cells (Tregs), and promoting tolerance. However, it was suggested that RA can have a broad spectrum of effector functions depending on the local microenvironment. Under specific conditions, RA can also promote an inflammatory environment. We discuss the dual role of RA in immune responses and how this might be regulated. Furthermore, we focus on the role of RA in autoimmune diseases and whether RA might be used as a therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martje N Erkelens
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Reina E Mebius
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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57
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Yokota-Nakatsuma A, Ohoka Y, Takeuchi H, Song SY, Iwata M. Beta 1-integrin ligation and TLR ligation enhance GM-CSF-induced ALDH1A2 expression in dendritic cells, but differentially regulate their anti-inflammatory properties. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37914. [PMID: 27897208 PMCID: PMC5126582 DOI: 10.1038/srep37914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA)–producing CD103+ mature dendritic cells (DCs) in mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) play crucial roles in gut immunity. GM-CSF and RA contribute to the expression of the RA-producing enzyme ALDH1A2. However, additional signals appeared to be required for inducing ALDH1A2high mature DCs from immature DCs. We found here that TLR ligands (Ls) and immobilized E-cadherin could provide such signals in FLT3-L–generated bone marrow (BM)–derived DCs after treatment with GM-CSF and the RA receptor agonist Am80. The TLR-L-treated DCs produced proinflammatory cytokines unlike normal ALDH1A2high MLN-DCs, whereas the E-cadherin-treated DCs did not. Immobilized VCAM-1 and semaphorin 7 A exerted effects similar to those of E-cadherin. Soluble anti-integrin β1 antibodies or inhibitors of integrin signaling molecules suppressed the effects of these immobilized proteins, whereas immobilized anti-integrin β1 antibodies enhanced the GM-CSF/Am80-induced ALDH1A2 expression without inducing proinflammatory cytokines. Sequential stimulation of splenic pre-DCs with GM-CSF/Am80 and immobilized E-cadherin or anti-integrin β1 antibody also induced differentiation to mature DCs with high ALDH activity. The E-cadherin-treated BM-DCs induced gut-tropic Foxp3+ T cells and alleviated DSS–induced colitis, whereas the TLR-L-treated DCs aggravated DSS–induced colitis. The results suggest that integrin β1-mediated signals contribute to the differentiation and maturation of RA-producing anti-inflammatory DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Yokota-Nakatsuma
- Laboratory of Immunology, Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Shido, Sanuki-shi, Kagawa, Japan.,Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Ohoka
- Laboratory of Immunology, Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Shido, Sanuki-shi, Kagawa, Japan.,Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hajime Takeuchi
- Laboratory of Immunology, Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Shido, Sanuki-shi, Kagawa, Japan.,Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Si-Young Song
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Institute of Neuroscience, Tokushima Bunri University, Shido, Sanuki-shi, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Makoto Iwata
- Laboratory of Immunology, Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Shido, Sanuki-shi, Kagawa, Japan.,Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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58
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CD45 regulates GM-CSF, retinoic acid and T-cell homing in intestinal inflammation. Mucosal Immunol 2016; 9:1514-1527. [PMID: 27007678 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2016.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
CD45 is a leukocyte-specific tyrosine phosphatase important for T-cell development, and as a result, CD45-/- mice have substantially reduced numbers of T cells. Here we show that, upon dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis, CD45-/- mice have equivalent intestinal pathology and T-cell numbers in their colon as C57BL/6 mice and show enhanced weight loss. CD45-/- mice have a greater percentage of α4β7+ T cells prior to and after colitis and an increased percentage of T cells producing inflammatory cytokines in the inflamed colon, suggesting that CD45-/- effector T cells preferentially home to the intestine. In DSS-induced colitis in CD45RAG-/- mice lacking an adaptive immune system, CD45 was required for optimal granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and retinoic acid (RA) production by innate immune cells. Addition of CD45+/+ T cells led to greater weight loss in the RAG-/- mice compared with CD45RAG-/- mice that correlated with reduced α4β7+ T cells and lower recruitment to the colon of CD45RAG-/- mice in DSS-induced colitis. Addition of exogenous GM-CSF to CD45RAG-/- mice rescued RA production, increased colonic T-cell numbers, and increased weight loss. This demonstrates opposing effects of CD45 in innate and adaptive immune cells in proinflammatory responses and the expression of the gut-homing molecule, α4β7.
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59
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Kannanganat S, Wyatt LS, Gangadhara S, Chamcha V, Chea LS, Kozlowski PA, LaBranche CC, Chennareddi L, Lawson B, Reddy PBJ, Styles TM, Vanderford TH, Montefiori DC, Moss B, Robinson HL, Amara RR. High Doses of GM-CSF Inhibit Antibody Responses in Rectal Secretions and Diminish Modified Vaccinia Ankara/Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Vaccine Protection in TRIM5α-Restrictive Macaques. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2016; 197:3586-3596. [PMID: 27683750 PMCID: PMC5101171 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We tested, in rhesus macaques, the effects of a 500-fold range of an admixed recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) expressing rhesus GM-CSF (MVA/GM-CSF) on the immunogenicity and protection elicited by an MVA/SIV macaque 239 vaccine. High doses of MVA/GM-CSF did not affect the levels of systemic envelope (Env)-specific Ab, but it did decrease the expression of the gut-homing receptor α4β7 on plasmacytoid dendritic cells (p < 0.01) and the magnitudes of Env-specific IgA (p = 0.01) and IgG (p < 0.05) in rectal secretions. The protective effect of the vaccine was evaluated using 12 weekly rectal challenges in rhesus macaques subgrouped by tripartite motif-containing protein 5α (TRIM5α) genotypes that are restrictive or permissive for infection by the challenge virus SIVsmE660. Eight of nine TRIM5α-restrictive animals receiving no or the lowest dose (1 × 105 PFU) of MVA/GM-CSF resisted all 12 challenges. In the comparable TRIM5α-permissive group, only 1 of 12 animals resisted all 12 challenges. In the TRIM5α-restrictive animals, but not in the TRIM5α-permissive animals, the number of challenges to infection directly correlated with the magnitudes of Env-specific rectal IgG (r = +0.6) and IgA (r = +0.6), the avidity of Env-specific serum IgG (r = +0.5), and Ab dependent cell-mediated virus inhibition (r = +0.6). Titers of neutralizing Ab did not correlate with protection. We conclude that 1) protection elicited by MVA/SIVmac239 is strongly dependent on the presence of TRIM5α restriction, 2) nonneutralizing Ab responses contribute to protection against SIVsmE660 in TRIM5α-restrictive animals, and 3) high doses of codelivered MVA/GM-CSF inhibit mucosal Ab responses and the protection elicited by MVA expressing noninfectious SIV macaque 239 virus-like particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kannanganat
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322
| | - Linda S Wyatt
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Sailaja Gangadhara
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322
| | - Venkatesarlu Chamcha
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322
| | - Lynette S Chea
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322
| | - Pamela A Kozlowski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Celia C LaBranche
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705; and
| | - Lakshmi Chennareddi
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322
| | - Benton Lawson
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322
| | - Pradeep B J Reddy
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322
| | - Tiffany M Styles
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322
| | - Thomas H Vanderford
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322
| | - David C Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705; and
| | - Bernard Moss
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | | | - Rama Rao Amara
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329;
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322
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60
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Tsai YL, Ko WS, Hsiao JL, Pan HH, Chiou YL. Zinc sulfate improved the unbalanced T cell profiles in Der p-allergic asthma: An ex vivo study. CLINICAL RESPIRATORY JOURNAL 2016; 12:563-571. [PMID: 27727525 DOI: 10.1111/crj.12563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the pathogenesis of asthma, an imbalance between helper T (Th) 1/Th2 and Th17/Treg cells is believed to play a key role in asthmatic inflammatory responses. Some studies indicated that zinc deficiency increases inflammatory factor production and worsens asthma. However, the effects of zinc on T cell profiles to reduce inflammatory response remain unclear. OBJECTIVES We investigated the beneficial effects of zinc on isolated cell populations and cytokine levels from patients with asthma. METHODS Thirty-six individuals Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p)-allergic and 31 healthy subjects were enrolled in the study, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were collected. Harvested PBMCs were stimulated with recombinant Der p antigen in the presence or absence of zinc sulfate (25 μM or 50 μM) for 48 h. Cell surface markers and intracellular cytokine levels were examined by flow cytometry. The pro-inflammatory factors in plasma and culture supernatants were measured by commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Zinc sulfate dramatically reduced the proportions of Th2 and Th17 cells, but increased that of Th1 and Treg cells. Zinc sulfate also markedly reduced the levels of interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-17, but increased the levels of IFN-γ. CONCLUSIONS Zinc ameliorates the imbalance in T cell profiles and could be a potential adjuvant therapy for Der p-induced allergic hypersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Lin Tsai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tungs' Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wang-Sheng Ko
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kuang-Tien General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jung-Lung Hsiao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Kuang-Tien General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hsin-Hung Pan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kuang-Tien General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ya-Ling Chiou
- Department of Nutrition and Institute of Biomedical Nutrition, Hungkuang University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Department of Nursing, Hungkuang University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
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61
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Ahadome SD, Mathew R, Reyes NJ, Mettu PS, Cousins SW, Calder VL, Saban DR. Classical dendritic cells mediate fibrosis directly via the retinoic acid pathway in severe eye allergy. JCI Insight 2016; 1:87012. [PMID: 27595139 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.87012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is a shared end-stage pathway to lung, liver, and heart failure. In the ocular mucosa (conjunctiva), fibrosis leads to blindness in trachoma, pemphigoid, and allergy. The indirect fibrogenic role of DCs via T cell activation and inflammatory cell recruitment is well documented. However, here we demonstrate that DCs can directly induce fibrosis. In the mouse model of allergic eye disease (AED), classical CD11b+ DCs in the ocular mucosa showed increased activity of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), the enzyme required for retinoic acid synthesis. In vitro, CD11b+ DC-derived ALDH was associated with 9-cis-retinoic acid ligation to retinoid x receptor (RXR), which induced conjunctival fibroblast activation. In vivo, stimulating RXR led to rapid onset of ocular mucosal fibrosis, whereas inhibiting ALDH activity in DCs or selectively depleting DCs markedly reduced fibrosis. Collectively, these data reveal a profibrotic ALDH-dependent pathway by DCs and uncover a role for DC retinoid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah D Ahadome
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Ocular Biology and Therapeutics, University College London (UCL) Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rose Mathew
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nancy J Reyes
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Priyatham S Mettu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Scott W Cousins
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Virginia L Calder
- Department of Ocular Biology and Therapeutics, University College London (UCL) Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel R Saban
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Vitamin A Inhibits Development of Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis and Colon Cancer in a Mouse Model. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:4874809. [PMID: 27298823 PMCID: PMC4889797 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4874809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin A is essential to mucosal immunity and cell differentiation. The fact that lack of it might involve chronic inflammation and increased risk of cancer has been reported. Little is known about the mechanism of vitamin A deficiency in the development of colitis and its influence on development of colorectal cancer. To determine the influence of vitamin A deficiency on colitis and colorectal cancer development, an experimental study using a colitis mouse model was performed. Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) colitis was induced in vitamin A-deficient and vitamin A-supplemented mice. Further, colorectal carcinoma was induced by a combination of azoxymethane preinjection and DSS colitis. Results were compared between the two groups mainly by immunohistochemical analysis. Colitis was more severe and recovery from colitis was slower in vitamin A-deficient mice than in vitamin A-supplemented mice. Compared with vitamin A-supplemented mice, vitamin A-deficient mice had decreases in colonic subepithelial myofibroblasts and the ratio of mucosal IgA(+)/IgG(+) cells, increases in CD11c(+) dendritic cells, and a higher rate of development of colorectal carcinoma with colitis following azoxymethane. Vitamin A lipid droplets in subepithelial myofibroblasts were decreased in vitamin A-deficient mice, suggesting alterations in colonic crypt niche function. Thus, vitamin A inhibited colitis and the development of colorectal cancer.
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IRF8 Transcription-Factor-Dependent Classical Dendritic Cells Are Essential for Intestinal T Cell Homeostasis. Immunity 2016; 44:860-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Immunity and Tolerance Induced by Intestinal Mucosal Dendritic Cells. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:3104727. [PMID: 27034589 PMCID: PMC4789473 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3104727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells present in the digestive tract are constantly exposed to environmental antigens, commensal flora, and invading pathogens. Under steady-state conditions, these cells have high tolerogenic potential, triggering differentiation of regulatory T cells to protect the host from unwanted proinflammatory immune responses to innocuous antigens or commensals. On the other hand, these cells must discriminate between commensal flora and invading pathogens and mount powerful immune response against pathogens. A potential result of unbalanced tolerogenic versus proinflammatory responses mediated by dendritic cells is associated with chronic inflammatory conditions, such as Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, food allergies, and celiac disease. Herein, we review the dendritic cell population involved in mediating tolerance and immunity in mucosal surfaces, the progress in unveiling their development in vivo, and factors that can influence their functions.
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Abdala-Valencia H, Soveg F, Cook-Mills JM. γ-Tocopherol supplementation of allergic female mice augments development of CD11c+CD11b+ dendritic cells in utero and allergic inflammation in neonates. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 310:L759-71. [PMID: 26801566 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00301.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
γ-Tocopherol increases responses to allergen challenge in allergic adult mice, but it is not known whether γ-tocopherol regulates the development of allergic disease. Development of allergic disease often occurs early in life. In clinical studies and animal models, offspring of allergic mothers have increased responsiveness to allergen challenge. Therefore, we determined whether γ-tocopherol augments development of allergic responses in offspring of allergic female mice. Allergic female mice were supplemented with γ-tocopherol starting at mating. The pups from allergic mothers developed allergic lung responses, whereas pups from saline-treated mothers did not respond to allergen challenge. The γ-tocopherol supplementation of allergic female mice increased the numbers of eosinophils twofold in the pup bronchoalveolar lavage and lungs after allergen challenge. There was also about a twofold increase in pup lung CD11b(+) subsets of CD11c(+) dendritic cells and in numbers of these dendritic cells expressing the transcription factor IRF4. There was no change in several CD11b(-) dendritic cell subsets. Furthermore, maternal supplementation with γ-tocopherol increased the number of fetal liver CD11b(+)CD11c(+) dendritic cells twofold in utero. In the pups, γ-tocopherol increased lung expression of the inflammatory mediators CCL11, amphiregulin, activin A, and IL-5. In conclusion, maternal supplementation with γ-tocopherol increased fetal development of subsets of dendritic cells that are critical for allergic responses and increased development of allergic responses in pups from allergic mothers. These results have implications for supplementation of allergic mothers with γ-tocopherol in prenatal vitamins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiam Abdala-Valencia
- Allergy-Immunology Division, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Frank Soveg
- Allergy-Immunology Division, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Joan M Cook-Mills
- Allergy-Immunology Division, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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Zeng R, Bscheider M, Lahl K, Lee M, Butcher EC. Generation and transcriptional programming of intestinal dendritic cells: essential role of retinoic acid. Mucosal Immunol 2016; 9:183-93. [PMID: 26129652 PMCID: PMC4698111 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2015.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The vitamin A metabolite retinoic acid (RA) regulates adaptive immunity in the intestines, with well-characterized effects on IgA responses, Treg induction, and gut trafficking of T- and B-effector cells. It also controls the generation of conventional dendritic cell (cDC) precursors in the bone marrow and regulates cDC subset representation, but its roles in the specialization of intestinal cDC subsets are understudied. Here we show that RA acts cell intrinsically in developing gut-tropic pre-mucosal dendritic cell (pre-μDC) to effect the differentiation and drive the specialization of intestinal CD103(+)CD11b(-) (cDC1) and of CD103(+)CD11b(+) (cDC2). Systemic deficiency or DC-restricted antagonism of RA signaling resulted in altered phenotypes of intestinal cDC1 and cDC2, and reduced numbers of cDC2. Effects of dietary deficiency were most apparent in the proximal small intestine and were rapidly reversed by reintroducing vitamin A. In cultures of pre-μDC with Flt3L and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), RA induced cDC with characteristic phenotypes of intestinal cDC1 and cDC2 by controlling subset-defining cell surface receptors, regulating subset-specific transcriptional programs, and suppressing proinflammatory nuclear factor-κB-dependent gene expression. Thus, RA is required for transcriptional programming and maturation of intestinal cDC, and with GM-CSF and Flt3L provides a minimal environment for in vitro generation of intestinal cDC1- and cDC2-like cDC from specialized precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruizhu Zeng
- Laboratory of Immunology and Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Program of Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Center for Molecular Biology and Medicine, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Michael Bscheider
- Laboratory of Immunology and Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Center for Molecular Biology and Medicine, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Katharina Lahl
- Laboratory of Immunology and Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Center for Molecular Biology and Medicine, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Mike Lee
- Laboratory of Immunology and Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Center for Molecular Biology and Medicine, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Eugene C. Butcher
- Laboratory of Immunology and Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Center for Molecular Biology and Medicine, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
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Liu H, Zheng T, Mao Y, Xu C, Wu F, Bu L, Mou X, Zhou Y, Yuan G, Wang S, Zhou T, Chen D, Mao C. γδ Τ cells enhance B cells for antibody production in Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and retinoic acid induces apoptosis of the γδ Τ cell. Endocrine 2016; 51:113-22. [PMID: 25994301 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-015-0631-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
TCR γδ(+) Τ cells are important in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and autoimmune conditions. This study investigated the effect of γδ T cells on autoantibody production in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT). A total of 148 subjects were enrolled, including 99 patients with HT, 5 with simple goiters, and 44 healthy controls. Peripheral blood and thyroid mononuclear cells were subjected to flow cytometric analysis. Thyroid tissues underwent immunofluorescent staining and immunohistochemistry for γδ T cells and anti-thyroid antibody detection. Antibody production was measured by ELISA and automated chemiluminescent immunoassays. And activation and apoptosis of peripheral blood γδT cells and B cells were measured by flow cytometric analysis. The percentage of γδ T cells were greater in thyroid tissue from HT patients than that of goiter patients (n = 5, 5.33 ± 1.20 vs. 2.07 ± 0.44 %; P < 0.05), with the Vδ1(+) γδ T cell subset especially dominant. Frequencies of CD69 (8.42 ± 1.08 vs. 1.60 ± 0.38 %, P < 0.001), HLA-DR (58.12 ± 6.36 vs. 37.82 ± 3.70 %, P < 0.05), CD40L (1.58 ± 0.35 vs. 0.15 ± 0.05 %, P < 0.01), and ICOS (2.78 ± 0.66 vs. 0.28 ± 0.13 %, P < 0.01) expressed on γδ T cells from HT patients (n = 19) were significantly increased compared with those of healthy controls (n = 15). More importantly, γδ T cells from HT patients enhanced B cells for antibody production, and all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) treatment inhibited the effect by inducing apoptosis of γδ Τ cells. γδ Τ cells appear to play an important role in the pathogenesis of HT, and ATRA might be an effective regulator for HT patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, 438 Jiefang Road, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
- Institute of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, 438 Jiefang Road, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nantong Tumor Hospital, Nantong, 226361, China
| | - Tingting Zheng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, 438 Jiefang Road, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
- Institute of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, 438 Jiefang Road, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
| | - Yufei Mao
- Department of Laboratory Immunology, Jiangsu University School of Medicine, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
| | - Chengcheng Xu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, 438 Jiefang Road, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
- Institute of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, 438 Jiefang Road, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
| | - Fei Wu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, 438 Jiefang Road, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
- Institute of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, 438 Jiefang Road, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
| | - Ling Bu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, 438 Jiefang Road, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
- Institute of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, 438 Jiefang Road, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
| | - Xiao Mou
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, 438 Jiefang Road, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
- Institute of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, 438 Jiefang Road, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
| | - Yuepeng Zhou
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, 438 Jiefang Road, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
- Institute of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, 438 Jiefang Road, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
| | - Guoyue Yuan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, 438 Jiefang Road, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
| | - Shengjun Wang
- Department of Laboratory Immunology, Jiangsu University School of Medicine, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
| | - Tong Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Deyu Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, 438 Jiefang Road, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
- Institute of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, 438 Jiefang Road, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
| | - Chaoming Mao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, 438 Jiefang Road, Zhenjiang, 212001, China.
- Institute of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, 438 Jiefang Road, Zhenjiang, 212001, China.
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Yuan J, Li M, Torres YR, Galle CS, Meier JL. Differentiation-Coupled Induction of Human Cytomegalovirus Replication by Union of the Major Enhancer Retinoic Acid, Cyclic AMP, and NF-κB Response Elements. J Virol 2015; 89:12284-98. [PMID: 26423948 PMCID: PMC4665231 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00965-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Triggers and regulatory pathways that effectively link human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) major immediate early (MIE) latent-lytic switch activation with progeny production are incompletely understood. In the quiescently infected human NTera2 cell model of primitive neural stem cells, we found that costimulation with vasoactive intestinal peptide (V) and phorbol ester (P) synergistically activated viral infection, but this effect waned over time. Coupling retinoic acid (R), an inducer of neuronal differentiation, to VP pulse stimulation attenuated the decline in viral activity and promoted the spread of the active infection through concentric layers of neighboring cells as cellular differentiation progressed. R stimulation alone was unable to activate the infection. The MIE enhancer cis-regulatory mechanisms responsible for this result were characterized by a strategy of combinatorial mutagenesis of five cis-acting element types (retinoic acid receptor binding elements [RARE], cyclic AMP [cAMP] response elements [CRE], NF-κB binding sites [kB], serum response element, and ETS/ELK-1 binding site) and multiple methods of assessment. We found that the CRE and kB combination sets the preinduction enhancer tone, is the major initiator and amplifier of RVP-induced MIE gene expression, and cooperates with RARE during cellular differentiation to enhance viral spread. In predifferentiated NTera2, we also found that the CRE-kB combination functions as initiator and amplifier of unstimulated HCMV MIE gene expression and cooperatively interacts with RARE to enhance viral spread. We conclude that RVP-stimulated signaling cascades and cellular differentiation operate through the enhancer CRE-kB-RARE core in strengthening induction of HCMV MIE gene expression in linkage with viral propagation. IMPORTANCE Cytomegalovirus-seropositive persons commonly lack detectable levels of cytomegalovirus replication, even when profoundly immunocompromised. In a human NTera2 cell model of primitive neural stem cells carrying resting cytomegalovirus genomes, we show that costimulation of protein kinase A and C-delta signaling cascades in conjunction with retinoic acid-induced neuronal differentiation brings about progeny virus propagation. Iterated DNA binding sites for retinoic acid receptor, CREB, and NF-κB family members in the cytomegalovirus major enhancer are at the crux in the pathway to HCMV activation. The stimulated CREB and NF-κB binding site combination vigorously initiates and amplifies the active cytomegalovirus infection and cooperates with activated retinoic acid receptor binding sites to further promote viral proliferation and spread between differentiated cells. These results support a paradigm in which a specific combination of stimuli coupled with cellular differentiation satisfies a core cis-activating code that unlocks enhancer silence to repower the cycle of cytomegalovirus propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxiang Yuan
- University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Ming Li
- University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | | | - Courtney S Galle
- University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Jeffery L Meier
- Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, USA University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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69
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Cohen SB, Denkers EY. Impact of Toxoplasma gondii on Dendritic Cell Subset Function in the Intestinal Mucosa. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:2754-62. [PMID: 26283477 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The function of mucosal dendritic cell (DC) subsets in immunity and inflammation is not well understood. In this study, we define four DC subsets present within the lamina propria and mesenteric lymph node compartments based on expression of CD103 and CD11b. Using IL-12p40 YFP (Yet40) reporter mice, we show that CD103(+)CD11b(-) mucosal DCs are primary in vivo sources of IL-12p40; we also identified CD103(-)CD11b(-) mucosal DCs as a novel population producing this cytokine. Infection was preferentially found in CD11b(+) DCs that were negative for CD103. Lamina propria DCs containing parasites were negative for IL-12p40. Instead, production of the cytokine was strictly a property of noninfected cells. We also show that vitamin A metabolism, as measured by ALDH activity, was preferentially found in CD103(+)CD11b(+) DC and was strongly downregulated in all mucosal DC subsets during infection. Finally, overall apoptosis of lamina propria DC subsets was increased during infection. Combined, these results highlight the ability of intestinal Toxoplasma infection to alter mucosal DC activity at both the whole population level and at the level of individual subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara B Cohen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Eric Y Denkers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
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70
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Khan IN, Al-Karim S, Bora RS, Chaudhary AG, Saini KS. Cancer stem cells: a challenging paradigm for designing targeted drug therapies. Drug Discov Today 2015; 20:1205-16. [PMID: 26143148 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2015.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite earlier controversies about their role and existence within tumors, cancer stem cells (CSCs) are now emerging as a plausible target for new drug discovery. Research and development (R&D) efforts are being directed against key gene(s) driving initiation, growth, and metastatic pathways in CSCs and the tumor microenvironment (TME). However, the niche signals that enable these pluripotent CSCs to evade radio- and chemotherapy, and to travel to secondary tissues remain enigmatic. Small-molecule drugs, biologics, miRNA, RNA interference (RNAi), and vaccines, among others, are under active investigation. Here, we examine the feasibility of leveraging current knowhow of the molecular biology of CSCs and their cellular milieu to design futuristic, targeted drugs with potentially lower toxicity that can override the multiple drug-resistance issues currently observed with existing therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishaq N Khan
- Embryonic & Cancer Stem Cell Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Centre of Innovation for Personalized Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh Al-Karim
- Embryonic & Cancer Stem Cell Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Embryonic Stem Cell Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Roop S Bora
- Embryonic & Cancer Stem Cell Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Biotechnology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; School of Biotechnology, Eternal University, Baru Sahib 173 101, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Adeel G Chaudhary
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Centre of Innovation for Personalized Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kulvinder S Saini
- Embryonic & Cancer Stem Cell Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Biotechnology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; School of Biotechnology, Eternal University, Baru Sahib 173 101, Himachal Pradesh, India.
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71
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Brown CC, Noelle RJ. Seeing through the dark: New insights into the immune regulatory functions of vitamin A. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:1287-95. [PMID: 25808452 PMCID: PMC4426035 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201344398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The importance of vitamin A for host defense is undeniable and the study of its mechanisms is paramount. Of the estimated 250 million preschool children who are vitamin A-deficient (VAD), 10% will die from their increased susceptibility to infectious disease. Vitamin A supplementation was established in the 1980s as one of the most successful interventions in the developing world. Understanding how vitamin A controls immunity will help curb the mortality and morbidity associated with vitamin A deficiency and exploit the immune-enhancing capacity of vitamin A to heighten host resistance to infectious disease. The discoveries that retinoic acid (RA) imprints the homing of leukocytes to the gut and enhances the induction of regulatory T cells, highlighted a potential role for RA in mucosal tolerance. However, more recently emerging data tell of a more profound systemic impact of RA on leukocyte function and commitment. In animal models using genetic manipulation of RA signaling, we learned when and how RA controls T cell fate. Here, we review the role for RA as a critical checkpoint regulator in the differentiation of CD4(+) T cells within the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysothemis C Brown
- Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, Kings College London, United Kingdom
| | - Randolph J Noelle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
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Bimczok D, Kao JY, Zhang M, Cochrun S, Mannon P, Peter S, Wilcox CM, Mönkemüller KE, Harris PR, Grams JM, Stahl RD, Smith PD, Smythies LE. Human gastric epithelial cells contribute to gastric immune regulation by providing retinoic acid to dendritic cells. Mucosal Immunol 2015; 8:533-44. [PMID: 25249167 PMCID: PMC4372513 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2014.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite the high prevalence of chronic gastritis caused by Helicobacter pylori, the gastric mucosa has received little investigative attention as a unique immune environment. Here, we analyzed whether retinoic acid (RA), an important homeostatic factor in the small intestinal mucosa, also contributes to gastric immune regulation. We report that human gastric tissue contains high levels of the RA precursor molecule retinol (ROL), and that gastric epithelial cells express both RA biosynthesis genes and RA response genes, indicative of active RA biosynthesis. Moreover, primary gastric epithelial cells cultured in the presence of ROL synthesized RA in vitro and induced RA biosynthesis in co-cultured monocytes through an RA-dependent mechanism, suggesting that gastric epithelial cells may also confer the ability to generate RA on gastric dendritic cells (DCs). Indeed, DCs purified from gastric mucosa had similar levels of aldehyde dehydrogenase activity and RA biosynthesis gene expression as small intestinal DCs, although gastric DCs lacked CD103. In H. pylori-infected gastric mucosa, gastric RA biosynthesis gene expression was severely disrupted, which may lead to reduced RA signaling and thus contribute to disease progression. Collectively, our results support a critical role for RA in human gastric immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Bimczok
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - John Y. Kao
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Min Zhang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Steven Cochrun
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Peter Mannon
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Shajan Peter
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Charles M. Wilcox
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Klaus E. Mönkemüller
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Paul R. Harris
- Division of Pediatrics, Unit of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jayleen M. Grams
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Richard D. Stahl
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Phillip D. Smith
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA,VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Lesley E. Smythies
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA,Correspondence: Lesley E. Smythies, , Address: 1720 2nd Avenue South, SHEL 611, Birmingham AL 35294-2182, Phone: 205-975-9254, Fax: 205-996-9113
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73
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Jones LH, Cook PC, Ivens AC, Thomas GD, Phythian-Adams AT, Allen JE, MacDonald AS. Modulation of dendritic cell alternative activation and function by the vitamin A metabolite retinoic acid. Int Immunol 2015; 27:589-96. [PMID: 25899567 PMCID: PMC4625886 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxv020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid modulates the functions of IL-4 in alternatively activated DCs The archetypal Th2 cytokine IL-4 has previously been shown to alternatively activate murine macrophages and, more recently, dendritic cells (DCs) both in vitro and in vivo. IL-4 has also been shown to induce Aldh1a2 (aldehyde dehydrogenase 1a2) expression in murine macrophages recruited to the peritoneal cavity. However, the influence of IL-4 on DC Aldh1a2 induction in vivo has not yet been addressed. In this work, we found that DCs show enhanced aldehyde dehydrogenase enzyme activity in vivo, which led us to investigate the impact of the vitamin A metabolite all-trans retinoic acid (RA) on DC alternative activation and function. Antagonism of RA receptors reduced production of resistin-like molecule alpha by DCs responding to IL-4, while addition of exogenous RA enhanced production of this marker of alternative activation. Functionally, RA increased DC induction of CD4+ T-cell IL-10, while reducing CD4+ T-cell IL-4 and IL-13, revealing a previously unidentified role for RA in regulating the ability of alternatively activated DCs to influence Th2 polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy H Jones
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Peter C Cook
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - Alasdair C Ivens
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Graham D Thomas
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Alexander T Phythian-Adams
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - Judith E Allen
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Andrew S MacDonald
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
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Mikulski Z, Johnson R, Shaked I, Kim G, Nowyhed H, Goodman W, Chodaczek G, Pizarro TT, Cominelli F, Ley K. SAMP1/YitFc mice develop ileitis via loss of CCL21 and defects in dendritic cell migration. Gastroenterology 2015; 148:783-793.e5. [PMID: 25620669 PMCID: PMC4375031 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The lymphatic chemokine CCL21 is required for dendritic cell (DC) migration from tissues to lymph nodes, which helps establish tolerance to foreign yet harmless antigens. We demonstrate that CCL21 is almost completely absent from SAMP1/YitFc (SAMP) mice, which spontaneously develop chronic ileitis that resembles Crohn's disease, and that DC migration is severely impaired in these mice compared with AKR mice (controls). Toll-like receptor agonists like the Toll-like receptor 7 agonist R848 induce DC maturation and mobilization. METHODS We collected intestinal and other tissues and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) from SAMP mice. Expression of CCL21 was measured by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescence analyses; spontaneous and induced migration of DCs were assessed by flow cytometry. We analyzed production of retinoic acid by DCs and their ability to induce development of regulatory T cells. Mice were fed R848 to determine its effects on migration of DCs and development of ileitis in SAMP mice. RESULTS SAMP mice expressed almost no CCL21 in any tissue tested. Their CD11b(+)CD103(+) DCs were defective in migration from the ileal lamina propria to the MLN. DCs from SAMP mice also had a greatly reduced ability to produce retinoic acid and induce development of regulatory T cells compared with control mice. Young SAMP mice had reduced CCL21 expression and decreased DC migration before developing ileitis. Administration of R848 to adult SAMP mice increased migration of DC to the MLN and development of regulatory T cells there, and reduced the severity of ileitis. CONCLUSIONS Loss of CCL21 signaling and DC migration is required for development of ileitis in SAMP mice. Reagents such as R848, which activate DC migration to the MLN, may be developed as treatments for patients with Crohn's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew Mikulski
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, 92037
| | - Rebecca Johnson
- Department of Pathology, University of California - San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Iftach Shaked
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, 92037
| | - Gisen Kim
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, 92037
| | - Heba Nowyhed
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, 92037
| | - Wendy Goodman
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Grzegorz Chodaczek
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, 92037
| | - Theresa T. Pizarro
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Fabio Cominelli
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Klaus Ley
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California.
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75
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Nguyen V, Pearson K, Kim JH, Kamdar K, DePaolo RW. Retinoic acid can exacerbate T cell intrinsic TLR2 activation to promote tolerance. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118875. [PMID: 25826367 PMCID: PMC4380421 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The contribution of vitamin A to immune health has been well established. However, recent evidence indicates that its active metabolite, retinoic acid (RA), has the ability to promote both tolerogenic and inflammatory responses. While the outcome of RA-mediated immunity is dependent upon the immunological status of the tissue, the contribution of specific innate signals influencing this response have yet to be delineated. Here, we found that treatment with RA can dampen inflammation during intestinal injury. Importantly, we report a novel and unexpected requirement for TLR2 in RA-mediated suppression. Our data demonstrate that RA treatment enhances TLR2-dependent IL-10 production from T cells and this, in turn, potentiates T regulatory cell (TREG) generation without the need for activation of antigen presenting cells. These data also suggest that combinatorial therapy using RA and TLR2 ligands may be advantageous in the design of therapies to treat autoimmune or inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivien Nguyen
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Kandyce Pearson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine and University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jee-Hyun Kim
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine and University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Karishma Kamdar
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine and University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - R. William DePaolo
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine and University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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76
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Bakdash G, Vogelpoel LTC, van Capel TMM, Kapsenberg ML, de Jong EC. Retinoic acid primes human dendritic cells to induce gut-homing, IL-10-producing regulatory T cells. Mucosal Immunol 2015; 8:265-78. [PMID: 25027601 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2014.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The vitamin A metabolite all-trans retinoic acid (RA) is an important determinant of intestinal immunity. RA primes dendritic cells (DCs) to express CD103 and produce RA themselves, which induces the gut-homing receptors α4β7 and CCR9 on T cells and amplifies transforming growth factor (TGF)-β-mediated development of Foxp3(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells. Here we investigated the effect of RA on human DCs and subsequent development of T cells. We report a novel role of RA in immune regulation by showing that RA-conditioned human DCs did not substantially enhance Foxp3 but induced α4β7(+) CCR9(+) T cells expressing high levels of interleukin (IL)-10, which were functional suppressive Treg cells. IL-10 production was dependent on DC-derived RA and was maintained when DCs were stimulated with toll-like receptor ligands. Furthermore, the presence of TGF-β during RA-DC-driven T-cell priming favored the induction of Foxp3(+) Treg cells over IL-10(+) Treg cells. Experiments with naive CD4(+) T cells stimulated by anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies in the absence of DCs emphasized that RA induces IL-10 in face of inflammatory mediators. The data thus show for the first time that RA induces IL-10-producing Treg cells and postulates a novel mechanism for IL-10 in maintaining tolerance to the intestinal microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bakdash
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L T C Vogelpoel
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T M M van Capel
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M L Kapsenberg
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E C de Jong
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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77
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Guo Y, Brown C, Ortiz C, Noelle RJ. Leukocyte homing, fate, and function are controlled by retinoic acid. Physiol Rev 2015; 95:125-48. [PMID: 25540140 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00032.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Although vitamin A was recognized as an "anti-infective vitamin" over 90 years ago, the mechanism of how vitamin A regulates immunity is only beginning to be understood. Early studies which focused on the immune responses in vitamin A-deficient (VAD) animals clearly demonstrated compromised immunity and consequently increased susceptibility to infectious disease. The active form of vitamin A, retinoic acid (RA), has been shown to have a profound impact on the homing and differentiation of leukocytes. Both pharmacological and genetic approaches have been applied to the understanding of how RA regulates the development and differentiation of various immune cell subsets, and how RA influences the development of immunity versus tolerance. These studies clearly show that RA profoundly impacts on cell- and humoral-mediated immunity. In this review, the early findings on the complex relationship between VAD and immunity are discussed as well as vitamin A metabolism and signaling within hematopoietic cells. Particular attention is focused on how RA impacts on T-cell lineage commitment and plasticity in various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Guo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire; and Medical Research Council Centre of Transplantation, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, King's Health Partners, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chrysothemis Brown
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire; and Medical Research Council Centre of Transplantation, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, King's Health Partners, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carla Ortiz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire; and Medical Research Council Centre of Transplantation, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, King's Health Partners, London, United Kingdom
| | - Randolph J Noelle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire; and Medical Research Council Centre of Transplantation, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, King's Health Partners, London, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells are fundamental to maintain barrier integrity and to participate in food degradation and absorption, but they can also decipher signals coming from the outside world and 'educate' the immune system accordingly. In particular, they interact with dendritic cells (DCs) and other intraepithelial immune cells to drive tolerogenic responses under steady state, but they can also release immune mediators to recruit inflammatory cells and to elicit immunity to infectious agents. When these interactions are deregulated, immune disorders can develop. In this review, we discuss some important features of epithelial cells and DCs and their fruitful interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rescigno
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
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79
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Bekiaris V, Persson EK, Agace WW. Intestinal dendritic cells in the regulation of mucosal immunity. Immunol Rev 2015; 260:86-101. [PMID: 24942684 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The intestine presents a huge surface area to the outside environment, a property that is of critical importance for its key functions in nutrient digestion, absorption, and waste disposal. As such, the intestine is constantly exposed to dietary and microbial-derived foreign antigens, to which immune cells within the mucosa must suitably respond to maintain intestinal integrity, while also providing the ability to mount effective immune responses to potential pathogens. Dendritic cells (DCs) are sentinel immune cells that play a central role in the initiation and differentiation of adaptive immune responses. In the intestinal mucosa, DCs are located diffusely throughout the intestinal lamina propria, within gut-associated lymphoid tissues, including Peyer's patches and smaller lymphoid aggregates, as well as in intestinal-draining lymph nodes, including mesenteric lymph nodes. The recognition that dietary nutrients and microbial communities in the intestine influence both mucosal and systemic immune cell development and function as well as immune-mediated disease has led to an explosion of literature in mucosal immunology in recent years and a growing interest in the functionality of intestinal DCs. In the current review, we discuss recent findings from our group and others that have provided important insights regarding murine and human intestinal lamina propria DCs and highlighted marked developmental and functional heterogeneity within this compartment. A thorough understanding of the role these subsets play in the regulation of intestinal immune homeostasis and inflammation will help to define novel strategies for the treatment of intestinal pathologies and contribute to improved rational design of mucosal vaccines.
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80
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Morales RA, Campos-Mora M, Gajardo T, Pérez F, Campos J, Aguillón JC, Pino-Lagos K. Retinaldehyde dehydrogenase activity is triggered during allograft rejection and it drives Th1/Th17 cytokine production. Immunobiology 2015; 220:769-74. [PMID: 25592248 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2014.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA), a vitamin A metabolite, has been attributed to relevant functions in adaptive immunity. On T cells, the disruption on RA signaling alters both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells effector function. In this study, we evaluated the contribution of RA synthesis during the immune response using an in vivo skin transplantation model. Our data indicates that the frequency and number of cells containing an active retinaldehyde dehydrogenase (RALDH), a key enzyme for RA synthesis, is increased during skin transplant rejection. In addition, we found that the expression of the mRNA coding for the isoform RALDH2 is up-regulated on graft rejecting draining lymph nodes (dLNs) cells. Lastly, we observed that IFN-γ and IL-17 production by ex vivo re-stimulated dLNs cells is greatly increased during rejection, which it turns depends on RA synthesis, as shown in experiments using a specific RALDH inhibitor. Altogether, our data demonstrate that RA synthesis is incremented during the immune response against an allograft, and also indicates that the synthesis of RA is required for cytokine production by dLNs resident T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo A Morales
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mauricio Campos-Mora
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Tania Gajardo
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco Pérez
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Javier Campos
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan C Aguillón
- Immune Regulation and Tolerance Research Group, Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile(1)
| | - Karina Pino-Lagos
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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82
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Vicente-Suarez I, Larange A, Reardon C, Matho M, Feau S, Chodaczek G, Park Y, Obata Y, Gold R, Wang-Zhu Y, Lena C, Zajonc DM, Schoenberger S, Kronenberg M, Cheroutre H. Unique lamina propria stromal cells imprint the functional phenotype of mucosal dendritic cells. Mucosal Immunol 2015; 8:141-51. [PMID: 24938743 PMCID: PMC4268120 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2014.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal dendritic cells (DCs) in the intestine acquire the unique capacity to produce retinoic acid (RA), a vitamin A metabolite that induces gut tropism and regulates the functional differentiation of the T cells they prime. Here, we identified a stromal cell (SC) population in the intestinal lamina propria (LP), which is capable of inducing RA production in DCs in a RA- and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-dependent fashion. Unlike DCs, LP SCs constitutively expressed the enzymatic machinery to produce RA even in the absence of dietary vitamin A, but were not able to do so in germ-free mice implying regulation by microbiota. Interestingly, DCs promoted GM-CSF production by the SCs indicating a two-way cross-talk between both cell types. Furthermore, RA-producing LP SCs and intestinal DCs localized closely in vivo suggesting that the interactions between both cell types might have an important role in the functional education of migratory DCs and therefore in the regulation of immune responses toward oral and commensal antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildefonso Vicente-Suarez
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla CA 92037, USA
| | - Alexandre Larange
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla CA 92037, USA
| | - Colin Reardon
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla CA 92037, USA
| | - Michael Matho
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla CA 92037, USA
| | - Sonia Feau
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla CA 92037, USA
| | - Grzegorz Chodaczek
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla CA 92037, USA
| | - Yunji Park
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla CA 92037, USA,Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
| | - Yuuki Obata
- Division of Mucosal Barriology, International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan,Laboratory for immune regulation, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Rebecca Gold
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla CA 92037, USA
| | - Yiran Wang-Zhu
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla CA 92037, USA
| | - Chris Lena
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla CA 92037, USA
| | - Dirk M. Zajonc
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla CA 92037, USA
| | - Stephen Schoenberger
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla CA 92037, USA
| | - Mitchell Kronenberg
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla CA 92037, USA
| | - Hilde Cheroutre
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla CA 92037, USA
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84
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Induction of Immune Tolerance to Dietary Antigens. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 850:93-118. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-15774-0_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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85
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Goverse G, Olivier BJ, Molenaar R, Knippenberg M, Greuter M, Konijn T, Cook ECL, Beijer MR, Fedor DM, den Haan JMM, Napoli JL, Bouma G, Mebius RE. Vitamin A metabolism and mucosal immune function are distinct between BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. Eur J Immunol 2014; 45:89-100. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gera Goverse
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology; VU medical center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Brenda J. Olivier
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology; VU medical center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Rosalie Molenaar
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology; VU medical center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Marlene Knippenberg
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology; VU medical center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Mascha Greuter
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology; VU medical center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Tanja Konijn
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology; VU medical center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Emma C. L. Cook
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology; VU medical center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Marieke R. Beijer
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology; VU medical center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Dawn M. Fedor
- Department of Gastroenterology; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Joke M. M. den Haan
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology; VU medical center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Joseph L. Napoli
- Department of Nutritional Science and Toxicology; University of California; Berkeley CA USA
| | - Gerd Bouma
- Department of Gastroenterology; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Reina E. Mebius
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology; VU medical center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
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86
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Wang J, Li F, Wei H, Lian ZX, Sun R, Tian Z. Respiratory influenza virus infection induces intestinal immune injury via microbiota-mediated Th17 cell-dependent inflammation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 211:2397-410. [PMID: 25366965 PMCID: PMC4235643 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20140625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Wang et al. examine how influenza A virus causes GI symptoms. Intranasal infection in mice causes intestinal pathology via virally activated CD4 T cells in the lung up-regulating CCR9 and migrating to the intestine where they secrete IFN-γ that alters homeostasis of the microbiota. Subsequent induction of IL-15 aids differentiation into pathogenic Th17 cells in the gut. Influenza in humans is often accompanied by gastroenteritis-like symptoms such as diarrhea, but the underlying mechanism is not yet understood. We explored the occurrence of gastroenteritis-like symptoms using a mouse model of respiratory influenza infection. We found that respiratory influenza infection caused intestinal injury when lung injury occurred, which was not due to direct intestinal viral infection. Influenza infection altered the intestinal microbiota composition, which was mediated by IFN-γ produced by lung-derived CCR9+CD4+ T cells recruited into the small intestine. Th17 cells markedly increased in the small intestine after PR8 infection, and neutralizing IL-17A reduced intestinal injury. Moreover, antibiotic depletion of intestinal microbiota reduced IL-17A production and attenuated influenza-caused intestinal injury. Further study showed that the alteration of intestinal microbiota significantly stimulated IL-15 production from intestinal epithelial cells, which subsequently promoted Th17 cell polarization in the small intestine in situ. Thus, our findings provide new insights into an undescribed mechanism by which respiratory influenza infection causes intestinal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- Institute of Immunology and CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Fengqi Li
- Institute of Immunology and CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Haiming Wei
- Institute of Immunology and CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Zhe-Xiong Lian
- Institute of Immunology and CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Rui Sun
- Institute of Immunology and CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Zhigang Tian
- Institute of Immunology and CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
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87
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Wilson HL, Obradovic MR. Evidence for a common mucosal immune system in the pig. Mol Immunol 2014; 66:22-34. [PMID: 25242212 PMCID: PMC7132386 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence that the common mucosal immune system exists in pigs. Vaccination at an easily accessible mucosal site may assist in providing protection at other mucosal sites. Local and distal mucosal sites should be sampled after vaccinations to define the optimal dose and formulation which promotes the common mucosal immune system in pigs.
The majority of lymphocytes activated at mucosal sites receive instructions to home back to the local mucosa, but a portion also seed distal mucosa sites. By seeding distal sites with antigen-specific effector or memory lymphocytes, the foundation is laid for the animal's mucosal immune system to respond with a secondary response should to this antigen be encountered at this site in the future. The common mucosal immune system has been studied quite extensively in rodent models but less so in large animal models such as the pig. Reasons for this paucity of reported induction of the common mucosal immune system in this species may be that distal mucosal sites were examined but no induction was observed and therefore it was not reported. However, we suspect that the majority of investigators simply did not sample distal mucosal sites and therefore there is little evidence of immune response induction in the literature. It is our hope that more pig immunologists and infectious disease experts who perform mucosal immunizations or inoculations on pigs will sample distal mucosal sites and report their findings, whether results are positive or negative. In this review, we highlight papers that show that immunization/inoculation using one route triggers mucosal immune system induction locally, systemically, and within at least one distal mucosal site. Only by understanding whether immunizations at one site triggers immunity throughout the common mucosal immune system can we rationally develop vaccines for the pig, and through these works we can gather evidence about the mucosal immune system that may be extrapolated to other livestock species or humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Wilson
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), Home of the International Vaccine Centre (InterVac), 120 Veterinary Road, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E3, Canada.
| | - Milan R Obradovic
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), Home of the International Vaccine Centre (InterVac), 120 Veterinary Road, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E3, Canada.
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Meng E, Mitra A, Tripathi K, Finan MA, Scalici J, McClellan S, da Silva LM, Reed E, Shevde LA, Palle K, Rocconi RP. ALDH1A1 maintains ovarian cancer stem cell-like properties by altered regulation of cell cycle checkpoint and DNA repair network signaling. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107142. [PMID: 25216266 PMCID: PMC4162571 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) expressing cells have been characterized as possessing stem cell-like properties. We evaluated ALDH+ ovarian cancer stem cell-like properties and their role in platinum resistance. Methods Isogenic ovarian cancer cell lines for platinum sensitivity (A2780) and platinum resistant (A2780/CP70) as well as ascites from ovarian cancer patients were analyzed for ALDH+ by flow cytometry to determine its association to platinum resistance, recurrence and survival. A stable shRNA knockdown model for ALDH1A1 was utilized to determine its effect on cancer stem cell-like properties, cell cycle checkpoints, and DNA repair mediators. Results ALDH status directly correlated to platinum resistance in primary ovarian cancer samples obtained from ascites. Patients with ALDHHIGH displayed significantly lower progression free survival than the patients with ALDHLOW cells (9 vs. 3 months, respectively p<0.01). ALDH1A1-knockdown significantly attenuated clonogenic potential, PARP-1 protein levels, and reversed inherent platinum resistance. ALDH1A1-knockdown resulted in dramatic decrease of KLF4 and p21 protein levels thereby leading to S and G2 phase accumulation of cells. Increases in S and G2 cells demonstrated increased expression of replication stress associated Fanconi Anemia DNA repair proteins (FANCD2, FANCJ) and replication checkpoint (pS317 Chk1) were affected. ALDH1A1-knockdown induced DNA damage, evidenced by robust induction of γ-H2AX and BAX mediated apoptosis, with significant increases in BRCA1 expression, suggesting ALDH1A1-dependent regulation of cell cycle checkpoints and DNA repair networks in ovarian cancer stem-like cells. Conclusion This data suggests that ovarian cancer cells expressing ALDH1A1 may maintain platinum resistance by altered regulation of cell cycle checkpoint and DNA repair network signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erhong Meng
- University of South Alabama Mitchell Cancer Institute, Mobile, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Aparna Mitra
- University of South Alabama Mitchell Cancer Institute, Mobile, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Kaushlendra Tripathi
- University of South Alabama Mitchell Cancer Institute, Mobile, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Finan
- University of South Alabama Mitchell Cancer Institute, Mobile, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Scalici
- University of South Alabama Mitchell Cancer Institute, Mobile, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Steve McClellan
- University of South Alabama Mitchell Cancer Institute, Mobile, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Luciana Madeira da Silva
- University of South Alabama Mitchell Cancer Institute, Mobile, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Eddie Reed
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lalita A. Shevde
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Komaraiah Palle
- University of South Alabama Mitchell Cancer Institute, Mobile, Alabama, United States of America
- * E-mail: (KP); (RPR)
| | - Rodney P. Rocconi
- University of South Alabama Mitchell Cancer Institute, Mobile, Alabama, United States of America
- * E-mail: (KP); (RPR)
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89
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Villablanca EJ, De Calisto J, Torregrosa Paredes P, Cassani B, Nguyen DD, Gabrielsson S, Mora JR. β7 integrins are required to give rise to intestinal mononuclear phagocytes with tolerogenic potential. Gut 2014; 63:1431-40. [PMID: 24030488 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2013-305386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE While pro-inflammatory monocyte trafficking to the intestine has been partially characterised, the molecules required for migration of tolerogenic mononuclear phagocytes (dendritic cells (DC) and macrophages) are unknown. We hypothesised that the gut-homing receptor integrin α4β7 is required for this process. METHODS We used a T cell-mediated colitis model to study the role of α4β7 in the innate immune compartment. We then performed competitive bone marrow (BM) reconstitution experiments to assess the requirement of α4β7 in the generation of intestinal retinoic acid (RA)-producing CD11c(hi) DC (ALDE(+)DC) and CD64 macrophages. Using mixed BM chimeras we also asked whether α4β7 is required to give rise to tolerogenic mononuclear phagocytes. RESULTS Lack of β7 integrins in the innate immune compartment (β7(-/-)RAG2(-/-) mice) markedly accelerated T cell-mediated colitis, which was correlated with lower numbers and frequencies of ALDE(+)DC in mesenteric lymph nodes. Consistent with a role of α4β7 in the generation of intestinal mononuclear phagocytes, BM cells from β7(-/-) mice poorly reconstituted small intestine ALDE(+)DC and Mφ when compared to their wild type counterparts. In addition, mice lacking β7 integrins in the CD11c(hi) compartment showed decreased ability to induce Foxp3(+) T(REG) and IL-10-producing T cells. CONCLUSIONS Mice lacking β7 integrins in the innate immune compartment are more susceptible to intestinal inflammation, which is correlated with a requirement of β7 integrins to reconstitute gut mononuclear phagocytes with tolerogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo J Villablanca
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jaime De Calisto
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Patricia Torregrosa Paredes
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Department of Medicine, Translational Immunology Unit, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Barbara Cassani
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Deanna D Nguyen
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Susanne Gabrielsson
- Department of Medicine, Translational Immunology Unit, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Rodrigo Mora
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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90
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Mori T, Iwasaki Y, Seki Y, Iseki M, Katayama H, Yamamoto K, Takatsu K, Takaki S. Lnk/Sh2b3 controls the production and function of dendritic cells and regulates the induction of IFN-γ-producing T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:1728-36. [PMID: 25024389 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are proficient APCs that play crucial roles in the immune responses to various Ags and pathogens and polarize Th cell immune responses. Lnk/SH2B adaptor protein 3 (Sh2b3) is an intracellular adaptor protein that regulates B lymphopoiesis, megakaryopoiesis, and expansion of hematopoietic stem cells by constraining cytokine signals. Recent genome-wide association studies have revealed a link between polymorphism in this adaptor protein and autoimmune diseases, including type 1 diabetes and celiac disease. We found that Lnk/Sh2b3 was also expressed in DCs and investigated its role in the production and function of DC lineage cells. In Lnk(-/-) mice, DC numbers were increased in the spleen and lymph nodes, and growth responses of bone marrow-derived DCs to GM-CSF were augmented. Mature DCs from Lnk(-/-) mice were hypersensitive and showed enhanced responses to IL-15 and GM-CSF. Compared to normal DCs, Lnk(-/-) DCs had enhanced abilities to support the differentiation of IFN-γ-producing Th1 cells from naive CD4(+) T cells. This was due to their elevated expression of IL-12Rβ1 and increased production of IFN-γ. Lnk(-/-) DCs supported the appearance of IFN-γ-producing T cells even under conditions in which normal DCs supported induction of regulatory T cells. These results indicated that Lnk/Sh2b3 plays a regulatory role in the expansion of DCs and might influence inflammatory immune responses in peripheral lymphoid tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taizo Mori
- Department of Immune Regulation, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Chiba 272-8516, Japan
| | - Yukiko Iwasaki
- Department of Immune Regulation, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Chiba 272-8516, Japan; Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yoichi Seki
- Department of Immune Regulation, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Chiba 272-8516, Japan
| | - Masanori Iseki
- Department of Immune Regulation, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Chiba 272-8516, Japan
| | - Hiroko Katayama
- Department of Immune Regulation, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Chiba 272-8516, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Yamamoto
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Takatsu
- Department of Immunobiology and Pharmacological Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science for Research, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; and Prefectural Institute for Pharmaceutical Research, Toyama 939-0363, Japan
| | - Satoshi Takaki
- Department of Immune Regulation, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Chiba 272-8516, Japan;
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91
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Abdala-Valencia H, Berdnikovs S, Soveg FW, Cook-Mills JM. α-Tocopherol supplementation of allergic female mice inhibits development of CD11c+CD11b+ dendritic cells in utero and allergic inflammation in neonates. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 307:L482-96. [PMID: 25015974 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00132.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
α-Tocopherol blocks responses to allergen challenge in allergic adult mice, but it is not known whether α-tocopherol regulates the development of allergic disease. Development of allergic disease often occurs early in life. In clinical studies and animal models, offspring of allergic mothers have increased responsiveness to allergen challenge. Therefore, we determined whether α-tocopherol blocked development of allergic responses in offspring of allergic female mice. Allergic female mice were supplemented with α-tocopherol starting at mating. The pups from allergic mothers developed allergic lung responses, whereas pups from saline-treated mothers did not respond to the allergen challenge, and α-tocopherol supplementation of allergic female mice resulted in a dose-dependent reduction in eosinophils in the pup bronchoalveolar lavage and lungs after allergen challenge. There was also a reduction in pup lung CD11b(+) dendritic cell subsets that are critical to development of allergic responses, but there was no change in several CD11b(-) dendritic cell subsets. Furthermore, maternal supplementation with α-tocopherol reduced the number of fetal liver CD11b(+) dendritic cells in utero. In the pups, there was reduced allergen-induced lung mRNA expression of IL-4, IL-33, TSLP, CCL11, and CCL24. Cross-fostering pups at the time of birth demonstrated that α-tocopherol had a regulatory function in utero. In conclusion, maternal supplementation with α-tocopherol reduced fetal development of subsets of dendritic cells that are critical for allergic responses and reduced development of allergic responses in pups from allergic mothers. These results have implications for supplementation of allergic mothers with α-tocopherol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiam Abdala-Valencia
- Allergy-Immunology Division, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Sergejs Berdnikovs
- Allergy-Immunology Division, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Frank W Soveg
- Allergy-Immunology Division, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Joan M Cook-Mills
- Allergy-Immunology Division, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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92
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Yokota-Nakatsuma A, Takeuchi H, Ohoka Y, Kato C, Song SY, Hoshino T, Yagita H, Ohteki T, Iwata M. Retinoic acid prevents mesenteric lymph node dendritic cells from inducing IL-13-producing inflammatory Th2 cells. Mucosal Immunol 2014; 7:786-801. [PMID: 24220301 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2013.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The vitamin A (VA) metabolite retinoic acid (RA) affects the properties of T cells and dendritic cells (DCs). In VA-deficient mice, we observed that mesenteric lymph node (MLN)-DCs induce a distinct inflammatory T helper type 2 (Th2)-cell subset that particularly produces high levels of interleukin (IL)-13 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). This subset expressed homing receptors for skin and inflammatory sites, and was mainly induced by B220(-)CD8α(-)CD11b(+)CD103(-) MLN-DCs in an IL-6- and OX40 ligand-dependent manner, whereas RA inhibited this induction. The corresponding MLN-DC subset of VA-sufficient mice induced a similar T-cell subset in the presence of RA receptor antagonists. IL-6 induced this subset differentiation from naive CD4(+) T cells upon activation with antibodies against CD3 and CD28. Transforming growth factor-β inhibited this induction, and reciprocally enhanced Th17 induction. Treatment with an agonistic anti-OX40 antibody and normal MLN-DCs enhanced the induction of general inflammatory Th2 cells. In VA-deficient mice, proximal colon epithelial cells produced TNF-α that may have enhanced OX40 ligand expression in MLN-DCs. The repeated oral administrations of a T cell-dependent antigen primed VA-deficient mice for IL-13-dependent strong immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) responses and IgE responses that caused skin allergy. These results suggest that RA inhibits allergic responses to oral antigens by preventing MLN-DCs from inducing IL-13-producing inflammatory Th2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Yokota-Nakatsuma
- 1] Laboratory of Immunology, Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Kagawa, Japan [2] JST, CREST, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H Takeuchi
- 1] Laboratory of Immunology, Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Kagawa, Japan [2] JST, CREST, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y Ohoka
- 1] Laboratory of Immunology, Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Kagawa, Japan [2] JST, CREST, Tokyo, Japan
| | - C Kato
- Institute of Neuroscience, Tokushima Bunri University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - S-Y Song
- 1] JST, CREST, Tokyo, Japan [2] Institute of Neuroscience, Tokushima Bunri University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - T Hoshino
- Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - H Yagita
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Ohteki
- 1] JST, CREST, Tokyo, Japan [2] Department of Biodefense Research, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Iwata
- 1] Laboratory of Immunology, Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Kagawa, Japan [2] JST, CREST, Tokyo, Japan
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93
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Raverdeau M, Mills KHG. Modulation of T cell and innate immune responses by retinoic Acid. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:2953-8. [PMID: 24659788 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) is produced by a number of cell types, including macrophages and dendritic cells, which express retinal dehydrogenases that convert vitamin A to its main biologically active metabolite, all-trans RA. All-trans RA binds to its nuclear retinoic acid receptors that are expressed in lymphoid cells and act as transcription factors to regulate cell homing and differentiation. RA production by CD103(+) dendritic cells and alveolar macrophages functions with TGF-β to promote conversion of naive T cells into Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells and, thereby, maintain mucosal tolerance. Furthermore, RA inhibits the differentiation of naive T cells into Th17 cells. However, Th1 and Th17 responses are constrained during vitamin A deficiency and in nuclear RA receptor α-defective mice. Furthermore, RA promotes effector T cell responses during infection or autoimmune diseases. Thus, RA plays a role in immune homeostasis in the steady-state but activates pathogenic T cells in conditions of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Raverdeau
- Immune Regulation Research Group and Immunology Research Centre, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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94
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Park J, Miyakawa T, Shiokawa A, Nakajima-Adachi H, Tanokura M, Hachimura S. Attenuation of migration properties of CD4+ T cells from aged mice correlates with decrease in chemokine receptor expression, response to retinoic acid, and RALDH expression compared to young mice. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 78:976-80. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2014.910099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Aging results in attenuation of abilities to mount appropriate immune responses. The influence of aging on CD4+ T cell migration ability toward chemokines was investigated with young and aged mice. We found functional decline in migration ability toward CCL19 and also decreased CCR7 expression level in antigen-stimulated CD4+ T cells from aged mice compared with those from young mice. Upon addition of retinoic acid (RA), CD4+ T cells from aged mice showed decreased CCR9 expression level compared to young mice and the migration ability of CD4+ T cells from aged mice toward CCL25 was attenuated compared to young mice. We also observed that the expression of RALDH2 mRNA was decreased in mesenteric lymph node dendritic cells from aged mice compared to those from young mice. These results demonstrate that attenuated migration abilities of CD4+ T cells were observed in aged mice, which correlated with decreased chemokine receptor expression. Furthermore, the reduced production and response to RA by aging may be one of the causes of such attenuated migration abilities in the intestinal immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihyun Park
- Research Center for Food Safety, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuya Miyakawa
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aya Shiokawa
- Research Center for Food Safety, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruyo Nakajima-Adachi
- Research Center for Food Safety, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaru Tanokura
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hachimura
- Research Center for Food Safety, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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95
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Abstract
Vitamin A and its active metabolite retinoic acid are essential for the development and function of many tissues including the immune system. The induction of mucosal homing receptors on T and B cells by mucosal dendritic cells (DC) depends on the presence of vitamin A. Recent studies indicate that also the differentiation of CD11b+ DC subsets in the mucosa as well as the spleen depend on vitamin A signalling. As CD11b+ DC subsets exert non-redundant functions in anti-bacterial and anti-fungal immune responses, defects in CD11b+ DC differentiation will contribute to the clinical problems observed during vitamin A deficiency.
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96
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Ohoka Y, Yokota-Nakatsuma A, Maeda N, Takeuchi H, Iwata M. Retinoic acid and GM-CSF coordinately induce retinal dehydrogenase 2 (RALDH2) expression through cooperation between the RAR/RXR complex and Sp1 in dendritic cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96512. [PMID: 24788806 PMCID: PMC4008585 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA)-producing dendritic cells (DCs) play critical roles in gut immunity. Retinal dehydrogenase 2 (RALDH2) encoded by Aldh1a2 is a key enzyme for generating RA in DCs. Granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) potently induces RALDH2 expression in DCs in an RA-dependent manner, and RA alone weakly induces the expression. However, how GM-CSF and RA induce RALDH2 expression remains unclear. Here, we show that GM-CSF-induced activation of the transcription factor Sp1 and RA-dependent signaling via the RA receptor (RAR)/retinoid X receptor (RXR) complex contribute to Aldh1a2 expression. The RAR antagonist LE540 and the Sp1 inhibitor mithramycin A inhibited GM-CSF-induced Aldh1a2 expression in fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand-generated bone marrow-derived DCs (BM-DCs). ERK and p38 MAPK inhibitors suppressed GM-CSF-induced nuclear translocation of Sp1 and Aldh1a2 expression. Sp1 and the RARα/RXRα complex bound to GC-rich Sp1-binding sites and an RA response element (RARE) half-site, respectively, near the TATA box in the mouse Aldh1a2 promoter. The DNA sequences around these sites were highly conserved among different species. In the presence of RA, ectopic expression of RARα/RXRα and Sp1 synergistically enhanced Aldh1a2 promoter-reporter activity. GM-CSF did not significantly induce Aldh1a2 expression in plasmacytoid DCs, peritoneal macrophages, or T cells, and the Aldh1a2 promoter in these cells was mostly unmethylated. These results suggest that GM-CSF/RA-induced RALDH2 expression in DCs requires cooperative binding of Sp1 and the RAR/RXR complex to the Aldh1a2 promoter, and can be regulated by a DNA methylation-independent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiharu Ohoka
- Laboratory of Immunology, Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Sanuki-shi, Kagawa, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (YO); (MI)
| | - Aya Yokota-Nakatsuma
- Laboratory of Immunology, Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Sanuki-shi, Kagawa, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko Maeda
- Laboratory of Immunology, Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Sanuki-shi, Kagawa, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hajime Takeuchi
- Laboratory of Immunology, Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Sanuki-shi, Kagawa, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Iwata
- Laboratory of Immunology, Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Sanuki-shi, Kagawa, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (YO); (MI)
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97
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VanGundy ZC, Guerau-de-Arellano M, Baker JD, Strange HR, Olivo-Marston S, Muth DC, Papenfuss TL. Continuous retinoic acid induces the differentiation of mature regulatory monocytes but fails to induce regulatory dendritic cells. BMC Immunol 2014; 15:8. [PMID: 24548459 PMCID: PMC4016499 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-15-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myeloid cells (MC) have potent immunoregulatory abilities that can be therapeutically useful to treat inflammatory disease. However, the factors which promote regulatory myeloid cell differentiation remain poorly understood. We have previously shown that estriol (E3) induces mature regulatory dendritic cells in vivo. To determine whether additional steroid hormones could induce mature regulatory myeloid cells, we investigated the effects of retinoic acid (RA) on MCs. Retinoic acid is a steroid hormone important in regulating mucosal immunity in the gut and promoting myeloid differentiation. We hypothesized that the presence of RA during differentiation would promote the formation of mature regulatory myeloid cells (MCregs). METHODS To determine RA's ability to induce regulatory myeloid cells, we differentiated bone marrow progenitor cells with granulocytic-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) under the influence of RA. We found that day 7 MCs differentiated in the presence of RA had an increase in the percent positive and relative expression levels of both maturation (CD80, CD86, and MHCII) and inhibitory (PD-L1 and PD-L2) markers compared to control cells. Functionally, these day 7 RA MCs expressed increased intracellular IL-10, induced regulatory T cells in vitro compared to controls and suppressed the proliferation of responder immune cells even after inflammatory challenge with LPS. CONCLUSION RA induced mature regulatory myeloid cells that were suppressive and had a CD11b+ CD11c-Ly6C low/intermediate monocyte phenotype. Surprisingly, RA CD11c+ dendritic cells were not suppressive and could contribute to enhanced proliferation. These results suggest that continuous RA has unique effects on different myeloid populations during monopoeisis and dendropoiesis and promotes a population of regulatory monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Tracey L Papenfuss
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 370 Veterinary Medical Academic Building, 1900 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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98
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Gela A, Jovic S, Nordin SL, Egesten A. Midkine in host defence. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:859-69. [PMID: 24024937 PMCID: PMC3925024 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Midkine (MK) shares several features in common with antibacterial proteins of the innate immune system. These include growth factor properties, heparin-binding regions and effects on immune cells, such as recruitment and activation of neutrophils and macrophages. Indeed, recent research has demonstrated potent bactericidal and fungicidal activities of MK. This protein is constitutively expressed at relevant concentrations at barriers of the body, such as the skin and the large airways, where the body first encounters potential pathogens. The antibacterial properties of MK orthologues are preserved during evolution, as exemplified by miple2 of Drosophila. In addition to retinoic acid, promoters of MK gene expression include factors present at sites of infection, reactive oxygen species, activation of the transcription factor NF-κB and hypoxia. In the light of the development of resistance in pathogenic bacteria to conventional antibiotics, MK is an interesting molecule that could serve as a template in developing novel therapeutic strategies against bacterial and fungal infections, either alone or in combination with conventional antibiotics. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Midkine. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2014.171.issue-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gela
- Section for Respiratory Medicine & Allergology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund Skåne University Hospital, Lund UniversityLund, Sweden
| | - S Jovic
- Section for Respiratory Medicine & Allergology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund Skåne University Hospital, Lund UniversityLund, Sweden
| | - S L Nordin
- Section for Respiratory Medicine & Allergology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund Skåne University Hospital, Lund UniversityLund, Sweden
| | - A Egesten
- Section for Respiratory Medicine & Allergology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund Skåne University Hospital, Lund UniversityLund, Sweden
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99
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Rudraraju R, Jones BG, Surman SL, Sealy RE, Thomas PG, Hurwitz JL. Respiratory tract epithelial cells express retinaldehyde dehydrogenase ALDH1A and enhance IgA production by stimulated B cells in the presence of vitamin A. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86554. [PMID: 24466150 PMCID: PMC3899288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Morbidity and mortality due to viral infections are major health concerns, particularly when individuals are vitamin A deficient. Vitamin A deficiency significantly impairs mucosal IgA, a first line of defense against virus at its point of entry. Previous reports have suggested that CD11c(Hi) dendritic cells (DCs) of the gastrointestinal tract produce retinaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH1A), which metabolizes vitamin A precursors to retinoic acid to support normal mucosal immunity. Given that the upper respiratory tract (URT) and gastrointestinal tract share numerous characteristics, we asked if the CD11c(Hi) DCs of the URT might also express ALDH1A. To address this question, we examined both CD11c(Hi) test cells and CD11c(Lo/neg) control cells from nasal tissue. Surprisingly, the CD11c(Lo/neg) cells expressed more ALDH1A mRNA per cell than did the CD11c(Hi) cells. Further evaluation of CD11c(Lo/neg) populations by PCR and staining of respiratory tract sections revealed that epithelial cells were robust producers of both ALDH1A mRNA and protein. Moreover, CD11c(Lo/neg) cells from nasal tissue (and a homogeneous respiratory tract epithelial cell line) enhanced IgA production by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated splenocyte cultures in the presence of the retinoic acid precursor retinol. Within co-cultures, there was increased expression of MCP-1, IL-6, and GM-CSF, the latter two of which were necessary for IgA upregulation. All three cytokines/chemokines were expressed by the LPS-stimulated respiratory tract epithelial cell line in the absence of splenocytes. These data demonstrate the autonomous potential of respiratory tract epithelial cells to support vitamin A-mediated IgA production, and encourage the clinical testing of intranasal vitamin A supplements in vitamin A deficient populations to improve mucosal immune responses toward respiratory tract pathogens and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Rudraraju
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Bart G. Jones
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Sherri L. Surman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Robert E. Sealy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Paul G. Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Julia L. Hurwitz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
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100
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Califano D, Sweeney KJ, Le H, VanValkenburgh J, Yager E, O'Connor W, Kennedy JS, Jones DM, Avram D. Diverting T helper cell trafficking through increased plasticity attenuates autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Clin Invest 2013; 124:174-87. [PMID: 24316973 DOI: 10.1172/jci70103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Naive T helper cells differentiate into functionally distinct effector subsets that drive specialized immune responses. Recent studies indicate that some of the effector subsets have plasticity. Here, we used an EAE model and found that Th17 cells deficient in the transcription factor BCL11B upregulated the Th2-associated proteins GATA3 and IL-4 without decreasing RAR-related orphan receptor γ (RORγt), IL-17, and GM-CSF levels. Surprisingly, abnormal IL-4 production affected Th17 cell trafficking, diverting migration from the draining lymph nodes/CNS route to the mesenteric lymph nodes/gut route, which ameliorated EAE without overt colitis. T helper cell rerouting in EAE was dependent on IL-4, which enhanced retinoic acid (RA) production by dendritic cells, which further induced expression of gut-homing receptors CCR9 and α4β7 on Bcl11b-deficient CD4+ T cells. Furthermore, IL-4 treatment or Th2 immunization of wild-type mice with EAE caused no alteration in Th17 cytokines or RORγt, but diverted T helper cell trafficking to the gut, which improved EAE outcome without overt colitis. Our data demonstrate that Th17 cells are permissive to Th2 gene expression without affecting Th17 gene expression. This Th17 plasticity has an impact on trafficking, which is a critical component of the immune response and may represent a possible avenue for treating multiple sclerosis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Movement
- Cell Polarity
- Cells, Cultured
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/therapy
- Female
- GATA3 Transcription Factor/genetics
- GATA3 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/metabolism
- Immunotherapy
- Interleukin-17/metabolism
- Interleukin-4/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/metabolism
- Repressor Proteins/physiology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th17 Cells/immunology
- Th17 Cells/metabolism
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- Tretinoin/metabolism
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/physiology
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