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Brhelova E, Kocmanova I, Racil Z, Hanslianova M, Antonova M, Mayer J, Lengerova M. Validation of Minim typing for fast and accurate discrimination of extended-spectrum, beta-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates in tertiary care hospital. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 86:44-9. [PMID: 27394639 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Minim typing is derived from the multi-locus sequence typing (MLST). It targets the same genes, but sequencing is replaced by high resolution melt analysis. Typing can be performed by analysing six loci (6MelT), four loci (4MelT) or using data from four loci plus sequencing the tonB gene (HybridMelT). The aim of this study was to evaluate Minim typing to discriminate extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (ESBL-KLPN) isolates at our hospital. In total, 380 isolates were analyzed. The obtained alleles were assigned according to both the 6MelT and 4MelT typing scheme. In 97 isolates, the tonB gene was sequenced to enable HybridMelT typing. We found that the presented method is suitable to quickly monitor isolates of ESBL-KLPN; results are obtained in less than 2 hours and at a lower cost than MLST. We identified a local ESBL-KLPN outbreak and a comparison of colonizing and invasive isolates revealed a long term colonization of patients with the same strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Brhelova
- Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Kocmanova
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenek Racil
- Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic; CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Hanslianova
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Mariya Antonova
- Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Mayer
- Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic; CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Lengerova
- Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Wyrsch ER, Roy Chowdhury P, Chapman TA, Charles IG, Hammond JM, Djordjevic SP. Genomic Microbial Epidemiology Is Needed to Comprehend the Global Problem of Antibiotic Resistance and to Improve Pathogen Diagnosis. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:843. [PMID: 27379026 PMCID: PMC4908116 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Contamination of waste effluent from hospitals and intensive food animal production with antimicrobial residues is an immense global problem. Antimicrobial residues exert selection pressures that influence the acquisition of antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes in diverse microbial populations. Despite these concerns there is only a limited understanding of how antimicrobial residues contribute to the global problem of antimicrobial resistance. Furthermore, rapid detection of emerging bacterial pathogens and strains with resistance to more than one antibiotic class remains a challenge. A comprehensive, sequence-based genomic epidemiological surveillance model that captures essential microbial metadata is needed, both to improve surveillance for antimicrobial resistance and to monitor pathogen evolution. Escherichia coli is an important pathogen causing both intestinal [intestinal pathogenic E. coli (IPEC)] and extraintestinal [extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC)] disease in humans and food animals. ExPEC are the most frequently isolated Gram negative pathogen affecting human health, linked to food production practices and are often resistant to multiple antibiotics. Cattle are a known reservoir of IPEC but they are not recognized as a source of ExPEC that impact human or animal health. In contrast, poultry are a recognized source of multiple antibiotic resistant ExPEC, while swine have received comparatively less attention in this regard. Here, we review what is known about ExPEC in swine and how pig production contributes to the problem of antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan R Wyrsch
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney NSW, Australia
| | - Piklu Roy Chowdhury
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, SydneyNSW, Australia; NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, SydneyNSW, Australia
| | - Toni A Chapman
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Sydney NSW, Australia
| | - Ian G Charles
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park Norwich, UK
| | - Jeffrey M Hammond
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Sydney NSW, Australia
| | - Steven P Djordjevic
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney NSW, Australia
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53
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Manges A. Escherichia coli and urinary tract infections: the role of poultry-meat. Clin Microbiol Infect 2016; 22:122-129. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Hocquet D, Muller A, Bertrand X. What happens in hospitals does not stay in hospitals: antibiotic-resistant bacteria in hospital wastewater systems. J Hosp Infect 2016; 93:395-402. [PMID: 26944903 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hospitals are hotspots for antimicrobial-resistant bacteria (ARB) and play a major role in both their emergence and spread. Large numbers of these ARB will be ejected from hospitals via wastewater systems. In this review, we present quantitative and qualitative data of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli, vancomycin-resistant enterococci and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in hospital wastewaters compared to community wastewaters. We also discuss the fate of these ARB in wastewater treatment plants and in the downstream environment. Published studies have shown that hospital effluents contain ARB, the burden of these bacteria being dependent on their local prevalence. The large amounts of antimicrobials rejected in wastewater exert a continuous selective pressure. Only a few countries recommend the primary treatment of hospital effluents before their discharge into the main wastewater flow for treatment in municipal wastewater treatment plants. Despite the lack of conclusive data, some studies suggest that treatment could favour the ARB, notably ESBL-producing E. coli. Moreover, treatment plants are described as hotspots for the transfer of antibiotic resistance genes between bacterial species. Consequently, large amounts of ARB are released in the environment, but it is unclear whether this release contributes to the global epidemiology of these pathogens. It is reasonable, nevertheless, to postulate that it plays a role in the worldwide progression of antibiotic resistance. Antimicrobial resistance should now be seen as an 'environmental pollutant', and new wastewater treatment processes must be assessed for their capability in eliminating ARB, especially from hospital effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hocquet
- Service d'Hygiène Hospitalière, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, Besançon, France; Laboratoire Chrono-environnement UMR CNRS 6249, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France.
| | - A Muller
- Service d'Hygiène Hospitalière, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, Besançon, France; Laboratoire Chrono-environnement UMR CNRS 6249, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - X Bertrand
- Service d'Hygiène Hospitalière, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, Besançon, France; Laboratoire Chrono-environnement UMR CNRS 6249, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
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Masarikova M, Manga I, Cizek A, Dolejska M, Oravcova V, Myskova P, Karpiskova R, Literak I. Salmonella enterica resistant to antimicrobials in wastewater effluents and black-headed gulls in the Czech Republic, 2012. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 542:102-107. [PMID: 26519571 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.10.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the presence and epidemiological relatedness of Salmonella isolates from a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Brno, Czech Republic and from nestlings of black-headed gulls (Chroicocephalus ridibundus) at the Nove Mlyny waterworks, situated 35 km downstream from the WWTP. During 2012, we collected 37 wastewater samples and 284 gull cloacal swabs. From wastewater samples, we obtained 89 Salmonella isolates belonging to 19 serotypes. At least one resistant strain was contained in 89% of those samples. Ten different serotypes of Salmonella were detected in 38 young gulls, among which 14 (37%) were resistant to antimicrobials. Wastewater isolates were mostly resistant to sulphonamides and tetracycline, gull isolates to tetracycline and ampicillin. We detected the occurrence of blaTEM-1,tet(A), tet(B), tet(G), sul1, sul2, sul3, floR and strA resistance genes. For the first time, we identified a class 1 integron with the dfrA12-orfF-aadA2 gene cassette in S. Infantis. Using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, we confirmed the presence of identical clusters of S. Agona, S. Enteritidis PT8, S. Infantis and S. Senftenberg in wastewater and black-headed gulls, thus indicating the possibility of resistant Salmonella isolates spreading over long distances in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Masarikova
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic; CEITEC VFU Brno, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Ivan Manga
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic; CEITEC VFU Brno, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alois Cizek
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic; CEITEC VFU Brno, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Dolejska
- CEITEC VFU Brno, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Oravcova
- Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Myskova
- Department of Bacteriology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Renata Karpiskova
- Department of Bacteriology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Literak
- CEITEC VFU Brno, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
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Bajaj P, Kanaujia PK, Singh NS, Sharma S, Kumar S, Virdi JS. Quinolone co-resistance in ESBL- or AmpC-producing Escherichia coli from an Indian urban aquatic environment and their public health implications. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:1954-1959. [PMID: 26498967 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5609-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Quinolone and β-lactam antibiotics constitute major mainstay of treatment against infections caused by pathogenic Escherichia coli. Presence of E. coli strains expressing co-resistance to both these antibiotic classes in urban aquatic environments which are consistently being used for various anthropogenic activities represents a serious public health concern. From a heterogeneous collection of 61 E. coli strains isolated from the river Yamuna traversing through the National Capital Territory of Delhi (India), those harboring blaCTX-M-15 (n = 10) or blaCMY-42 (n = 2) were investigated for co-resistance to quinolones and the molecular mechanisms thereof. Resistance was primarily attributed to amino acid substitutions in the quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDRs) of GyrA (S83L ± D87N) and ParC (S80I ± E84K). One of the E. coli strains, viz., IPE, also carried substitutions in GyrB and ParE at positions Ser492→Asn and Ser458→Ala, respectively. The phenotypically susceptible strains nevertheless carried plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) gene, viz., qnrS, which showed co-transfer to the recipient quinolone-sensitive E. coli J53 along with the genes encoding β-lactamases and led to increase in minimal inhibitory concentrations of quinolone antibiotics. To the best of our knowledge, this represents first report of molecular characterization of quinolone co-resistance in E. coli harboring genes for ESBLs or AmpC β-lactamases from a natural aquatic environment of India. The study warrants true appreciation of the potential of urban aquatic environments in the emergence and spread of multi-drug resistance and underscores the need to characterize resistance genetic elements vis-à-vis their public health implications, irrespective of apparent phenotypic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Bajaj
- Microbial Pathogenicity Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Pawan Kumar Kanaujia
- Microbial Pathogenicity Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Nambram Somendro Singh
- Microbial Pathogenicity Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Shalu Sharma
- Microbial Pathogenicity Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Shakti Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Jugsharan Singh Virdi
- Microbial Pathogenicity Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021, India.
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Zhang D, Xu J, He W, Tong Q, Chen L, Zhou J, Su X. Characterization of Enterobacter cloacae under phoxim stress by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-014-0771-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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58
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Calhau V, Mendes C, Pena A, Mendonça N, Da Silva GJ. Virulence and plasmidic resistance determinants of Escherichia coli isolated from municipal and hospital wastewater treatment plants. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2015; 13:311-318. [PMID: 26042965 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2014.327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Escherichia coli is simultaneously an indicator of water contamination and a human pathogen. This study aimed to characterize the virulence and resistance of E. coli from municipal and hospital wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in central Portugal. From a total of 193 isolates showing reduced susceptibility to cefotaxime and/or nalidixic acid, 20 E. coli with genetically distinct fingerprint profiles were selected and characterized. Resistance to antimicrobials was determined using the disc diffusion method. Extended spectrum β-lactamase and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes, phylogroups, pathogenicity islands (PAIs) and virulence genes were screened by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). CTX-M producers were typed by multilocus sequence typing. Resistance to beta-lactams was associated with the presence of bla(TEM), bla(SHV), bla(CTX-M-15) and bla(CTX-M-32). Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance was associated with qnrA, qnrS and aac(6')-Ib-cr. Aminoglycoside resistance and multidrug-resistant phenotypes were also detected. PAI IV(536), PAI II(CFT073), PAI II(536) and PAI I(CFT073), and uropathogenic genes iutA, papAH and sfa/foc were detected. With regard to the clinical ST131 clone, it carried bla(CTX-M-15), blaTEM-type, qnrS and aac(6')-lb-cr; IncF and IncP plasmids, and virulence factors PAI IV(536), PAI I(CFT073), PAI II(CFT073), iutA, sfa/foc and papAH were identified in the effluent of a hospital plant. WWTPs contribute to the dissemination of virulent and resistant bacteria in water ecosystems, constituting an environmental and public health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Calhau
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Health Sciences Campus, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal E-mail: ; Center of Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Catarina Mendes
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Health Sciences Campus, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal E-mail:
| | - Angelina Pena
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Health Sciences Campus, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal E-mail:
| | - Nuno Mendonça
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Health Sciences Campus, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal E-mail: ; Center of Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Calbo E, Garau J. The changing epidemiology of hospital outbreaks due to ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae: the CTX-M-15 type consolidation. Future Microbiol 2015; 10:1063-75. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.15.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Klebsiella pneumoniae is responsible for a large number of hospital outbreaks. In the 1990s, there were clonal epidemics, affecting mostly intensive care patients, which carried SHV and TEM enzyme types. With the advent of CTX-M-15 enzymes in the 2000, plasmids encoding multiple extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) types were described and, frequently, nosocomial outbreaks reported polyclonal dissemination and involved multiple Enterobacteriaceae. Worryingly, the interface between community and hospital is becoming blurred, and there is increasing evidence for the presence of ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae in the community. Furthermore, carbapenem resistance is increasingly reported in ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae strains. Infection control measures and stewardship programs are vital weapons in controlling the pandemic evolution of multidrug-resistant K. pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Calbo
- Service of Internal Medicine, Infectious Disease Unit, Hospital Universitari Mútua de Terrassa, Plaza Dr Robert 5, 08221 Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Garau
- Service of Internal Medicine, Infectious Disease Unit, Hospital Universitari Mútua de Terrassa, Plaza Dr Robert 5, 08221 Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
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Liu H, Wang Y, Wang G, Xing Q, Shao L, Dong X, Sai L, Liu Y, Ma L. The prevalence of Escherichia coli strains with extended spectrum beta-lactamases isolated in China. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:335. [PMID: 25954262 PMCID: PMC4404919 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The extended-spectrum-lactamases-producing Escherichia coli has rapidly spread worldwide. Escherichia coli has been becoming much more resistant to β-lactam antibiotics and other commonly available antimicrobials. We investigated the prevalence, resistance, and probable gene type of extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) using minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) testing and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We have collected 289 single-patient E. coli Isolates based on samples of China from July 2013 to August 2014. This article explored that the prevalence of ESBL-producing Isolates showed multi-resistant to antimicrobials such as fluoroquinolones, trimethoprim, tetracycline and aminoglycosides, and so on. The frequencies of resistance in Isolates were as follows: Ciprofloxacin, 74%, gentamicin, 69.5%, levofloxacin, 63%, tobramycin, 39%, and minocycline, 7.9%. According to our results, 197(68.2%) of the total 289 Isolates were ESBL-producing strains; further, 172 (87.3%) producers contained genes encoding CTX-M enzymes and 142(72.1%) producers contained genes encoding TEM enzymes. Most ESBL-producing Escherichia coli has produced more than one type of β-lactamase. Nucleotide sequence analysis has revealed the diversity of ESBLs types: CTX-M -15 is in the majority and TEM-135, CTX-M-3, CTX-M-98, CTX-M-14, CTX-M-142, CTX-M-65, CTX-M-55, CTX-M-27, and CTX-M-123 have been recovered. The results confirm that ESBL producers which are common in hospital strains of Escherichia coli are resistant to cephalosporins and other antibiotics in China. It is important to monitor such strains closely and provide scientific evidence of rational application of antibiotics to prevent their spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihong Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University , Jinan, China
| | - Yueling Wang
- Department of Clinical laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University , Jinan, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University , Jinan, China
| | - Quantai Xing
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University , Jinan, China
| | - Lihua Shao
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health, Shandong University , Jinan, China
| | - Xiaomeng Dong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University , Jinan, China
| | - Lintao Sai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University , Jinan, China
| | - Yongjuan Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University , Jinan, China
| | - Lixian Ma
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University , Jinan, China
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Gao L, Tan Y, Zhang X, Hu J, Miao Z, Wei L, Chai T. Emissions of Escherichia coli carrying extended-spectrum β-lactamase resistance from pig farms to the surrounding environment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:4203-13. [PMID: 25893997 PMCID: PMC4410242 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120404203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The dissemination of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli (E. coli) from food-producing animals to the surrounding environment has attracted much attention. To determine the emissions of ESBL-producing E. coli from pig farms to the surrounding environment, fecal and environmental samples from six pig farms were collected. In total, 119 ESBL-producing E. coli were isolated from feces, air samples, water, sludge and soil samples. Antibiotic susceptibility testing showed that the ESBL-producing isolates were resistant to multiple antibiotics and isolates of different origin within the same farm showed similar resistance phenotypes. Both CTX-M and TEM ESBL-encoding genes were detected in these isolates. CTX-M-14 and CTX-M-15 were the predominant ESBL genes identified. ESBL producers from feces and environmental samples within the same farm carried similar CTX-M types. The results indicated that the ESBL-producing E. coli carrying multidrug resistance could readily disseminate to the surrounding environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271000, Shandong, China; E-Mails: (L.G.); (X.Z.); (J.H.)
- Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin Shandong Province, Tai’an 271000, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention of Shandong Province, Tai’an 271000, Shandong, China
| | - Yeke Tan
- Tai’an City Central Hospital, Tai’an 271000, Shandong, China; E-Mail:
| | - Xiaodan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271000, Shandong, China; E-Mails: (L.G.); (X.Z.); (J.H.)
- Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin Shandong Province, Tai’an 271000, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention of Shandong Province, Tai’an 271000, Shandong, China
| | - Jiaqing Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271000, Shandong, China; E-Mails: (L.G.); (X.Z.); (J.H.)
| | - Zengmin Miao
- College of Life Sciences, Taishan Medical University, Tai’an 271000, China; E-Mail:
| | - Liangmeng Wei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271000, Shandong, China; E-Mails: (L.G.); (X.Z.); (J.H.)
- Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin Shandong Province, Tai’an 271000, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention of Shandong Province, Tai’an 271000, Shandong, China
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (L.W.); (T.C.); Tel.: +86-538-824-8114 (T.C.); Fax: +86-538-824-1419 (T.C.)
| | - Tongjie Chai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271000, Shandong, China; E-Mails: (L.G.); (X.Z.); (J.H.)
- Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin Shandong Province, Tai’an 271000, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention of Shandong Province, Tai’an 271000, Shandong, China
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (L.W.); (T.C.); Tel.: +86-538-824-8114 (T.C.); Fax: +86-538-824-1419 (T.C.)
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Abstract
In 2008, a previously unknown Escherichia coli clonal group, sequence type 131 (ST131), was identified on three continents. Today, ST131 is the predominant E. coli lineage among extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) isolates worldwide. Retrospective studies have suggested that it may originally have risen to prominence as early as 2003. Unlike other classical group B2 ExPEC isolates, ST131 isolates are commonly reported to produce extended-spectrum β-lactamases, such as CTX-M-15, and almost all are resistant to fluoroquinolones. Moreover, ST131 E. coli isolates are considered to be truly pathogenic, due to the spectrum of infections they cause in both community and hospital settings and the large number of virulence-associated genes they contain. ST131 isolates therefore seem to contradict the widely held view that high levels of antimicrobial resistance are necessarily associated with a fitness cost leading to a decrease in pathogenesis. Six years after the first description of E. coli ST131, this review outlines the principal traits of ST131 clonal group isolates, based on the growing body of published data, and highlights what is currently known and what we need to find out to provide public health authorities with better information to help combat ST131.
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63
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Bajaj P, Singh NS, Kanaujia PK, Virdi JS. Distribution and molecular characterization of genes encoding CTX-M and AmpC β-lactamases in Escherichia coli isolated from an Indian urban aquatic environment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 505:350-6. [PMID: 25461036 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.09.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic environments harboring antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli constitute an important public health concern. Thus, it is important to characterize the resistance genetic elements of waterborne E. coli. It is also important to identify the predominant clonal groups/phylogroups represented by resistant strains to understand the epidemiology of antibiotic resistant E. coli in natural environments, and to identify the role of well-established genotypes in the spread of resistance in a particular geographical area through natural environments. In the present investigation, E. coli strains (n=126) isolated from various points along the river Yamuna traversing through the National Capital Territory of Delhi (India) were grouped phylogenetically. A collection of 61 strains representing all phylogroups was investigated for extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and AmpC production. blaTEM, blaSHV and blaCTX-M genes were detected and analyzed, promoter/attenuator mutations associated with chromosomally-mediated AmpC overexpression were identified, and plasmid-mediated ampC was determined. blaTEM was the most widespread (100%) gene followed by bla(CTX-M) (16%), and plasmid-mediated ampC (3%). bla(CTX-M-15) and bla(CMY-42) were identified as the genes encoding CTX-M type ESBL and CIT type AmpC β-lactamases, respectively. CTX-M-15 ESBL phenotype was most common in phylogroup D (50%), followed by phylogroups B1 (30%), and A (20%). E. coli that produce plasmid-mediated AmpC were rare and present only in phylogroup D. Presence of multi β-lactam resistance, bla(CTX-M-15) and bla(CMY-42) in waterborne E. coli belonging to virulence-associated phylogroup D highlights the need for routine surveillance of resistance determinants in aquatic environments. This is also the first report for the presence of bla(CMY-42) in waterborne E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Bajaj
- Microbial Pathogenicity Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi 110021, India
| | - Nambram Somendro Singh
- Microbial Pathogenicity Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi 110021, India
| | - Pawan Kumar Kanaujia
- Microbial Pathogenicity Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi 110021, India
| | - Jugsharan Singh Virdi
- Microbial Pathogenicity Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi 110021, India.
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Maravić A, Skočibušić M, Cvjetan S, Šamanić I, Fredotović Ž, Puizina J. Prevalence and diversity of extended-spectrum-β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae from marine beach waters. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2015; 90:60-67. [PMID: 25480155 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A total of 1,351 Enterobacteriaceae isolates from 144 seawater samples were collected over a four-year period from three public beaches in the eastern Adriatic Sea in Croatia. Approximately 35% of the strains were multidrug-resistant. BlaESBL genes were detected in 4.2% of the isolated Enterobacteriaceae, the main species of which were Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae and Klebsiella pneumoniae. BlaTEM-1+SHV-12 was the most dominant genotype, followed by blaCTX-M-15.Raoultella terrigena and E. intermedius simultaneously harboured blaTEM-1,blaSHV-11/12 and blaCTX-M-15. Isolate fingerprinting revealed that marine E. coli isolates were clonally related to CTX-M-producing strains from a regional university hospital. These results indicate that marine beach waters are reservoirs of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae and thus constitute a public health problem with further potential to act as mediators in gene flow between marine coastal areas and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maravić
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Split, Teslina 12, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Mirjana Skočibušić
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Split, Teslina 12, 21000 Split, Croatia.
| | - Svjetlana Cvjetan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; Mediterranean Institute for Life Sciences, Meštrovićevo šetalište 45, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Ivica Šamanić
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Split, Teslina 12, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Željana Fredotović
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Split, Teslina 12, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Jasna Puizina
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Split, Teslina 12, 21000 Split, Croatia
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Plasmid-mediated resistance to cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones in various Escherichia coli sequence types isolated from rooks wintering in Europe. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 81:648-57. [PMID: 25381245 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02459-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing, AmpC beta-lactamase-producing, and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) gene-positive strains of Escherichia coli were investigated in wintering rooks (Corvus frugilegus) from eight European countries. Fecal samples (n = 1,073) from rooks wintering in the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Serbia, Spain, and Switzerland were examined. Resistant isolates obtained from selective cultivation were screened for ESBL, AmpC, and PMQR genes by PCR and sequencing. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and multilocus sequence typing were performed to reveal their clonal relatedness. In total, from the 1,073 samples, 152 (14%) cefotaxime-resistant E. coli isolates and 355 (33%) E. coli isolates with reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin were found. Eighty-two (54%) of these cefotaxime-resistant E. coli isolates carried the following ESBL genes: blaCTX-M-1 (n = 39 isolates), blaCTX-M-15 (n = 25), blaCTX-M-24 (n = 4), blaTEM-52 (n = 4), blaCTX-M-14 (n = 2), blaCTX-M-55 (n = 2), blaSHV-12 (n = 2), blaCTX-M-8 (n = 1), blaCTX-M-25 (n = 1), blaCTX-M-28 (n = 1), and an unspecified gene (n = 1). Forty-seven (31%) cefotaxime-resistant E. coli isolates carried the blaCMY-2 AmpC beta-lactamase gene. Sixty-two (17%) of the E. coli isolates with reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin were positive for the PMQR genes qnrS1 (n = 54), qnrB19 (n = 4), qnrS1 and qnrB19 (n = 2), qnrS2 (n = 1), and aac(6')-Ib-cr (n = 1). Eleven isolates from the Czech Republic (n = 8) and Serbia (n = 3) were identified to be CTX-M-15-producing E. coli clone B2-O25b-ST131 isolates. Ninety-one different sequence types (STs) among 191 ESBL-producing, AmpC-producing, and PMQR gene-positive E. coli isolates were determined, with ST58 (n = 15), ST10 (n = 14), and ST131 (n = 12) predominating. The widespread occurrence of highly diverse ESBL- and AmpC-producing and PMQR gene-positive E. coli isolates, including the clinically important multiresistant ST69, ST95, ST117, ST131, and ST405 clones, was demonstrated in rooks wintering in various European countries.
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Epidemiology of Enterobacteriaceae producing CTX-M type extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL). Med Mal Infect 2014; 44:400-4. [PMID: 25234380 DOI: 10.1016/j.medmal.2014.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, some Enterobacteriaceae mainly Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus mirabilis have demonstrated acquisition of plasmids secreting ESBL. CTX-M type ESBL have been isolated worldwide and their incidence has increased dramatically and is still increasing leading to a major therapeutic issue. Currently more than 150 allelic variants of CTX-M have been identified. These enzymes are classified in five major phylogenetic groups based on their gene sequences: CTX-M -1, CTX-M-2, CTX-M-8, CTX-M-9, CTX-M-25; two additional groups have been reported recently: CTX-M-74 and CTX-M-75. The important dissemination of these enzymes has led to an increased use of carbapenems. Their global community and nosocomial dissemination is often associated with a virulent E. coli clone ST131 producing CTX-M-15.
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Drug resistance and virulence of uropathogenic Escherichia coli from Shanghai, China. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2014; 67:799-805. [PMID: 24984795 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2014.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is the major cause of urinary tract infections (UTIs). In the present study, 198 E. coli isolates from patients with UTIs in Shanghai in 2008 were examined by susceptibility testing, with an extremely high number (153/198) showing multidrug resistance (MDR). And, the expression of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) reached 48.5% (96/198). The resistance rates to penicillins, fluoroquinolone, folate pathway inhibitors and first- and second-generation cephalosporins were high. Molecular analyses showed that the CTX-M-9 group (70/96) was the most common CTX-M group among UPEC, followed by the CTX-M-1 group (27/96). Phylogenetic group D accounted for 42.4% (84/198) of the isolates, exhibiting the highest ESBLs (50/84) and MDR (75/84) rates. Virulence genes were present in a significantly high proportion in the phylogenetic group B2 isolates, except for the afaBC gene. The ESBL-producing strains analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) were clustered into six groups at a cutoff of 67%. Notably, the findings that afaBC was specific to phylogenetic group D and PFGE group I and was correlated with the CTX-M-9 group were different from a previous report. In conclusion, knowledge of antimicrobial resistance data and virulence factors may enable clinicians to tailor empirical antibiotic treatments for UTIs.
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Functional metagenomic analysis reveals rivers are a reservoir for diverse antibiotic resistance genes. Vet Microbiol 2014; 171:441-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Ojer-Usoz E, González D, García-Jalón I, Vitas AI. High dissemination of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in effluents from wastewater treatment plants. WATER RESEARCH 2014; 56:37-47. [PMID: 24651016 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Water environments play an important role in the dissemination of antibiotic-resistant bacteria among humans, animals and agricultural sources. In order to assess the spread of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae, we analyzed 279 effluent samples from 21 wastewater treatment plants in Navarra (northern Spain). A total of 185 cefpodoxime-resistant bacteria were isolated on ChromID ESBL agar plates, with high predominance of Escherichia coli among isolated species (73%). ESBL production was determined by different methods, concluding its presence in 86.5% of the isolates by the combination disk test, 75.7% by double-disk synergy test and 73.5% by MicroScan(®) NM37 automated system. PCR and sequencing analysis showed that the predominant β-lactamases (bla) genes were blaCTx-M (67.4%) followed by blaTEM (47%), blaSHV (17.4%) and blaOxA (8.3%); furthermore, two or more β-lactamases genes were found in 34.9% of the isolates. The results demonstrate the high prevalence of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae in effluent water from wastewater treatment plants and confirm the need to optimize current disinfection procedures and to improve management of wastewater in an effort to minimize reservoirs of resistant bacteria. Further studies are needed for examining the presence of these bacteria in other environments and for determining the potential dissemination routes of these resistances as well as their impact on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Ojer-Usoz
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Microbiological Food and Water Laboratory, C.I.F.A., University of Navarra, C/Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
| | - David González
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Microbiological Food and Water Laboratory, C.I.F.A., University of Navarra, C/Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Isabel García-Jalón
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Microbiological Food and Water Laboratory, C.I.F.A., University of Navarra, C/Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ana Isabel Vitas
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Microbiological Food and Water Laboratory, C.I.F.A., University of Navarra, C/Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
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Bréchet C, Plantin J, Sauget M, Thouverez M, Talon D, Cholley P, Guyeux C, Hocquet D, Bertrand X. Wastewater Treatment Plants Release Large Amounts of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase–Producing Escherichia coli Into the Environment. Clin Infect Dis 2014; 58:1658-65. [DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciu190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Trends in human fecal carriage of extended-spectrum β-lactamases in the community: toward the globalization of CTX-M. Clin Microbiol Rev 2014; 26:744-58. [PMID: 24092853 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00023-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 471] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last 10 years, extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing enterobacteria (ESBL-E) have become one of the main challenges for antibiotic treatment of enterobacterial infections, largely because of the current CTX-M enzyme pandemic. However, most studies have focused on hospitalized patients, though today it appears that the community is strongly affected as well. We therefore decided to devote our investigation to trends in ESBL-E fecal carriage rates and comprehensively reviewed data from studies conducted on healthy populations in various parts of the world. We show that (i) community ESBL-E fecal carriage, which was unknown before the turn of the millennium, has since increased significantly everywhere, with developing countries being the most affected; (ii) intercontinental travel may have emphasized and globalized the issue; and (iii) CTX-M enzymes, especially CTX-M-15, are the dominant type of ESBL. Altogether, these results suggest that CTX-M carriage is evolving toward a global pandemic but is still insufficiently described. Only a better knowledge of its dynamics and biology will lead to further development of appropriate control measures.
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Alouache S, Estepa V, Messai Y, Ruiz E, Torres C, Bakour R. Characterization of ESBLs and Associated Quinolone Resistance inEscherichia coliandKlebsiella pneumoniaeIsolates from an Urban Wastewater Treatment Plant in Algeria. Microb Drug Resist 2014; 20:30-8. [DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2012.0264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Souhila Alouache
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene, Algiers, Algeria
- High National School of Marine Sciences and Coastal Management, Campus Universitaire de Dely-Ibrahim, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Vanesa Estepa
- Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, Logrono, Spain
| | - Yamina Messai
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Elena Ruiz
- Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, Logrono, Spain
| | - Carmen Torres
- Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, Logrono, Spain
| | - Rabah Bakour
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene, Algiers, Algeria
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Loncaric I, Stalder GL, Mehinagic K, Rosengarten R, Hoelzl F, Knauer F, Walzer C. Comparison of ESBL--and AmpC producing Enterobacteriaceae and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated from migratory and resident population of rooks (Corvus frugilegus) in Austria. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84048. [PMID: 24391878 PMCID: PMC3877145 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to test whether rooks (Corvus frugilegus) represent good indicators for the potential circulation of antibiotics in their native habitat, two populations with different migratory behavior were tested for the presence of beta-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). In all, 54 and 102 samples of fresh feces of a migratory and a resident population were investigated. A total of 24 and 3 cefotaxime-resistant enterobacterial isolates were obtained from the migratory and resident population, respectively. In these isolates CTX-M-1 (n = 15), CTX-M-3 (n = 3), and CTX-M-15 (n = 3) genes were detected. TEM-1 and OXA-1 were associated with CTX-M in 3 and 2 isolates, respectively. In two E. coli isolates CMY-2 could be detected, where from one isolate displayed an overexpression of chromosomal AmpC as well. Among E. coli isolates the most common phylogenetic group was A (n = 11) and ST1683 (n = 5). In one E. coli of B2-ST131 the rfbO25b locus was detected. Three Enterobacter isolates were stably derepressed AmpC-producers. In five samples of the migratory population, PVL positive MRSA could be isolated. Two isolates were typed SCCmec IVa, spa type t127, and ST1. Three isolates carried a SCCmec type IVc, with spa type t852 and ST22. The highly significant difference of the occurrence of antibiotic resistance between the migratory population from eastern Europe compared to resident population in our study indicates that rooks may be good indicator species for the evaluation of environmental contamination with antibiotic resistant bacteria, especially due to their ecology, foraging behavior and differing migratory behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Loncaric
- Unit of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Biology, Institute of Bacteriology, Mycology and Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
| | - Gabrielle L. Stalder
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, Dept. of Integrative Biology and Evolution, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - Kemal Mehinagic
- Unit of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Biology, Institute of Bacteriology, Mycology and Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - Renate Rosengarten
- Unit of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Biology, Institute of Bacteriology, Mycology and Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - Franz Hoelzl
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, Dept. of Integrative Biology and Evolution, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - Felix Knauer
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, Dept. of Integrative Biology and Evolution, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - Chris Walzer
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, Dept. of Integrative Biology and Evolution, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
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Ashbolt NJ, Amézquita A, Backhaus T, Borriello P, Brandt KK, Collignon P, Coors A, Finley R, Gaze WH, Heberer T, Lawrence JR, Larsson DGJ, McEwen SA, Ryan JJ, Schönfeld J, Silley P, Snape JR, Van den Eede C, Topp E. Human Health Risk Assessment (HHRA) for environmental development and transfer of antibiotic resistance. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2013; 121:993-1001. [PMID: 23838256 PMCID: PMC3764079 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1206316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 395] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Only recently has the environment been clearly implicated in the risk of antibiotic resistance to clinical outcome, but to date there have been few documented approaches to formally assess these risks. OBJECTIVE We examined possible approaches and sought to identify research needs to enable human health risk assessments (HHRA) that focus on the role of the environment in the failure of antibiotic treatment caused by antibiotic-resistant pathogens. METHODS The authors participated in a workshop held 4-8 March 2012 in Québec, Canada, to define the scope and objectives of an environmental assessment of antibiotic-resistance risks to human health. We focused on key elements of environmental-resistance-development "hot spots," exposure assessment (unrelated to food), and dose response to characterize risks that may improve antibiotic-resistance management options. DISCUSSION Various novel aspects to traditional risk assessments were identified to enable an assessment of environmental antibiotic resistance. These include a) accounting for an added selective pressure on the environmental resistome that, over time, allows for development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB); b) identifying and describing rates of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in the relevant environmental "hot spot" compartments; and c) modifying traditional dose-response approaches to address doses of ARB for various health outcomes and pathways. CONCLUSIONS We propose that environmental aspects of antibiotic-resistance development be included in the processes of any HHRA addressing ARB. Because of limited available data, a multicriteria decision analysis approach would be a useful way to undertake an HHRA of environmental antibiotic resistance that informs risk managers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Ashbolt
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, USA.
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Maravić A, Skočibušić M, Šamanić I, Fredotović Ž, Cvjetan S, Jutronić M, Puizina J. Aeromonas spp. simultaneously harbouring blaCTX-M-15, blaSHV-12, blaPER-1 and blaFOX-2, in wild-growing Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) from Adriatic Sea, Croatia. Int J Food Microbiol 2013; 166:301-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Diallo AA, Brugère H, Kérourédan M, Dupouy V, Toutain PL, Bousquet-Mélou A, Oswald E, Bibbal D. Persistence and prevalence of pathogenic and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in municipal wastewater treatment plant receiving slaughterhouse wastewater. WATER RESEARCH 2013; 47:4719-4729. [PMID: 23774186 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We compared the prevalence of pathogenic and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) - producing Escherichia coli in effluents of a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) receiving wastewater from a slaughterhouse. A total of 1248 isolates were screened for the presence of virulence genes associated with enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) (stx1, stx2, and eae) and extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) (sfa/focDE, kpsMT K1, hlyA, papEF, afa/draBC, clbN, f17A and cnf). The prevalence of atypical enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) was 0.7%, 0.2% and 0.5% in city wastewater, slaughterhouse wastewater and in the treated effluent, respectively. One stx1a and stx2b-positive E. coli isolate was detected in city wastewater. The prevalence of ExPEC was significantly higher in city wastewater (8.4%), compared to slaughterhouse wastewater (1.2%). Treatment in the WWTP did not significantly impact the prevalence of ExPEC in the outlet effluent (5.0%) compared to city wastewater. Moreover, the most potentially pathogenic ExPEC were isolated from city wastewater and from the treated effluent. ESBL-producing E. coli was also mainly detected in city wastewater (1.7%), compared to slaughterhouse wastewater (0.2%), and treated effluent (0.2%). One ESBL-producing E. coli, isolated from city wastewater, was eae-β1 positive. These results showed that pathogenic and/or ESBL-producing E. coli were mainly detected in human wastewater, and at a lesser extend in animal wastewater. Treatment failed to eliminate these strains which were discharged into the river, and then these strains could be transmitted to animals and humans via the environment.
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Banerjee R, Strahilevitz J, Johnson JR, Nagwekar PP, Schora DM, Shevrin I, Du H, Peterson LR, Robicsek A. Predictors and molecular epidemiology of community-onset extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli infection in a Midwestern community. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2013; 34:947-53. [PMID: 23917909 DOI: 10.1086/671725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify predictors of community-onset extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli infection. DESIGN Prospective case-control study. SETTING Acute care hospitals and ambulatory clinics in the Chicago, Illinois, region. PATIENTS Adults with E. coli clinical isolates cultured in ambulatory settings or within 48 hours of hospital admission. METHODS Cases were patients with ESBL-producing E. coli clinical isolates cultured in ambulatory settings or within 48 hours of admission, and controls were patients with non-ESBL-producing E. coli isolates, matched to cases by specimen, location, and date. Clinical variables were ascertained through interviews and medical record review. Molecular methods were used to identify ESBL types, sequence type ST131, and aac(6')-Ib-cr. RESULTS We enrolled 94 cases and 158 controls. Multivariate risk factors for ESBL-producing E. coli infection included travel to India in the past year (odds ratio [OR], 14.40 [95% confidence interval (CI), 2.92-70.95]), ciprofloxacin use (OR, 3.92 [95% CI, 1.90-8.1]), and age (OR, 1.04 [95% CI, 1.02-1.06]). Case isolates exhibited high prevalence of CTX-M-15 (78%), ST131 (50%), and aac(6')-Ib-cr (66% of isolates with CTX-M-15). CONCLUSIONS Providers should be aware of the increased risk of ESBL-producing E. coli infection among returned travelers, especially those from India.
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Dobiasova H, Dolejska M, Jamborova I, Brhelova E, Blazkova L, Papousek I, Kozlova M, Klimes J, Cizek A, Literak I. Extended spectrum beta-lactamase and fluoroquinolone resistance genes and plasmids amongEscherichia coliisolates from zoo animals, Czech Republic. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2013; 85:604-11. [DOI: 10.1111/1574-6941.12149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 03/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hana Dobiasova
- Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases; Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology; University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno; Brno Czech Republic
- CEITEC VFU; University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Monika Dolejska
- Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases; Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology; University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno; Brno Czech Republic
- CEITEC VFU; University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Jamborova
- Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases; Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology; University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Eva Brhelova
- Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases; Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology; University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Blazkova
- Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases; Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology; University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Ivo Papousek
- Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases; Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology; University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Kozlova
- Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases; Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology; University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Klimes
- Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases; Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology; University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Alois Cizek
- CEITEC VFU; University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno; Brno Czech Republic
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Literak
- Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases; Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology; University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno; Brno Czech Republic
- CEITEC VFU; University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno; Brno Czech Republic
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79
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Galán JC, González-Candelas F, Rolain JM, Cantón R. Antibiotics as selectors and accelerators of diversity in the mechanisms of resistance: from the resistome to genetic plasticity in the β-lactamases world. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:9. [PMID: 23404545 PMCID: PMC3567504 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics and antibiotic resistance determinants, natural molecules closely related to bacterial physiology and consistent with an ancient origin, are not only present in antibiotic-producing bacteria. Throughput sequencing technologies have revealed an unexpected reservoir of antibiotic resistance in the environment. These data suggest that co-evolution between antibiotic and antibiotic resistance genes has occurred since the beginning of time. This evolutionary race has probably been slow because of highly regulated processes and low antibiotic concentrations. Therefore to understand this global problem, a new variable must be introduced, that the antibiotic resistance is a natural event, inherent to life. However, the industrial production of natural and synthetic antibiotics has dramatically accelerated this race, selecting some of the many resistance genes present in nature and contributing to their diversification. One of the best models available to understand the biological impact of selection and diversification are β-lactamases. They constitute the most widespread mechanism of resistance, at least among pathogenic bacteria, with more than 1000 enzymes identified in the literature. In the last years, there has been growing concern about the description, spread, and diversification of β-lactamases with carbapenemase activity and AmpC-type in plasmids. Phylogenies of these enzymes help the understanding of the evolutionary forces driving their selection. Moreover, understanding the adaptive potential of β-lactamases contribute to exploration the evolutionary antagonists trajectories through the design of more efficient synthetic molecules. In this review, we attempt to analyze the antibiotic resistance problem from intrinsic and environmental resistomes to the adaptive potential of resistance genes and the driving forces involved in their diversification, in order to provide a global perspective of the resistance problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Carlos Galán
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal Madrid, Spain ; Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria Madrid, Spain ; Unidad de Resistencia a Antibióticos y Virulencia Bacteriana Asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Madrid, Spain
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80
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Colomer-Lluch M, Mora A, Lopez C, Mamani R, Dahbi G, Marzoa J, Herrera A, Viso S, Blanco JE, Blanco M, Alonso MP, Jofre J, Muniesa M, Blanco J. Detection of quinolone-resistant Escherichia coli isolates belonging to clonal groups O25b:H4-B2-ST131 and O25b:H4-D-ST69 in raw sewage and river water in Barcelona, Spain. J Antimicrob Chemother 2012; 68:758-65. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dks477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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81
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Dolejska M, Brhelova E, Dobiasova H, Krivdova J, Jurankova J, Sevcikova A, Dubska L, Literak I, Cizek A, Vavrina M, Kutnikova L, Sterba J. Dissemination of IncFIIK-type plasmids in multiresistant CTX-M-15-producing Enterobacteriaceae isolates from children in hospital paediatric oncology wards. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2012; 40:510-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2012.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Revised: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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82
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Dolejska M, Villa L, Hasman H, Hansen L, Carattoli A. Characterization of IncN plasmids carrying blaCTX-M-1 and qnr genes in Escherichia coli and Salmonella from animals, the environment and humans. J Antimicrob Chemother 2012; 68:333-9. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dks387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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83
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Mahrouki S, Belhadj O, Chihi H, Mohamed BM, Celenza G, Amicosante G, Perilli M. Chromosomal bla
CTX-M-15 associated with ISEcp1 in Proteus mirabilis and Morganella morganii isolated at the Military Hospital of Tunis, Tunisia. J Med Microbiol 2012; 61:1286-1289. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.039487-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sihem Mahrouki
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Technobiologie, Universitè de Tunis, Tunisia
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biomediche, Università degli Studi dell’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Omrane Belhadj
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Technobiologie, Universitè de Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Hela Chihi
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Technobiologie, Universitè de Tunis, Tunisia
| | | | - Giuseppe Celenza
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biomediche, Università degli Studi dell’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Amicosante
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biomediche, Università degli Studi dell’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Mariagrazia Perilli
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biomediche, Università degli Studi dell’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
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84
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Kiiru J, Kariuki S, Goddeeris BM, Butaye P. Analysis of β-lactamase phenotypes and carriage of selected β-lactamase genes among Escherichia coli strains obtained from Kenyan patients during an 18-year period. BMC Microbiol 2012; 12:155. [PMID: 22838634 PMCID: PMC3464591 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-12-155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although β-lactam antibiotics are heavily used in many developing countries, the diversity of β-lactamase genes (bla) is poorly understood. We screened for major β-lactamase phenotypes and diversity of bla genes among 912 E. coli strains isolated from clinical samples obtained between 1992 and 2010 from hospitalized and non-hospitalized patients. Results None of the isolates was resistant to carbapenems but 30% of all isolates were susceptible to cefepime, cephamycins and piperacillin-tazobactam. Narrow spectrum β-lactamase (NSBL) phenotype was observed in 278 (30%) isolates that contained blaTEM-1 (54%) or blaSHV-1 (35%) or both (11%). Extended Spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) phenotype was detected in 247 (27%) isolates which carried blaCTX-M-14 (29%), blaCTX-M-15 (24%), blaCTX-M-9 (2%), blaCTX-M-8 (4%), blaCTX-M-3 (11%), blaCTX-M-1 (6%), blaSHV-5 (3%), blaSHV-12 (5%), and blaTEM-52 (16%). Complex Mutant TEM-like (CMT) phenotype was detected in 220 (24%) isolates which carried blaTEM-125 (29%), while blaTEM-50, blaTEM-78, blaTEM-109, blaTEM −152 and blaTEM-158 were detected in lower frequencies of between 7% and 11%. Majority of isolates producing a combination of CTX-M-15 + OXA-1 + TEM-1 exhibited resistance phenotypes barely indistinguishable from those of CMT-producers. Although 73 (8%) isolates exhibited Inhibitor Resistant TEM-like (IRT) phenotype, blaTEM-103 was the only true IRT-encoding gene identified in 18 (25%) of strains with this phenotype while the rest produced a combination of TEM-1 + OXA-1. The pAmpCs-like phenotype was observed in 94 (10%) isolates of which 77 (82%) carried blaCMY-2 while 18% contained blaCMY-1. Isolates from urine accounted for 53%, 53%, 74% and 72% of strains exhibiting complex phenotypes such as IRT, ESBL, CMT or pAmpC respectively. On the contrary, 55% isolates from stool exhibited the relatively more susceptible NSBL-like phenotype. All the phenotypes, and majority of the bla genes, were detected both in isolates from hospitalized and non-hospitalized patients but complex phenotypes were particularly common among strains obtained between 2000 and 2010 from urine of hospitalized patients. Conclusions The phenotypes and diversity of bla genes in E. coli strains implicated in clinical infections in non-hospitalized and hospitalized patients in Kenya is worryingly high. In order to preserve the efficacy of β-lactam antibiotics, culture and susceptibility data should guide therapy and surveillance studies for β-lactamase-producers in developing countries should be launched.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Kiiru
- Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.
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85
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Rolain J, Canton R, Cornaglia G. Emergence of antibiotic resistance: need for a new paradigm. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012; 18:615-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2012.03902.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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86
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Nicolas-Chanoine MH. Les entérobactéries productrices de bêta-lactamases à spectre élargi : où sont les dangers ? MEDECINE INTENSIVE REANIMATION 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13546-012-0463-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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87
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Dogs of nomadic pastoralists in northern Kenya are reservoirs of plasmid-mediated cephalosporin- and quinolone-resistant Escherichia coli, including pandemic clone B2-O25-ST131. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:4013-7. [PMID: 22508313 DOI: 10.1128/aac.05859-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance in Escherichia coli isolates colonizing gastrointestinal tracts of dogs, cats, and their owners in Northern Kenya was investigated with an emphasis on extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs). Totals of 47 (22%, n = 216), 2 (4%, n = 50), and 4 (17%, n = 23) CTX-M-15-producing E. coli isolates were obtained from dogs, cats, and humans, respectively. CTX-M-15-producing E. coli isolates with identical PFGE profiles were detected in animals and humans living in the same area.
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88
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Cantón R, González-Alba JM, Galán JC. CTX-M Enzymes: Origin and Diffusion. Front Microbiol 2012; 3:110. [PMID: 22485109 PMCID: PMC3316993 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 581] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
CTX-M β-lactamases are considered a paradigm in the evolution of a resistance mechanism. Incorporation of different chromosomal blaCTX-M related genes from different species of Kluyvera has derived in different CTX-M clusters. In silico analyses have shown that this event has occurred at least nine times; in CTX-M-1 cluster (3), CTX-M-2 and CTX-M-9 clusters (2 each), and CTX-M-8 and CTX-M-25 clusters (1 each). This has been mainly produced by the participation of genetic mobilization units such as insertion sequences (ISEcp1 or ISCR1) and the later incorporation in hierarchical structures associated with multifaceted genetic structures including complex class 1 integrons and transposons. The capture of these blaCTX-M genes from the environment by highly mobilizable structures could have been a random event. Moreover, after incorporation within these structures, β-lactam selective force such as that exerted by cefotaxime and ceftazidime has fueled mutational events underscoring diversification of different clusters. Nevertheless, more variants of CTX-M enzymes, including those not inhibited by β-lactamase inhibitors such as clavulanic acid (IR-CTX-M variants), only obtained under in in vitro experiments, are still waiting to emerge in the clinical setting. Penetration and the later global spread of CTX-M producing organisms have been produced with the participation of the so-called “epidemic resistance plasmids” often carried in multi-drug resistant and virulent high-risk clones. All these facts but also the incorporation and co-selection of emerging resistance determinants within CTX-M producing bacteria, such as those encoding carbapenemases, depict the currently complex pandemic scenario of multi-drug resistant isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Cantón
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria Madrid, Spain
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89
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Tausova D, Dolejska M, Cizek A, Hanusova L, Hrusakova J, Svoboda O, Camlik G, Literak I. Escherichia coli with extended-spectrum β-lactamase and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes in great cormorants and mallards in Central Europe. J Antimicrob Chemother 2012; 67:1103-7. [PMID: 22323500 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dks017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Faecal Escherichia coli strains were isolated from great cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo) and mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), which are commonly occurring waterbirds in Europe, and studied for resistance to cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones. METHODS Cloacal swabs or faeces from great cormorants and mallards in Central Europe were cultivated to isolate Escherichia coli strains with extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes. RESULTS Ten ESBL-producing E. coli with the bla(CTX-M-15) or bla(CTX-M-27) gene were isolated from eight great cormorants (1.6%, n = 499). The bla(CTX-M) genes were harboured by plasmids of F and I1 incompatibility groups. CTX-M-27-producing isolates were identified as the epidemiologically important B2-O25b-ST131 clone. No ESBL-producing E. coli was isolated from 305 mallards. Eight E. coli isolates with PMQR genes [six aac(6')-Ib-cr and two qnrS1] were detected in six great cormorants (1.2%). Seventeen strains with qnrS1 were detected in 17 mallards (6%). The PMQR genes were located on plasmids of incompatibility groups F, N or X2. ESBL and PMQR genes were found on conjugative plasmids, enabling the horizontal spread of resistance. CONCLUSIONS Both great cormorants and mallards can spread epidemiologically important antimicrobial-resistant E. coli isolates to water bodies throughout Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Tausova
- Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
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