1
|
Mudaliar Y, Kalaikumari S S, M N, N B MR, Raj M, J M, Elangovan E, Perumal K. Draft genome sequence of NDM-5, CMY-42 carrying carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli. Microbiol Resour Announc 2024; 13:e0063823. [PMID: 38032236 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00638-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the draft genome sequence of carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli (CREC-1) of sequence type (ST2083) isolated from a urine sample of a 2-year-old female toddler carrying antimicrobial resistance genes blaNDM-5 and blaCMY-42 which displays resistance against multiple classes of antibiotics notably β-lactam antibiotics, cephalosporins, and carbapenem and codes for several virulence factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Mudaliar
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research , Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Santha Kalaikumari S
- Department of Biotechnology, Hindustan College of Arts & Science , Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nithyasri M
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research , Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mathi Roshini N B
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research , Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Marquess Raj
- Apollo Diagnostics, Regional Reference Laboratory , Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Meera J
- Apollo Diagnostics, Regional Reference Laboratory , Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Elavarashi Elangovan
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research , Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kumar Perumal
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research , Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sadek M, Poirel L, Nordmann P. Occurrence of Aztreonam-Avibactam-Resistant NDM-5-Producing Escherichia coli in the Food Chain. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:e0088221. [PMID: 34125588 DOI: 10.1128/AAC.00882-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
3
|
Sadek M, Juhas M, Poirel L, Nordmann P. Genetic Features Leading to Reduced Susceptibility to Aztreonam-Avibactam among Metallo-β-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli Isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:e01659-20. [PMID: 32988825 DOI: 10.1128/AAC.01659-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Metallo-β-lactamase (MBL)-producing Escherichia coli isolates resistant to the newly developed β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor drug combination aztreonam-avibactam (ATM-AVI) have been reported. Here, we analyzed a series of 118 clinical MBL-producing E. coli isolates of various geographical origins for susceptibility to ATM-AVI. The nature of the PBP3 protein sequence and the occurrence of bla CMY genes for susceptibility to ATM-AVI were investigated. We showed here that elevated MICs of ATM-AVI among MBL-producing E. coli isolates resulted from a combination of different features, including modification of PBP3 protein sequence through specific amino acid insertions and production of CMY-type enzymes, particularly, CMY-42. We showed here that those insertions identified in the PBP3 sequence are not considered the unique basis of resistance to ATM-AVI, but they significantly contribute to it.
Collapse
|
4
|
Marchetti VM, Bitar I, Mercato A, Nucleo E, Bonomini A, Pedroni P, Hrabak J, Migliavacca R. Complete Nucleotide Sequence of Plasmids of Two Escherichia coli Strains Carrying bla NDM- 5 and bla NDM - 5 and bla OXA - 181 From the Same Patient. Front Microbiol 2020; 10:3095. [PMID: 32038543 PMCID: PMC6985152 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.03095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim of this study was to genetically characterize two carbapenemase-producing Escherichia coli strains obtained from a pediatric patient affected by diarrhea, expressing OXA-181 and/or NDM-5 type enzymes. The above microorganisms were collected in the same Desenzano hospital (Northern Italy) where the blaNDM–5 gene was detected for the first time in Italy 3 years ago. One strain (5P), belonged to sequence type ST405/ST477 (according to Pasture/Oxford schemes) and serotype O102:H6. It was characterized by a 130562 bp multi-replicon plasmid IncFII/IncFIA/IncFIB (pVSI_NDM-5) enclosing two main antibiotic resistance islands: (i) ARI-I, 10030 bp in size, carried genes coding for β-lactam- (blaOXA–1, blaCTX–M–15), fluoroquinolone/aminoglycoside- (aac(6′)-lb-cr) and phenicol- resistance (catB3), (ii) ARI-II, 15326 bp in size, carried genes coding for sulfonamide- (sul1), β-lactam- (blaNDM–5, blaTEM–1B), phenicol- (catB3), trimethoprim- (dfrA17), antiseptic- (qacEΔ1), and aminoglycoside- (aadA5, rmtB) resistance. The other isolate (5M), belonged to sequence type ST2659/ST759 and serotype O50/02:H18, and carried four plasmids: a 153866 bp multi-replicon IncFII/IncFIA/IncFIB (pISV_IncFII_NDM-5), an 89866 bp IncI1 plasmid, a 51480 bp IncX3 plasmid (pISV_IncX3_OXA181), and a 41143 bp IncI plasmid (pISV_IncI_CMY-42). pISV_IncFII_NDM-5 carried two main antibiotic resistance islands: (i) ARI-III, 12220 bp in size, carried genes coding for β-lactam- (blaOXA–1), fluoroquinolone/aminoglycoside- (aac(6′)-lb-cr), tetracycline- (tet(B)) and phenicol- resistance (catB3, catA1), and ii) ARI-IV, 26527 bp in size, carried determinants coding for macrolide- (erm(B), mph(A)), sulfonamide- (sul1), beta-lactam- (blaNDM–5, blaTEM–1B), trimethoprim- (dfrA14, dfrA12), antiseptic- (qacEΔ1), and aminoglycoside- resistance (aadA5). pISV_IncI_CMY-42 harbored the blaCMY–42 gene coding for beta-lactam resistance, pISV_IncX3_OXA181 harbored genes encoding fluoroquinolone- (qnrS1) and beta-lactams- resistance (blaOXA–181). In conclusion, the detection of two different NDM-5 E. coli strains from a pediatric patient with a history of travel to the Far East countries strongly highlight an increasing trend and risk of importation from such areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vittoria Mattioni Marchetti
- Department of Clinical Surgical Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, Unit of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Ibrahim Bitar
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, University Hospital in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czechia.,Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czechia
| | - Alessandra Mercato
- Department of Clinical Surgical Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, Unit of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Nucleo
- Department of Clinical Surgical Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, Unit of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Annalisa Bonomini
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, "AO Desenzano del Garda," Brescia, Italy
| | - Palmino Pedroni
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, "AO Desenzano del Garda," Brescia, Italy
| | - Jaroslav Hrabak
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, University Hospital in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czechia.,Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czechia
| | - Roberta Migliavacca
- Department of Clinical Surgical Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, Unit of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dziri O, Dziri R, Maraoub A, Chouchani C. Characterization of O25b-ST131 Escherichia coli Clone Producing CTX-M-15, DHA-4, and CMY-42 in Urinary Tract Infections in a Tunisian Island. Microb Drug Resist 2020; 26:741-746. [PMID: 31916915 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2019.0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The dissemination of extended-spectrum β-lactamases encoding genes in Escherichia coli, especially in the uropathogenic O25b-ST131 E. coli clone, constitutes a real concern. We aimed to identify the molecular mechanisms of resistance to cephalosporins among E. coli clinical isolates and to estimate the prevalence of the uropathogenic O25b-ST131 clone in our study. Forty-two cephalosporin-resistant E. coli implicated in urinary tract infections were collected from the Regional Hospital of a southeastern Tunisian Island from April 2015 to August 2016. Molecular screening of β-lactamases encoding genes by PCR and sequencing showed that the majority of our isolates harbored blaCTX-M gene (blaCTX-M-15 [n = 36], blaCTX-M-14 [n = 2]). Nevertheless, the blaSHV, blaTEM, and blaOXA-1 genes were not detected. Various class C β-lactamases encoding genes were observed in association or not with blaCTX-M genes and were as follows: blaampC (n = 14), blaCMY-42 (n = 7), blaCMY-2 (n = 1), and blaDHA-4 (n = 1). The research of O25b-ST131 clone was carried out by duplex PCR (pabB and trpA genes) and revealed that most of our isolates (n = 30) belonged to this clone. We also noted that the majority of our isolates belonged to the B2 phylogenetic group (n = 32), five isolates to the B1 phylogenetic group, three isolates to the D phylogenetic group, and only two isolates belonged to the A phylogenetic group. Our study provides new epidemiological information about E. coli clinical isolates in this area. Indeed, this is the first report of CTX-M-14 producing O25b-ST131 E. coli in our country and the first report of DHA-4 and CMY-42 producing E. coli in Tunisia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olfa Dziri
- Laboratoire des Microorganismes et Biomolécules Actives LR03ES03, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, El-Manar II, Tunisia
| | - Raoudha Dziri
- Laboratoire des Microorganismes et Biomolécules Actives LR03ES03, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, El-Manar II, Tunisia
| | - Abderrahmen Maraoub
- Hôpital Régional Sadok Mkaddem de Djerba, Avenue Habib Bourguiba Houmet Souk Djerba, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Chedly Chouchani
- Laboratoire des Microorganismes et Biomolécules Actives LR03ES03, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, El-Manar II, Tunisia.,Laboratoire de Recherche Sciences et Technologies de l'Environnement LR16ES09, Institut Supérieur des Sciences et Technologies de l' Environnement de Borj-Cedria, Université de Carthage, Technopôle de Borj-Cedria, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rzeczkowska M, Wołkowicz T, Zacharczuk K, Gierczyński R, Semczuk K, Dzierżanowska-Fangrat K, Piekarska K. Draft genome sequence of an Escherichia coli ST410 isolate co-harbouring bla CTX-M-15, bla CMY-42, bla OXA-1, aac(3)-IIa and aac(6')-Ib-cr genes with gyrA and parC mutations isolated from a paediatric patient in Poland. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2019; 16:120-2. [PMID: 30553112 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2018.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Escherichia coli is one of the major causative agents of nosocomial infections. Here we report the first draft genome sequence of an E. coli strain (no. 158) isolated in Poland carrying blaCTX-M-15, blaCMY-42, blaOXA-1, aac(3)-IIa and aac(6')-Ib-cr genes together with mutations in the gyrA and parC genes. METHODS Total DNA was sequenced using an Illumina NextSeq 500 platform. The draft genome of E. coli strain 158 was assembled using SPAdes 3.9 assembler. Contigs were annotated using the Prokka v.1.12 algorithm. Species confirmation, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), serotyping, molecular virulence and resistance traits, and plasmid replicons were analysed using appropriate bioinformatics tools available at the Centre for Genomic Epidemiology website. Additional in silico analyses were also conducted. RESULT The genome size was estimated at 4883487bp, with 4601 predicted coding sequences. The presence of blaCTX-M-15, blaCMY-42, blaOXA-1, aac(3)-IIa and aac(6')-Ib-cr genes was detected in addition to other antimicrobial resistance genes as well as mutations in the gyrA (Ser83Leu and Asp87Asn) and parC (Ser80Ile) genes. The investigated strain E. coli 158 belongs to ST410. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is the first draft genome of an E. coli strain co-harbouring blaCTX-M-15, blaCMY-42, blaOXA-1, aac(3)-IIa and aac(6')-Ib-cr genes with mutations in gyrA and parC reported in Poland. The reported genome sequence contains valuable information on genetic features of antimicrobial resistance mechanisms of E. coli in Poland.
Collapse
|
7
|
Piazza A, Comandatore F, Romeri F, Pagani C, Mattioni Marchetti V, Brilli M, Panelli S, Migliavacca R, Ridolfo A, Olivieri P, Gismondo MR, Bandi C, Rimoldi SG. Detection of ST1702 Escherichia coli blaNDM-5 and bla CMY-42 genes positive isolates from a Northern Italian hospital. New Microbiol 2018; 41:230-231. [PMID: 30028475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We describe two multi drug-resistant (MDR) carbapenemase-producing Escherichia coli clinical isolates from an acute hospital in Milan. Both strains, isolated from a surgical wound sample and a surveillance rectal swab respectively, were positive for a blaNDM-type gene by Xpert Carba-R test. The whole-genome sequence characterization disclosed several resistance determinants: blaNDM-5, blaCMY-42, blaTEM-198, rmtB, mphA. The two isolates belonged to phylogenetic group A, sequence type (ST) 1702 and serotype O89:H9. PCR-based replicon typing and conjugation assay demonstrated an IncI1 plasmid localization for both blaNDM-5 and blaCMY-42 genes. This is the first report of a ST1702 NDM-5 and CMY-42- producing E. coli clone in Italy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Piazza
- Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi Pediatric Research Center, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Comandatore
- Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi Pediatric Research Center, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Romeri
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Virology and Diagnostic of Bioemergences, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Pagani
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Virology and Diagnostic of Bioemergences, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Matteo Brilli
- Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi Pediatric Research Center, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Panelli
- Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi Pediatric Research Center, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Migliavacca
- Department of Clinical-Surgical Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Annalisa Ridolfo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Maria Rita Gismondo
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Virology and Diagnostic of Bioemergences, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Bandi
- Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi Pediatric Research Center, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, University of Milan, Italy
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università di Milano, Italia
| | - Sara Giordana Rimoldi
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Virology and Diagnostic of Bioemergences, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dziri O, Dziri R, Maraoub A, Chouchani C. First Report of SHV-148-Type ESBL and CMY-42-Type AmpC β-Lactamase in Klebsiella pneumoniae Clinical Isolates in Tunisia. Microb Drug Resist 2018; 24:1483-1488. [PMID: 29927719 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2018.0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae present a real problem worldwide. We aimed to investigate the molecular mechanisms of resistance to antibiotics among Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates collected from a Hospital in the southeast of Tunisia. Eighteen cephalosporin-resistant K. pneumoniae were recovered between April 2015 and August 2016. Molecular characterization of antimicrobial resistance encoding genes was performed by PCR and sequencing. Results revealed several types of Ambler class A β-lactamase encoding genes among our isolates: [blaCTXM-15 (15), blaSHV-28 (6), blaSHV-1 (2), blaSHV-148 (1), blaSHV-61 (1), blaSHV-76 (1), blaSHV-186 (1), blaTEM-1 (8)]. The association of blaOXA-1 was observed in nine isolates. However, the class C β-lactamase encoding genes were detected in four isolates [blaCMY-4 (2), blaCMY-42 (1), blaACT-35 (1)]. Molecular typing of K. pneumoniae isolates by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis showed 16 unrelated pulsotypes proving a high diversity among our isolates. Our study provides new epidemiological information showing a huge diversity of β-lactamase encoding genes among our isolates. In fact, this is the first report of SHV-76, SHV-148, and SHV-186 in Tunisia. This is also the first report of CMY-42 and ACT-35 producing K. pneumoniae in our country.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olfa Dziri
- 1 Laboratoire des Microorganismes et Biomolécules Actives, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar , Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Raoudha Dziri
- 1 Laboratoire des Microorganismes et Biomolécules Actives, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar , Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Abderrahmen Maraoub
- 2 Hôpital régional Sadok Mkaddem de Djerba, Avenue Habib Bourguiba Houmet Souk Djerba , Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Chedly Chouchani
- 1 Laboratoire des Microorganismes et Biomolécules Actives, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar , Tunis, Tunisia
- 3 Laboratoire de Recherche Sciences et Technologies de l'Environnement, Institut Supérieur des Sciences et Technologies de l'Environnement de Borj-Cedria, Université de Carthage , Technopôle de Borj-Cedria, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bajaj P, Kanaujia PK, Singh NS, Sharma S, Kumar S, Virdi JS. Quinolone co-resistance in ESBL- or AmpC-producing Escherichia coli from an Indian urban aquatic environment and their public health implications. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2016; 23:1954-1959. [PMID: 26498967 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5609-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Quinolone and β-lactam antibiotics constitute major mainstay of treatment against infections caused by pathogenic Escherichia coli. Presence of E. coli strains expressing co-resistance to both these antibiotic classes in urban aquatic environments which are consistently being used for various anthropogenic activities represents a serious public health concern. From a heterogeneous collection of 61 E. coli strains isolated from the river Yamuna traversing through the National Capital Territory of Delhi (India), those harboring blaCTX-M-15 (n = 10) or blaCMY-42 (n = 2) were investigated for co-resistance to quinolones and the molecular mechanisms thereof. Resistance was primarily attributed to amino acid substitutions in the quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDRs) of GyrA (S83L ± D87N) and ParC (S80I ± E84K). One of the E. coli strains, viz., IPE, also carried substitutions in GyrB and ParE at positions Ser492→Asn and Ser458→Ala, respectively. The phenotypically susceptible strains nevertheless carried plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) gene, viz., qnrS, which showed co-transfer to the recipient quinolone-sensitive E. coli J53 along with the genes encoding β-lactamases and led to increase in minimal inhibitory concentrations of quinolone antibiotics. To the best of our knowledge, this represents first report of molecular characterization of quinolone co-resistance in E. coli harboring genes for ESBLs or AmpC β-lactamases from a natural aquatic environment of India. The study warrants true appreciation of the potential of urban aquatic environments in the emergence and spread of multi-drug resistance and underscores the need to characterize resistance genetic elements vis-à-vis their public health implications, irrespective of apparent phenotypic resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Bajaj
- Microbial Pathogenicity Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Pawan Kumar Kanaujia
- Microbial Pathogenicity Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Nambram Somendro Singh
- Microbial Pathogenicity Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Shalu Sharma
- Microbial Pathogenicity Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Shakti Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Jugsharan Singh Virdi
- Microbial Pathogenicity Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021, India.
| |
Collapse
|