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Holden ER, Webber MA. MarA, RamA, and SoxS as Mediators of the Stress Response: Survival at a Cost. Front Microbiol 2020. [PMID: 32431683 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
To survive and adapt to changing environments, bacteria have evolved mechanisms to express appropriate genes at appropriate times. Exposure to antimicrobials triggers a global stress response in Enterobacteriaceae, underpinned by activation of a family of transcriptional regulators, including MarA, RamA, and SoxS. These control a program of altered gene expression allowing a rapid and measured response to improve fitness in the presence of toxic drugs. Increased expression of marA, ramA, and soxS up regulates efflux activity to allow detoxification of the cell. However, this also results in trade-offs in other phenotypes, such as impaired growth rates, biofilm formation and virulence. Here, we review the current knowledge regarding the trade-offs that exist between drug survival and other phenotypes that result from induction of marA, ramA, and soxS. Additionally, we present some new findings linking expression of these regulators and biofilm formation in Enterobacteriaceae, thereby demonstrating the interconnected nature of regulatory networks within the cell and explaining how trade-offs can exist between important phenotypes. This has important implications for our understanding of how bacterial virulence and biofilms can be influenced by exposure to antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma R Holden
- Quadram Institute Biosciences, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Mark A Webber
- Quadram Institute Biosciences, Norwich, United Kingdom.,Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
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52
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Holden ER, Webber MA. MarA, RamA, and SoxS as Mediators of the Stress Response: Survival at a Cost. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:828. [PMID: 32431683 PMCID: PMC7216687 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
To survive and adapt to changing environments, bacteria have evolved mechanisms to express appropriate genes at appropriate times. Exposure to antimicrobials triggers a global stress response in Enterobacteriaceae, underpinned by activation of a family of transcriptional regulators, including MarA, RamA, and SoxS. These control a program of altered gene expression allowing a rapid and measured response to improve fitness in the presence of toxic drugs. Increased expression of marA, ramA, and soxS up regulates efflux activity to allow detoxification of the cell. However, this also results in trade-offs in other phenotypes, such as impaired growth rates, biofilm formation and virulence. Here, we review the current knowledge regarding the trade-offs that exist between drug survival and other phenotypes that result from induction of marA, ramA, and soxS. Additionally, we present some new findings linking expression of these regulators and biofilm formation in Enterobacteriaceae, thereby demonstrating the interconnected nature of regulatory networks within the cell and explaining how trade-offs can exist between important phenotypes. This has important implications for our understanding of how bacterial virulence and biofilms can be influenced by exposure to antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma R Holden
- Quadram Institute Biosciences, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Mark A Webber
- Quadram Institute Biosciences, Norwich, United Kingdom.,Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
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53
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Tang M, Wei X, Wan X, Ding Z, Ding Y, Liu J. The role and relationship with efflux pump of biofilm formation in Klebsiella pneumoniae. Microb Pathog 2020; 147:104244. [PMID: 32437832 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to identify the role and relationship with efflux pump of biofilm formation in Klebsiella pneumoniae. Sixty-one K. pneumoniae clinical isolates were collected between January and June of 2017 from the affiliated hospital of southwest medical university in Luzhou, China. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) were determined using broth microdilution method. Crystal violet (CV) staining and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) were used to monitor biofilm formation. Efflux pump expression was investigated qualitatively and quantitatively by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Crystal violet staining was performed to evaluate the effect of efflux pump inhibitor carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazine (CCCP) on K. pneumoniae biofilms. Our results showed that crystal violet staining and CLSM had good consistency in biofilm detection. Biofilm formation was an independent biological behavior of the strain and measured at 24 h was reasonable. Biofilms up-regulated antimicrobial resistance and expression of efflux pump gene acrA, emrB, oqxA, and qacEΔ1 in K. pneumoniae. CCCP inhibited biofilms but dose-dependent effect was obvious. Altogether, our data demonstrates that biofilm formation, as well as its interaction with efflux pump, promotes antimicrobial resistance in K. pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miran Tang
- Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou City, 646000, Sichuan Province, China; Santai County People's Hospital, Mianyang City, 621100, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xing Wei
- Pidu District People's Hospital, Chengdu City, 611730, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xue Wan
- Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou City, 646000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Zixuan Ding
- Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou City, 646000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yinhuan Ding
- Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou City, 646000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jinbo Liu
- Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou City, 646000, Sichuan Province, China.
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54
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Feng X, Guo W, Zheng H, Yang S, Du J, Wu Q, Luo H, Zhou X, Jin W, Ren N. Inhibition of biofouling in membrane bioreactor by metabolic uncoupler based on controlling microorganisms accumulation and quorum sensing signals secretion. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 245:125363. [PMID: 31877457 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Biofouling is a limiting bottleneck in the development of membrane bioreactor (MBR) since the birth of this technology. Recently, the biofouling control strategy based on interfering with the bacterial quorum sensing (QS) system is highly desirable for biofouling control in MBR. In this study, three lab-scale parallel MBR systems were operated over 100 days to investigate the inhibitory effect of a metabolic uncoupler (3,3',4',5-tetrachlorosalicylanilide, TCS) on biofouling and the potential mechanism for biofouling control. Compared to the control MBR, the fouling cycle duration of MBR 2 with 100 μg/L TCS extended over two times. The attached biomass on membrane in MBR 2 decreased over 50% at the end of each operating period, which indicated that the addition of TCS significantly mitigated microorganisms accumulation on membrane. The content of interspecies QS signal (autoinducer-2) and intraspecific QS signals (N-octanoyl-dl-homoserine lactone, C8-HSL) was reduced by the TCS, suggesting the secretion of QS signals in MBR were affected by uncoupler. Although the addition of TCS induced brief fluctuations of extracellular proteins and polysaccharides, microorganisms seemed to rapidly acclimatize to the presence of TCS and then the secretion of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) was inhibited by 100 μg/L TCS. The continuous operation of MBR was not be affected by the low-concentration uncoupler via the analysis of substrate removal and sludge growth. This study systematically evaluated the effect and inhibitory efficiency of TCS on biofouling, biomass accumulation, QS signals, EPS and treatment performances, demonstrating the feasibility of metabolic uncoupler for biofouling control in MBR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochi Feng
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Wanqian Guo
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, PR China.
| | - Heshan Zheng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, 161006, China
| | - Shanshan Yang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, PR China
| | - Juanshan Du
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, PR China
| | - Qinglian Wu
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, PR China
| | - Haichao Luo
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, PR China
| | - Xu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Wenbiao Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Nanqi Ren
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China.
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55
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McNeil HE, Alav I, Torres RC, Rossiter AE, Laycock E, Legood S, Kaur I, Davies M, Wand M, Webber MA, Bavro VN, Blair JMA. Identification of binding residues between periplasmic adapter protein (PAP) and RND efflux pumps explains PAP-pump promiscuity and roles in antimicrobial resistance. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008101. [PMID: 31877175 PMCID: PMC6975555 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Active efflux due to tripartite RND efflux pumps is an important mechanism of clinically relevant antibiotic resistance in Gram-negative bacteria. These pumps are also essential for Gram-negative pathogens to cause infection and form biofilms. They consist of an inner membrane RND transporter; a periplasmic adaptor protein (PAP), and an outer membrane channel. The role of PAPs in assembly, and the identities of specific residues involved in PAP-RND binding, remain poorly understood. Using recent high-resolution structures, four 3D sites involved in PAP-RND binding within each PAP protomer were defined that correspond to nine discrete linear binding sequences or "binding boxes" within the PAP sequence. In the important human pathogen Salmonella enterica, these binding boxes are conserved within phylogenetically-related PAPs, such as AcrA and AcrE, while differing considerably between divergent PAPs such as MdsA and MdtA, despite overall conservation of the PAP structure. By analysing these binding sequences we created a predictive model of PAP-RND interaction, which suggested the determinants that may allow promiscuity between certain PAPs, but discrimination of others. We corroborated these predictions using direct phenotypic data, confirming that only AcrA and AcrE, but not MdtA or MsdA, can function with the major RND pump AcrB. Furthermore, we provide functional validation of the involvement of the binding boxes by disruptive site-directed mutagenesis. These results directly link sequence conservation within identified PAP binding sites with functional data providing mechanistic explanation for assembly of clinically relevant RND-pumps and explain how Salmonella and other pathogens maintain a degree of redundancy in efflux mediated resistance. Overall, our study provides a novel understanding of the molecular determinants driving the RND-PAP recognition by bridging the available structural information with experimental functional validation thus providing the scientific community with a predictive model of pump-contacts that could be exploited in the future for the development of targeted therapeutics and efflux pump inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen E. McNeil
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ilyas Alav
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Amanda E. Rossiter
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Eve Laycock
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Legood
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Inderpreet Kaur
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Davies
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Wand
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Mark A. Webber
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Vassiliy N. Bavro
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (VNB); (JMAB)
| | - Jessica M. A. Blair
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (VNB); (JMAB)
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Wang J, Jiao H, Meng J, Qiao M, Du H, He M, Ming K, Liu J, Wang D, Wu Y. Baicalin Inhibits Biofilm Formation and the Quorum-Sensing System by Regulating the MsrA Drug Efflux Pump in Staphylococcus saprophyticus. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2800. [PMID: 31921008 PMCID: PMC6915091 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus saprophyticus (S. saprophyticus) is one of the main pathogens that cause serious infection due to its acquisition of antibiotic resistance. The efflux pump decreases antibiotic abundance, and biofilm compromises the penetration of antibiotics. It has been reported that baicalin is a potential agent to inhibit efflux pumps, biofilm formation, and quorum-sensing systems. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether baicalin can inhibit S. saprophyticus biofilm formation and the quorum-sensing system by inhibiting the MsrA efflux pump. First, the mechanism of baicalin inhibiting efflux was investigated by the ethidium bromide (EtBr) efflux assay, measurement of ATP content, and pyruvate kinase (PK) activities. These results revealed that baicalin significantly reduced the efflux of EtBr, the ATP content, and the activity of PK. Moreover, its role in biofilm formation and the agr system was studied by crystal violet staining, confocal laser scanning microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and real-time polymerase chain reaction. These results showed that baicalin decreased biofilm formation, inhibited bacterial aggregation, and downregulated mRNA transcription levels of the quorum-sensing system regulators agrA, agrC, RNAIII, and sarA. Correlation analysis indicated that there was a strong positive correlation between the efflux pump and biofilm formation and the agr system. We demonstrate for the first time that baicalin inhibits biofilm formation and the agr quorum-sensing system by inhibiting the efflux pump in S. saprophyticus. Therefore, baicalin is a potential therapeutic agent for S. saprophyticus biofilm-associated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinli Wang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haihong Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Tarim Animal Husbandry Science and Technology of Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, China
| | - Jinwu Meng
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingyu Qiao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongxu Du
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Miao He
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ke Ming
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiaguo Liu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Deyun Wang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Wu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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57
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Zimmermann S, Klinger-Strobel M, Bohnert JA, Wendler S, Rödel J, Pletz MW, Löffler B, Tuchscherr L. Clinically Approved Drugs Inhibit the Staphylococcus aureus Multidrug NorA Efflux Pump and Reduce Biofilm Formation. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2762. [PMID: 31849901 PMCID: PMC6901667 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus has acquired resistance to antibiotics since their first use. The S. aureus protein NorA, an efflux pump belonging to the major facilitator superfamily (MFS), contributes to resistance to fluoroquinolones (e.g., ciprofloxacin), biocides, dyes, quaternary ammonium compounds, and antiseptics. Different compounds have been identified as potential efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs) of NorA that result in increased intracellular concentration of antibiotics, restoring their antibacterial activity and cell susceptibility. However, none of the currently known EPIs have been approved for clinical use, probably due to their toxicity profiles. In the present study, we screened approved drugs for possible efflux pump inhibition. By screening a compound library of approximately 1200 different drugs, we identified nilotinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, as showing the best efflux pump inhibitory activity, with a fractional inhibitory concentration index of 0.1875, indicating synergism with ciprofloxacin, and a minimum effective concentration as low as 0.195 μM. Moreover, at 0.39 μM, nilotinib, in combination with 8 μg/mL of ciprofloxacin, led to a significant reduction in biofilm formation and preformed mature biofilms. This is the first description of an approved drug that can be used as an efflux pump inhibitor and to reduce biofilms formation at clinically achievable concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Zimmermann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Mareike Klinger-Strobel
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Jürgen A Bohnert
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Institute of Medical Microbiology, Greifswald University Hospital, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sindy Wendler
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Jürgen Rödel
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Mathias W Pletz
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Bettina Löffler
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Lorena Tuchscherr
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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58
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Yu Z, Tang J, Khare T, Kumar V. The alarming antimicrobial resistance in ESKAPEE pathogens: Can essential oils come to the rescue? Fitoterapia 2019; 140:104433. [PMID: 31760066 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2019.104433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics, considered as a backbone of modern clinical-medicines, are facing serious threats from emerging antimicrobial-resistance (AMR) in several bacteria from nosocomial and community origins and is posing a serious human-health concern. Recent commitment by the Heads of States at the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA, 2016) for coordinated efforts to curb such infections illustrates the scale of this problem. Amongst the drug-resistant microbes, major threat is posed by the group named as ESKAPEE, an acronym for Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter spp., and Escherichia coli, comprising high to critical drug-resistant, World Health Organization Critical Priority I and II pathogens. The drying pipeline of effective and new antibiotics has worsened the situation with looming threat of heading to a 'post-antibiotic era'. This necessitates novel and effective approaches to combat this life-threatening issue. Medicinal and aromatic plants are hailed as the reservoir of bioactive compounds and can serve as a source of antimicrobial compounds, and some recent leads show that essential oils (EOs) may provide an effective solution for tackling AMR. EOs have shown wide-spectrum antimicrobial potentials via targeting the major determinants of pathogenicity, drug-resistance and its spread including cell membrane, drug efflux pumps, quorum sensing, biofilms and R-plasmids. Latest reports confirm the EOs having strong direct-killing or re-sensitizing potentials to replace or rejuvenate otherwise fading antibiotics arsenal. We discuss herein possibilities of using EOs directly for antimicrobial potentials or in combination with antibiotics to potentiate the later for combating AMR in ESKAPEE pathogens. The current understandings, success stories and challenges for translational success have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Yu
- Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology College, School of Agronomy, Jilin 132101, China; College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Jie Tang
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Tushar Khare
- Department of Biotechnology, Modern College of Arts, Science and Commerce (Savitribai Phule Pune University), Ganeshkhind, Pune 411016, India; Department of Environmental Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India
| | - Vinay Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Modern College of Arts, Science and Commerce (Savitribai Phule Pune University), Ganeshkhind, Pune 411016, India; Department of Environmental Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India.
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59
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Mthembu TP, Zishiri OT, El Zowalaty ME. Molecular Detection Of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella Isolated From Livestock Production Systems In South Africa. Infect Drug Resist 2019; 12:3537-3548. [PMID: 31814742 PMCID: PMC6861519 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s211618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibiotic-resistant bacterial pathogens associated with livestock remain a major concern worldwide as they get transmitted from animals to humans and cause foodborne and zoonotic diseases. METHODS Antimicrobial resistance in livestock-associated Salmonella spp in South Africa was investigated using molecular DNA methods. Three hundred and sixty-one environmental faecal samples were randomly collected from avian (chicken and ducks), cows, pigs, goats, and sheep. Salmonella spp. were isolated on selective media and were confirmed using the polymerase chain reaction. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing against ampicillin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, azithromycin, tetracycline, amoxicillin-clavulanate and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was determined using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Isolates were screened for the presence of blaTEM-1, blaCMY-2, tetA, tetC, sul2 and dfrA7 resistance genes by PCR. RESULTS Most of the isolates were resistant to ampicillin (64%), tetracycline (63%), amoxicillin-clavulanate (49%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (38%), and ceftriaxone (20%). Eight percent of the tested isolates were ciprofloxacin-resistant Salmonella spp. Multidrug resistance was observed with the mean multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index of 0.31. The study demonstrated that 43% of the isolates were multiple drug resistant. The prevalence rates of resistance genes were 44% for blaTEM-1 , 35% for blaCMY-2 , 21% for sul2, 18% for tetC, 14% for dfrA7 and 8% for tetA. CONCLUSION Resistance to ceftriaxone, detection of blaCMY-2 gene and the high level of intermediate susceptibility (33%) against ciprofloxacin suggested that livestock carry problematic Salmonella spp. This study used the global one-health initiative to report the potential public health risks of livestock-associated pathogens and highlights the importance of monitoring the trends of antimicrobial resistance for sustainability of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thobeka P Mthembu
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Oliver T Zishiri
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Mohamed E El Zowalaty
- Virology and Microbiology Research Group, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4000, South Africa
- Infectious Diseases and Anti-Infective Research Group, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, UAE
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60
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Alav I, Sutton JM, Rahman KM. Role of bacterial efflux pumps in biofilm formation. J Antimicrob Chemother 2019; 73:2003-2020. [PMID: 29506149 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dky042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Efflux pumps are widely implicated in antibiotic resistance because they can extrude the majority of clinically relevant antibiotics from within cells to the extracellular environment. However, there is increasing evidence from many studies to suggest that the pumps also play a role in biofilm formation. These studies have involved investigating the effects of efflux pump gene mutagenesis and efflux pump inhibitors on biofilm formation, and measuring the levels of efflux pump gene expression in biofilms. In particular, several key pathogenic species associated with increasing multidrug resistance, such as Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, have been investigated, whilst other studies have focused on Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium as a model organism and problematic pathogen. Studies have shown that efflux pumps, including AcrAB-TolC of E. coli, MexAB-OprM of P. aeruginosa, AdeFGH of A. baumannii and AcrD of S. enterica, play important roles in biofilm formation. The substrates for such pumps, and whether changes in their efflux activity affect biofilm formation directly or indirectly, remain to be determined. By understanding the roles that efflux pumps play in biofilm formation, novel therapeutic strategies can be developed to inhibit their function, to help disrupt biofilms and improve the treatment of infections. This review will discuss and evaluate the evidence for the roles of efflux pumps in biofilm formation and the potential approaches to overcome the increasing problem of biofilm-based infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilyas Alav
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, UK
| | - J Mark Sutton
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
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61
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Zhou X, Li M, Xu L, Shi C, Shi X. Characterization of Antibiotic Resistance Genes, Plasmids, Biofilm Formation, andIn VitroInvasion Capacity ofSalmonellaEnteritidis Isolates from Children with Gastroenteritis. Microb Drug Resist 2019; 25:1191-1198. [DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2018.0421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiujuan Zhou
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture and Biology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meiya Li
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Xu
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture and Biology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunlei Shi
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture and Biology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianming Shi
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture and Biology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Pasqua M, Grossi M, Zennaro A, Fanelli G, Micheli G, Barras F, Colonna B, Prosseda G. The Varied Role of Efflux Pumps of the MFS Family in the Interplay of Bacteria with Animal and Plant Cells. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7090285. [PMID: 31443538 PMCID: PMC6780985 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7090285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Efflux pumps represent an important and large group of transporter proteins found in all organisms. The importance of efflux pumps resides in their ability to extrude a wide range of antibiotics, resulting in the emergence of multidrug resistance in many bacteria. Besides antibiotics, multidrug efflux pumps can also extrude a large variety of compounds: Bacterial metabolites, plant-produced compounds, quorum-sensing molecules, and virulence factors. This versatility makes efflux pumps relevant players in interactions not only with other bacteria, but also with plant or animal cells. The multidrug efflux pumps belonging to the major facilitator superfamily (MFS) are widely distributed in microbial genomes and exhibit a large spectrum of substrate specificities. Multidrug MFS efflux pumps are present either as single-component transporters or as tripartite complexes. In this review, we will summarize how the multidrug MFS efflux pumps contribute to the interplay between bacteria and targeted host cells, with emphasis on their role in bacterial virulence, in the colonization of plant and animal host cells and in biofilm formation. We will also address the complexity of these interactions in the light of the underlying regulatory networks required for the effective activation of efflux pump genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Pasqua
- Istituto Pasteur Italia, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin", Sapienza Università di Roma, Via dei Sardi 70, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Milena Grossi
- Istituto Pasteur Italia, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin", Sapienza Università di Roma, Via dei Sardi 70, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Zennaro
- Istituto Pasteur Italia, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin", Sapienza Università di Roma, Via dei Sardi 70, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Fanelli
- Istituto Pasteur Italia, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin", Sapienza Università di Roma, Via dei Sardi 70, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Gioacchino Micheli
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Frederic Barras
- Département de Microbiologie, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
- Équipe de Recherche Labellisée (ERL) Microbiology, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Bianca Colonna
- Istituto Pasteur Italia, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin", Sapienza Università di Roma, Via dei Sardi 70, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Gianni Prosseda
- Istituto Pasteur Italia, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin", Sapienza Università di Roma, Via dei Sardi 70, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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Halstead FD, Webber MA, Oppenheim BA. Use of an engineered honey to eradicate preformed biofilms of important wound pathogens: an in vitro study. J Wound Care 2019; 26:442-450. [PMID: 28795889 DOI: 10.12968/jowc.2017.26.8.442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We previously reported on the ability of SurgihoneyRO (SHRO), an engineered honey, to prevent biofilm formation in vitro, but data were lacking regarding the activity against preformed biofilms. This study aims to assess whether SHRO has any antibacterial activity against mature, preformed biofilms and whether there is any evidence to support the observed clinical effectiveness when SHRO has been used anecdotally on acute and chronic wounds where biofilm is most likely present. METHOD We tested the in vitro antibacterial activity of SHRO against the mature biofilms of 16 clinically relevant wound pathogens, in terms of impacts on biofilm seeding and biofilm biomass. The honey was serially double diluted from 1:3 down to 1:6144, and the lowest dilution achieving a statistically significant reduction in biomass of ≥50%, compared with untreated controls, was recorded. RESULTS All 16 bacterial isolates were susceptible to SHRO, with reduced biofilm seeding observed for all, and percentage reductions ranging from 58% (ACI_C59) to 94.3% (MDR_B) for the strongest concentration of honey (1:3). Furthermore at this concentration, biofilm seeding of the test biofilm was reduced by 80-94.3% (when compared with the positive control) for 12/16 isolates. We additionally demonstrated that SHRO has antibiofilm impacts, with the 24 hour exposure resulting in disruption of the biofilm, reduced seeding and reduced biomass. CONCLUSION SHRO is effective at reducing seeding of preformed biofilms of clinically important wound pathogens in vitro, and also has antibiofilm activity. This supports the anecdotal clinical data for antibiofilm efficacy, and supports the use of SHRO as a promising topical wound care agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- F D Halstead
- Clinical Scientist, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK; NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - M A Webber
- Research Leader, NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK; Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK
| | - B A Oppenheim
- Consultant Microbiologist, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK; NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK
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Gómez-Baltazar A, Vázquez-Garcidueñas MS, Larsen J, Kuk-Soberanis ME, Vázquez-Marrufo G. Comparative stress response to food preservation conditions of ST19 and ST213 genotypes of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium. Food Microbiol 2019; 82:303-315. [PMID: 31027788 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The replacement of the most prevalent Salmonella enterica genotypes has been documented worldwide. Here we tested the hypothesis that the current prevalent sequence type ST213 of serotype Typhimurium in Mexico has a higher resistance to stressful food preservation conditions than the displaced sequence ST19. ST19 showed higher cell viability percentages than ST213 in osmotic (685 mM NaCl) and acidic (pH 3.5) stress conditions and in combination with refrigeration (4 °C) and ambient (≈22 °C) temperatures. Both genotypes showed the same poststress recovery growth. ST213 formed biofilm and filamentous cells (FCs) under stress, whereas ST19 did not. ST213 cells also showed higher motility. The capacity of ST213 to form FCs may explain its lower viability percentages when compared with ST19, i.e., ST213 cells divided less under stress conditions, but FCs had the same recovery capacity of ST19 cells. ST213 presented a higher unsaturated/saturated fatty acids ratio (0.5-0.6) than ST19 (0.2-0.5), which indicates higher membrane fluidity. The transcript levels of the rpoS gene were similar between genotypes under the experimental conditions employed. Biofilm formation, the generation of FCs, cell motility and membrane modification seem to make ST213 more resistant than ST19 to food preservation environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Gómez-Baltazar
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, CP 58893, Mexico.
| | - Ma Soledad Vázquez-Garcidueñas
- División de Estudios de Posgrado, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas y Biológicas "Dr. Ignacio Chávez", Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, CP 58020, Mexico.
| | - John Larsen
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad (IIES), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacá, CP 58190, Mexico.
| | - Mariana Esther Kuk-Soberanis
- División de Estudios de Posgrado, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas y Biológicas "Dr. Ignacio Chávez", Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, CP 58020, Mexico.
| | - Gerardo Vázquez-Marrufo
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, CP 58893, Mexico.
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Ishima Y, Watanabe K, Chuang VTG, Takeda I, Kuroda T, Ogawa W, Watanabe H, Iwao Y, Ishida T, Otagiri M, Maruyama T. S-Nitrosated alpha-1-acid glycoprotein exhibits antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant bacteria strains and synergistically enhances the effect of antibiotics. FASEB Bioadv 2019; 1:137-150. [PMID: 32123826 PMCID: PMC6996401 DOI: 10.1096/fba.1018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) is a major acute-phase protein. Biosynthesis of AGP increases markedly during inflammation and infection, similar to nitric oxide (NO) biosynthesis. AGP variant A (AGP) contains a reduced cysteine (Cys149). Previously, we reported that S-nitrosated AGP (SNO-AGP) synthesized by reaction with a NO donor, possessed very strong broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity (IC50 = 10-9-10-6 M). In this study, using a cecal ligation and puncture animal model, we confirmed that AGP can be endogenously S-nitrosated during infection. Furthermore, we examined the antibacterial property of SNO-AGP against multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa to investigate the involvement of SNO-AGP in the host defense system. Our results showed that SNO-AGP could inhibit multidrug efflux pump, AcrAB-TolC, a major contributor to bacterial multidrug resistance. In addition, SNO-AGP decreased biofilm formation and ATP level in bacteria, indicating that SNO-AGP can revert drug resistance. It was also noteworthy that SNO-AGP showed synergistic effects with the existing antibiotics (oxacillin, imipenem, norfloxacin, erythromycin, and tetracycline). In conclusion, SNO-AGP participated in the host defense system and has potential as a novel agent for single or combination antimicrobial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ishima
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and BiopharmaceuticsInstitute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima UniversityTokushimaJapan
| | - Kaori Watanabe
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | | | - Iyo Takeda
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Teruo Kuroda
- Department of MicrobiologyInstitute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima UniversityHiroshimaJapan
| | - Wakano Ogawa
- Department of Microbiology and BiochemistryDaiichi University of PharmacyFukuokaJapan
| | - Hiroshi Watanabe
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Yasunori Iwao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of ShizuokaShizuokaJapan
| | - Tatsuhiro Ishida
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and BiopharmaceuticsInstitute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima UniversityTokushimaJapan
| | - Masaki Otagiri
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesSojo UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Toru Maruyama
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
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Motility, Biofilm Formation and Antimicrobial Efflux of Sessile and Planktonic Cells of Achromobacter xylosoxidans. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8010014. [PMID: 30691200 PMCID: PMC6471707 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Achromobacter xylosoxidans is an innately multidrug-resistant bacterium capable of forming biofilms in the respiratory tract of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. During the transition from the planktonic stage to biofilm growth, bacteria undergo a transcriptionally regulated differentiation. An isolate of A. xylosoxidans cultured from the sputum of a CF patient was separated into sessile and planktonic stages in vitro, and the transcriptomes were compared. The selected genes of interest were subsequently inactivated, and flagellar motility was found to be decisive for biofilm formation in vitro. The spectrum of a new resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND)-type multidrug efflux pump (AxyEF-OprN) was characterized by inactivation of the membrane fusion protein. AxyEF-OprN is capable of extruding some fluoroquinolones (levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin), tetracyclines (doxycycline and tigecycline) and carpabenems (ertapenem and imipenem), which are classes of antimicrobials that are widely used for treatment of CF pulmonary infections.
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Lima WG, Ramos-Alves MC, Soares AC. Dos distúrbios psiquiátricos à antibioticoterapia: reposicionamento da clorpromazina como agente antibacteriano. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.15446/rcciquifa.v48n1.80062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
O alarmante aumento na taxa de resistência aos antibióticos põe em check à eficácia da terapia antibacteriana futura. Em contrapartida, as indústrias farmacêuticas negligenciam os investimentos em pesquisa e desenvolvimento de novos fármacos antimicrobianos em virtude de questões financeiras, legais e farmacológicas. Assim sendo, o reposicionamento de agentes disponíveis clinicamente torna-se uma promissora ferramenta para tentar driblar o desinteresse das indústrias. O fármaco antipsicótico clorpromazina (CPZ) destaca-se por possuir uma ampla faixa de atividade antibacteriana, a qual cobre desde patógenos Gram-positivos e Gram-negativos, até as micobactérias. A atividade antibacteriana é independente do perfil de susceptibilidade do microrganismo, sendo ela mantida mesmo em cepas altamente resistentes aos antibióticos. Alguns estudos mostram que mesmo nas concentrações clinicamente disponíveis no plasma (entre 0,1-0,5 μg/mL), a CPZ é capaz de matar Staphylococcus aureus e Mycobacterium tuberculosis dentro dos macrófagos. Em adição, estudos clínicos têm revelado os benefícios do uso da CPZ na terapia de suporte para pacientes com infecções em curso. Em conclusão, a CPZ pode eventualmente ser direcionada ao arsenal terapêutico antimicrobiano, especialmente no manejo das infecções causadas por microrganismos intracelulares com fenótipo multirresistente.
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Shriram V, Khare T, Bhagwat R, Shukla R, Kumar V. Inhibiting Bacterial Drug Efflux Pumps via Phyto-Therapeutics to Combat Threatening Antimicrobial Resistance. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2990. [PMID: 30619113 PMCID: PMC6295477 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics, once considered the lifeline for treating bacterial infections, are under threat due to the emergence of threatening antimicrobial resistance (AMR). These drug-resistant microbes (or superbugs) are non-responsive to most of the commonly used antibiotics leaving us with few treatment options and escalating mortality-rates and treatment costs. The problem is further aggravated by the drying-pipeline of new and potent antibiotics effective particularly against the drug-resistant strains. Multidrug efflux pumps (EPs) are established as principal determinants of AMR, extruding multiple antibiotics out of the cell, mostly in non-specific manner and have therefore emerged as potent drug-targets for combating AMR. Plants being the reservoir of bioactive compounds can serve as a source of potent EP inhibitors (EPIs). The phyto-therapeutics with noteworthy drug-resistance-reversal or re-sensitizing activities may prove significant for reviving the otherwise fading antibiotics arsenal and making this combination-therapy effective. Contemporary attempts to potentiate the antibiotics with plant extracts and pure phytomolecules have gained momentum though with relatively less success against Gram-negative bacteria. Plant-based EPIs hold promise as potent drug-leads to combat the EPI-mediated AMR. This review presents an account of major bacterial multidrug EPs, their roles in imparting AMR, effective strategies for inhibiting drug EPs with phytomolecules, and current account of research on developing novel and potent plant-based EPIs for reversing their AMR characteristics. Recent developments including emergence of in silico tools, major success stories, challenges and future prospects are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha Shriram
- Department of Botany, Prof. Ramkrishna More College, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Tushar Khare
- Department of Biotechnology, Modern College of Arts, Science and Commerce (Savitribai Phule Pune University), Pune, India
| | - Rohit Bhagwat
- Department of Environmental Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Ravi Shukla
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Industrial Chemistry, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Vinay Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Modern College of Arts, Science and Commerce (Savitribai Phule Pune University), Pune, India.,Department of Environmental Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
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Biofilm formation and potential virulence factors of Salmonella strains isolated from ready-to-eat shrimps. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204345. [PMID: 30235341 PMCID: PMC6147607 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella species is an important foodborne pathogen with the non-typhoidal serovars such as Enteritidis and Typhimurium as the most predominant strains. This study examines the biofilm formation, phenotypic virulence factors and cell surface characteristics of Salmonella strains from ready-to-eat shrimps. The ready-to-eat shrimps were obtained from open markets between November 2016 and October 2017 in Edo and Delta States, Nigeria. The occurrence of Salmonella strains in this study was 210/1440 (14.58%) of the ready-to-eat shrimp’s samples. The identified strains comprise of Salmonella Enteritidis 11, Salmonella Typhimurium 14 and other Salmonella spp. 20. The 45 identified Salmonella strains revealed the following virulence properties: swimming and swarming motility 45(100%); S-layer 39(86.67%); haemolytic activity 40(88.89%); lipase activity 43(95.56%); protease activity 43(95.56%); gelatinase production 43(95.56%); and DNA degrading activity 41(91.11%). The variation in the formation of biofilm-based on the diversity of Salmonella species was observed with higher percentage of Salmonella Typhimurium strains as strong biofilms producers under different environmental conditions. For surface hydrophobicity using bacterial adherence to hydrocarbons, 25(55.56%) were hydrophilic while 20(44.44%) were moderately hydrophobic from the 45 Salmonella isolates. Using salting aggregation test for surface hydrophobicity, all selected isolates 45(100%) was hydrophilic. Autoaggregation index for the 12 selected Salmonella isolates ranged from 15.2–47.2%, while the autoaggragation index for the 12 selected test bacteria ranged from 26.2–71.3%. Coaggragation between the 12 selected test bacteria and 12 Salmonella isolates ranged from 12.5–81.0%. The occurrence of pathogenic species of Salmonella from ready-to-eat shrimps could be detrimental to the consumers. Findings on the physiological conditions of biofilms formed by the foodborne pathogenic Salmonella and the cell surface characteristics therein are crucial for the advancement of methods for controlling Salmonella from ready-to-eat foods.
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Control of Biofilm Formation in Healthcare: Recent Advances Exploiting Quorum-Sensing Interference Strategies and Multidrug Efflux Pump Inhibitors. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11091676. [PMID: 30201944 PMCID: PMC6163278 DOI: 10.3390/ma11091676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Biofilm formation in healthcare is an issue of considerable concern, as it results in increased morbidity and mortality, imposing a significant financial burden on the healthcare system. Biofilms are highly resistant to conventional antimicrobial therapies and lead to persistent infections. Hence, there is a high demand for novel strategies other than conventional antibiotic therapies to control biofilm-based infections. There are two approaches which have been employed so far to control biofilm formation in healthcare settings: one is the development of biofilm inhibitors based on the understanding of the molecular mechanism of biofilm formation, and the other is to modify the biomaterials which are used in medical devices to prevent biofilm formation. This review will focus on the recent advances in anti-biofilm approaches by interrupting the quorum-sensing cellular communication system and the multidrug efflux pumps which play an important role in biofilm formation. Research efforts directed towards these promising strategies could eventually lead to the development of better anti-biofilm therapies than the conventional treatments.
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71
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Subhadra B, Kim J, Kim DH, Woo K, Oh MH, Choi CH. Local Repressor AcrR Regulates AcrAB Efflux Pump Required for Biofilm Formation and Virulence in Acinetobacter nosocomialis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:270. [PMID: 30131944 PMCID: PMC6090078 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug efflux systems contribute to antimicrobial resistance and pathogenicity in bacteria. Here, we report the identification and characterization of a transcriptional regulator AcrR controlling the yet uncharacterized multidrug efflux pump, AcrAB in Acinetobacter nosocomialis. In silico analysis revealed that the homologs of AcrR and AcrAB are reported in the genomes of many other bacterial species. We confirmed that the genes encoding the AcrAB efflux pump, acrA and acrB forms a polycistronic operon which is under the control of acrR gene upstream of acrA. Bioinformatic analysis indicated the presence of AcrR binding motif in the promoter region of acrAB operon and the specific binding of AcrR was confirmed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). The EMSA data showed that AcrR binds to −89 bp upstream of the start codon of acrA. The mRNA expression analysis depicted that the expression of acrA and acrB genes are elevated in the deletion mutant compared to that in the wild type confirming that AcrR acts as a repressor of acrAB operon in A. nosocomialis. The deletion of acrR resulted in increased motility, biofilm/pellicle formation and invasion in A. nosocomialis. We further analyzed the role of AcrR in A. nosocomialis pathogenesis in vivo using murine model and it was shown that acrR mutant is highly virulent inducing severe infection in mouse leading to host death. In addition, the intracellular survival rate of acrR mutant was higher compared to that of wild type. Our data demonstrates that AcrR functions as an important regulator of AcrAB efflux pump and is associated with several phenotypes such as motility, biofilm/pellicle formation and pathogenesis in A. nosocomialis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bindu Subhadra
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jaeseok Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Dong Ho Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Kyungho Woo
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Man Hwan Oh
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Chul Hee Choi
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
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Cai JY, Hou YN, Li J, Ma K, Yao GD, Liu WW, Hayashi T, Itoh K, Tashiro SI, Onodera S, Ikejima T. Prostaglandin E2 attenuates synergistic bactericidal effects between COX inhibitors and antibiotics on Staphylococcus aureus. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2018; 133:16-22. [PMID: 29789128 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PGE2 is found to attenuate the bactericidal effects of kanamycin or ampicillin in Staphylococcus aureus, as well as the methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Co-treatment with cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors (celecoxib, aspirin or naproxen) synergistically enhances kanamycin or ampicillin-induced cell death of S. aureus and MRSA. COX inhibitors repressed bacterial multidrug resistance through down-regulating efflux pump activity in antibiotics-treated S. aureus and MRSA. However, this synergistic bactericidal effects are reduced by the treatment with PGE2. PGE2 restores the efflux pump activity as well as increases biofilm formation in S. aureus and MRSA. Collectively, the enhancement of efflux pump activity and biofilm formation with PGE2 might partially explain the resistance to synergistic bactericidal effects between COX inhibitors and antibiotics in PGE2-treated S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yi Cai
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Yong-Na Hou
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Jian Li
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Kai Ma
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Guo-Dong Yao
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery (Ministry of Education), Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Wei-Wei Liu
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Toshihiko Hayashi
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Kikuji Itoh
- Biotechnical Center, Japan SLC, Inc., Shizuoka 431-1103, Japan.
| | - Shin-Ichi Tashiro
- Department of Medical Education & Primary Care, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Onodera
- Department of Clinical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan.
| | - Takashi Ikejima
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
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Dwivedi GR, Maurya A, Yadav DK, Singh V, Khan F, Gupta MK, Singh M, Darokar MP, Srivastava SK. Synergy of clavine alkaloid 'chanoclavine' with tetracycline against multi-drug-resistant E. coli. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2018; 37:1307-1325. [PMID: 29595093 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2018.1458654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of multi drug resistance (MDR) in Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) and lack of novel classes of antibacterial agents have raised an immediate need to identify antibacterial agents, which can reverse the phenomenon of MDR. The purpose of present study was to evaluate synergy potential and understanding the drug resistance reversal mechanism of chanoclavine isolated from Ipomoea muricata against the multi-drug-resistant clinical isolate of Escherichia coli (MDREC). Although chanoclavine did not show antibacterial activity of its own, but in combination, it could reduce the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of tetracycline (TET) up to 16-folds. Chanoclavine was found to inhibit the efflux pumps which seem to be ATPase-dependent. In real-time expression analysis, chanoclavine showed down-regulation of different efflux pump genes and decreased the mutation prevention concentration of tetracycline. Further, in silico docking studies revealed significant binding affinity of chanoclavine with different proteins known to be involved in drug resistance. In in silico ADME/toxicity studies, chanoclavine was found safe with good intestinal absorption, aqueous solubility, medium blood-brain barrier (BBB), no CYP 2D6 inhibition, no hepatotoxicity, no skin irritancy, and non-mutagenic indicating towards drug likeliness of this molecule. Based on these observations, it is hypothesized that chanoclavine might be inhibiting the efflux of tetracycline from MDREC and thus enabling the more availability of tetracycline inside the cell for its action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Raj Dwivedi
- a Molecular Bioprospection Department , CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants , Lucknow 226015 , India.,b Microbiology Department , ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre , Bhubaneshwar 751023 , Odisha , India
| | - Anupam Maurya
- c Medicinal Chemistry Department , CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants , Lucknow 226015 , India.,d Pharmacopoeia Commission for Indian Medicine and Homeopathy (PCIM&H) , PLIM Campus, Ghaziabad 201002 , India
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Yadav
- e Metabolic & Structural Biology , CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants , Lucknow 226015 , India.,f College of Pharmacy , Gachon University , Hambakmoeiro 191, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon City 406-799 , Korea
| | - Vigyasa Singh
- a Molecular Bioprospection Department , CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants , Lucknow 226015 , India
| | - Feroz Khan
- e Metabolic & Structural Biology , CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants , Lucknow 226015 , India
| | | | - Mastan Singh
- g Department of Microbiology , King George Medical University , Lucknow , India
| | - Mahendra P Darokar
- a Molecular Bioprospection Department , CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants , Lucknow 226015 , India
| | - Santosh Kumar Srivastava
- c Medicinal Chemistry Department , CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants , Lucknow 226015 , India
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74
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Plant nutraceuticals (Quercetrin and Afzelin) capped silver nanoparticles exert potent antibiofilm effect against food borne pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and curtail planktonic growth in zebrafish infection model. Microb Pathog 2018; 120:109-118. [PMID: 29715535 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Purified plant nutraceuticals afzelin and quercetrin from an edible plant- Crotolaria tetragona was employed for the fabrication of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by a sunlight mediated process. From among a panel of strains tested, AgNPs displayed potent bacteriostatic and bactericidal effect against P. aeruginosa and S. Typhi. Time kill studies revealed green synthesized AgNPs displayed comparable bactericidal effect with chemically synthesized AgNPs against S. Typhi. Antibiofilm potential of AgNPs showed that they were highly effective at sub MIC concentrations in causing 50% biofilm inhibition against food borne pathogen S. Typhi implying that antibiofilm effect is independent of antibacterial effect, which was evidenced by fluorescent imaging and SEM imaging. Mechanistic studies revealed that reduced cell surface hydrophobicity, decreased surface adherence, loss of membrane potential contributed to antibiofilm potential of afzelin/quercetrin AgNPs. Green synthesized afzelin/quercetrin AgNPs were also relatively less toxic and more effective in curtailing bioburden of S. Typhi in infected zebrafish by > 3 log fold. Ability of sunlight reduced afzelin/quercetrin NPs to mitigate planktonic mode of growth in vitro and in vivo and curtail biofilm formation of S. Typhi in vitro demonstrates its potential to curtail food borne pathogen in planktonic and biofilm mode of growth.
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75
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Ngoi ST, Yap KP, Thong KL. Genomic characterization of endemic Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and Salmonella enterica serovar I 4,[5],12:i:- isolated in Malaysia. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 62:109-121. [PMID: 29684710 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) and the monophasic variant Salmonella I 4,[5],12:i:- are two clinically-important non-typhoidal Salmonella serovars worldwide. However, the genomic information of these two organisms, especially the monophasic variant, is still lacking in Malaysia. The objective of the study was to compare the genomic features of a monophasic variant and two endemic S. Typhimurium strains isolated from humans. All three strains were subjected to whole genome sequencing followed by comparative genomic and phylogenetic analyses. Extensive genomic deletion in the fljAB operon (from STM2757 to iroB) is responsible for the monophasic phenotype of STM032/04. The two S. Typhimurium genomes (STM001/70 and STM057/05) were essentially identical, despite being isolated 35 years apart. All three strains were of sequence type ST19. Both S. Typhimurium genomes shared unique prophage regions not identified in the monophasic STM032/04 genome. Core genome phylogenetic analyses showed that the monophasic STM032/04 was closely-related to the S. Typhimurium LT2, forming a distinctive clade separated from the two endemic S. Typhimurium strains in Malaysia. The presence of serovar Typhimurium-specific mdh gene, conserved Gifsy and Fels-1 prophages, and the close genomic resemblance with S. Typhimurium LT2 suggested that the monophasic STM032/04 was originated from an LT2-like S. Typhimurium ancestor in Malaysia, following an evolutionary path different from the S. Typhimurium strains. In conclusion, the monophasic Salmonella I 4,[5],12:i:- and the S. Typhimurium strains isolated in Malaysia descended from different phylogenetic lineages. The high genomic resemblance between the two S. Typhimurium strains isolated for at least 35 years apart indicated their successful evolutionary lineage. The identification of multiple virulence and antimicrobial resistance determinants in the Salmonella I 4,[5],12:i:- and S. Typhimurium genomes explained the pathogenic nature of the organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Tein Ngoi
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kien-Pong Yap
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kwai Lin Thong
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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76
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Lo CC, Lin PT, Chiang-Ni C, Lin KH, Lee SL, Kuo TF, Lo HR. Contribution of efflux systems to the detergent resistance, cytotoxicity, and biofilm formation of Vibrio vulnificus. GENE REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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77
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Singh S, Kalia NP, Joshi P, Kumar A, Sharma PR, Kumar A, Bharate SB, Khan IA. Boeravinone B, A Novel Dual Inhibitor of NorA Bacterial Efflux Pump of Staphylococcus aureus and Human P-Glycoprotein, Reduces the Biofilm Formation and Intracellular Invasion of Bacteria. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1868. [PMID: 29046665 PMCID: PMC5632727 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study elucidated the role of boeravinone B, a NorA multidrug efflux pump inhibitor, in biofilm inhibition. The effects of boeravinone B plus ciprofloxacin, a NorA substrate, were evaluated in NorA-overexpressing, wild-type, and knocked-out Staphylococcus aureus (SA-1199B, SA-1199, and SA-K1758, respectively). The mechanism of action was confirmed using the ethidium bromide accumulation and efflux assay. The role of boeravinone B as a human P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitor was examined in the LS-180 (colon cancer) cell line. Moreover, its role in the inhibition of biofilm formation and intracellular invasion of S. aureus in macrophages was studied. Boeravinone B reduced the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ciprofloxacin against S. aureus and its methicillin-resistant strains; the effect was stronger in SA-1199B. Furthermore, time–kill kinetics revealed that boeravinone B plus ciprofloxacin, at subinhibitory concentration (0.25 × MIC), is as equipotent as that at the MIC level. This combination also had a reduced mutation prevention concentration. Boeravinone B reduced the efflux of ethidium bromide and increased the accumulation, thus strengthening the role as a NorA inhibitor. Biofilm formation was reduced by four–eightfold of the minimal biofilm inhibitory concentration of ciprofloxacin, effectively preventing bacterial entry into macrophages. Boeravinone B effectively inhibited P-gp with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 64.85 μM. The study concluded that boeravinone B not only inhibits the NorA-mediated efflux of fluoroquinolones but also considerably inhibits the biofilm formation of S. aureus. Its P-gp inhibition activity demonstrates its potential as a bioavailability and bioefficacy enhancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samsher Singh
- Clinical Microbiology Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Jammu, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Jammu, India
| | - Nitin P Kalia
- Clinical Microbiology Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Jammu, India
| | - Prashant Joshi
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Jammu, India.,Medicinal Chemistry Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Jammu, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Cancer Pharmacology Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR)Jammu, India
| | - Parduman R Sharma
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Jammu, India.,Cancer Pharmacology Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR)Jammu, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Jammu, India.,Cancer Pharmacology Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR)Jammu, India
| | - Sandip B Bharate
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Jammu, India.,Medicinal Chemistry Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Jammu, India
| | - Inshad A Khan
- Clinical Microbiology Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Jammu, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Jammu, India
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78
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Li P, Gu Y, Li J, Xie L, Li X, Xie J. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Major Facilitator Superfamily Transporters. J Membr Biol 2017; 250:573-585. [DOI: 10.1007/s00232-017-9982-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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79
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Uppu DSSM, Konai MM, Sarkar P, Samaddar S, Fensterseifer ICM, Farias-Junior C, Krishnamoorthy P, Shome BR, Franco OL, Haldar J. Membrane-active macromolecules kill antibiotic-tolerant bacteria and potentiate antibiotics towards Gram-negative bacteria. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183263. [PMID: 28837596 PMCID: PMC5570306 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic bacterial biofilms place a massive burden on healthcare due to the presence of antibiotic-tolerant dormant bacteria. Some of the conventional antibiotics such as erythromycin, vancomycin, linezolid, rifampicin etc. are inherently ineffective against Gram-negative bacteria, particularly in their biofilms. Here, we report membrane-active macromolecules that kill slow dividing stationary-phase and antibiotic tolerant cells of Gram-negative bacteria. More importantly, these molecules potentiate antibiotics (erythromycin and rifampicin) to biofilms of Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules eliminate planktonic bacteria that are liberated after dispersion of biofilms (dispersed cells). The membrane-active mechanism of these molecules forms the key for potentiating the established antibiotics. Further, we demonstrate that the combination of macromolecules and antibiotics significantly reduces bacterial burden in mouse burn and surgical wound infection models caused by Acinetobacter baumannii and Carbapenemase producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (KPC) clinical isolate respectively. Colistin, a well-known antibiotic targeting the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Gram-negative bacteria fails to kill antibiotic tolerant cells and dispersed cells (from biofilms) and bacteria develop resistance to it. On the contrary, these macromolecules prevent or delay the development of bacterial resistance to known antibiotics. Our findings emphasize the potential of targeting the bacterial membrane in antibiotic potentiation for disruption of biofilms and suggest a promising strategy towards developing therapies for topical treatment of Gram-negative infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divakara S. S. M. Uppu
- Chemical Biology & Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Mohini M. Konai
- Chemical Biology & Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Paramita Sarkar
- Chemical Biology & Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sandip Samaddar
- Chemical Biology & Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Isabel C. M. Fensterseifer
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia UC, Brası´lia, Brazil
- Molecular Pathology Post-Graduate Program, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | | | - Paramanandam Krishnamoorthy
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Bibek R. Shome
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Octávio L. Franco
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia UC, Brası´lia, Brazil
- Molecular Pathology Post-Graduate Program, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- S-inova Biotech, Pos-Graduação em Biotecnoloia, Universidade Catolica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Jayanta Haldar
- Chemical Biology & Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- * E-mail:
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80
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Cerminati S, Giri GF, Mendoza JI, Soncini FC, Checa SK. The CpxR/CpxA system contributes to Salmonella gold-resistance by controlling the GolS-dependent gesABC transcription. Environ Microbiol 2017. [PMID: 28631419 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Several regulatory systems contribute to bacterial resistance to heavy metals controlling the expression of factors required to eliminate the intoxicant and/or to repair the damage caused by it. In Salmonella, the response to Au ions is mediated by the specific metalloregulator GolS that, among other genes, controls the expression of the RND-efflux pump GesABC. In this work, we demonstrate that CpxR/CpxA, a main cell-envelope stress-responding system, promotes gesABC transcription in the presence of Au ions at neutral pH. Deletion of either cpxA or cpxR, or mutation of the CpxR-binding site identified upstream of the GolS-operator in the gesABC promoter region reduces but does not abrogate the GolS- and Au-dependent activation of gesABC. Au also triggers the activation of the CpxR/CpxA system and deletion of the cpxRA operon severely reduces survival in the presence of the toxic metal. Our results indicate that the coordinated action of GolS and CpxR/CpxA contribute to protecting the cell from severe Au damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Cerminati
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), CONICET y Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, UNR, Ocampo y Esmeralda, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Germán F Giri
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), CONICET y Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, UNR, Ocampo y Esmeralda, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Julián I Mendoza
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), CONICET y Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, UNR, Ocampo y Esmeralda, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Fernando C Soncini
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), CONICET y Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, UNR, Ocampo y Esmeralda, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Susana K Checa
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), CONICET y Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, UNR, Ocampo y Esmeralda, Rosario, Argentina
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81
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Liu J, Zhang J, Guo L, Zhao W, Hu X, Wei X. Inactivation of a putative efflux pump (LmrB) in Streptococcus mutans results in altered biofilm structure and increased exopolysaccharide synthesis: implications for biofilm resistance. BIOFOULING 2017; 33:481-493. [PMID: 28587519 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2017.1323206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Efflux pumps are a mechanism associated with biofilm formation and resistance. There is limited information regarding efflux pumps in Streptococcus mutans, a major pathogen in dental caries. The aim of this study was to investigate potential roles of a putative efflux pump (LmrB) in S. mutans biofilm formation and susceptibility. Upon lmrB inactivation and antimicrobial exposure, the biofilm structure and expression of other efflux pumps were examined using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and qRT-PCR. lmrB inactivation resulted in biofilm structural changes, increased EPS formation and EPS-related gene transcription (p < 0.05), but no improvement in susceptibility was observed. The expression of most efflux pump genes increased upon lmrB inactivation when exposed to antimicrobials (p < 0.05), suggesting a feedback mechanism that activated the transcription of other efflux pumps to compensate for the loss of lmrB. These observations imply that sole inactivation of lmrB is not an effective solution to control biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- a Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology , Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology , Guangzhou , PR China
| | - Jianying Zhang
- b Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Xiangya Stomatological Hospital , Central South University , Changsha , PR China
| | - Lihong Guo
- a Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology , Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology , Guangzhou , PR China
| | - Wei Zhao
- a Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology , Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology , Guangzhou , PR China
| | - Xiaoli Hu
- a Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology , Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology , Guangzhou , PR China
| | - Xi Wei
- a Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology , Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology , Guangzhou , PR China
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82
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Liu J, Guo L, Liu J, Zhang J, Zeng H, Ning Y, Wei X. Identification of an Efflux Transporter LmrB Regulating Stress Response and Extracellular Polysaccharide Synthesis in Streptococcus mutans. Front Microbiol 2017. [PMID: 28642736 PMCID: PMC5463993 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Efflux transporters have been implicated in regulating bacterial virulence properties such as resistance to antibiotics, biofilm formation and colonization. The pathogenicity of Streptococcus mutans, the primary etiologic agent of human dental caries, relies on the bacterium's ability to form biofilms on tooth surface. However, the studies on efflux transporters in S. mutans are scare and the function of these transporters remained to be clarified. In this study, we identified an efflux transporter (LmrB) in S. mutans through cloning the lmrB gene into Escherichia coli. Introducing lmrB into E. coli conferred a multidrug-resistant phenotype and resulted in higher EtBr efflux activity which could be suppressed by efflux inhibitor. To explore whether LmrB was involved in S. mutans virulence properties regulation, we constructed the lmrB inactivation mutant and examined the phenotypes of the mutant. It was found that LmrB deficiency resulted in increased IPS storage and prolonged acid production. Enhanced biofilm formation characterized by increased extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) production and elevated resistance to hydrogen peroxide and antimicrobials were also observed in lmrB mutant. To gain a better understanding of the global role of LmrB, a transcriptome analysis was performed using lmrB mutant strain. The expression of 107 genes was up- or down-regulated in the lmrB mutant compared with the wild type. Notably, expression of genes in several genomic islands was differentially modulated, such as stress-related GroELS and scnRK, sugar metabolism associated glg operons and msmREFGK transporter. The results presented here indicate that LmrB plays a vital global role in the regulation of several important virulence properties in S. mutans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Lihong Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Jianwei Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Jianying Zhang
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Xiangya Stomatological Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha, China
| | - Huihui Zeng
- Applied Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong KongHong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yang Ning
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Xi Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
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83
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Nielsen SM, Meyer RL, Nørskov-Lauritsen N. Differences in Gene Expression Profiles between Early and Late Isolates in Monospecies Achromobacter Biofilm. Pathogens 2017; 6:E20. [PMID: 28534862 PMCID: PMC5488654 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens6020020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria of genus Achromobacter are emerging pathogens in cystic fibrosis (CF) capable of biofilm formation and development of antimicrobial resistance. Evolutionary adaptions in the transition from primary to chronic infection were assessed by transcriptomic analysis of successive isolates of Achromobacter xylosoxidans from a single CF patient. Several efflux pump systems targeting antimicrobial agents were upregulated during the course of the disease, whereas all genes related to motility were downregulated. Genes annotated to subsystems of sulfur metabolism, protein metabolism and potassium metabolism exhibited the strongest upregulation. K+ channel genes were hyperexpressed, and a putative sulfite oxidase was more than 1500 times upregulated. The transcriptome patterns indicated a pivotal role of sulfur metabolism and electrical signalling in Achromobacter biofilms during late stage CF lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Signe M Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Health, Aarhus University, DK-8200 Aarhus, Denmark.
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Aarhus University Hospital, DK-8200 Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Rikke L Meyer
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark.
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84
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Teh AHT, Lee SM, Dykes GA. Identification of potential Campylobacter jejuni genes involved in biofilm formation by EZ-Tn5 Transposome mutagenesis. BMC Res Notes 2017; 10:182. [PMID: 28499399 PMCID: PMC5427567 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-017-2504-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biofilm formation has been suggested to play a role in the survival of Campylobacter jejuni in the environment and contribute to the high incidence of human campylobacteriosis. Molecular studies of biofilm formation by Campylobacter are sparse. RESULTS We attempted to identify genes that may be involved in biofilm formation in seven C. jejuni strains through construction of mutants using the EZ-Tn5 Transposome system. Only 14 mutants with reduced biofilm formation were obtained, all from one strain of C. jejuni. Three different genes of interest, namely CmeB (synthesis of multidrug efflux system transporter proteins), NusG (transcription termination and anti-termination protein) and a putative transmembrane protein (involved in membrane protein function) were identified. The efficiency of the EZ::TN5 transposon mutagenesis approach was strain dependent and was unable to generate any mutants from most of the strains used. CONCLUSIONS A diverse range of genes may be involved in biofilm formation by C. jejuni. The application of the EZ::TN5 system for construction of mutants in different Campylobacter strains is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Huei Teen Teh
- School of Science, Monash University, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 46150 Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
| | - Sui Mae Lee
- School of Science, Monash University, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 46150 Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
| | - Gary A. Dykes
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102 Australia
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85
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Spengler G, Kincses A, Gajdács M, Amaral L. New Roads Leading to Old Destinations: Efflux Pumps as Targets to Reverse Multidrug Resistance in Bacteria. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22030468. [PMID: 28294992 PMCID: PMC6155429 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22030468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) has appeared in response to selective pressures resulting from the incorrect use of antibiotics and other antimicrobials. This inappropriate application and mismanagement of antibiotics have led to serious problems in the therapy of infectious diseases. Bacteria can develop resistance by various mechanisms and one of the most important factors resulting in MDR is efflux pump-mediated resistance. Because of the importance of the efflux-related multidrug resistance the development of new therapeutic approaches aiming to inhibit bacterial efflux pumps is a promising way to combat bacteria having over-expressed MDR efflux systems. The definition of an efflux pump inhibitor (EPI) includes the ability to render the bacterium increasingly more sensitive to a given antibiotic or even reverse the multidrug resistant phenotype. In the recent years numerous EPIs have been developed, although so far their clinical application has not yet been achieved due to their in vivo toxicity and side effects. In this review, we aim to give a short overview of efflux mediated resistance in bacteria, EPI compounds of plant and synthetic origin, and the possible methods to investigate and screen EPI compounds in bacterial systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Spengler
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Annamária Kincses
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Márió Gajdács
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Leonard Amaral
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary.
- Travel Medicine, Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal.
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86
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Zeng H, Liu J, Ling J. Efflux inhibitor suppresses Streptococcus mutans virulence properties. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2017; 364:2975576. [DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnx033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Zeng
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Applied Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of HongKong, HongKong
| | - Jia Liu
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junqi Ling
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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87
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Evaluation of a series of 2-napthamide derivatives as inhibitors of the drug efflux pump AcrB for the reversal of antimicrobial resistance. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:733-739. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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88
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Miladi H, Zmantar T, Kouidhi B, Chaabouni Y, Mahdouani K, Bakhrouf A, Chaieb K. Use of carvacrol, thymol, and eugenol for biofilm eradication and resistance modifying susceptibility of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium strains to nalidixic acid. Microb Pathog 2017; 104:56-63. [PMID: 28062292 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Aims of the study was to evaluate the antibacterial susceptibility and the biofilm eradication of three natural compounds carvacrol (CAR), thymol (TH) and eugenol (EUG), alone or in combination with nalidixic acid (NA) against twelve Salmonella Typhimurium strains. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum biofilm eradication concentration (BEC50) of the tested compounds (CAR, TH and EUG) and their combinations with NA were evaluated. In order to assess whether these bacteria had active efflux pumps, ethidium bromide (EtBr) accumulation assays was achieved using spectrophotometric accumulation assays. Moreover, scanning electron microscopy was used to visualize the bacterial biofilm formation on stainless steel surfaces after exposed to NA, CAR, TH and EUG alone and in combination. TH was the most effective essential oil, with the lowest MICs values ranging from 32 to 128 μg/mL followed by EUG and CAR. In addition, the combination of NA with the different compounds enhances antibiotic susceptibility of the tested bacterial strains. These results were confirmed by EtBr accumulation assays. A pronounced effect in decreasing biofilm mass was also noticed. Moreover, SEM revealed that bacterial membrane was disrupted and a complete loss of membrane integrity was also evident. The combination of natural compounds with antibiotic enhances bacterial susceptibility to NA. This combination ameliorates eradication of biofilm formed by S. Typhimurium on polystyrene microtitre plates. Additionally, this synergy induces an alteration of the bacterial cell surface visualized by SEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanene Miladi
- Laboratory of Analysis, Treatment and Valorization of Pollutants of the Environment and Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rue Avicenne, Monastir University, Tunisia
| | - Tarek Zmantar
- Laboratory of Analysis, Treatment and Valorization of Pollutants of the Environment and Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rue Avicenne, Monastir University, Tunisia
| | - Bochra Kouidhi
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, Medical Laboratory Department, Yanbu el Bahr, Taibah University, Al Madinah Al Monawarah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Yassine Chaabouni
- Laboratory of Bacteriology and Molecular Biology, Hôspital of Ibn El Jazzar, Kairouan, Tunisia
| | - Kacem Mahdouani
- Laboratory of Analysis, Treatment and Valorization of Pollutants of the Environment and Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rue Avicenne, Monastir University, Tunisia; Laboratory of Bacteriology and Molecular Biology, Hôspital of Ibn El Jazzar, Kairouan, Tunisia
| | - Amina Bakhrouf
- Laboratory of Analysis, Treatment and Valorization of Pollutants of the Environment and Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rue Avicenne, Monastir University, Tunisia
| | - Kamel Chaieb
- College of Sciences, Biology Department, Yanbu el Bahr, Taibah University, Al Madinah Al Monawarah, Kingdom Saudi Arabia
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89
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Sabatini S, Piccioni M, Felicetti T, De Marco S, Manfroni G, Pagiotti R, Nocchetti M, Cecchetti V, Pietrella D. Investigation on the effect of known potent S. aureus NorA efflux pump inhibitors on the staphylococcal biofilm formation. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra03859c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of multidrug resistant microorganisms has triggered the impending need of developing effective antibacterial strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Sabatini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Chemistry and Technology of the Drug Section
- University of Perugia
- Perugia
- Italy
| | - Miranda Piccioni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Biochemical Sciences and Health Section
- University of Perugia
- Perugia
- Italy
| | - Tommaso Felicetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Chemistry and Technology of the Drug Section
- University of Perugia
- Perugia
- Italy
| | - Stefania De Marco
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Biochemical Sciences and Health Section
- University of Perugia
- Perugia
- Italy
| | - Giuseppe Manfroni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Chemistry and Technology of the Drug Section
- University of Perugia
- Perugia
- Italy
| | - Rita Pagiotti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Biochemical Sciences and Health Section
- University of Perugia
- Perugia
- Italy
| | - Morena Nocchetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Chemistry and Technology of the Drug Section
- University of Perugia
- Perugia
- Italy
| | - Violetta Cecchetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Chemistry and Technology of the Drug Section
- University of Perugia
- Perugia
- Italy
| | - Donatella Pietrella
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Biochemical Sciences and Health Section
- University of Perugia
- Perugia
- Italy
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90
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Bay DC, Stremick CA, Slipski CJ, Turner RJ. Secondary multidrug efflux pump mutants alter Escherichia coli biofilm growth in the presence of cationic antimicrobial compounds. Res Microbiol 2016; 168:208-221. [PMID: 27884783 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli possesses many secondary active multidrug resistance transporters (MDTs) that confer overlapping substrate resistance to a broad range of antimicrobials via proton and/or sodium motive force. It is uncertain whether redundant MDTs uniquely alter cell survival when cultures grow planktonically or as biofilms. In this study, the planktonic and biofilm growth and antimicrobial resistance of 13 E. coli K-12 single MDT gene deletion strains in minimal and rich media were determined. Antimicrobial tolerance to tetracycline, tobramycin and benzalkonium were also compared for each ΔMDT strain. Four E. coli MDT families were represented in this study: resistance nodulation and cell division members acrA, acrB, acrD, acrE, acrF and tolC; multidrug and toxin extruder mdtK; major facilitator superfamily emrA and emrB; and small multidrug resistance members emrE, sugE, mdtI and mdtJ. Deletions of multipartite efflux system genes acrB, acrE and tolC resulted in significant reductions in both planktonic and biofilm growth phenotypes and enhanced antimicrobial susceptibilities. The loss of remaining MDT genes produced similar or enhanced (acrD, acrE, emrA, emrB, mdtK, emrE and mdtJ) biofilm growth and antimicrobial resistance. ΔMDT strains with enhanced antimicrobial tolerance also enhanced biofilm biomass. These findings suggest that many redundant MDTs regulate biofilm formation and drug tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denice C Bay
- University of Manitoba, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
| | - Carol A Stremick
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Carmine J Slipski
- University of Manitoba, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Raymond J Turner
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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91
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Beyond Antimicrobial Resistance: Evidence for a Distinct Role of the AcrD Efflux Pump in Salmonella Biology. mBio 2016; 7:mBio.01916-16. [PMID: 27879336 PMCID: PMC5120143 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01916-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
For over 20 years, bacterial multidrug resistance (MDR) efflux pumps have been studied because of their impact on resistance to antimicrobials. However, critical questions remain, including why produce efflux pumps under non-antimicrobial treatment conditions, and why have multiple pumps if their only purpose is antimicrobial efflux? Salmonella spp. possess five efflux pump families, including the resistance-nodulation-division (RND) efflux pumps. Notably, the RND efflux pump AcrD has a unique substrate profile, distinct from other Salmonella efflux pumps. Here we show that inactivation of acrD results in a profoundly altered transcriptome and modulation of pathways integral to Salmonella biology. The most significant transcriptome changes were central metabolism related, with additional changes observed in pathogenicity, environmental sensing, and stress response pathway expression. The extent of tricarboxylic acid cycle and fumarate metabolism expression changes led us to hypothesize that acrD inactivation may result in motility defects due to perturbation of metabolite concentrations, such as fumarate, for which a role in motility has been established. Despite minimal detectable changes in flagellar gene expression, we found that an acrD mutant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium isolate was significantly impaired for swarming motility, which was restored by addition of fumarate. The acrD mutant outcompeted the wild type in fitness experiments. The results of these diverse experiments provide strong evidence that the AcrD efflux pump is not simply a redundant system providing response resilience, but also has distinct physiological functions. Together, these data indicate that the AcrD efflux pump has a significant and previously underappreciated impact on bacterial biology, despite only minor perturbations of antibiotic resistance profiles. Efflux pumps in Gram-negative bacteria are studied because of their important contributions to antimicrobial resistance. However, the role of these pumps in bacterial biology has remained surprisingly elusive. Here, we provide evidence that loss of the AcrD efflux pump significantly impacts the physiology of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Inactivation of acrD led to changes in the expression of 403 genes involved in fundamental processes, including basic metabolism, virulence, and stress responses. Pathways such as these allow Salmonella to grow, survive in the environment, and cause disease. Indeed, our data show that the acrD mutant is more fit than wild-type Salmonella under standard lab conditions. We hypothesized that inactivation of acrD would alter levels of bacterial metabolites, impacting traits such as swarming motility. We demonstrated this by exogenous addition of the metabolite fumarate, which partially restored the acrD mutant’s swarming defect. This work extends our understanding of the role of bacterial efflux pumps.
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92
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Li Y, Cao S, Zhang L, Yuan J, Lau GW, Wen Y, Wu R, Zhao Q, Huang X, Yan Q, Huang Y, Wen X. Absence of TolC Impairs Biofilm Formation in Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae by Reducing Initial Attachment. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163364. [PMID: 27681876 PMCID: PMC5040401 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is the etiologic agent of porcine contagious pleuropneumonia, a major cause of economic loss in swine industry worldwide. TolC, the key component of multidrug efflux pumps and type I secretion systems, has been well-studied as an exit duct for numerous substances in many Gram-negative bacteria. By contrast, little is known on the role of TolC in biofilm formation. In this study, a ΔtolC mutant was used to examine the importance of TolC in biofilm formation of A. pleuropneumoniae. Surface attachment assays demonstrated the essential role of TolC in initial attachment of biofilm cells. The loss of TolC function altered surface hydrophobicity, and resulted in greatly reduced autoaggregation in ΔtolC. Using both enzymatic treatments and confocal microscopy, biofilm composition and architecture were characterized. When compared against the wild-type strain, the poly-β-1, 6-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (PGA), an important biofilm matrix component of A. pleuropneumoniae, was significantly reduced at the initial attachment stage in ΔtolC. These results were confirmed by mRNA level using quantitative RT-PCR. Additionally, defective secretion systems in ΔtolC may also contribute to the deficiency in biofilm formation. Taken together, the current study demonstrated the importance of TolC in the initial biofilm formation stage in A. pleuropneumoniae. These findings could have important clinical implications in developing new treatments against biofilm-related infections by A. pleuropneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Research Center of Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Sanjie Cao
- Research Center of Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Luhua Zhang
- Research Center of Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jianlin Yuan
- Research Center of Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Gee W. Lau
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Yiping Wen
- Research Center of Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Rui Wu
- Research Center of Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Qin Zhao
- Research Center of Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xiaobo Huang
- Research Center of Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Qigui Yan
- Research Center of Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yong Huang
- Research Center of Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xintian Wen
- Research Center of Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- * E-mail:
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93
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Sharma A, Sharma R, Bhattacharyya T, Bhando T, Pathania R. Fosfomycin resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii is mediated by efflux through a major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporter-AbaF. J Antimicrob Chemother 2016; 72:68-74. [PMID: 27650185 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkw382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To decipher the function of A1S_1331, named AbaF (Acinetobacter baumannii Fosfomycin efflux), one of the primary targets of AbsR25, a small RNA of A. baumannii. METHODS abaF was cloned in a multicopy plasmid and expressed from its native promoter in an efflux-deficient strain-Escherichia coli KAM32. Drug susceptibility, accumulation and efflux of ethidium bromide (EtBr) were determined in this strain. abaF was disrupted in A. baumannii using homologous recombination and its effect on drug susceptibility, biofilm formation and virulence was studied. Expression of abaF was followed by quantitative PCR in fosfomycin-challenged A. baumannii and fosfomycin-resistant mutants of A. baumannii. Expression of abaF in clinical strains of A. baumannii was determined by RT-PCR. RESULTS Expression of abaF in E. coli KAM32 resulted in increased resistance to fosfomycin. Lower accumulation and higher efflux of EtBr from this strain confirmed the role of AbaF as an efflux pump. Disruption of abaF in A. baumannii caused an increase in fosfomycin susceptibility and a decrease in biofilm formation and virulence. The expression of abaF was higher in A. baumannii cells exposed to fosfomycin and in cells resistant to higher concentrations of fosfomycin. The clinically relevant strains of A. baumannii also tested positive for the expression of abaF. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that efflux is an important mechanism of fosfomycin resistance and AbaF is involved in fosfomycin resistance in A. baumannii. AbaF also seems to play a role in biofilm formation and virulence of A. baumannii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atin Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Rajnikant Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Tapas Bhattacharyya
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Timsy Bhando
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ranjana Pathania
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
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94
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Abstract
Bacterial multidrug resistance (MDR) efflux pumps are an important mechanism of antibiotic resistance and are required for many pathogens to cause infection. They are also being harnessed to improve microbial biotechnological processes, including biofuel production. Therefore, scientists of many specialties must be able to accurately measure efflux activity. However, myriad methodologies have been described and the most appropriate method is not always clear. Within the scientific literature, many methods are misused or data arising are misinterpreted. The methods for measuring efflux activity can be split into two groups, (i) those that directly measure efflux and (ii) those that measure the intracellular accumulation of a substrate, which is then used to infer efflux activity. Here, we review the methods for measuring efflux and explore the most recent advances in this field, including single-cell or cell-free technologies and mass spectrometry, that are being used to provide more detailed information about efflux pump activity.
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95
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Borges A, Abreu AC, Dias C, Saavedra MJ, Borges F, Simões M. New Perspectives on the Use of Phytochemicals as an Emergent Strategy to Control Bacterial Infections Including Biofilms. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21070877. [PMID: 27399652 PMCID: PMC6274140 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21070877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of current infectious diseases are almost untreatable by conventional antibiotic therapy given the advent of multidrug-resistant bacteria. The degree of severity and the persistence of infections are worsened when microorganisms form biofilms. Therefore, efforts are being applied to develop new drugs not as vulnerable as the current ones to bacterial resistance mechanisms, and also able to target bacteria in biofilms. Natural products, especially those obtained from plants, have proven to be outstanding compounds with unique properties, making them perfect candidates for these much-needed therapeutics. This review presents the current knowledge on the potentialities of plant products as antibiotic adjuvants to restore the therapeutic activity of drugs. Further, the difficulties associated with the use of the existing antibiotics in the treatment of biofilm-related infections are described. To counteract the biofilm resistance problems, innovative strategies are suggested based on literature data. Among the proposed strategies, the use of phytochemicals to inhibit or eradicate biofilms is highlighted. An overview on the use of phytochemicals to interfere with bacterial quorum sensing (QS) signaling pathways and underlying phenotypes is provided. The use of phytochemicals as chelating agents and efflux pump inhibitors is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabela Borges
- LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, Porto 4200-465, Portugal.
- CIQUP, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, Porto 4169-007, Portugal.
- CECAV-Veterinary and Animal Science Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Apartado 1013, Vila Real 5001-801, Portugal.
| | - Ana Cristina Abreu
- LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, Porto 4200-465, Portugal.
- CECAV-Veterinary and Animal Science Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Apartado 1013, Vila Real 5001-801, Portugal.
| | - Carla Dias
- LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, Porto 4200-465, Portugal.
- CECAV-Veterinary and Animal Science Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Apartado 1013, Vila Real 5001-801, Portugal.
| | - Maria José Saavedra
- CECAV-Veterinary and Animal Science Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Apartado 1013, Vila Real 5001-801, Portugal.
| | - Fernanda Borges
- CIQUP, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, Porto 4169-007, Portugal.
| | - Manuel Simões
- LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, Porto 4200-465, Portugal.
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96
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Ramachandran G, Aheto K, Shirtliff ME, Tennant SM. Poor biofilm-forming ability and long-term survival of invasive Salmonella Typhimurium ST313. Pathog Dis 2016; 74:ftw049. [PMID: 27222487 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftw049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, an enteric pathogen that causes a self-limiting gastroenteritis, forms biofilms on different surfaces. In sub-Saharan Africa, Salmonella Typhimurium of a novel sequence type (ST) 313 was identified and produces septicemia in the absence of gastroenteritis. No animal reservoir has been identified, and it is hypothesized that transmission occurs via human to human. In this study, we show that invasive Salmonella Typhimurium ST313 strains from Mali are poor biofilm producers compared to Salmonella Typhimurium ST19 strains, which are found worldwide and are known to be associated with gastroenteritis. We evaluated biofilms using crystal violet staining, examination of the red, dry and rough morphotype, pellicle formation and a continuous flow system. One month-old Salmonella Typhimurium ST19 colonies survived in the absence of exogenous nutrients and were highly resistant to sodium hypochlorite treatment compared to Salmonella Typhimurium ST313. This study for the first time demonstrates the comparative biofilm-forming ability and long-term survival of clinical Salmonella Typhimurium ST19 and ST313 isolates. Salmonella Typhimurium ST19 strains are strong biofilm producers and can survive desiccation compared to Salmonella Typhimurium ST313 that form weak biofilms and survive poorly following desiccation. Our data suggest that like Salmonella Typhi, Salmonella Typhimurium ST313 lack mechanisms that allow it to persist in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girish Ramachandran
- Center for Vaccine Development, Institute for Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, MD 21201, USA
| | - Komi Aheto
- Center for Vaccine Development, Institute for Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, MD 21201, USA
| | - Mark E Shirtliff
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Sharon M Tennant
- Center for Vaccine Development, Institute for Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, MD 21201, USA
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97
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Halstead FD, Webber MA, Rauf M, Burt R, Dryden M, Oppenheim BA. In vitro activity of an engineered honey, medical-grade honeys, and antimicrobial wound dressings against biofilm-producing clinical bacterial isolates. J Wound Care 2016; 25:93-4, 96-102. [PMID: 26878302 DOI: 10.12968/jowc.2016.25.2.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Honey is recognised to be a good topical wound care agent owing to a broad-spectrum of antimicrobial activity combined with healing properties. Surgihoney RO (SH1) is a product based on honey that is engineered to produce enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and has been reported to be highly antimicrobial. The objective was to investigate the ability of the engineered honey and its comparators to prevent biofilm formation in vitro. METHOD We tested the ability of three medical-grade honeys SH1, Activon manuka honey (MH) and Medihoney manuka honey (Med), alongside five antimicrobial dressings (AMDs) to prevent the formation of biofilms by 16 isolates. Honeys were serially double diluted from 1:3 down to 1:6144 and the lowest dilution achieving a statistically significant reduction in biomass of at least 50%, compared with untreated controls, was recorded. RESULTS Although all the honeys were antibacterial and were able to prevent the formation of biofilms, SH1 was the most potent, with efficacy at lower dilutions than the medical honeys for five isolates, and equivalent dilutions for a further six. Additionally, SH1 was superior in antibacterial potency to three commercially available AMDs that contain honey. CONCLUSION SH1 is effective at preventing bioflms from forming and is superior to medical honeys and AMDs in in vitro tests. DECLARATION OF INTEREST Surgihoney RO was provided free of charge for testing by Matoke Holdings, UK and the hospital pharmacy provided the other honeys and dressings. This paper presents independent research funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR). The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- F D Halstead
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.,NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK.,Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - M A Webber
- NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK.,Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - M Rauf
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.,NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK.,Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - R Burt
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.,NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK.,Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - M Dryden
- Department of Microbiology and Infection, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK.,Rare and Imported Pathogens Department, Public Health England, Porton Down, UK
| | - B A Oppenheim
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.,NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK
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98
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Dean SN, van Hoek ML. Screen of FDA-approved drug library identifies maprotiline, an antibiofilm and antivirulence compound with QseC sensor-kinase dependent activity in Francisella novicida. Virulence 2016; 6:487-503. [PMID: 26155740 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2015.1046029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of new therapeutics against Select Agents such as Francisella is critical preparation in the event of bioterrorism. Testing FDA-approved drugs for this purpose may yield new activities unrelated to their intended purpose and may hasten the discovery of new therapeutics. A library of 420 FDA-approved drugs was screened for antibiofilm activity against a model organism for human tularemia, Francisella (F.) novicida, excluding drugs that significantly inhibited growth. The initial screen was based on the 2-component system (TCS) dependent biofilm effect, thus, the QseC dependence of maprotiline anti-biofilm action was demonstrated. By comparing their FDA-approved uses, chemical structures, and other properties of active drugs, toremifene and polycyclic antidepressants maprotiline and chlorpromazine were identified as being highly active against F. novicida biofilm formation. Further down-selection excluded toremifene for its membrane active activity and chlorpromazine for its high antimicrobial activity. The mode of action of maprotiline against F. novicida was sought. It was demonstrated that maprotiline was able to significantly down-regulate the expression of the virulence factor IglC, encoded on the Francisella Pathogenicity Island (FPI), suggesting that maprotiline is exerting an effect on bacterial virulence. Further studies showed that maprotiline significantly rescued F. novicida infected wax worm larvae. In vivo studies demonstrated that maprotiline treatment could prolong time to disease onset and survival in F. novicida infected mice. These results suggest that an FDA-approved drug such as maprotiline has the potential to combat Francisella infection as an antivirulence agent, and may have utility in combination with antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott N Dean
- a National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases ; Manassas , VA , USA
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99
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Van Acker H, Coenye T. The Role of Efflux and Physiological Adaptation in Biofilm Tolerance and Resistance. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:12565-12572. [PMID: 27129224 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r115.707257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial biofilms demonstrate a decreased susceptibility to antimicrobial agents. Various mechanisms have been proposed to be involved in this recalcitrance. We focus on two of these factors. Firstly, the ability of sessile cells to actively mediate efflux of antimicrobial compounds has a profound impact on resistance and tolerance, and several studies point to the existence of biofilm-specific efflux systems. Secondly, biofilm-specific stress responses have a marked influence on cellular physiology, and contribute to the occurrence of persister cells. We provide an overview of the data that demonstrate that both processes are important for survival following exposure to antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heleen Van Acker
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Tom Coenye
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.
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100
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The Acinetobacter baumannii Two-Component System AdeRS Regulates Genes Required for Multidrug Efflux, Biofilm Formation, and Virulence in a Strain-Specific Manner. mBio 2016; 7:e00430-16. [PMID: 27094331 PMCID: PMC4850262 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00430-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The opportunistic pathogen Acinetobacter baumannii is able to persist in the environment and is often multidrug resistant (MDR), causing difficulties in the treatment of infections. Here, we show that the two-component system AdeRS, which regulates the production of the AdeABC multidrug resistance efflux pump, is required for the formation of a protective biofilm in an ex vivo porcine mucosal model, which mimics a natural infection of the human epithelium. Interestingly, deletion of adeB impacted only on the ability of strain AYE to form a biofilm on plastic and only on the virulence of strain Singapore 1 for Galleria mellonella. RNA-Seq revealed that loss of AdeRS or AdeB significantly altered the transcriptional landscape, resulting in the changed expression of many genes, notably those associated with antimicrobial resistance and virulence interactions. For example, A. baumannii lacking AdeRS displayed decreased expression of adeABC, pil genes, com genes, and a pgaC-like gene, whereas loss of AdeB resulted in increased expression of pil and com genes and decreased expression of ferric acinetobactin transport system genes. These data define the scope of AdeRS-mediated regulation, show that changes in the production of AdeABC mediate important phenotypes controlled by AdeRS, and suggest that AdeABC is a viable target for antimicrobial drug and antibiofilm discovery. Acinetobacter baumannii is a nosocomial pathogen and is an increasing problem in hospitals worldwide. This organism is often multidrug resistant, can persist in the environment, and forms a biofilm on environmental surfaces and wounds. Overproduction of efflux pumps can allow specific toxic compounds to be pumped out of the cell and can lead to multidrug resistance. This study demonstrates the role of the A. baumannii efflux pump AdeB, and its regulator AdeRS, in multidrug resistance, epithelial cell killing, and biofilm formation. Deletion of the genes encoding these systems led to increased susceptibility to antibiotics, decreased biofilm formation on biotic and abiotic surfaces, and decreased virulence. Our data suggest that inhibition of AdeB could prevent biofilm formation or colonization in patients by A. baumannii and provides a good target for drug discovery.
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