51
|
Florfenicol Resistance in Enterobacteriaceae and Whole-Genome Sequence Analysis of Florfenicol-Resistant Leclercia adecarboxylata Strain R25. Int J Genomics 2019; 2019:9828504. [PMID: 31662959 PMCID: PMC6791223 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9828504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to inappropriate use, florfenicol resistance is becoming increasingly serious among animal respiratory tract and gut bacteria. To detect the florfenicol resistance mechanism among Enterobacteriaceae bacteria, 292 isolates from animal feces were examined. The agar dilution method was conducted to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for florfenicol, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to detect florfenicol resistance genes. To further explore the molecular mechanism of florfenicol resistance, the whole-genome Leclercia adecarboxylata R25 was sequenced. Of the strains tested, 61.6% (180/292) were resistant to florfenicol, 64.4% (188/292) were positive for floR, and 1.0% (3/292) for cfr. The whole-genome sequence analysis of L. adecarboxylata R25 revealed that the floR gene is carried by a transposon and located on a plasmid (pLA-64). Seven other resistance genes are also encoded on pLA-64, all of which were found to be related to mobile genetic elements. The sequences sharing the greatest similarities to pLA-64 are the plasmids p02085-tetA of Citrobacter freundii and p234 and p388, both from Enterobacter cloacae. The resistance gene-related mobile genetic elements also share homologous sequences from different species or genera of bacteria. These findings indicate that floR mainly contributes to the high rate of florfenicol resistance among Enterobacteriaceae. The resistance gene-related mobile genetic elements encoded by pLA-64 may be transferred among bacteria of different species or genera, resulting in resistance dissemination.
Collapse
|
52
|
Abstract
Campylobacter is among the four main causes of gastroenteritis worldwide and has increased in both developed and developing countries over the last 10 years. The vast majority of reported Campylobacter infections are caused by Campylobacter jejuni and, to a lesser extent, C. coli; however, the increasing recognition of other emerging Campylobacter pathogens is urgently demanding a better understanding of how these underestimated species cause disease, transmit, and evolve. In parallel to the enhanced clinical awareness of campylobacteriosis due to improved diagnostic protocols, the application of high-throughput sequencing has increased the number of whole-genome sequences available to dozens of strains of many emerging campylobacters. This has allowed for comprehensive comparative pathogenomic analyses for several species, such as C. fetus and C. concisus These studies have started to reveal the evolutionary forces shaping their genomes and have brought to light many genomic features related to pathogenicity in these neglected species, promoting the development of new tools and approaches relevant for clinical microbiology. Despite the need for additional characterization of genomic diversity in emerging campylobacters, the increasing body of literature describing pathogenomic studies on these species deserves to be discussed from an integrative perspective. This review compiles the current knowledge and highlights future work toward deepening our understanding about genome dynamics and the mechanisms governing the evolution of pathogenicity in emerging Campylobacter species, which is urgently needed to develop strategies to prevent or control the spread of these pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Costa
- Microbial Genomics Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gregorio Iraola
- Microbial Genomics Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Center for Integrative Biology, Universidad Mayor, Santiago de Chile, Chile
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Yang Y, Feye KM, Shi Z, Pavlidis HO, Kogut M, J Ashworth A, Ricke SC. A Historical Review on Antibiotic Resistance of Foodborne Campylobacter. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1509. [PMID: 31402900 PMCID: PMC6676416 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter is one of the most commonly reported foodborne human bacterial gastrointestinal pathogens. Campylobacter is the etiological agent of campylobacteriosis, which is generally a self-limited illness and therefore does not require treatment. However, when patients are immunocompromised or have other co-morbidities, antimicrobial treatment may be necessary for clinical treatment of campylobacteriosis, macrolides and fluoroquinolones are the drugs of choices. However, the increase in antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter to clinically important antibiotics may become insurmountable. Because of the transmission between poultry and humans, the poultry industry must now allocate resources to address the problem by reducing Campylobacter as well as antimicrobial use, which may reduce resistance. This review will focus on the incidence of antibiotic-resistant Campylobacter in poultry, the clinical consequences of this resistance, and the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance associated with Campylobacter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yichao Yang
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas Fayetteville, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Kristina M Feye
- Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Zhaohao Shi
- Center of Food Safety, Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | | | - Michael Kogut
- Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Amanda J Ashworth
- Poultry Production and Product Safety Research Unit (USDA-ARS), Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Steven C Ricke
- Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, College Station, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Chen H, Wang X, Yin Y, Li S, Zhang Y, Wang Q, Wang H. Molecular characteristics of oxazolidinone resistance in enterococci from a multicenter study in China. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:162. [PMID: 31299904 PMCID: PMC6626368 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1537-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Linezolid-resistant enterococci pose great challenges in clinical practice. The aim of this study is to study the mechanisms underlying the resistance and genetic environment of antimicrobial resistance gene of linezolid-resistant enterococci. Results The linezolid MICs of 16 enterococci were 4 mg/L to 16 mg/L. Four strains belonged to multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria. The sequence types (STs) of 13 enterococci strains performed WGS were diverse: 3 ST476, 1 ST86, ST116, ST480, ST59, ST416, ST21, ST67, ST16, ST585 and ST18. None of them carried multi-drug resistance gene cfr. Only one strain had the G2658 T mutation of target 23S rRNA gene. Thirteen (13/16, 81.3%) strains harbored the novel oxazolidinone resistance gene optrA. WGS analysis showed that the optrA gene was flanked by sequence IS1216E insertion in 13 strains, and optrA was adjacent to transposons Tn558 in two strains and Tn554 in one strain. The optrA gene was identified to be co-localized with fexA, the resistance genes mediated florfenicol resistance in 13 strains, and ermA1, the resistance genes mediated erythromycin resistance in 9 strains, indicating that linezolid-resistant strains may be selected due to non-oxazolidinone antibiotics (i.e. macrolides and florfenicol) usage. Conclusion Our findings demonstrate the high diversity of optrA-carrying genetic platforms. The mobile genetic elements (MGEs) may play an important role in the dissemination of optrA into the enterococci isolates of human origin. The genetic evidence of transferable feature and co-selection of optrA should be gave more attention in clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuyao Yin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuguang Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China
| | - Yawei Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Genomic Analysis of Emerging Florfenicol-Resistant Campylobacter coli Isolated from the Cecal Contents of Cattle in the United States. mSphere 2019; 4:4/3/e00367-19. [PMID: 31243079 PMCID: PMC6595150 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00367-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter is a leading cause of foodborne diarrheal illness worldwide, with more than one million cases each year in the United States alone. The global emergence of antimicrobial resistance in this pathogen has become a growing public health concern. Florfenicol-resistant (FFNr) Campylobacter has been very rare in the United States. In this study, we employed whole-genome sequencing to characterize 16 multidrug-resistant Campylobacter coli isolates recovered from cattle in the United States. A gene [cfr(C)] was found to be responsible for resistance not only to florfenicol but also to several other antimicrobials, including linezolid, a critical drug for treating infections by Gram-positive bacteria in humans. The results showed that cfr(C) is located in a conjugative pTet MDR/virulence plasmid. This report highlights the power of antimicrobial resistance surveillance to uncover the intricacies of transmissible coresistance and provides information that is needed for accurate risk assessment and mitigation strategies. Genomic analyses were performed on florfenicol-resistant (FFNr) Campylobacter coli isolates recovered from cattle, and the cfr(C) gene-associated multidrug resistance (MDR) plasmid was characterized. Sixteen FFNrC. coli isolates recovered between 2013 and 2018 from beef cattle were sequenced using MiSeq. Genomes and plasmids were found to be closed for three of the isolates using the PacBio system. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across the genome and the structures of MDR plasmids were investigated. Conjugation experiments were performed to determine the transferability of cfr(C)-associated MDR plasmids. The spectrum of resistance encoded by the cfr(C) gene was further investigated by agar dilution antimicrobial susceptibility testing. All 16 FFNr isolates were MDR and exhibited coresistance to ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, clindamycin, and tetracycline. All isolates shared the same resistance genotype, carrying aph (3′)-III, hph, ΔaadE (truncated), blaOXA-61, cfr(C), and tet(O) genes plus a mutation of GyrA (T86I). The cfr(C), aph (3′)-III, hph, ΔaadE, and tet(O) genes were colocated on transferable MDR plasmids ranging in size from 48 to 50 kb. These plasmids showed high sequence homology with the pTet plasmid and carried several Campylobacter virulence genes, including virB2, virB4, virB5, VirB6, virB7, virB8, virb9, virB10, virB11, and virD4. The cfr(C) gene conferred resistance to florfenicol (8 to 32 μg/ml), clindamycin (512 to 1,024 μg/ml), linezolid (128 to 512 μg/ml), and tiamulin (1,024 μg/ml). Phylogenetic analysis showed SNP differences ranging from 11 to 2,248 SNPs among the 16 isolates. The results showed that the cfr(C) gene located in the conjugative pTet MDR/virulence plasmid is present in diverse strains, where it confers high levels of resistance to several antimicrobials, including linezolid, a critical drug for treating infections by Gram-positive bacteria in humans. This report highlights the power of genomic antimicrobial resistance surveillance to uncover the intricacies of transmissible coresistance and provides information that is needed for accurate risk assessment and mitigation strategies. IMPORTANCECampylobacter is a leading cause of foodborne diarrheal illness worldwide, with more than one million cases each year in the United States alone. The global emergence of antimicrobial resistance in this pathogen has become a growing public health concern. Florfenicol-resistant (FFNr) Campylobacter has been very rare in the United States. In this study, we employed whole-genome sequencing to characterize 16 multidrug-resistant Campylobacter coli isolates recovered from cattle in the United States. A gene [cfr(C)] was found to be responsible for resistance not only to florfenicol but also to several other antimicrobials, including linezolid, a critical drug for treating infections by Gram-positive bacteria in humans. The results showed that cfr(C) is located in a conjugative pTet MDR/virulence plasmid. This report highlights the power of antimicrobial resistance surveillance to uncover the intricacies of transmissible coresistance and provides information that is needed for accurate risk assessment and mitigation strategies.
Collapse
|
56
|
Sun C, Zhang P, Ji X, Fan R, Chen B, Wang Y, Schwarz S, Wu C. Presence and molecular characteristics of oxazolidinone resistance in staphylococci from household animals in rural China. J Antimicrob Chemother 2019; 73:1194-1200. [PMID: 29425282 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dky009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To investigate the presence and molecular characteristics of oxazolidinone resistance genes cfr and optrA in staphylococci from household animals in rural China. Methods Various samples were collected from household animals in 12 rural villages. Staphylococcal isolates showing florfenicol MICs ≥10 mg/L were identified and screened for the presence of cfr and/or optrA. PCR-positive isolates were characterized by antimicrobial susceptibility testing, S1 nuclease PFGE and Southern blotting. WGS data were analysed to identify the core-genome phylogenetic profile of each isolate as well as the genetic environment of cfr and/or optrA. Results Nine optrA-positive (seven Staphylococcus sciuri and two Staphylococcus simulans) and 10 cfr-positive staphylococci were identified from eight and five villages, respectively. The gene optrA was chromosomally encoded in all nine isolates, whereas cfr was located on a plasmid in one S. sciuri and three Staphylococcus saprophyticus and in the chromosomal DNA of single Staphylococcus cohnii and Staphylococcus lentus isolates and two S. sciuri isolates. The remaining two cfr-carrying Staphylococcus haemolyticus isolates were indistinguishable by PFGE. Most optrA- or cfr-carrying staphylococci also harboured phenicol, tetracycline and/or macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B resistance genes. Genetic environment analysis showed that, for the first time, optrA was associated with transposon Tn6261, while cfr was adjacent to both a tnp (transposase) gene and a Tn558 transposon. Conclusions The current study reveals for the first time the wide distribution of oxazolidinone resistance genes optrA and cfr in household animals in rural areas of China and is the first identification of optrA in S. simulans isolates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengtao Sun
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Ji
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Run Fan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Baoli Chen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Stefan Schwarz
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Congming Wu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Aerts M, Battisti A, Hendriksen R, Kempf I, Teale C, Tenhagen BA, Veldman K, Wasyl D, Guerra B, Liébana E, Thomas-López D, Belœil PA. Technical specifications on harmonised monitoring of antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic and indicator bacteria from food-producing animals and food. EFSA J 2019; 17:e05709. [PMID: 32626332 PMCID: PMC7009308 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Proposals to update the harmonised monitoring and reporting of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) from a public health perspective in Salmonella, Campylobacter coli, Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from food-producing animals and derived meat in the EU are presented in this report, accounting for recent trends in AMR, data collection needs and new scientific developments. Phenotypic monitoring of AMR in bacterial isolates, using microdilution methods for testing susceptibility and interpreting resistance using epidemiological cut-off values is reinforced, including further characterisation of those isolates of E. coli and Salmonella showing resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins and carbapenems, as well as the specific monitoring of ESBL/AmpC/carbapenemase-producing E. coli. Combinations of bacterial species, food-producing animals and meat, as well as antimicrobial panels have been reviewed and adapted, where deemed necessary. Considering differing sample sizes, numerical simulations have been performed to evaluate the related statistical power available for assessing occurrence and temporal trends in resistance, with a predetermined accuracy, to support the choice of harmonised sample size. Randomised sampling procedures, based on a generic proportionate stratified sampling process, have been reviewed and reinforced. Proposals to improve the harmonisation of monitoring of prevalence, genetic diversity and AMR in MRSA are presented. It is suggested to complement routine monitoring with specific cross-sectional surveys on MRSA in pigs and on AMR in bacteria from seafood and the environment. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) of isolates obtained from the specific monitoring of ESBL/AmpC/carbapenemase-producing E. coli is strongly advocated to be implemented, on a voluntary basis, over the validity period of the next legislation, with possible mandatory implementation by the end of the period; the gene sequences encoding for ESBL/AmpC/carbapenemases being reported to EFSA. Harmonised protocols for WGS analysis/interpretation and external quality assurance programmes are planned to be provided by the EU-Reference Laboratory on AMR.
Collapse
|
58
|
Huang J, Sun J, Wu Y, Chen L, Duan D, Lv X, Wang L. Identification and pathogenicity of an XDR Streptococcus suis isolate that harbours the phenicol-oxazolidinone resistance genes optrA and cfr, and the bacitracin resistance locus bcrABDR. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2019; 54:43-48. [PMID: 30981924 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
One hundred and seven Streptococcus suis isolates were collected from healthy pigs or asymptomatic carriers in Jiangsu, China in 2016-2017. Thirty-eight percent of the isolates were linezolid-resistant and all carried the optrA gene. Among them, one isolate, SFJ44, was resistant to all 20 of the antibiotics tested, except for ceftiofur, and thus exhibited an extensively-drug-resistant phenotype. This isolate carried the optrA gene and the bacitracin resistance locus bcrABDR on an antibiotic-resistance-associated genomic island (ARGI1), and harboured the resistance genes cfr, aadE, sat4, spw-like, aphA3, mef(A), msr(D), erm(A)-like, erm(B), tetAB(P)', tet(M) and catQ on ARGI2∼4. The IS1216E-bcrABDR-ISEnfa1 segment showed >99.9% sequence identity to corresponding sequences from other species. The cfr gene was located on ARGI4, and two IS6 family insertion sequences, IS1216E and ISTeha2, were found upstream and downstream of cfr-ΔISEnfa5, respectively. A circular intermediate of bcrABDR-ISEnfa1 was detected, suggesting the role of ISEnfa1 in dissemination of bcrABDR. Other antibiotic resistance genes might be acquired from different Gram-positive pathogens. Infection of zebrafish showed that SFJ44 exhibited a virulence level comparable to serotype 2 hypervirulent strain SC070731, highlighting the need for surveillance of the pathogenicity of multi-drug-resistant S. suis isolates. This is the first report of the co-existence of optrA and cfr, and of the bcrABDR locus in streptococci. As it has been suggested that S. suis may act as an antibiotic resistance reservoir contributing to the spread of resistance genes to major streptococcal pathogens, the potential dissemination of these resistance genes among Gram-positive bacteria is of concern and routine surveillance should be strengthened.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinhu Huang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Junjie Sun
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanchang Wu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Chen
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Duan Duan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xi Lv
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liping Wang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Nordmann P, Rodríguez-Villodres A, Poirel L. A selective culture medium for screening linezolid-resistant gram-positive bacteria. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 95:1-4. [PMID: 30981556 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The SuperLinezolid medium was developed for screening resistance to linezolid (LZD) in Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus spp., Enterococcus spp.). It was evaluated using LZD-susceptible (n = 20) and LZD-resistant (n = 17) Gram-positive isolates. The sensitivity was found to be 82% at 24 h (3 out of 17 isolates being missed), and reached 100% at 48 h. At 48 h, a single LZD-susceptible isolate grew (specificity 95%). By testing stools spiked with LZD-resistant Gram-positive strains, an excellent performance of the medium was observed, with a lowest detection limit ranging from 101 to 102 CFU/ml. Overall, this medium is accurate for detection of LZD-resistant Gram-positive isolates after 24 h of culture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrice Nordmann
- Medical and Molecular Microbiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Science, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland; INSERM European Unit (IAME, France), University of Fribourg; Swiss National Reference Center for Emerging Antibiotic Resistance (NARA), Fribourg, Switzerland; Institute for Microbiology, University of Lausanne and University Hospital Centre, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Angel Rodríguez-Villodres
- Medical and Molecular Microbiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Science, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland; Clinical Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Laurent Poirel
- Medical and Molecular Microbiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Science, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland; INSERM European Unit (IAME, France), University of Fribourg; Swiss National Reference Center for Emerging Antibiotic Resistance (NARA), Fribourg, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Antimicrobial susceptibility and mechanisms of resistance of Greek Clostridium difficile clinical isolates. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2019; 16:53-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
|
61
|
The European Union summary report on antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic and indicator bacteria from humans, animals and food in 2017. EFSA J 2019; 17:e05598. [PMID: 32626224 PMCID: PMC7009238 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The data on antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic and indicator bacteria in 2017, submitted by 28 EU Member States (MSs), were jointly analysed by EFSA and ECDC. Resistance in zoonotic Salmonella and Campylobacter from humans, animals and food, and resistance in indicator Escherichia coli as well as meticillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus in animals and food were addressed, and temporal trends assessed. ‘Microbiological’ resistance was assessed using epidemiological cut‐off (ECOFF) values; for some countries, qualitative data on human isolates were interpreted in a way which corresponds closely to the ECOFF‐defined ‘microbiological’ resistance. In Salmonella from humans, as well as in Salmonella and E. coli isolates from fattening pigs and calves of less than 1 year of age, high proportions of isolates were resistant to ampicillin, sulfonamides and tetracyclines, whereas resistance to third‐generation cephalosporins was uncommon. Varying occurrence/prevalence rates of presumptive extended‐spectrum beta‐lactamase (ESBL)/AmpC producers in Salmonella and E. coli monitored in meat (pork and beef), fattening pigs and calves, and Salmonella monitored in humans, were observed between countries. Carbapenemase‐producing E. coli were detected in one single
sample from fattening pigs in one MS. Resistance to colistin was observed at low levels in Salmonella and E. coli from fattening pigs and calves and meat thereof and in Salmonella from humans. In Campylobacter from humans, high to extremely high proportions of isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin and tetracyclines, particularly in Campylobacter coli. In five countries, high to very high proportions of C. coli from humans were resistant also to erythromycin, leaving few options for treatment of severe Campylobacter infections. High resistance to ciprofloxacin and tetracyclines was observed in C. coli isolates from fattening pigs, whereas much lower levels were recorded for erythromycin. Combined resistance to critically important antimicrobials in both human and animal isolates was generally uncommon but very high to extremely high multidrug resistance levels were observed in S. Typhimurium and its monophasic variant in both humans and animals. S. Kentucky from humans exhibited high‐level resistance to ciprofloxacin, in addition to a high prevalence of ESBL.
Collapse
|
62
|
Argudín MA, Youzaga S, Dodémont M, Heinrichs A, Roisin S, Deplano A, Nonhoff C, Hallin M. Detection of optrA-positive enterococci clinical isolates in Belgium. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 38:985-987. [PMID: 30771123 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-019-03504-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Angeles Argudín
- Department of Microbiology, Laboratoire Hospitalier Universitaire de Bruxelles (LHUB-ULB) Site Anderlecht, Hôpital Erasme-Cliniques universitaires de Bruxelles, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - S Youzaga
- Department of Microbiology, Laboratoire Hospitalier Universitaire de Bruxelles (LHUB-ULB) Site Anderlecht, Hôpital Erasme-Cliniques universitaires de Bruxelles, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070, Brussels, Belgium
| | - M Dodémont
- Department of Microbiology, Laboratoire Hospitalier Universitaire de Bruxelles (LHUB-ULB) Site Anderlecht, Hôpital Erasme-Cliniques universitaires de Bruxelles, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070, Brussels, Belgium
| | - A Heinrichs
- Department of Microbiology, Laboratoire Hospitalier Universitaire de Bruxelles (LHUB-ULB) Site Anderlecht, Hôpital Erasme-Cliniques universitaires de Bruxelles, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070, Brussels, Belgium
| | - S Roisin
- Department of Microbiology, Laboratoire Hospitalier Universitaire de Bruxelles (LHUB-ULB) Site Anderlecht, Hôpital Erasme-Cliniques universitaires de Bruxelles, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070, Brussels, Belgium
| | - A Deplano
- Department of Microbiology, Laboratoire Hospitalier Universitaire de Bruxelles (LHUB-ULB) Site Anderlecht, Hôpital Erasme-Cliniques universitaires de Bruxelles, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070, Brussels, Belgium
| | - C Nonhoff
- Department of Microbiology, Laboratoire Hospitalier Universitaire de Bruxelles (LHUB-ULB) Site Anderlecht, Hôpital Erasme-Cliniques universitaires de Bruxelles, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070, Brussels, Belgium
| | - M Hallin
- Department of Microbiology, Laboratoire Hospitalier Universitaire de Bruxelles (LHUB-ULB) Site Anderlecht, Hôpital Erasme-Cliniques universitaires de Bruxelles, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070, Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Abstract
Campylobacter is a major foodborne pathogen and has become increasingly resistant to clinically important antimicrobials. To cope with the selection pressure from antimicrobial use in both veterinary and human medicine, Campylobacter has developed multiple mechanisms for antibiotic resistance, including modification or mutation of antimicrobial targets, modification or inactivation of antibiotics, and reduced drug accumulation by drug efflux pumps. Some of these mechanisms confer resistance to a specific class of antimicrobials, while others give rise to multidrug resistance. Notably, new antibiotic resistance mechanisms continuously emerge in Campylobacter, and some examples include the recently discovered multidrug resistance genomic islands harboring multiple genes involved in the resistance to aminoglycosides and macrolides, a novel Cfr(C) conferring resistance to phenicols and other drugs, and a potent multidrug efflux pump CmeABC variant (RE-CmeABC) that shows a significantly enhanced function in multidrug resistance and is associated with exceedingly high-level resistance to fluoroquinolones. These newly emerged resistance mechanisms are horizontally transferable and greatly facilitate the adaptation of Campylobacter in the food-producing environments where antibiotics are frequently used. In this article, we will discuss how Campylobacter resists the action of various classes of antimicrobials, with an emphasis on newly discovered mechanisms.
Collapse
|
64
|
Abstract
During the past decades resistance to virtually all antimicrobial agents has been observed in bacteria of animal origin. This chapter describes in detail the mechanisms so far encountered for the various classes of antimicrobial agents. The main mechanisms include enzymatic inactivation by either disintegration or chemical modification of antimicrobial agents, reduced intracellular accumulation by either decreased influx or increased efflux of antimicrobial agents, and modifications at the cellular target sites (i.e., mutational changes, chemical modification, protection, or even replacement of the target sites). Often several mechanisms interact to enhance bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents. This is a completely revised version of the corresponding chapter in the book Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria of Animal Origin published in 2006. New sections have been added for oxazolidinones, polypeptides, mupirocin, ansamycins, fosfomycin, fusidic acid, and streptomycins, and the chapters for the remaining classes of antimicrobial agents have been completely updated to cover the advances in knowledge gained since 2006.
Collapse
|
65
|
Linezolid resistance genes and genetic elements enhancing their dissemination in enterococci and streptococci. Plasmid 2018; 99:89-98. [PMID: 30253132 DOI: 10.1016/j.plasmid.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Linezolid is considered a last resort drug in treatment of severe infections caused by Gram-positive pathogens, resistant to other antibiotics, such as vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), methicillin-resistant staphylococci and multidrug resistant pneumococci. Although the vast majority of Gram-positive pathogenic bacteria remain susceptible to linezolid, resistant isolates of enterococci, staphylococci and streptococci have been reported worldwide. In these bacteria, apart from mutations, affecting mostly the 23S rRNA genes, acquisition of such genes as cfr, cfr(B), optrA and poxtA, often associated with mobile genetic elements (MGE), plays an important role for resistance. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview on diversity and epidemiology of MGE carrying linezolid-resistance genes among clinically-relevant Gram-positive pathogens such as enterococci and streptococci.
Collapse
|
66
|
Wang X, Zhu Y, Hua X, Chen F, Wang C, Zhang Y, Liu S, Zhang W. F14:A-:B- and IncX4 Inc group cfr -positive plasmids circulating in Escherichia coli of animal origin in Northeast China. Vet Microbiol 2018; 217:53-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
67
|
The European Union summary report on antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic and indicator bacteria from humans, animals and food in 2016. EFSA J 2018; 16:e05182. [PMID: 32625816 PMCID: PMC7009656 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The data on antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic and indicator bacteria in 2016, submitted by 28 EU Member States (MSs), were jointly analysed by the EFSA and ECDC. Resistance in bacterial isolates of zoonotic Salmonella and Campylobacter from humans, animals and food, and resistance in indicator Escherichia coli as well as in meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from animals and food were addressed. 'Microbiological' resistance was assessed using epidemiological cut-off (ECOFF) values; for some countries, qualitative data on isolates from humans were interpreted in a way that corresponds closely to ECOFF-defined 'microbiological' resistance. In Salmonella from humans, the occurrence of resistance to ampicillin, sulfonamides and tetracyclines was high, whereas resistance to third-generation cephalosporins was low. In Salmonella and E. coli isolates from broilers, fattening turkeys and their meat, resistance to ampicillin, (fluoro)quinolones, tetracyclines and sulfonamides was frequently high, whereas resistance to third-generation cephalosporins was rare. The occurrence of ESBL-/AmpC producers was low in Salmonella and E. coli from poultry and in Salmonella from humans. The prevalence of ESBL-/AmpC-producing E. coli, assessed in poultry and its meat for the first time, showed marked variations among MSs. Fourteen presumptive carbapenemase-producing E. coli were detected from broilers and its meat in two MSs. Resistance to colistin was observed at low levels in Salmonella and E. coli from poultry and meat thereof and in Salmonella from humans. In Campylobacter from humans, broilers and broiler meat, resistance to ciprofloxacin and tetracyclines was high to extremely high, whereas resistance to erythromycin was low to moderate. Combined resistance to critically important antimicrobials in isolates from both humans and animals was generally uncommon, but very high to extremely high multidrug resistance levels were observed in certain Salmonella serovars. Specific serovars of Salmonella (notably Kentucky) from both humans and animals exhibited high-level resistance to ciprofloxacin, in addition to findings of ESBL.
Collapse
|
68
|
The cfr and cfr-like multiple resistance genes. Res Microbiol 2018; 169:61-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
69
|
Whitehouse CA, Zhao S, Tate H. Antimicrobial Resistance in Campylobacter Species: Mechanisms and Genomic Epidemiology. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2018; 103:1-47. [PMID: 29914655 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The Campylobacter genus is a large and diverse group of Gram-negative bacteria that are known to colonize humans and other mammals, birds, reptiles, and shellfish. While it is now recognized that several emerging Campylobacter species can be associated with human disease, two species, C. jejuni and C. coli, are responsible for the vast majority of bacterial gastroenteritis in humans worldwide. Infection with C. jejuni, in particular, has also been associated with a number of extragastrointestinal manifestations and autoimmune conditions, most notably Guillain-Barré syndrome. The antimicrobial drugs of choice for the treatment of severe Campylobacter infection include macrolides, such as erythromycin, clarithromycin, or azithromycin. Fluoroquinolones, such as ciprofloxacin, are also commonly used for empirical treatment of undiagnosed diarrheal disease. However, resistance to these and other classes of antimicrobial drugs is increasing and is a major public health problem. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that over 300,000 infections per year are caused by drug-resistant Campylobacter. In this chapter, we discuss the taxonomy of the Campylobacter genus, the clinical and global epidemiological aspects of Campylobacter infection, with an emphasis on C. jejuni and C. coli, and issues related to the treatment of infection and antimicrobial resistance mechanisms. We further discuss the use of next-generation sequencing for the detection and surveillance of antimicrobial resistance genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Shaohua Zhao
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Heather Tate
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Antibiotic resistance trends and mechanisms in the foodborne pathogen,Campylobacter. Anim Health Res Rev 2017; 18:87-98. [DOI: 10.1017/s1466252317000135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractCampylobacteris a major foodborne pathogen and is commonly present in food producing animals. This pathogenic organism is highly adaptable and has become increasingly resistant to various antibiotics. Recently, both the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the World Health Organization have designated antibiotic-resistantCampylobacteras a serious threat to public health. For the past decade, multiple mechanisms conferring resistance to clinically important antibiotics have been described inCampylobacter, and new resistance mechanisms constantly emerge in the pathogen. Some of the recent examples include theerm(B)gene conferring macrolide resistance, thecfr(C)genes mediating resistance to florfenicol and other antimicrobials, and a functionally enhanced variant of the multidrug resistance efflux pump, CmeABC. The continued emergence of new resistance mechanisms illustrates the extraordinary adaptability ofCampylobacterto antibiotic selection pressure and demonstrate the need for innovative strategies to control antibiotic-resistantCampylobacter. In this review, we will briefly summarize the trends of antibiotic resistance inCampylobacterand discuss the mechanisms of resistance to antibiotics used for animal production and important for clinical therapy in humans. A special emphasis will be given to the newly discovered antibiotic resistance.
Collapse
|
71
|
Zhang T, Dong J, Cheng Y, Lu Q, Luo Q, Wen G, Liu G, Shao H. Genotypic diversity, antimicrobial resistance and biofilm-forming abilities of Campylobacter isolated from chicken in Central China. Gut Pathog 2017; 9:62. [PMID: 29151896 PMCID: PMC5680748 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-017-0209-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Campylobacter is considered to be the leading cause of human bacterial gastroenteritis, of which poultry is the main reservoir. Campylobacter contaminated chicken products are a major cause of human Campylobacter infection. In this study, the prevalence of Campylobacter in chicken in central China was investigated, and the genotypic diversity, antimicrobial resistance and biofilm of these isolates were characterized. Results A total of 206 Campylobacter isolates, including 166 C. jejuni and 40 C. coli, were isolated from chicken farms and live poultry markets in central China. Multilocus sequence typing and phylogenetic analysis showed that the Campylobacter isolates had diverse genetic backgrounds, which covered most of the dominant clone complexes (CCs) reported throughout China. The most prevalent CCs were CC-464, CC-1150, CC-353, and CC-828. All the isolates showed resistance to norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin and Cefazolin, and a prevalent resistance to fluoroquinolones, β-lactams and tetracyclines was also observed. Among all the isolates, 133 strains showed the ability to form biofilm, thereinto, the isolates in two genetic branches, mainly including CC-21, CC-48, CC-677 and CC-45, showed a significantly lower ability to form biofilm than other genetic branches (p < 0.05). However, in general, the ability to form biofilm varied among different genetic branches, suggesting a complex genetic background to biofilm formation, but not only the genetic lineages. Compared with the strains unable to form biofilm, biofilm-producing strains possessed a significantly higher resistance to ampicillin, neomycin, sulfamethoxazole, amikacin, clindamycin and erythromycin (p < 0.05). Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the relationship of the genotypic diversity, antimicrobial resistance and biofilm-forming abilities of Campylobacter isolated from chicken in Central China, which showed the potential importance of biofilm in antimicrobial resistance. This study will help us better understand the epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Animal and Veterinary Science, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Dong
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China.,College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Yiluo Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China.,College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Qin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Animal and Veterinary Science, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Qingping Luo
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Animal and Veterinary Science, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Guoyuan Wen
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Animal and Veterinary Science, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Guoping Liu
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Huabin Shao
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China.,College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Animal and Veterinary Science, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Distribution of optrA and cfr in florfenicol-resistant Staphylococcus sciuri of pig origin. Vet Microbiol 2017; 210:43-48. [PMID: 29103695 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A novel transferable oxazolidinone-phenicol resistance gene, optrA, which confers resistance to linezolid, the next-generation oxazolidinone tedizolid, and also to chloramphenicol and florfenicol, has been identified in enterococcal and staphylococcal species. Here, we investigated the epidemiology of optrA in florfenicol-resistant Staphylococcus spp. isolates of pig origin, and characterized the genetic context of oxazolidinone resistance genes in 20 optrA-positive florfenicol- and methicillin-resistant S. sciuri isolates, 11 (55%) of which also harbored the multi-resistance gene cfr. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and direct repeat unit (dru) typing of the 20 optrA-positive S. sciuri isolates revealed 17 patterns and four distinct dru types, respectively. Nine and six different arrangements of the optrA and cfr gene regions, respectively, were identified among the isolates. The arrangements optrA-araC-Tn558 or optrA-ΔTn558 were present in all optrA-positive isolates, and in three of them, ISEnfa5 and cfr were located immediately downstream of optrA. The cfr-carrying segment in eight isolates was similar to the corresponding region of the staphylococcal plasmid pWo28-3, in which the coexistence of cfr and optrA was identified for the first time.
Collapse
|
73
|
Pfaller MA, Mendes RE, Streit JM, Hogan PA, Flamm RK. ZAAPS Program results for 2015: an activity and spectrum analysis of linezolid using clinical isolates from medical centres in 32 countries. J Antimicrob Chemother 2017; 72:3093-3099. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkx251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
|