51
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Crosino A, Moscato E, Blangetti M, Carotenuto G, Spina F, Bordignon S, Puech-Pagès V, Anfossi L, Volpe V, Prandi C, Gobetto R, Varese GC, Genre A. Extraction of short chain chitooligosaccharides from fungal biomass and their use as promoters of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3798. [PMID: 33589668 PMCID: PMC7884697 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83299-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Short chain chitooligosaccharides (COs) are chitin derivative molecules involved in plant-fungus signaling during arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) interactions. In host plants, COs activate a symbiotic signalling pathway that regulates AM-related gene expression. Furthermore, exogenous CO application was shown to promote AM establishment, with a major interest for agricultural applications of AM fungi as biofertilizers. Currently, the main source of commercial COs is from the shrimp processing industry, but purification costs and environmental concerns limit the convenience of this approach. In an attempt to find a low cost and low impact alternative, this work aimed to isolate, characterize and test the bioactivity of COs from selected strains of phylogenetically distant filamentous fungi: Pleurotus ostreatus, Cunninghamella bertholletiae and Trichoderma viride. Our optimized protocol successfully isolated short chain COs from lyophilized fungal biomass. Fungal COs were more acetylated and displayed a higher biological activity compared to shrimp-derived COs, a feature that-alongside low production costs-opens promising perspectives for the large scale use of COs in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Crosino
- Department of Life Science and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Elisa Moscato
- Department of Life Science and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Blangetti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Gennaro Carotenuto
- Department of Life Science and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Federica Spina
- Department of Life Science and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Simone Bordignon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Virginie Puech-Pagès
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31320, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Laura Anfossi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Veronica Volpe
- Department of Life Science and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Cristina Prandi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Roberto Gobetto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Genre
- Department of Life Science and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10125, Turin, Italy.
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52
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Sludge amendment accelerating reclamation process of reconstructed mining substrates. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2905. [PMID: 33536526 PMCID: PMC7859177 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81703-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
We constructed a mining soil restoration system combining plant, complex substrate and microbe. Sludge was added to reconstructed mine substrates (RMS) to accelerate the reclamation process. The effect of sludge on plant growth, microbial activity, soil aggregate stability, and aggregation-associated soil characteristics was monitored during 10 years of reclamation. Results show that the height and total biomass of ryegrass increases with reclamation time. Sludge amendment increases the aggregate binding agent content and soil aggregate stability. Soil organic carbon (SOC) and light-fraction SOC (LFOC) in the RMS increase by 151% and 247% compared with those of the control, respectively. A similar trend was observed for the glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP). Stable soil aggregate indexes increase until the seventh year. In short, the variables of RMS determined after 3-7 years insignificantly differ from those of the untreated sample in the tenth-year. Furthermore, significant positive correlations between the GRSP and SOC and GRSP and soil structure-related variables were observed in RMS. Biological stimulation of the SOC and GRSP accelerates the recovery of the soil structure and ecosystem function. Consequently, the plant-complex substrate-microbe ecological restoration system can be used as an effective tool in early mining soil reclamation.
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53
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Eichmann R, Richards L, Schäfer P. Hormones as go-betweens in plant microbiome assembly. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 105:518-541. [PMID: 33332645 PMCID: PMC8629125 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of plants with complex microbial communities is the result of co-evolution over millions of years and contributed to plant transition and adaptation to land. The ability of plants to be an essential part of complex and highly dynamic ecosystems is dependent on their interaction with diverse microbial communities. Plant microbiota can support, and even enable, the diverse functions of plants and are crucial in sustaining plant fitness under often rapidly changing environments. The composition and diversity of microbiota differs between plant and soil compartments. It indicates that microbial communities in these compartments are not static but are adjusted by the environment as well as inter-microbial and plant-microbe communication. Hormones take a crucial role in contributing to the assembly of plant microbiomes, and plants and microbes often employ the same hormones with completely different intentions. Here, the function of hormones as go-betweens between plants and microbes to influence the shape of plant microbial communities is discussed. The versatility of plant and microbe-derived hormones essentially contributes to the creation of habitats that are the origin of diversity and, thus, multifunctionality of plants, their microbiota and ultimately ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Eichmann
- Institute of Molecular BotanyUlm UniversityUlm89069Germany
| | - Luke Richards
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of WarwickCoventryCV4 7ALUK
| | - Patrick Schäfer
- Institute of Molecular BotanyUlm UniversityUlm89069Germany
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of WarwickCoventryCV4 7ALUK
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54
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Moreno JC, Mi J, Alagoz Y, Al‐Babili S. Plant apocarotenoids: from retrograde signaling to interspecific communication. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 105:351-375. [PMID: 33258195 PMCID: PMC7898548 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are isoprenoid compounds synthesized by all photosynthetic and some non-photosynthetic organisms. They are essential for photosynthesis and contribute to many other aspects of a plant's life. The oxidative breakdown of carotenoids gives rise to the formation of a diverse family of essential metabolites called apocarotenoids. This metabolic process either takes place spontaneously through reactive oxygen species or is catalyzed by enzymes generally belonging to the CAROTENOID CLEAVAGE DIOXYGENASE family. Apocarotenoids include the phytohormones abscisic acid and strigolactones (SLs), signaling molecules and growth regulators. Abscisic acid and SLs are vital in regulating plant growth, development and stress response. SLs are also an essential component in plants' rhizospheric communication with symbionts and parasites. Other apocarotenoid small molecules, such as blumenols, mycorradicins, zaxinone, anchorene, β-cyclocitral, β-cyclogeranic acid, β-ionone and loliolide, are involved in plant growth and development, and/or contribute to different processes, including arbuscular mycorrhiza symbiosis, abiotic stress response, plant-plant and plant-herbivore interactions and plastid retrograde signaling. There are also indications for the presence of structurally unidentified linear cis-carotene-derived apocarotenoids, which are presumed to modulate plastid biogenesis and leaf morphology, among other developmental processes. Here, we provide an overview on the biology of old, recently discovered and supposed plant apocarotenoid signaling molecules, describing their biosynthesis, developmental and physiological functions, and role as a messenger in plant communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C. Moreno
- Max Planck Institut für Molekulare PflanzenphysiologieAm Mühlenberg 1Potsdam14476Germany
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and EngineeringCenter for Desert Agriculturethe BioActives LabKing Abdullah University of Science and TechnologyThuwal23955‐6900Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Jianing Mi
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and EngineeringCenter for Desert Agriculturethe BioActives LabKing Abdullah University of Science and TechnologyThuwal23955‐6900Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Yagiz Alagoz
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and EngineeringCenter for Desert Agriculturethe BioActives LabKing Abdullah University of Science and TechnologyThuwal23955‐6900Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney UniversityLocked Bag 1797PenrithNSW2751Australia
| | - Salim Al‐Babili
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and EngineeringCenter for Desert Agriculturethe BioActives LabKing Abdullah University of Science and TechnologyThuwal23955‐6900Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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55
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Wang JY, Jamil M, Lin PY, Ota T, Fiorilli V, Novero M, Zarban RA, Kountche BA, Takahashi I, Martínez C, Lanfranco L, Bonfante P, de Lera AR, Asami T, Al-Babili S. Efficient Mimics for Elucidating Zaxinone Biology and Promoting Agricultural Applications. MOLECULAR PLANT 2020; 13:1654-1661. [PMID: 32835886 PMCID: PMC7656291 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2020.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Zaxinone is an apocarotenoid regulatory metabolite required for normal rice growth and development. In addition, zaxinone has a large application potential in agriculture, due to its growth-promoting activity and capability to alleviate infestation by the root parasitic plant Striga through decreasing strigolactone (SL) production. However, zaxinone is poorly accessible to the scientific community because of its laborious organic synthesis that impedes its further investigation and utilization. In this study, we developed easy-to-synthesize and highly efficient mimics of zaxinone (MiZax). We performed a structure-activity relationship study using a series of apocarotenoids distinguished from zaxinone by different structural features. Using the obtained results, we designed several phenyl-based compounds synthesized with a high-yield through a simple method. Activity tests showed that MiZax3 and MiZax5 exert zaxinone activity in rescuing root growth of a zaxinone-deficient rice mutant, promoting growth, and reducing SL content in roots and root exudates of wild-type plants. Moreover, these compounds were at least as efficient as zaxinone in suppressing transcript level of SL biosynthesis genes and in alleviating Striga infestation under greenhouse conditions, and did not negatively impact mycorrhization. Taken together, MiZax are a promising tool for elucidating zaxinone biology and investigating rice development, and suitable candidates for combating Striga and increasing crop growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian You Wang
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, the BioActives Lab, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Jamil
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, the BioActives Lab, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pei-Yu Lin
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, the BioActives Lab, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tsuyoshi Ota
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Valentina Fiorilli
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Mara Novero
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Randa A Zarban
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, the BioActives Lab, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Boubacar A Kountche
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, the BioActives Lab, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ikuo Takahashi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Claudio Martínez
- Universidade de Vigo, Facultade de Química and CINBIO, Vigo, Spain
| | - Luisa Lanfranco
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Paola Bonfante
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Angel R de Lera
- Universidade de Vigo, Facultade de Química and CINBIO, Vigo, Spain
| | - Tadao Asami
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Salim Al-Babili
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, the BioActives Lab, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
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56
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Cesaro P, Massa N, Cantamessa S, Todeschini V, Bona E, Berta G, Barbato R, Lingua G. Tomato responses to Funneliformis mosseae during the early stages of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. MYCORRHIZA 2020; 30:601-610. [PMID: 32621137 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-020-00973-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The concept of symbiosis can be described as a continuum of interactions between organisms ranging from mutualism to parasitism that can also change over time. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are among the most important obligate plant symbionts. Once the symbiosis is well established, mycorrhizal plants are more tolerant to biotic or abiotic stresses, so the AMF relationship with the host plant is generally described as mutualistic. However, little is known about AMF effects on the plant during the early stages of root colonization. The aim of this work was to assess the type of interaction (mutualistic or parasitic) between the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Funelliformis mosseae and Solanum lycopersicum cv. Rio Grande plants, at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after inoculation (DAI), considering that in the adopted experimental design (one plant per pot), the seedling was the only carbon source for fungus development in the absence of common mycorrhizal networks with other plants. At each harvest, mycorrhizal colonization, shoot and root weights, morphometric parameters, and photosynthetic efficiency were evaluated. The presence of the AM fungus in the tomato root system was observed starting from the 14th DAI, and its level increased over time. Few effects of the fungus presence on the considered parameters were observed, and no stress symptoms ever appeared; so, we can state that the fungus behaved as a mutualistic symbiont during the early stages of plant growth. Moreover, a trend towards a positive effect on plant growth was observed at 28 DAI in mycorrhizal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Cesaro
- DISIT, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Viale T. Michel, 11, 15121, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Nadia Massa
- DISIT, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Viale T. Michel, 11, 15121, Alessandria, Italy.
| | - Simone Cantamessa
- DISIT, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Viale T. Michel, 11, 15121, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Valeria Todeschini
- DISIT, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Piazza Sant'Eusebio, 5, 13100, Vercelli, Italy
| | - Elisa Bona
- DISIT, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Piazza Sant'Eusebio, 5, 13100, Vercelli, Italy
| | - Graziella Berta
- DISIT, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Viale T. Michel, 11, 15121, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Roberto Barbato
- DISIT, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Viale T. Michel, 11, 15121, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Guido Lingua
- DISIT, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Viale T. Michel, 11, 15121, Alessandria, Italy
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57
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Aliche EB, Screpanti C, De Mesmaeker A, Munnik T, Bouwmeester HJ. Science and application of strigolactones. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:1001-1011. [PMID: 32067235 PMCID: PMC7384091 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Strigolactones (SLs) represent a class of plant hormones that regulate developmental processes and play a role in the response of plants to various biotic and abiotic stresses. Both in planta hormonal roles and ex planta signalling effects of SLs are potentially interesting agricultural targets. In this review, we explore various aspects of SL function and highlight distinct areas of agriculture that may benefit from the use of synthetic SL analogues, and we identify possible bottlenecks. Our objective is to identify where the contributions of science and stakeholders are still needed to achieve harnessing the benefits of SLs for a sustainable agriculture of the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest B. Aliche
- Plant Hormone BiologySwammerdam Institute for Life SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 904Amsterdam1098 XHthe Netherlands
| | - Claudio Screpanti
- Chemical ResearchSyngenta Crop Protection AGSchaffhausenstrasse 101CH‐4332SteinSwitzerland
| | - Alain De Mesmaeker
- Chemical ResearchSyngenta Crop Protection AGSchaffhausenstrasse 101CH‐4332SteinSwitzerland
| | - Teun Munnik
- Plant Cell BiologySwammerdam Institute for Life SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 904Amsterdam1098 XHthe Netherlands
| | - Harro J. Bouwmeester
- Plant Hormone BiologySwammerdam Institute for Life SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 904Amsterdam1098 XHthe Netherlands
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58
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Wang JY, Lin PY, Al-Babili S. On the biosynthesis and evolution of apocarotenoid plant growth regulators. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 109:3-11. [PMID: 32732130 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoids are an important source of metabolites with regulatory function, which include the plant hormones abscisic acid (ABA) and strigolactones (SLs), and several recently identified growth regulators and signaling molecules. These carotenoid-derivatives originate from oxidative breakdown of double bonds in the carotenoid polyene, a common metabolic process that gives rise to diverse carbonyl cleavage-products known as apocarotenoids. Apocarotenoids exert biologically important functions in all taxa. In plants, they are a major regulator of plant growth, development and response to biotic and abiotic environmental stimuli, and mediate plant's communication with surrounding organisms. In this article, we provide a general overview on the biology of plant apocarotenoids, focusing on ABA, SLs, and recently identified apocarotenoid growth regulators. Following an introduction on carotenoids, we describe plant apocarotenoid biosynthesis, signal transduction, and evolution and summarize their biological functions. Moreover, we discuss the evolution of these intriguing metabolites, which has not been adequately addressed in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian You Wang
- The BioActives Lab, Center for Desert Agriculture (CDA), Biological and Environment Science and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pei-Yu Lin
- The BioActives Lab, Center for Desert Agriculture (CDA), Biological and Environment Science and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salim Al-Babili
- The BioActives Lab, Center for Desert Agriculture (CDA), Biological and Environment Science and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.
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59
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Visentin I, Pagliarani C, Deva E, Caracci A, Turečková V, Novák O, Lovisolo C, Schubert A, Cardinale F. A novel strigolactone-miR156 module controls stomatal behaviour during drought recovery. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:1613-1624. [PMID: 32196123 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
miR156 is a conserved microRNA whose role and induction mechanisms under stress are poorly known. Strigolactones are phytohormones needed in shoots for drought acclimation. They promote stomatal closure ABA-dependently and independently; however, downstream effectors for the former have not been identified. Linkage between miR156 and strigolactones under stress has not been reported. We compared ABA accumulation and sensitivity as well as performances of wt and miR156-overexpressing (miR156-oe) tomato plants during drought. We also quantified miR156 levels in wt, strigolactone-depleted and strigolactone-treated plants, exposed to drought stress. Under irrigated conditions, miR156 overexpression and strigolactone treatment led to lower stomatal conductance and higher ABA sensitivity. Exogenous strigolactones were sufficient for miR156 accumulation in leaves, while endogenous strigolactones were required for miR156 induction by drought. The "after-effect" of drought, by which stomata do not completely re-open after rewatering, was enhanced by both strigolactones and miR156. The transcript profiles of several miR156 targets were altered in strigolactone-depleted plants. Our results show that strigolactones act as a molecular link between drought and miR156 in tomato, and identify miR156 as a mediator of ABA-dependent effect of strigolactones on the after-effect of drought on stomata. Thus, we provide insights into both strigolactone and miR156 action on stomata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Visentin
- Plant Stress Lab, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Science DISAFA - Turin University, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Chiara Pagliarani
- Plant Stress Lab, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Science DISAFA - Turin University, Grugliasco, Italy
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Turin, Italy
| | - Eleonora Deva
- Plant Stress Lab, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Science DISAFA - Turin University, Grugliasco, Italy
- Centre for Biotech & Agricultural Research StrigoLab Srl, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessio Caracci
- Plant Stress Lab, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Science DISAFA - Turin University, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Veronika Turečková
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Claudio Lovisolo
- Plant Stress Lab, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Science DISAFA - Turin University, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Andrea Schubert
- Plant Stress Lab, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Science DISAFA - Turin University, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Francesca Cardinale
- Plant Stress Lab, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Science DISAFA - Turin University, Grugliasco, Italy
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60
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Casarrubias-Castillo K, Montero-Vargas JM, Dabdoub-González N, Winkler R, Martinez-Gallardo NA, Zañudo-Hernández J, Avilés-Arnaut H, Délano-Frier JP. Distinct gene expression and secondary metabolite profiles in suppressor of prosystemin-mediated responses2 (spr2) tomato mutants having impaired mycorrhizal colonization. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8888. [PMID: 32337100 PMCID: PMC7167247 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonization, sampled at 32-50 days post-inoculation (dpi), was significantly reduced in suppressor of prosystemin-mediated responses2 (spr2) mutant tomato plants impaired in the ω-3 FATTY ACID DESATURASE7 (FAD7) gene that limits the generation of linolenic acid and, consequently, the wound-responsive jasmonic acid (JA) burst. Contrary to wild-type (WT) plants, JA levels in root and leaves of spr2 mutants remained unchanged in response to AMF colonization, further supporting its regulatory role in the AM symbiosis. Decreased AMF colonization in spr2 plants was also linked to alterations associated with a disrupted FAD7 function, such as enhanced salicylic acid (SA) levels and SA-related defense gene expression and a reduction in fatty acid content in both mycorrhizal spr2 roots and leaves. Transcriptomic data revealed that lower mycorrhizal colonization efficiency in spr2 mutants coincided with the modified expression of key genes controlling gibberellin and ethylene signaling, brassinosteroid, ethylene, apocarotenoid and phenylpropanoid synthesis, and the wound response. Targeted metabolomic analysis, performed at 45 dpi, revealed augmented contents of L-threonic acid and DL-malic acid in colonized spr2 roots which suggested unfavorable conditions for AMF colonization. Additionally, time- and genotype-dependent changes in root steroid glycoalkaloid levels, including tomatine, suggested that these metabolites might positively regulate the AM symbiosis in tomato. Untargeted metabolomic analysis demonstrated that the tomato root metabolomes were distinctly affected by genotype, mycorrhizal colonization and colonization time. In conclusion, reduced AMF colonization efficiency in spr2 mutants is probably caused by multiple and interconnected JA-dependent and independent gene expression and metabolomic alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kena Casarrubias-Castillo
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Josaphat M. Montero-Vargas
- Departamento de Investigación en Inmunogenética y Alergia, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias “Ismael Cosío Villegas”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Nicole Dabdoub-González
- Instituto de Biotecnología de la Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Nicolas de los Garza, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Robert Winkler
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN-Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Norma A. Martinez-Gallardo
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN-Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Julia Zañudo-Hernández
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Hamlet Avilés-Arnaut
- Instituto de Biotecnología de la Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Nicolas de los Garza, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - John P. Délano-Frier
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN-Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
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61
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Banasiak J, Borghi L, Stec N, Martinoia E, Jasiński M. The Full-Size ABCG Transporter of Medicago truncatula Is Involved in Strigolactone Secretion, Affecting Arbuscular Mycorrhiza. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:18. [PMID: 32117367 PMCID: PMC7019051 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Strigolactones (SLs) are plant-derived signaling molecules that stimulate the hyphal branching of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), and consequently promote symbiotic interaction between the fungus and the plant. Currently, our knowledge on the molecular mechanism of SL transport is restricted to the Solanaceae family. In the Solanaceae family, SL translocation toward the rhizosphere occurs through the exodermis via hypodermal passage cells and involves a member of the G subfamily, of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) membrane transporters. Most Fabaceae species, including those that are agriculturally important, have a different root anatomy compared to most angiosperm plants (i.e., lacking an exodermis). Thus, we have investigated how SL transport occurs in the model legume Medicago truncatula. Here, we show that overexpression of a SL transporter from petunia (PaPDR1) enhances AMF colonization rates in M. truncatula. This result demonstrates the importance of ABCG proteins for the translocation of orobanchol-type molecules to facilitate arbuscular mycorrhiza, regardless of root anatomy and phylogenetic relationships. Moreover, our research has led to the identification of Medicago ABCG59, a close homologue of Petunia PDR1, that exhibits root specific expression and is up-regulated by phosphate starvation as well as in the presence of rac-GR24, a synthetic SL. Its promoter is active in cortical cells, root tips, and the meristematic zone of nodules. The mtabcg59 loss-of-function mutant displayed a reduced level of mycorrhization compared to the WT plants but had no impact on the number of nodules after Sinorhizobium meliloti inoculation. The reduced mycorrhization indicates that less SLs are secreted by the mutant plants, which is in line with the observation that mtabcg59 exudates exhibit a reduced stimulatory effect on the germination of the parasitic plant Phelipanche ramosa compared to the corresponding wild type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Banasiak
- Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Lorenzo Borghi
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Natalia Stec
- Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Enrico Martinoia
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michał Jasiński
- Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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Pawlowski ML, Vuong TD, Valliyodan B, Nguyen HT, Hartman GL. Whole-genome resequencing identifies quantitative trait loci associated with mycorrhizal colonization of soybean. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2020; 133:409-417. [PMID: 31707439 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-019-03471-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE A whole-genome resequencing-derived SNP dataset identified six quantitative trait loci (QTL) significantly associated with colonization of soybean by an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (Rhizophagus intraradices). Candidate genes identified in these QTL regions include homologs to known nodulin protein families and other symbiosis-specific genes. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) form associations with over 80% of all terrestrial plant species and assist their host plants by increasing their nutrient uptake, drought tolerance, and resilience against pathogens and pests. Genotypic variation of crop plants to AMF colonization has been identified in crops, including soybean; however, the genetics controlling levels of AMF colonization in soybean are unknown. The overall goal of our study was to identify genomic regions associated with mycorrhizal colonization in soybean using genome-wide association analysis. A diverse panel of 350 exotic soybean genotypes inoculated with Rhizophagus intraradices were microscopically evaluated for root colonization using a modified gridline intersect method. Root colonization differed significantly (P < 0.001) among genotypes and ranged from 11 to 70%. A whole-genome resequencing-derived SNP dataset identified six quantitative trait loci (QTL) significantly associated with R. intraradices colonization that explained 24% of the phenotypic variance. Candidate genes identified in these QTL regions include homologs to known nodulin protein families and other symbiosis-specific genes. The results showed there was a significant genetic component to the level of colonization by R. intraradices in soybean. This information may be useful in the development of AMF-sensitive soybean cultivars to enhance nutrient uptake, drought tolerance, and disease resistance in the crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Pawlowski
- Department of Crop Science, University of Illinois, 1101 W. Peabody Drive, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Tri D Vuong
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Babu Valliyodan
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Henry T Nguyen
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Glen L Hartman
- Department of Crop Science, University of Illinois, 1101 W. Peabody Drive, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- USDA, Agricultural Research Services, University of Illinois, 1101 W. Peabody Dr., Urbana, IL, USA.
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Xu H, Zwiazek JJ. Fungal Aquaporins in Ectomycorrhizal Root Water Transport. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:302. [PMID: 32265956 PMCID: PMC7103631 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal fungi influence root water transport of host plants. To delineate the exact mechanisms of how fungal partner alters root water relations, it is important to understand the functions of fungal transmembrane water channels, i.e., aquaporins, the key component in the symplastic pathways. In this paper, we discussed what roles the fungal aquaporins may play in root water transport. We also highlighted the opportunities of using integrated approaches to address rising questions in future hotspots of aquaporin and root water relations research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Xu
- Summerland Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland, BC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Hao Xu,
| | - Janusz J. Zwiazek
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Ablazov A, Mi J, Jamil M, Jia KP, Wang JY, Feng Q, Al-Babili S. The Apocarotenoid Zaxinone Is a Positive Regulator of Strigolactone and Abscisic Acid Biosynthesis in Arabidopsis Roots. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:578. [PMID: 32477389 PMCID: PMC7240130 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are ubiquitous precursors of important metabolites including hormones, such as strigolactones (SLs) and abscisic acid (ABA), and signaling and regulatory molecules, such as the recently discovered zaxinone. Strigolactones and ABA are key regulators of plant growth and development, adaptation to environmental changes and response to biotic and abiotic stress. Previously, we have shown that zaxinone, an apocarotenoid produced in rice by the enzyme zaxinone synthase (ZAS) that is common in mycorrhizal plants, is required for normal rice growth and development, and a negative regulator of SL biosynthesis. Zaxinone is also formed in Arabidopsis, which lacks ZAS, via an unknown route. In the present study, we investigated the biological activity of zaxinone in Arabidopsis, focusing on its effect on SL and ABA biosynthesis. For this purpose, we quantified the content of both hormones and determined the levels of related transcripts in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), roots upon zaxinone treatment. For SL quantification, we also employed Striga seed germination bioassay. Results obtained show that zaxinone application to hydroponically grown Arabidopsis seedlings enhanced transcript levels of key biosynthetic genes of both hormones, led to higher root ABA and SL (methyl carlactonoate, MeCLA) content, and increased SL release, even under sufficient phosphate supply. Using the SL insensitive (max2-1) and the ABA deficient (aba1-6, aba2-1, and nced3) mutants, we also show that zaxinone application reduced hypocotyl growth and that this effect is caused by increasing ABA content. Our results suggest that zaxinone is a regulatory metabolite also in Arabidopsis, which triggers the biosynthesis of both carotenoid-derived hormones, SLs and ABA, in roots. In the non-mycotrophic plant Arabidopsis, zaxinone does not increase growth and may be perceived as a stress signal, while it acts as a growth-promoting metabolite and suppressor of SL biosynthesis in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdugaffor Ablazov
- The BioActives Lab, Center for Desert Agriculture, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jianing Mi
- The BioActives Lab, Center for Desert Agriculture, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Jamil
- The BioActives Lab, Center for Desert Agriculture, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kun-Peng Jia
- The BioActives Lab, Center for Desert Agriculture, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Institute of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jian You Wang
- The BioActives Lab, Center for Desert Agriculture, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Qitong Feng
- The BioActives Lab, Center for Desert Agriculture, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salim Al-Babili
- The BioActives Lab, Center for Desert Agriculture, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- *Correspondence: Salim Al-Babili,
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Omoarelojie LO, Kulkarni MG, Finnie JF, Van Staden J. Strigolactones and their crosstalk with other phytohormones. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 124:749-767. [PMID: 31190074 PMCID: PMC6868373 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcz100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Strigolactones (SLs) are a diverse class of butenolide-bearing phytohormones derived from the catabolism of carotenoids. They are associated with an increasing number of emerging regulatory roles in plant growth and development, including seed germination, root and shoot architecture patterning, nutrient acquisition, symbiotic and parasitic interactions, as well as mediation of plant responses to abiotic and biotic cues. SCOPE Here, we provide a concise overview of SL biosynthesis, signal transduction pathways and SL-mediated plant responses with a detailed discourse on the crosstalk(s) that exist between SLs/components of SL signalling and other phytohormones such as auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, abscisic acid, ethylene, jasmonates and salicylic acid. CONCLUSION SLs elicit their control on physiological and morphological processes via a direct or indirect influence on the activities of other hormones and/or integrants of signalling cascades of other growth regulators. These, among many others, include modulation of hormone content, transport and distribution within plant tissues, interference with or complete dependence on downstream signal components of other phytohormones, as well as acting synergistically or antagonistically with other hormones to elicit plant responses. Although much has been done to evince the effects of SL interactions with other hormones at the cell and whole plant levels, research attention must be channelled towards elucidating the precise molecular events that underlie these processes. More especially in the case of abscisic acid, cytokinins, gibberellin, jasmonates and salicylic acid for which very little has been reported about their hormonal crosstalk with SLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- L O Omoarelojie
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, Scottsville, South Africa
| | - M G Kulkarni
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, Scottsville, South Africa
| | - J F Finnie
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, Scottsville, South Africa
| | - J Van Staden
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, Scottsville, South Africa
- For correspondence. E-mail:
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Coudert Y, Harris S, Charrier B. Design Principles of Branching Morphogenesis in Filamentous Organisms. Curr Biol 2019; 29:R1149-R1162. [PMID: 31689405 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The radiation of life on Earth was accompanied by the diversification of multicellular body plans in the eukaryotic kingdoms Animalia, Plantae, Fungi and Chromista. Branching forms are ubiquitous in nature and evolved repeatedly in the above lineages. The developmental and genetic basis of branch formation is well studied in the three-dimensional shoot and root systems of land plants, and in animal organs such as the lung, kidney, mammary gland, vasculature, etc. Notably, recent thought-provoking studies combining experimental analysis and computational modeling of branching patterns in whole animal organs have identified global patterning rules and proposed unifying principles of branching morphogenesis. Filamentous branching forms represent one of the simplest expressions of the multicellular body plan and constitute a key step in the evolution of morphological complexity. Similarities between simple and complex branching forms distantly related in evolution are compelling, raising the question whether shared mechanisms underlie their development. Here, we focus on filamentous branching organisms that represent major study models from three distinct eukaryotic kingdoms, including the moss Physcomitrella patens (Plantae), the brown alga Ectocarpus sp. (Chromista), and the ascomycetes Neurospora crassa and Aspergillus nidulans (Fungi), and bring to light developmental regulatory mechanisms and design principles common to these lineages. Throughout the review we explore how the regulatory mechanisms of branching morphogenesis identified in other models, and in particular animal organs, may inform our thinking on filamentous systems and thereby advance our understanding of the diverse strategies deployed across the eukaryotic tree of life to evolve similar forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoan Coudert
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, INRIA, Lyon 69007, France.
| | - Steven Harris
- University of Manitoba, Department of Biological Sciences, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Center for Plant Science Innovation and Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Bénédicte Charrier
- CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Laboratoire de Biologie Intégrative des Modèles Marins LBI2M, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff 29680, France
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67
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Felemban A, Braguy J, Zurbriggen MD, Al-Babili S. Apocarotenoids Involved in Plant Development and Stress Response. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1168. [PMID: 31611895 PMCID: PMC6777418 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are isoprenoid pigments synthesized by all photosynthetic organisms and many heterotrophic microorganisms. They are equipped with a conjugated double-bond system that builds the basis for their role in harvesting light energy and in protecting the cell from photo-oxidation. In addition, the carotenoids polyene makes them susceptible to oxidative cleavage, yielding carbonyl products called apocarotenoids. This oxidation can be catalyzed by carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases or triggered nonenzymatically by reactive oxygen species. The group of plant apocarotenoids includes important phytohormones, such as abscisic acid and strigolactones, and signaling molecules, such as β-cyclocitral. Abscisic acid is a key regulator of plant's response to abiotic stress and is involved in different developmental processes, such as seed dormancy. Strigolactone is a main regulator of plant architecture and an important signaling molecule in the plant-rhizosphere communication. β-Cyclocitral, a volatile derived from β-carotene oxidation, mediates the response of cells to singlet oxygen stress. Besides these well-known examples, recent research unraveled novel apocarotenoid growth regulators and suggests the presence of yet unidentified ones. In this review, we describe the biosynthesis and biological functions of established regulatory apocarotenoids and touch on the recently identified anchorene and zaxinone, with emphasis on their role in plant growth, development, and stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abrar Felemban
- The BioActives Lab, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Justine Braguy
- The BioActives Lab, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Institute of Synthetic Biology and CEPLAS, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Matias D. Zurbriggen
- Institute of Synthetic Biology and CEPLAS, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Salim Al-Babili
- The BioActives Lab, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
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Ntoukakis V, Gifford ML. Plant-microbe interactions: tipping the balance. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:4583-4586. [PMID: 31306482 PMCID: PMC6760295 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vardis Ntoukakis
- School of Life Sciences and Warwick Integrative Synthetic Biology Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Miriam L Gifford
- School of Life Sciences and Warwick Integrative Synthetic Biology Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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69
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Han G, Cheng C, Zheng Y, Wang X, Xu Y, Wang W, Zhu S, Cheng B. Identification of Long Non-Coding RNAs and the Regulatory Network Responsive to Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Colonization in Maize Roots. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4491. [PMID: 31514333 PMCID: PMC6769569 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as vital regulators of many biological processes in animals and plants. However, to our knowledge no investigations on plant lncRNAs which respond to arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi have been reported thus far. In this study, maize roots colonized with AM fungus were analyzed by strand-specific RNA-Seq to identify AM fungi-responsive lncRNAs and construct an associated regulatory network. A total of 1837 differentially expressed protein coding genes (DEGs) were identified from maize roots with Rhizophagus irregularis inoculation. Many AM fungi-responsive genes were homologs to MtPt4, STR, STR2, MtFatM, and enriched pathways such as fatty acid biosynthesis, response to phosphate starvation, and nitrogen metabolism are consistent with previous studies. In total, 5941 lncRNAs were identified, of which more than 3000 were new. Of those, 63 lncRNAs were differentially expressed. The putative target genes of differentially expressed lncRNAs (DELs) were mainly related to phosphate ion transmembrane transport, cellular response to potassium ion starvation, and lipid catabolic processes. Regulatory network analysis showed that DELs might be involved in the regulation of bidirectional nutrient exchange between plant and AM fungi as mimicry of microRNA targets. The results of this study can broaden our knowledge on the interaction between plant and AM fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guomin Han
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Chen Cheng
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Yanmei Zheng
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Xuewen Wang
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Yunjian Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Suwen Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Beijiu Cheng
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
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Wang JY, Haider I, Jamil M, Fiorilli V, Saito Y, Mi J, Baz L, Kountche BA, Jia KP, Guo X, Balakrishna A, Ntui VO, Reinke B, Volpe V, Gojobori T, Blilou I, Lanfranco L, Bonfante P, Al-Babili S. The apocarotenoid metabolite zaxinone regulates growth and strigolactone biosynthesis in rice. Nat Commun 2019; 10:810. [PMID: 30778050 PMCID: PMC6379432 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08461-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases (CCDs) form hormones and signaling molecules. Here we show that a member of an overlooked plant CCD subfamily from rice, that we name Zaxinone Synthase (ZAS), can produce zaxinone, a novel apocarotenoid metabolite in vitro. Loss-of-function mutants (zas) contain less zaxinone, exhibit retarded growth and showed elevated levels of strigolactones (SLs), a hormone that determines plant architecture, mediates mycorrhization and facilitates infestation by root parasitic weeds, such as Striga spp. Application of zaxinone can rescue zas phenotypes, decrease SL content and release and promote root growth in wild-type seedlings. In conclusion, we show that zaxinone is a key regulator of rice development and biotic interactions and has potential for increasing crop growth and combating Striga, a severe threat to global food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian You Wang
- Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, the BioActives Lab, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Imran Haider
- Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, the BioActives Lab, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Jamil
- Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, the BioActives Lab, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Valentina Fiorilli
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Viale Mattioli 25, Torino, 10125, Italy
| | - Yoshimoto Saito
- Computational Bioscience Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jianing Mi
- Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, the BioActives Lab, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lina Baz
- Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, the BioActives Lab, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Boubacar A Kountche
- Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, the BioActives Lab, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kun-Peng Jia
- Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, the BioActives Lab, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xiujie Guo
- Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, the BioActives Lab, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aparna Balakrishna
- Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, the BioActives Lab, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Valentine O Ntui
- Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, the BioActives Lab, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Beate Reinke
- Cell Biology, Institute for Biology II, Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Veronica Volpe
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Viale Mattioli 25, Torino, 10125, Italy
| | - Takashi Gojobori
- Computational Bioscience Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.,Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ikram Blilou
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Luisa Lanfranco
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Viale Mattioli 25, Torino, 10125, Italy
| | - Paola Bonfante
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Viale Mattioli 25, Torino, 10125, Italy
| | - Salim Al-Babili
- Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, the BioActives Lab, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
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71
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Fiorilli V, Wang JY, Bonfante P, Lanfranco L, Al-Babili S. Apocarotenoids: Old and New Mediators of the Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1186. [PMID: 31611899 PMCID: PMC6776609 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Plants utilize hormones and other small molecules to trigger and coordinate their growth and developmental processes, adapt and respond to environmental cues, and communicate with surrounding organisms. Some of these molecules originate from carotenoids that act as universal precursors of bioactive metabolites arising through oxidation of the carotenoid backbone. This metabolic conversion produces a large set of compounds known as apocarotenoids, which includes the plant hormones abscisic acid (ABA) and strigolactones (SLs) and different signaling molecules. An increasing body of evidence suggests a crucial role of previously identified and recently discovered carotenoid-derived metabolites in the communication with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and the establishment of the corresponding symbiosis, which is one of the most relevant plant-fungus mutualistic interactions in nature. In this review, we provide an update on the function of apocarotenoid hormones and regulatory metabolites in AM symbiosis, highlighting their effect on both partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Fiorilli
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Jian You Wang
- The BioActives Lab, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Paola Bonfante
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Luisa Lanfranco
- The BioActives Lab, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- *Correspondence: Luisa Lanfranco, ; Salim Al-Babili,
| | - Salim Al-Babili
- The BioActives Lab, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- *Correspondence: Luisa Lanfranco, ; Salim Al-Babili,
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Lanfranco L, Fiorilli V, Gutjahr C. Partner communication and role of nutrients in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 220:1031-1046. [PMID: 29806959 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 1031 I. Introduction 1031 II. Interkingdom communication enabling symbiosis 1032 III. Nutritional and regulatory roles for key metabolites in the AM symbiosis 1035 IV. The plant-fungus genotype combination determines the outcome of the symbiosis 1039 V. Perspectives 1039 Acknowledgements 1041 References 1041 SUMMARY: The evolutionary and ecological success of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis relies on an efficient and multifactorial communication system for partner recognition, and on a fine-tuned and reciprocal metabolic regulation of each symbiont to reach an optimal functional integration. Besides strigolactones, N-acetylglucosamine-derivatives released by the plant were recently suggested to trigger fungal reprogramming at the pre-contact stage. Remarkably, N-acetylglucosamine-based diffusible molecules also are symbiotic signals produced by AM fungi (AMF) and clues on the mechanisms of their perception by the plant are emerging. AMF genomes and transcriptomes contain a battery of putative effector genes that may have conserved and AMF- or host plant-specific functions. Nutrient exchange is the key feature of AM symbiosis. A mechanism of phosphate transport inside fungal hyphae has been suggested, and first insights into the regulatory mechanisms of root colonization in accordance with nutrient transfer and status were obtained. The recent discovery of the dependency of AMF on fatty acid transfer from the host has offered a convincing explanation for their obligate biotrophism. Novel studies highlighted the importance of plant and fungal genotypes for the outcome of the symbiosis. These findings open new perspectives for fundamental research and application of AMF in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Lanfranco
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Viale P.A. Mattioli 25, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Valentina Fiorilli
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Viale P.A. Mattioli 25, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Caroline Gutjahr
- Plant Genetics, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Emil Ramann Str. 4, D-85354, Freising, Germany
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Bonfante P. The future has roots in the past: the ideas and scientists that shaped mycorrhizal research. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 220:982-995. [PMID: 30160311 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 982 I. Introduction 982 II. The portraits of our ancestors: a gallery of ideas from more than 100 years of mycorrhizal research 983 III. Mycorrhizal fungi in the 'omics' era: first puzzle, how to name mycorrhizal fungi 985 IV. Signalling: a central question of our time? 987 V. The colonization process: how cellular studies predicted future 'omics' data 989 VI. The genetics underlying colonization events 991 VII. Concluding thoughts: chance and needs in mycorrhizal symbioses 992 Acknowledgements 992 References 992 SUMMARY: Our knowledge of mycorrhizas dates back to at least 150 years ago, when the plant pathologists A. B. Frank and G. Gibelli described the surprisingly morphology of forest tree roots surrounded by a fungal mantle. Compared with this history, our molecular study of mycorrhizas remains a young science. To trace the history of mycorrhizal research, from its roots in the distant past, to the present and the future, this review outlines a few topics that were already central in the 19th century and were seminal in revealing the biological meaning of mycorrhizal associations. These include investigations of nutrient exchange between partners, plant responses to mycorrhizal fungi, and the identity and evolution of mycorrhizal symbionts as just a few examples of how the most recent molecular studies of mycorrhizal biology sprouted from the roots of past research. In addition to clarifying the ecological role of mycorrhizas, some of the recent results have changed the perception of the relevance of mycorrhizas in the scientific community, and in the whole of society. Looking to past knowledge while foreseeing strategies for the next steps can help us catch a glimpse of the future of mycorrhizal research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Bonfante
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Viale Mattioli, 25, 10125, Turin, Italy
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Wang M, Schäfer M, Li D, Halitschke R, Dong C, McGale E, Paetz C, Song Y, Li S, Dong J, Heiling S, Groten K, Franken P, Bitterlich M, Harrison MJ, Paszkowski U, Baldwin IT. Blumenols as shoot markers of root symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. eLife 2018; 7:e37093. [PMID: 30152755 PMCID: PMC6156081 DOI: 10.7554/elife.37093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
High-through-put (HTP) screening for functional arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)-associations is challenging because roots must be excavated and colonization evaluated by transcript analysis or microscopy. Here we show that specific leaf-metabolites provide broadly applicable accurate proxies of these associations, suitable for HTP-screens. With a combination of untargeted and targeted metabolomics, we show that shoot accumulations of hydroxy- and carboxyblumenol C-glucosides mirror root AMF-colonization in Nicotiana attenuata plants. Genetic/pharmacologic manipulations indicate that these AMF-indicative foliar blumenols are synthesized and transported from roots to shoots. These blumenol-derived foliar markers, found in many di- and monocotyledonous crop and model plants (Solanum lycopersicum, Solanum tuberosum, Hordeum vulgare, Triticum aestivum, Medicago truncatula and Brachypodium distachyon), are not restricted to particular plant-AMF interactions, and are shown to be applicable for field-based QTL mapping of AMF-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Wang
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Martin Schäfer
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Dapeng Li
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Rayko Halitschke
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Chuanfu Dong
- Department of Bioorganic ChemistryMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Erica McGale
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Christian Paetz
- Research Group Biosynthesis / NMRMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Yuanyuan Song
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Suhua Li
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Junfu Dong
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
- College of Life SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Sven Heiling
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Karin Groten
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Philipp Franken
- Leibniz-Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental CropsGrossbeerenGermany
- Institute of BiologyHumboldt Universität zu BerlinBerlinGermany
| | | | | | - Uta Paszkowski
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
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Pawlowska TE, Gaspar ML, Lastovetsky OA, Mondo SJ, Real-Ramirez I, Shakya E, Bonfante P. Biology of Fungi and Their Bacterial Endosymbionts. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2018; 56:289-309. [PMID: 30149793 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080417-045914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Heritable symbioses, in which endosymbiotic bacteria (EB) are transmitted vertically between host generations, are an important source of evolutionary novelties. A primary example of such symbioses is the eukaryotic cell with its EB-derived organelles. Recent discoveries suggest that endosymbiosis-related innovations can be also found in associations formed by early divergent fungi in the phylum Mucoromycota with heritable EB from two classes, Betaproteobacteria and Mollicutes. These symbioses exemplify novel types of host-symbiont interactions. Studies of these partnerships fuel theoretical models describing mechanisms that stabilize heritable symbioses, control the rate of molecular evolution, and enable the establishment of mutualisms. Lastly, by altering host phenotypes and metabolism, these associations represent an important instrument for probing the basic biology of the Mucoromycota hosts, which remain one of the least explored filamentous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa E Pawlowska
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Pathology and Plant Microbe-Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA;
| | - Maria L Gaspar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Olga A Lastovetsky
- School of Biology and Environmental Science and Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stephen J Mondo
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California 94598, USA
| | | | - Evaniya Shakya
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Pathology and Plant Microbe-Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA;
| | - Paola Bonfante
- Department of Life Sciences & Systems Biology, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
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