51
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Whelan DR, Lee WTC, Marks F, Kong YT, Yin Y, Rothenberg E. Super-resolution visualization of distinct stalled and broken replication fork structures. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1009256. [PMID: 33370257 PMCID: PMC7793303 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous genotoxic stress occurs in healthy cells due to competition between DNA replication machinery, and transcription and topographic relaxation processes. This causes replication fork stalling and regression, which can further collapse to form single-ended double strand breaks (seDSBs). Super-resolution microscopy has made it possible to directly observe replication stress and DNA damage inside cells, however new approaches to sample preparation and analysis are required. Here we develop and apply multicolor single molecule microscopy to visualize individual replication forks under mild stress from the trapping of Topoisomerase I cleavage complexes, a damage induction which closely mimics endogenous replicative stress. We observe RAD51 and RAD52, alongside RECQ1, as the first responder proteins to stalled but unbroken forks, whereas Ku and MRE11 are initially recruited to seDSBs. By implementing novel super-resolution imaging assays, we are thus able to discern closely related replication fork stress motifs and their repair pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna R. Whelan
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail: (DRW); (ER)
| | - Wei Ting C. Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Frances Marks
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Yu Tina Kong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Yandong Yin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Eli Rothenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DRW); (ER)
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52
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Sanders JT, Freeman TF, Xu Y, Golloshi R, Stallard MA, Hill AM, San Martin R, Balajee AS, McCord RP. Radiation-induced DNA damage and repair effects on 3D genome organization. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6178. [PMID: 33268790 PMCID: PMC7710719 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20047-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The three-dimensional structure of chromosomes plays an important role in gene expression regulation and also influences the repair of radiation-induced DNA damage. Genomic aberrations that disrupt chromosome spatial domains can lead to diseases including cancer, but how the 3D genome structure responds to DNA damage is poorly understood. Here, we investigate the impact of DNA damage response and repair on 3D genome folding using Hi-C experiments on wild type cells and ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) patient cells. We irradiate fibroblasts, lymphoblasts, and ATM-deficient fibroblasts with 5 Gy X-rays and perform Hi-C at 30 minutes, 24 hours, or 5 days after irradiation. We observe that 3D genome changes after irradiation are cell type-specific, with lymphoblastoid cells generally showing more contact changes than irradiated fibroblasts. However, all tested repair-proficient cell types exhibit an increased segregation of topologically associating domains (TADs). This TAD boundary strengthening after irradiation is not observed in ATM deficient fibroblasts and may indicate the presence of a mechanism to protect 3D genome structure integrity during DNA damage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T Sanders
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, 309 Ken and Blaire Mossman Bldg 1311 Cumberland Ave, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Trevor F Freeman
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, 309 Ken and Blaire Mossman Bldg 1311 Cumberland Ave, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Yang Xu
- UT-ORNL Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Rosela Golloshi
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, 309 Ken and Blaire Mossman Bldg 1311 Cumberland Ave, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Mary A Stallard
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, 309 Ken and Blaire Mossman Bldg 1311 Cumberland Ave, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Ashtyn M Hill
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, 309 Ken and Blaire Mossman Bldg 1311 Cumberland Ave, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Rebeca San Martin
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, 309 Ken and Blaire Mossman Bldg 1311 Cumberland Ave, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Adayabalam S Balajee
- Radiation Emergency Assistance Center and Training Site, Cytogenetics Biodosimetry Laboratory, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - Rachel Patton McCord
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, 309 Ken and Blaire Mossman Bldg 1311 Cumberland Ave, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA. .,UT-ORNL Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
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53
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Wang J, Li R, He Y, Yi Y, Wu H, Liang Z. Next-generation sequencing reveals heterogeneous genetic alterations in key signaling pathways of mismatch repair deficient colorectal carcinomas. Mod Pathol 2020; 33:2591-2601. [PMID: 32620917 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-020-0612-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) with deficient mismatch repair (dMMR) is an etiologically heterogeneous molecular entity. We investigated the genetic profile, focusing on key signaling pathways and molecular diversity of dMMR CRCs. In this study, next-generation sequencing was applied to 156 consecutive dMMR CRCs and 225 randomly selected proficient MMR (pMMR) CRCs diagnosed between July 2015 and December 2019 at Peking Union Medical College Hospital. Genetic alterations and MLH1 promoter hypermethylation (MLH1me+) were analyzed. Among the most frequently mutated genes, RNF43, ARID1A, PIK3CA, ATM, and BRCA2 mutants were enriched in dMMR CRCs, whereas APC and TP53 mutations were enriched in pMMR CRCs. In dMMR group, RNF43, APC, ARID1A, and BRCA2 mutations were largely microsatellite instability events. WNT pathway was commonly altered regardless of MMR status. Compared to pMMR CRCs, dMMR CRCs had remarkably more prevalent PI3K, RTK-RAS, TGFβ, and DNA damage repair pathway alterations and more multiple mutations in WNT and PI3K pathways. Within dMMR tumors, mutual exclusivity occurred between CTNNB1 mutation and APC or RNF43 mutation, while coexistence existed between BRAF and RNF43 mutation, as well as RAS and APC mutation. MLH1me+ dMMR CRCs had significantly more frequent RNF43 mutations but less frequent KRAS, APC, and CTNNB1 mutations comparing to MLH1-unmethylated dMMR CRCs. RNF43/BRAF comutations were detected in MLH1me+ dMMR CRCs, whereas RAS/APC comutations were largely detected in Lynch syndrome-associated cases. RNF43 mutation was independently associated with MLH1me+ rather than BRAF mutations. dMMR CRCs bearing receptor tyrosine kinase fusion demonstrated no additional RTK-RAS mutations, significantly fewer PI3K alterations and more TGFBR2 mutations than other dMMR tumors. Our study revealed that dMMR CRCs had distinctive gene mutation spectra and signaling pathway interaction patterns compared to proficient mismatch repair (pMMR) CRCs, and molecular heterogeneity was evident for these divergent oncogenic pathways. These findings justify the use of individualized therapy targeted to dMMR CRC subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Pathology, Molecular Pathology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ruiyu Li
- Department of Pathology, Molecular Pathology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yangzhige He
- Department of Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuting Yi
- Geneplus-Beijing Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Huanwen Wu
- Department of Pathology, Molecular Pathology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhiyong Liang
- Department of Pathology, Molecular Pathology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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54
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Conway JR, Dietlein F, Taylor-Weiner A, AlDubayan S, Vokes N, Keenan T, Reardon B, He MX, Margolis CA, Weirather JL, Haq R, Schilling B, Stephen Hodi F, Schadendorf D, Liu D, Van Allen EM. Integrated molecular drivers coordinate biological and clinical states in melanoma. Nat Genet 2020; 52:1373-1383. [PMID: 33230298 PMCID: PMC8054830 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-020-00739-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We performed harmonized molecular and clinical analysis on 1,048 melanomas and discovered markedly different global genomic properties among subtypes (BRAF, (N)RAS, NF1, Triple Wild-Type), subtype-specific preferences for secondary driver genes, and active mutational processes previously unreported in melanoma. Secondary driver genes significantly enriched in specific subtypes reflected preferential dysregulation of additional pathways, such as induction of TGF-β signaling in BRAF melanomas and inactivation of the SWI/SNF complex in (N)RAS melanomas, and select co-mutation patterns coordinated selective response to immune checkpoint blockade. We also defined the mutational landscape of Triple Wild-Type melanomas and identified enrichment of DNA repair defect signatures in this subtype, which were associated with transcriptional downregulation of key DNA repair genes and may revive previously discarded or currently unconsidered therapeutic modalities for genomically stratified melanoma patient subsets. Broadly, harmonized meta-analysis of melanoma whole-exomes identified distinct molecular drivers that may point to multiple opportunities for biological and therapeutic investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake R Conway
- Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.,Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Felix Dietlein
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amaro Taylor-Weiner
- Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.,Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Saud AlDubayan
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdul-Aziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Natalie Vokes
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tanya Keenan
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brendan Reardon
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Meng Xiao He
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Graduate Program in Biophysics, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Claire A Margolis
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jason L Weirather
- Center for Cancer Precision Medicine, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rizwan Haq
- Center for Cancer Precision Medicine, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bastian Schilling
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, Essen, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium of Translational Cancer Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - F Stephen Hodi
- Center for Cancer Precision Medicine, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dirk Schadendorf
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, Essen, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium of Translational Cancer Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David Liu
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eliezer M Van Allen
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA. .,Center for Cancer Precision Medicine, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
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55
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Perini V, Schacke M, Liddle P, Vilchez-Larrea S, Keszenman DJ, Lafon-Hughes L. PARP Inhibitor Olaparib Causes No Potentiation of the Bleomycin Effect in VERO Cells, Even in the Presence of Pooled ATM, DNA-PK, and LigIV Inhibitors. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8288. [PMID: 33167404 PMCID: PMC7663819 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)polymerase (PARP) synthesizes poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR), which is anchored to proteins. PAR facilitates multiprotein complexes' assembly. Nuclear PAR affects chromatin's structure and functions, including transcriptional regulation. In response to stress, particularly genotoxic stress, PARP activation facilitates DNA damage repair. The PARP inhibitor Olaparib (OLA) displays synthetic lethality with mutated homologous recombination proteins (BRCA-1/2), base excision repair proteins (XRCC1, Polβ), and canonical nonhomologous end joining (LigIV). However, the limits of synthetic lethality are not clear. On one hand, it is unknown whether any limiting factor of homologous recombination can be a synthetic PARP lethality partner. On the other hand, some BRCA-mutated patients are not responsive to OLA for still unknown reasons. In an effort to help delineate the boundaries of synthetic lethality, we have induced DNA damage in VERO cells with the radiomimetic chemotherapeutic agent bleomycin (BLEO). A VERO subpopulation was resistant to BLEO, BLEO + OLA, and BLEO + OLA + ATM inhibitor KU55933 + DNA-PK inhibitor KU-0060648 + LigIV inhibitor SCR7 pyrazine. Regarding the mechanism(s) behind the resistance and lack of synthetic lethality, some hypotheses have been discarded and alternative hypotheses are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Perini
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable (IIBCE), Departamento de Genética, Montevideo 11.600, Uruguay; (V.P.); (M.S.); (P.L.)
| | - Michelle Schacke
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable (IIBCE), Departamento de Genética, Montevideo 11.600, Uruguay; (V.P.); (M.S.); (P.L.)
| | - Pablo Liddle
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable (IIBCE), Departamento de Genética, Montevideo 11.600, Uruguay; (V.P.); (M.S.); (P.L.)
| | - Salomé Vilchez-Larrea
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular “Dr. Héctor N. Torres”, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina;
| | - Deborah J. Keszenman
- Laboratorio de Radiobiología Médica y Ambiental, Grupo de Biofisicoquímica, Centro Universitario Regional Litoral Norte, Universidad de la República (UdelaR), Salto 50.000, Uruguay
| | - Laura Lafon-Hughes
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable (IIBCE), Departamento de Genética, Montevideo 11.600, Uruguay; (V.P.); (M.S.); (P.L.)
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56
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Weyburne E, Bosco G. Cancer-associated mutations in the condensin II subunit CAPH2 cause genomic instability through telomere dysfunction and anaphase chromosome bridges. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:3579-3598. [PMID: 33078399 PMCID: PMC7983937 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Genome instability in cancer drives tumor heterogeneity, undermines the success of therapies, and leads to metastasis and recurrence. Condensins are conserved chromatin‐binding proteins that promote genomic stability, mainly by ensuring proper condensation of chromatin and mitotic chromosome segregation. Condensin mutations are found in human tumors, but it is not known how or even if such mutations promote cancer progression. In this study, we focus on condensin II subunit CAPH2 and specific CAPH2 mutations reported to be enriched in human cancer patients, and we test how CAPH2 cancer‐specific mutations may lead to condensin II complex dysfunction and contribute to genome instability. We find that R551P, R551S, and S556F mutations in CAPH2 cause genomic instability by causing DNA damage, anaphase defects, micronuclei, and chromosomal instability. DNA damage and anaphase defects are caused primarily by ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3‐related‐dependent telomere dysfunction, as anaphase bridges are enriched for telomeric repeat sequences. We also show that these mutations decrease the binding of CAPH2 to the ATPase subunit SMC4 as well as the rest of the condensin II complex, and decrease the amount of CAPH2 protein bound to chromatin. Thus, in vivo the R551P, R551S, and S556F cancer‐specific CAPH2 mutant proteins are likely to impair condensin II complex formation, impede condensin II activity during mitosis and interphase, and promote genetic heterogeneity in cell populations that can lead to clonal outgrowth of cancer cells with highly diverse genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Weyburne
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Giovanni Bosco
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
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57
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Gilbreath C, Ma S, Yu L, Sonavane R, Roggero CM, Devineni A, Mauck R, Desai NB, Bagrodia A, Kittler R, Raj GV, Yin Y. Dynamic differences between DNA damage repair responses in primary tumors and cell lines. Transl Oncol 2020; 14:100898. [PMID: 33096336 PMCID: PMC7576517 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2020.100898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of DNA damage repair response (DDR) in prostate cancer is restricted by the limited number of prostate cancer cell lines and lack of surrogates for heterogeneity in clinical samples. Here, we sought to leverage our experience with patient derived explants (PDEs) cultured ex vivo to study dynamics of DDR in primary tumors following application of clinically relevant doses of ionizing radiation (IR) to tumor cells in their native 3-dimensional microenvironment. We compared DDR dynamics between prostate cancer cell lines, PDEs and xenograft derived explants (XDEs) following treatment with IR (2Gy) either alone or in combination with pharmacological modulators of DDR. We have shown that following treatment with 2Gy, DDR can be consistently detected in PDEs from multiple solid tumors, including prostate, kidney, testes, lung and breast, as evidenced by γ-H2AX, 53BP1, phospho-ATM and phospho-DNA-PKcs foci. By examining kinetics of resolution of IR-induced foci, we have shown that DDR in prostate PDEs (complete resolution in 8 h) is much faster than in prostate cancer cell lines (<50% resolution in 8 h). The transcriptional profile of DDR genes following 2Gy IR appears to be distinct between PDEs and cell lines. Pre-treatment with drugs targeting DDR pathways differentially alter the kinetics of DDR in the PDEs and cell lines, as evidenced by altered kinetics of foci resolution. This study highlights the utility of PDEs as a robust model system for short-term evaluation of DDR in primary solid tumors in clinically relevant microenvironment. IR induces distinct DNA damage repair kinetics in prostate cancer PDEs and cell lines. IR induces a distinct transcriptional program in prostate cancer PDE and cell lines. DNA-PKcs inhibition blocks IR-induced DDR in prostate cancer PDE. Inhibition of AR impairs NHEJ in prostate cancer PDEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin Gilbreath
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Shihong Ma
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Lan Yu
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Rajni Sonavane
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Carlos M Roggero
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Anvita Devineni
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ryan Mauck
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Neil B Desai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Aditya Bagrodia
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ralf Kittler
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ganesh V Raj
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Yi Yin
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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58
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Hu C, Bugbee T, Gamez M, Wallace NA. Beta Human Papillomavirus 8E6 Attenuates Non-Homologous End Joining by Hindering DNA-PKcs Activity. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092356. [PMID: 32825402 PMCID: PMC7564021 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous viral infections occur in a background of near continual exposure to environmental genotoxins, like UV radiation in sunlight. Failure to repair damaged DNA is an established driver of tumorigenesis and substantial cellular resources are devoted to repairing DNA lesions. Beta-human papillomaviruses (β-HPVs) attenuate DNA repair signaling. However, their role in human disease is unclear. Some have proposed that β-HPV promotes tumorigenesis, while others suggest that β-HPV protects against skin cancer. Most of the molecular evidence that β-HPV impairs DNA repair has been gained via characterization of the E6 protein from β-HPV 8 (β-HPV 8E6). Moreover, β-HPV 8E6 hinders DNA repair by binding and destabilizing p300, a transcription factor for multiple DNA repair genes. By reducing p300 availability, β-HPV 8E6 attenuates a major double strand DNA break (DSB) repair pathway, homologous recombination. Here, β-HPV 8E6 impairs another DSB repair pathway, non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). Specifically, β-HPV 8E6 acts by attenuating DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) activity, a critical NHEJ kinase. This includes DNA-PK activation and the downstream of steps in the pathway associated with DNA-PK activity. Notably, β-HPV 8E6 inhibits NHEJ through p300 dependent and independent means. Together, these data expand the known genome destabilizing capabilities of β-HPV 8E6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changkun Hu
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (C.H.); (T.B.)
| | - Taylor Bugbee
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (C.H.); (T.B.)
| | - Monica Gamez
- Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK;
| | - Nicholas A. Wallace
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (C.H.); (T.B.)
- Correspondence:
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59
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Targeting the DNA Damage Response to Overcome Cancer Drug Resistance in Glioblastoma. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21144910. [PMID: 32664581 PMCID: PMC7402284 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a severe brain tumor whose ability to mutate and adapt to therapies is at the base for the extremely poor survival rate of patients. Despite multiple efforts to develop alternative forms of treatment, advances have been disappointing and GBM remains an arduous tumor to treat. One of the leading causes for its strong resistance is the innate upregulation of DNA repair mechanisms. Since standard therapy consists of a combinatory use of ionizing radiation and alkylating drugs, which both damage DNA, targeting the DNA damage response (DDR) is proving to be a beneficial strategy to sensitize tumor cells to treatment. In this review, we will discuss how recent progress in the availability of the DDR kinase inhibitors will be key for future therapy development. Further, we will examine the principal existing DDR inhibitors, with special focus on those currently in use for GBM clinical trials.
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60
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Mauri G, Arena S, Siena S, Bardelli A, Sartore-Bianchi A. The DNA damage response pathway as a land of therapeutic opportunities for colorectal cancer. Ann Oncol 2020; 31:1135-1147. [PMID: 32512040 DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2020.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) represents a major cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Although significant progress has been made by molecular and immune therapeutic approaches, prognosis of advanced stage disease is still dismal. Alterations in the DNA damage response (DDR) pathways are emerging as novel targets for treatment across different cancer types. However, even though preclinical studies have shown the potential exploitation of DDR alterations in CRC, systematic and comprehensive testing is lagging and clinical development is based on analogies with other solid tumors according to a tissue-agnostic paradigm. Recently, functional evidence from patient-derived xenografts and organoids have suggested that maintenance with PARP inhibitors might represent a therapeutic opportunity in CRC patients previously responsive to platinum-based treatment. DESIGN AND RESULTS In this review, we highlight the most promising preclinical data and systematically summarize published clinical trials in which DDR inhibitors have been used for CRC and provide evidence that disappointing results have been mainly due to a lack of clinical and molecular selection. CONCLUSIONS Future preclinical and translational research will help in better understanding the role of DDR alterations in CRC and pave the way to novel strategies that might have a transformative impact on treatment by identifying new therapeutic options including tailored use of standard chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Mauri
- Niguarda Cancer Center, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy; Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - S Arena
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO - IRCCS, Candiolo (TO), Torino, Italy; Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Candiolo (TO), Italy.
| | - S Siena
- Niguarda Cancer Center, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy; Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - A Bardelli
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO - IRCCS, Candiolo (TO), Torino, Italy; Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Candiolo (TO), Italy.
| | - A Sartore-Bianchi
- Niguarda Cancer Center, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy; Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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61
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Gomez Godinez V, Kabbara S, Sherman A, Wu T, Cohen S, Kong X, Maravillas-Montero JL, Shi Z, Preece D, Yokomori K, Berns MW. DNA damage induced during mitosis undergoes DNA repair synthesis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227849. [PMID: 32343690 PMCID: PMC7188217 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mitotic DNA damage response (DDR) is critical to our comprehension of cancer, premature aging and developmental disorders which are marked by DNA repair deficiencies. In this study we use a micro-focused laser to induce DNA damage in selected mitotic chromosomes to study the subsequent repair response. Our findings demonstrate that (1) mitotic cells are capable of DNA repair as evidenced by DNA synthesis at damage sites, (2) Repair is attenuated when DNA-PKcs and ATM are simultaneously compromised, (3) Laser damage may permit the observation of previously undetected DDR proteins when damage is elicited by other methods in mitosis, and (4) Twenty five percent of mitotic DNA-damaged cells undergo a subsequent mitosis. Together these findings suggest that mitotic DDR is more complex than previously thought and may involve factors from multiple repair pathways that are better understood in interphase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Gomez Godinez
- Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Sami Kabbara
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Adria Sherman
- Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Tao Wu
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Shirli Cohen
- Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Xiangduo Kong
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | | | - Zhixia Shi
- Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Daryl Preece
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Kyoko Yokomori
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Michael W. Berns
- Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
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62
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Singh N, Bhakuni R, Chhabria D, Kirubakaran S. MDC1 depletion promotes cisplatin induced cell death in cervical cancer cells. BMC Res Notes 2020; 13:146. [PMID: 32160908 PMCID: PMC7066845 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-020-04996-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cisplatin, the most common chemotherapeutic drug for the treatment of advanced stage cervical cancers has limitations in terms of drugs resistance observed in patients partly due to functional DNA damage repair (DDR) processes in the cell. Mediator of DNA damage checkpoint 1 (MDC1) is an important protein in the Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) mediated double stranded DNA break (DSB) repair pathway. In this regard, we investigated the effect of MDC1 change in expression on the cisplatin sensitivity in cervical cancer cells. RESULTS Through modulation of MDC1 expression in the cervical cancer cell lines; Hela, SiHa and Caski, we found that all the three cell lines silenced for MDC1 exhibited higher sensitivity to cisplatin treatment with inefficiency in accumulation of p γH2AX, Ser 139 foci and increased accumulation of pChk2 Thr 68 at the damaged chromatin followed by enhanced apoptosis. Further, we observed the increased p53 Ser 15 phosphorylation in the MDC1 depleted cells. Our studies suggest that MDC1 expression could be a key determinant in cervical cancer prognosis and its depletion in combination with cisplatin has the potential to be explored for the sensitisation of chemo-resistant cervical cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeru Singh
- Biological Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gujarat, 382355, India
| | - Rashmi Bhakuni
- Biological Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gujarat, 382355, India
| | - Dimple Chhabria
- Biological Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gujarat, 382355, India
| | - Sivapriya Kirubakaran
- Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj Campus, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, India.
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63
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Dual PI3K/mTOR Inhibitor NVP-BEZ235 Enhances Radiosensitivity of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) Cell Lines Due to Suppressed Double-Strand Break (DSB) Repair by Non-Homologous End Joining. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12020467. [PMID: 32085396 PMCID: PMC7072694 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway is frequently altered in human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive and negative squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC) and overstimulation is associated with poor prognosis. PI3K drives Akt activation and constitutive signaling acts pro-proliferative, supports cell survival, DNA repair, and contributes to radioresistance. Since the small molecule NVP-BEZ235 (BEZ235) is a potent dual inhibitor of this pathway, we were interested whether BEZ235 could be an efficient radiosensitizer. The 50 nM BEZ235 was found to abrogate endogenous and irradiation-induced phosphorylation of Akt (Ser473). The anti-proliferative capacity of the drug resulted in an increase in G1-phase cells. Repair of radiation-induced DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) was strongly suppressed. Reduction in DSB repair was only apparent in G1- but not in G2-phase cells, suggesting that BEZ235 primarily affects non-homologous end joining. This finding was confirmed using a DSB repair reporter gene assay and could be attributed to an impaired phosphorylation of DNA-PKcs (S2056). Cellular radiosensitivity increased strongly after BEZ235 addition in all HNSCC cell lines used, especially when irradiated in the G0 or G1 phase. Our data indicate that targeting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway by BEZ235 with concurrent radiotherapy may be considered an effective strategy for the treatment of HNSCC, regardless of the HPV and Akt status.
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64
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Klinakis A, Karagiannis D, Rampias T. Targeting DNA repair in cancer: current state and novel approaches. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:677-703. [PMID: 31612241 PMCID: PMC11105035 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03299-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
DNA damage response, DNA repair and genomic instability have been under study for their role in tumor initiation and progression for many years now. More recently, next-generation sequencing on cancer tissue from various patient cohorts have revealed mutations and epigenetic silencing of various genes encoding proteins with roles in these processes. These findings, together with the unequivocal role of DNA repair in therapeutic response, have fueled efforts toward the clinical exploitation of research findings. The successful example of PARP1/2 inhibitors has also supported these efforts and led to numerous preclinical and clinical trials with a large number of small molecules targeting various components involved in DNA repair singularly or in combination with other therapies. In this review, we focus on recent considerations related to DNA damage response and new DNA repair inhibition agents. We then discuss how immunotherapy can collaborate with these new drugs and how epigenetic drugs can rewire the activity of repair pathways and sensitize cancer cells to DNA repair inhibition therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apostolos Klinakis
- Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece.
| | - Dimitris Karagiannis
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Theodoros Rampias
- Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece.
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65
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Role of Rad51 and DNA repair in cancer: A molecular perspective. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 208:107492. [PMID: 32001312 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The maintenance of genome integrity is essential for any organism survival and for the inheritance of traits to offspring. To the purpose, cells have developed a complex DNA repair system to defend the genetic information against both endogenous and exogenous sources of damage. Accordingly, multiple repair pathways can be aroused from the diverse forms of DNA lesions, which can be effective per se or via crosstalk with others to complete the whole DNA repair process. Deficiencies in DNA healing resulting in faulty repair and/or prolonged DNA damage can lead to genes mutations, chromosome rearrangements, genomic instability, and finally carcinogenesis and/or cancer progression. Although it might seem paradoxical, at the same time such defects in DNA repair pathways may have therapeutic implications for potential clinical practice. Here we provide an overview of the main DNA repair pathways, with special focus on the role played by homologous repair and the RAD51 recombinase protein in the cellular DNA damage response. We next discuss the recombinase structure and function per se and in combination with all its principal mediators and regulators. Finally, we conclude with an analysis of the manifold roles that RAD51 plays in carcinogenesis, cancer progression and anticancer drug resistance, and conclude this work with a survey of the most promising therapeutic strategies aimed at targeting RAD51 in experimental oncology.
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66
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Hoppe MM, Sundar R, Tan DSP, Jeyasekharan AD. Biomarkers for Homologous Recombination Deficiency in Cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2019; 110:704-713. [PMID: 29788099 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djy085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Defective DNA repair is a common hallmark of cancer. Homologous recombination is a DNA repair pathway of clinical interest due to the sensitivity of homologous recombination-deficient cells to poly-ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors. The measurement of homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) in cancer is therefore vital to the appropriate design of clinical trials incorporating PARP inhibitors. However, methods to identify HRD in tumors are varied and controversial. Understanding existing and new methods to measure HRD is important to their appropriate use in clinical trials and practice. The aim of this review is to summarize the biology and clinical validation of current methods to measure HRD, to aid decision-making for patient stratification and translational research in PARP inhibitor trials. We discuss the current clinical development of PARP inhibitors, along with established indicators for HRD such as germline BRCA1/2 mutation status and clinical response to platinum-based therapy. We then examine newer assays undergoing clinical validation, including 1) somatic mutations in homologous recombination genes, 2) "genomic scar" assays using array-based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH), single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis or mutational signatures derived from next-generation sequencing, 3) transcriptional profiles of HRD, and 4) phenotypic or functional assays of protein expression and localization. We highlight the strengths and weaknesses of each of these assays, for consideration during the design of studies involving PARP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal M Hoppe
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - Raghav Sundar
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - David S P Tan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University Hospital, Singapore.,Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - Anand D Jeyasekharan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University Hospital, Singapore.,Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Hospital, Singapore
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67
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Becker JR, Gallo D, Leung W, Croissant T, Thu YM, Nguyen HD, Starr TK, Brown GW, Bielinsky AK. Flap endonuclease overexpression drives genome instability and DNA damage hypersensitivity in a PCNA-dependent manner. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:5634-5650. [PMID: 29741650 PMCID: PMC6009675 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of the flap endonuclease FEN1 has been observed in a variety of cancer types and is a marker for poor prognosis. To better understand the cellular consequences of FEN1 overexpression we utilized a model of its Saccharomyces cerevisiae homolog, RAD27. In this system, we discovered that flap endonuclease overexpression impedes replication fork progression and leads to an accumulation of cells in mid-S phase. This was accompanied by increased phosphorylation of the checkpoint kinase Rad53 and histone H2A-S129. RAD27 overexpressing cells were hypersensitive to treatment with DNA damaging agents, and defective in ubiquitinating the replication clamp proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) at lysine 164. These effects were reversed when the interaction between overexpressed Rad27 and PCNA was ablated, suggesting that the observed phenotypes were linked to problems in DNA replication. RAD27 overexpressing cells also exhibited an unexpected dependence on the SUMO ligases SIZ1 and MMS21 for viability. Importantly, we found that overexpression of FEN1 in human cells also led to phosphorylation of CHK1, CHK2, RPA32 and histone H2AX, all markers of genome instability. Our data indicate that flap endonuclease overexpression is a driver of genome instability in yeast and human cells that impairs DNA replication in a manner dependent on its interaction with PCNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan R Becker
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - David Gallo
- Department of Biochemistry and Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada
| | - Wendy Leung
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Taylor Croissant
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Yee Mon Thu
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Hai Dang Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Timothy K Starr
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Grant W Brown
- Department of Biochemistry and Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada
| | - Anja-Katrin Bielinsky
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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68
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Pellegrino B, Mateo J, Serra V, Balmaña J. Controversies in oncology: are genomic tests quantifying homologous recombination repair deficiency (HRD) useful for treatment decision making? ESMO Open 2019; 4:e000480. [PMID: 31231558 PMCID: PMC6555601 DOI: 10.1136/esmoopen-2018-000480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Pellegrino
- Experimental Therapeutics Group, Vall d'Hebron Institut d'Oncologia, Barcelona, Spain
- Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Joaquin Mateo
- Prostate Cancer Translational Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Institut d'Oncologia, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Violeta Serra
- Experimental Therapeutics Group, Vall d'Hebron Institut d'Oncologia, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judith Balmaña
- High Risk and Cancer Prevention Group, Vall d'Hebron Institut d'Oncologia, Barcelona, Spain
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69
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Li N, Tian GW, Tang LR, Li G. hMOF reduction enhances radiosensitivity through the homologous recombination pathway in non-small-cell lung cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:3065-3075. [PMID: 31114249 PMCID: PMC6485037 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s192568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Human males absent on the first (hMOF) is a histone acetyltransferase (HAT) and is responsible for acetylating histone H4 at lysine 16 (H4K16). Recent studies have indicated that hMOF is overexpressed in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) as an oncogene. The aim of this study is to profile the prognostic roles of hMOF in patients with unresectable stage III NSCLC undergoing definitive radiotherapy (RT) and in the radiosensitivity of human NSCLC cells. Materials and methods The expression of hMOF was detected in 24 normal and tumor-paired fresh-frozen NSCLC tissue samples. The immunohistochemistry was conducted, and the correlation of hMOF with clinicopathological parameters was studied in tissues from 90 patients with unresectable stage III NSCLC who underwent definitive RT. Radiation sensitivity was monitored using clonogenic assays in NCI-H1299 and A549 NSCLC cell lines with hMOF knockdown. Results hMOF was overexpressed in NSCLC tissues compared with non-cancerous tissues. Compared to patients with downregulated hMOF, upregulated hMOF was observed in 51.1% (46/90) of the patients, who showed a significantly worse 5-year survival rate (5.4% vs 22.9%, P=0.025). hMOF expression was an independent prognostic factor of unresectable stage III NSCLC patients who underwent definitive RT. Silencing hMOF increased in vitro the sensitive enhancing ratio (SER) of NSCLC cell lines and downregulated the expression of phospho-ataxia telangiectasia mutated (p-ATM) and RAD51 after irradiation (IR). Conclusion Overexpression of hMOF predicts poor prognosis in patients with unresectable stage III NSCLC undergoing definitive RT. Downregulating hMOF might be a promising intervention to improve the outcome after RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China,
| | - Guang-Wei Tian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China,
| | - Ling-Rong Tang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China,
| | - Guang Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China,
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70
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Lewis TW, Barthelemy JR, Virts EL, Kennedy FM, Gadgil RY, Wiek C, Linka RM, Zhang F, Andreassen PR, Hanenberg H, Leffak M. Deficiency of the Fanconi anemia E2 ubiqitin conjugase UBE2T only partially abrogates Alu-mediated recombination in a new model of homology dependent recombination. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:3503-3520. [PMID: 30715513 PMCID: PMC6468168 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary function of the UBE2T ubiquitin conjugase is in the monoubiquitination of the FANCI-FANCD2 heterodimer, a central step in the Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway. Genetic inactivation of UBE2T is responsible for the phenotypes of FANCT patients; however, a FANCT patient carrying a maternal duplication and a paternal deletion in the UBE2T loci displayed normal peripheral blood counts and UBE2T protein levels in B-lymphoblast cell lines. To test whether reversion by recombination between UBE2T AluYa5 elements could have occurred in the patient's hematopoietic stem cells despite the defects in homologous recombination (HR) in FA cells, we constructed HeLa cell lines containing the UBE2T AluYa5 elements and neighboring intervening sequences flanked by fluorescent reporter genes. Introduction of a DNA double strand break in the model UBE2T locus in vivo promoted single strand annealing (SSA) between proximal Alu elements and deletion of the intervening color marker gene, recapitulating the reversion of the UBE2T duplication in the FA patient. To test whether UBE2T null cells retain HR activity, the UBE2T genes were knocked out in HeLa cells and U2OS cells. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genetic knockout of UBE2T only partially reduced HR, demonstrating that UBE2T-independent pathways can compensate for the recombination defect in UBE2T/FANCT null cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd W Lewis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Joanna R Barthelemy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Elizabeth L Virts
- Department of Pediatrics and Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Felicia M Kennedy
- Department of Pediatrics and Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Rujuta Y Gadgil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Constanze Wiek
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head/Neck Surgery, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Duüsseldorf, Germany
| | - Rene M Linka
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head/Neck Surgery, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Duüsseldorf, Germany
| | - Feng Zhang
- Division of Experimental Hematology & Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Paul R Andreassen
- Division of Experimental Hematology & Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Helmut Hanenberg
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head/Neck Surgery, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Duüsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Pediatrics III, University Children's Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Michael Leffak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
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71
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Jachimowicz RD, Reinhardt HC. UBQLN4 promotes non-homologous end joining by repressing DNA end-resection. Mol Cell Oncol 2019; 6:1575692. [PMID: 31131301 DOI: 10.1080/23723556.2019.1575692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) promotes homologous recombination (HR)-mediated DNA double-strand break repair. It was recently shown that the proteasomal shuttle factor UBQLN4 facilitates MRE11 degradation to repress HR. Surprisingly, the UBQLN4-MRE11 interaction is ATM-dependent, suggesting that the proximal DNA damage kinase ATM does not only initiate HR, but also limits excessive end resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron D Jachimowicz
- Clinic I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - H Christian Reinhardt
- Clinic I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Response in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen-Bonn-Cologne-Düsseldorf, Cologne Site, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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72
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Köcher S, Beyer B, Lange T, Nordquist L, Volquardsen J, Burdak‐Rothkamm S, Schlomm T, Petersen C, Rothkamm K, Mansour WY. A functional
ex vivo
assay to detect PARP1‐EJ repair and radiosensitization by PARP‐inhibitor in prostate cancer. Int J Cancer 2019; 144:1685-1696. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Köcher
- Laboratory of Radiobiology and Experimental RadiooncologyUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Burkhard Beyer
- Martini‐Klinik, Prostate Cancer CenterUniversity Medical Hamburg Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Tobias Lange
- Institute of AnatomyUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Lena Nordquist
- Laboratory of Radiobiology and Experimental RadiooncologyUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Jennifer Volquardsen
- Laboratory of Radiobiology and Experimental RadiooncologyUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Susanne Burdak‐Rothkamm
- Department of Radiotherapy and RadiooncologyUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Thorsten Schlomm
- Martini‐Klinik, Prostate Cancer CenterUniversity Medical Hamburg Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Cordula Petersen
- Department of Radiotherapy and RadiooncologyUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Kai Rothkamm
- Laboratory of Radiobiology and Experimental RadiooncologyUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Wael Yassin Mansour
- Laboratory of Radiobiology and Experimental RadiooncologyUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
- Department of Tumor BiologyNational Cancer Institute, Cairo University Cairo Egypt
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73
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Mi Y, Gurumurthy RK, Zadora PK, Meyer TF, Chumduri C. Chlamydia trachomatis Inhibits Homologous Recombination Repair of DNA Breaks by Interfering with PP2A Signaling. mBio 2018; 9:e01465-18. [PMID: 30401777 PMCID: PMC6222135 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01465-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical and ovarian cancers exhibit characteristic mutational signatures that are reminiscent of mutational processes, including defective homologous recombination (HR) repair. How these mutational processes are initiated during carcinogenesis is largely unclear. Chlamydia trachomatis infections are epidemiologically associated with cervical and ovarian cancers. Previously, we showed that C. trachomatis induces DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) but suppresses Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) activation and cell cycle checkpoints. The mechanisms by which ATM regulation is modulated and its consequences for the repair pathway in C. trachomatis-infected cells remain unknown. Here, we found that Chlamydia bacteria interfere with the usual response of PP2A to DSBs. As a result, PP2A activity remains high, as the level of inhibitory phosphorylation at Y307 remains unchanged following C. trachomatis-induced DSBs. Protein-protein interaction analysis revealed that C. trachomatis facilitates persistent interactions of PP2A with ATM, thus suppressing ATM activation. This correlated with a remarkable lack of homologous recombination (HR) repair in C. trachomatis-infected cells. Chemical inhibition of PP2A activity in infected cells released ATM from PP2A, resulting in ATM phosphorylation. Activated ATM was then recruited to DSBs and initiated downstream signaling, including phosphorylation of MRE11 and NBS1 and checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2)-mediated activation of the G2/M cell cycle checkpoint in C. trachomatis-infected cells. Further, PP2A inhibition led to the restoration of C. trachomatis-suppressed HR DNA repair function. Taking the data together, this study revealed that C. trachomatis modulates PP2A signaling to suppress ATM activation to prevent cell cycle arrest, thus contributing to a deficient high-fidelity HR pathway and a conducive environment for mutagenesis.IMPORTANCEChlamydia trachomatis induces DNA double-strand breaks in host cells but simultaneously inhibits proper DNA damage response and repair mechanisms. This may render host cells prone to loss of genetic integrity and transformation. Here we show that C. trachomatis prevents activation of the key DNA damage response mediator ATM by preventing the release from PP2A, leading to a complete absence of homologous recombination repair in host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Mi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
- Key Laboratory of H. pylori and Gastrointestinal Microecology of Henan Province, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | | | - Piotr K Zadora
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas F Meyer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cindrilla Chumduri
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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Relationship between the Regulation of Caspase-8-Mediated Apoptosis and Radioresistance in Human THP-1-Derived Macrophages. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19103154. [PMID: 30322167 PMCID: PMC6214119 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiosensitivity varies depending on the cell type; highly differentiated cells typically exhibit greater radioresistance. We recently demonstrated that human macrophages derived from THP-1 monocytic cells, which lack TP53, are highly resistant to radiation-induced apoptosis compared with undifferentiated THP-1 cells. However, the mechanisms by which THP-1 cells acquire radioresistance during differentiation remain unknown. Herein, we investigated the mechanisms by which THP-1-derived macrophages develop p53-independent radioresistance by analyzing DNA damage responses and apoptotic pathways. Analysis of γ-H2AX foci, which indicates the formation of DNA double-strand breaks (DSB), suggested that a capacity to repair DSB of macrophages is comparable to that of radiosensitive THP-1 cells. Furthermore, treatment with inhibitors against DSB repair-related proteins failed to enhance radiation-induced apoptosis in THP-1-derrived macrophages. Analysis of the apoptotic pathways showed that radiosensitive THP-1 cells undergo apoptosis through the caspase-8/caspase-3 cascade after irradiation, whereas this was not observed in the macrophages. Caspase-8 protein expression was lower in macrophages than in THP-1 cells, whereas mRNA expressions were comparable between both cell types. Co-treatment with a proteasome inhibitor and ionizing radiation effectively induced apoptosis in macrophages in a caspase-8-dependent manner. Results suggest that the regulation of caspase-8-mediated apoptosis during differentiation plays a role in the p53-independent radioresistance of THP-1-derived macrophages.
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Liu Q, Ma L, Jones T, Palomero L, Pujana MA, Martinez-Ruiz H, Ha PK, Murnane J, Cuartas I, Seoane J, Baumann M, Linge A, Barcellos-Hoff MH. Subjugation of TGFβ Signaling by Human Papilloma Virus in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Shifts DNA Repair from Homologous Recombination to Alternative End Joining. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:6001-6014. [PMID: 30087144 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-1346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Following cytotoxic therapy, 70% of patients with human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive oropharyngeal head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) are alive at 5 years compared with 30% of those with similar HPV-negative cancer. Loss of TGFβ signaling is a poorly studied consequence of HPV that could contribute to patient outcome by compromising DNA repair. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Human HNSCC cell lines (n = 9), patient-derived xenografts (n = 9), tissue microarray (n = 194), TCGA expression data (n = 279), and primary tumor specimens (n = 10) were used to define the relationship between TGFβ competency, response to DNA damage, and type of DNA repair. RESULTS Analysis of HNSCC specimens in situ and in vitro showed that HPV associated with loss of TGFβ signaling that increased response to radiation or cisplatin. TGFβ suppressed miR-182, which inhibited both BRCA1, necessary for homologous recombination repair (HRR), and FOXO3, required for ATM kinase activity. TGFβ signaling blockade by either HPV or inhibitors released miR182 control, compromised HRR and increased response to PARP inhibition. Antagonizing miR-182 rescued the HRR deficit in HPV-positive cells. Loss of TGFβ signaling unexpectedly increased repair by error prone, alternative end-joining (alt-EJ). CONCLUSIONS HPV-positive HNSCC cells are unresponsive to TGFβ. Abrogated TGFβ signaling compromises repair by HRR and increases reliance on alt-EJ, which provides a mechanistic basis for sensitivity to PARP inhibitors. The effect of HPV in HNSCC provides critical validation of TGFβ's role in DNA repair proficiency and further raises the translational potential of TGFβ inhibitors in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Lin Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Trevor Jones
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Luis Palomero
- ProCURE, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miquel Angel Pujana
- ProCURE, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Patrick K Ha
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - John Murnane
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Isabel Cuartas
- Vall d Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERONC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Seoane
- Vall d Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERONC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michael Baumann
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden, Germany; and Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Annett Linge
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mary Helen Barcellos-Hoff
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
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MiR-185 enhances radiosensitivity of colorectal cancer cells by targeting IGF1R and IGF2. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 106:763-769. [PMID: 29990869 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Radioresistance is a significant obstacle for effective treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC). Recent studies have indicated that miR-185 inhibits proliferation, survival, and invasion of CRC; however, the role of this miRNA in radioresistance of CRC has not been identified yet. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of miR-185 in radiosensitivity of CRC. METHODS After transfecting the cells with mimic miR-185, expressions of IGF1R and IGF2 were evaluated by real-time PCR and western blot. The radiation response of transfected cells was also examined by colony forming assay. Sub-G1 fraction analysis through flow cytometry and caspase 3 activity was used to evaluate apoptosis. RESULTS The results of real-time PCR and western blot indicated that IGF1R and IGF2 are downregulated in the transfected cells. Colony forming assay revealed that transfected cells were more radiosensitive than other cells. On the other hand,following irradiation the rate of apoptosis was significantly higher in the transfected cells than in the other cells. CONCLUSION In summary, our study is the first to show that upregulation of miR-185 enhances the sensitivity of CRC cells to ionizing radiation. miR-185 may act as a novel biomarker of radioresistance and may clinically enhance the radiation response of CRC.
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Li J, Ji X, Wang H. Targeting Long Noncoding RNA HMMR-AS1 Suppresses and Radiosensitizes Glioblastoma. Neoplasia 2018; 20:456-466. [PMID: 29574252 PMCID: PMC5915996 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Emergent evidences revealed that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) participate in neoplastic progression. HMMR is an oncogene that is highly expressed in glioblastoma (GBM) and supports GBM growth. Whether lncRNAs regulate HMMR in GBM remains unknown. Herein, we identify that an HMMR antisense lncRNA, HMMR-AS1, is hyperexpressed in GBM cell lines and stabilizes HMMR mRNA. Knockdown of HMMR-AS1 reduces HMMR expression; inhibits cell migration, invasion, and mesenchymal phenotypes; and suppresses GBM cell growth both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, knockdown of HMMR-AS1 radiosensitizes GBM by reducing DNA repair proteins ATM, RAD51, and BMI1. Our data demonstrate a mechanism of sense-antisense interference between HMMR and HMMR-AS1 in GBM and suggest that targeting HMMR-AS1 is a potential strategy for GBM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Xiangjun Ji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Handong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, China.
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78
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Loss of PTEN-assisted G2/M checkpoint impedes homologous recombination repair and enhances radio-curability and PARP inhibitor treatment response in prostate cancer. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3947. [PMID: 29500400 PMCID: PMC5834544 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22289-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we report that PTEN contributes to DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair via homologous recombination (HR), as evidenced by (i) inhibition of HR in a reporter plasmid assay, (ii) enhanced sensitivity to mitomycin-C or olaparib and (iii) reduced RAD51 loading at IR-induced DSBs upon PTEN knockdown. No association was observed between PTEN-status and RAD51 expression either in-vitro or in-vivo in a tissue microarray of 1500 PTEN-deficient prostate cancer (PC) samples. PTEN depletion and sustained activation of AKT sequestered CHK1 in the cytoplasm, thus impairing the G2/M-checkpoint after irradiation. Consistently, AKT inhibition recovered the G2/M-checkpoint and restored HR efficiency in PTEN-depleted cells. We show that, although PTEN loss correlates with a worse prognosis, it may predict for improved response of PC patients to radiotherapy. Further, we provide evidence for the use of PTEN as a biomarker for predicting the response to PARP inhibitors as radiosensitizing agents in prostate cancer. Collectively, these data implicate PTEN in maintaining genomic stability by delaying G2/M-phase progression of damaged cells, thus allowing time for DSB repair by HR. Furthermore, we identify PTEN-status in PC as a putative predictor of (i) radiotherapy response and (ii) response to treatment with PARP inhibitor alone or combined with radiotherapy.
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79
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Loss of PTEN-assisted G2/M checkpoint impedes homologous recombination repair and enhances radio-curability and PARP inhibitor treatment response in prostate cancer. Sci Rep 2018. [PMID: 29500400 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22289-7.pmid:29500400;pmcid:pmc5834544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we report that PTEN contributes to DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair via homologous recombination (HR), as evidenced by (i) inhibition of HR in a reporter plasmid assay, (ii) enhanced sensitivity to mitomycin-C or olaparib and (iii) reduced RAD51 loading at IR-induced DSBs upon PTEN knockdown. No association was observed between PTEN-status and RAD51 expression either in-vitro or in-vivo in a tissue microarray of 1500 PTEN-deficient prostate cancer (PC) samples. PTEN depletion and sustained activation of AKT sequestered CHK1 in the cytoplasm, thus impairing the G2/M-checkpoint after irradiation. Consistently, AKT inhibition recovered the G2/M-checkpoint and restored HR efficiency in PTEN-depleted cells. We show that, although PTEN loss correlates with a worse prognosis, it may predict for improved response of PC patients to radiotherapy. Further, we provide evidence for the use of PTEN as a biomarker for predicting the response to PARP inhibitors as radiosensitizing agents in prostate cancer. Collectively, these data implicate PTEN in maintaining genomic stability by delaying G2/M-phase progression of damaged cells, thus allowing time for DSB repair by HR. Furthermore, we identify PTEN-status in PC as a putative predictor of (i) radiotherapy response and (ii) response to treatment with PARP inhibitor alone or combined with radiotherapy.
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80
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Chen CC, Feng W, Lim PX, Kass EM, Jasin M. Homology-Directed Repair and the Role of BRCA1, BRCA2, and Related Proteins in Genome Integrity and Cancer. ANNUAL REVIEW OF CANCER BIOLOGY 2018; 2:313-336. [PMID: 30345412 PMCID: PMC6193498 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-030617-050502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Germ-line and somatic mutations in genes that promote homology-directed repair (HDR), especially BRCA1 and BRCA2, are frequently observed in several cancers, in particular, breast and ovary but also prostate and other cancers. HDR is critical for the error-free repair of DNA double-strand breaks and other lesions, and HDR factors also protect stalled replication forks. As a result, loss of BRCA1 or BRCA2 poses significant risks to genome integrity, leading not only to cancer predisposition but also to sensitivity to DNA-damaging agents, affecting therapeutic approaches. Here we review recent advances in our understanding of BRCA1 and BRCA2, including how they genetically interact with other repair factors, how they protect stalled replication forks, how they affect the response to aldehydes, and how loss of their functions links to mutation signatures. Importantly, given the recent advances with poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) for the treatment of HDR-deficient tumors, we discuss mechanisms by which BRCA-deficient tumors acquire resistance to PARPi and other agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Chin Chen
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065
| | - Weiran Feng
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
- Louis V. Gerstner Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Pei Xin Lim
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Elizabeth M Kass
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Maria Jasin
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065
- Louis V. Gerstner Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
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81
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Bakr A, Köcher S, Volquardsen J, Petersen C, Borgmann K, Dikomey E, Rothkamm K, Mansour WY. Impaired 53BP1/RIF1 DSB mediated end-protection stimulates CtIP-dependent end resection and switches the repair to PARP1-dependent end joining in G1. Oncotarget 2018; 7:57679-57693. [PMID: 27494840 PMCID: PMC5295381 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
End processing at DNA double strand breaks (DSB) is a decisive step in repair pathway selection. Here, we investigated the role of 53BP1/RIF1 in limiting BRCA1/CtIP-mediated end resection to control DSB repair pathway choice. ATM orchestrates this process through 53BP1 phosphorylation to promote RIF1 recruitment. As cells enter S/G2-phase, end resection is activated, which displaces pATM from DSB sites and diminishes 53BP1 phosphorylation and RIF1 recruitment. Consistently, the kinetics of ATM and 53BP1 phosphorylation in S/G2-phase concur. We show that defective 53BP1/RIF1-mediated DSB end-protection in G1-phase stimulates CtIP/MRE11-dependent end-resection, which requires Polo-like kinase 3. This end resection activity in G1 was shown to produce only short tracks of ssDNA overhangs, as evidenced by the findings that in 53BP1 depleted cells, (i) RPA focus intensity was significantly lower in G1 compared to that in S/G2 phase, and (ii) EXO1 knockdown did not alter either number or intensity of RPA foci in G1 but significantly decreased the RPA focus intensity in S/G2 phase. Importantly, we report that the observed DSB end resection in G1 phase inhibits DNA-PK-dependent nonhomologous end joining but is not sufficient to stimulate HR. Instead, it switches the repair to the alternative PARP1-dependent end joining pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Bakr
- Laboratory of Radiobiology & Experimental Radiooncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Köcher
- Laboratory of Radiobiology & Experimental Radiooncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jennifer Volquardsen
- Laboratory of Radiobiology & Experimental Radiooncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Cordula Petersen
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiooncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Borgmann
- Laboratory of Radiobiology & Experimental Radiooncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ekkehard Dikomey
- Laboratory of Radiobiology & Experimental Radiooncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kai Rothkamm
- Laboratory of Radiobiology & Experimental Radiooncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wael Y Mansour
- Laboratory of Radiobiology & Experimental Radiooncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Tumor Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Egypt
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Brandsma I, Fleuren ED, Williamson CT, Lord CJ. Directing the use of DDR kinase inhibitors in cancer treatment. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2017; 26:1341-1355. [PMID: 28984489 PMCID: PMC6157710 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2017.1389895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Defects in the DNA damage response (DDR) drive the development of cancer by fostering DNA mutation but also provide cancer-specific vulnerabilities that can be exploited therapeutically. The recent approval of three different PARP inhibitors for the treatment of ovarian cancer provides the impetus for further developing targeted inhibitors of many of the kinases involved in the DDR, including inhibitors of ATR, ATM, CHEK1, CHEK2, DNAPK and WEE1. Areas covered: We summarise the current stage of development of these novel DDR kinase inhibitors, and describe which predictive biomarkers might be exploited to direct their clinical use. Expert opinion: Novel DDR inhibitors present promising candidates in cancer treatment and have the potential to elicit synthetic lethal effects. In order to fully exploit their potential and maximize their utility, identifying highly penetrant predictive biomarkers of single agent and combinatorial DDR inhibitor sensitivity are critical. Identifying the optimal drug combination regimens that could used with DDR inhibitors is also a key objective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inger Brandsma
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory and Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Emmy D.G. Fleuren
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory and Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Chris T. Williamson
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory and Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Christopher J. Lord
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory and Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
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Mueck K, Rebholz S, Harati MD, Rodemann HP, Toulany M. Akt1 Stimulates Homologous Recombination Repair of DNA Double-Strand Breaks in a Rad51-Dependent Manner. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2473. [PMID: 29156644 PMCID: PMC5713439 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Akt1 is known to promote non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ)-mediated DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair by stimulation of DNA-PKcs. In the present study, we investigated the effect of Akt1 on homologous recombination (HR)-dependent repair of radiation-induced DSBs in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells A549 and H460. Akt1-knockdown (Akt1-KD) significantly reduced Rad51 protein level, Rad51 foci formation and its colocalization with γH2AX foci after irradiation. Moreover, Akt1-KD decreased clonogenicity after treatment with Mitomycin C and HR repair, as tested by an HR-reporter assay. Double knockdown of Akt1 and Rad51 did not lead to a further decrease in HR compared to the single knockdown of Rad51. Consequently, Akt1-KD significantly increased the number of residual DSBs after irradiation partially independent of the kinase activity of DNA-PKcs. Likewise, the number of residual BRCA1 foci, indicating unsuccessful HR events, also significantly increased in the irradiated cells after Akt1-KD. Together, the results of the study indicate that Akt1 seems to be a regulatory component in the HR repair of DSBs in a Rad51-dependent manner. Thus, based on this novel role of Akt1 in HR and the previously described role of Akt1 in NHEJ, we propose that targeting Akt1 could be an effective approach to selectively improve the killing of tumor cells by DSB-inducing cytotoxic agents, such as ionizing radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Mueck
- Division of Radiobiology and Molecular Environmental Research, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner site Tuebingen, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Simone Rebholz
- Division of Radiobiology and Molecular Environmental Research, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner site Tuebingen, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Mozhgan Dehghan Harati
- Division of Radiobiology and Molecular Environmental Research, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner site Tuebingen, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - H Peter Rodemann
- Division of Radiobiology and Molecular Environmental Research, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner site Tuebingen, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Mahmoud Toulany
- Division of Radiobiology and Molecular Environmental Research, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner site Tuebingen, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Takagi M, Yoshida M, Nemoto Y, Tamaichi H, Tsuchida R, Seki M, Uryu K, Nishii R, Miyamoto S, Saito M, Hanada R, Kaneko H, Miyano S, Kataoka K, Yoshida K, Ohira M, Hayashi Y, Nakagawara A, Ogawa S, Mizutani S, Takita J. Loss of DNA Damage Response in Neuroblastoma and Utility of a PARP Inhibitor. J Natl Cancer Inst 2017; 109:4096548. [PMID: 29059438 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djx062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common solid tumor found in children, and deletions within the 11q region are observed in 11% to 48% of these tumors. Notably, such tumors are associated with poor prognosis; however, little is known regarding the molecular targets located in 11q. Methods Genomic alterations of ATM , DNA damage response (DDR)-associated genes located in 11q ( MRE11A, H2AFX , and CHEK1 ), and BRCA1, BARD1, CHEK2, MDM2 , and TP53 were investigated in 45 NB-derived cell lines and 237 fresh tumor samples. PARP (poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase) inhibitor sensitivity of NB was investigated in in vitro and invivo xenograft models. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results Among 237 fresh tumor samples, ATM, MRE11A, H2AFX , and/or CHEK1 loss or imbalance in 11q was detected in 20.7% of NBs, 89.8% of which were stage III or IV. An additional 7.2% contained ATM rare single nucleotide variants (SNVs). Rare SNVs in DDR-associated genes other than ATM were detected in 26.4% and were mutually exclusive. Overall, samples with SNVs and/or copy number alterations in these genes accounted for 48.4%. ATM-defective cells are known to exhibit dysfunctions in homologous recombination repair, suggesting a potential for synthetic lethality by PARP inhibition. Indeed, 83.3% NB-derived cell lines exhibited sensitivity to PARP inhibition. In addition, NB growth was markedly attenuated in the xenograft group receiving PARP inhibitors (sham-treated vs olaprib-treated group; mean [SD] tumor volume of sham-treated vs olaprib-treated groups = 7377 [1451] m 3 vs 298 [312] m 3 , P = .001, n = 4). Conclusions Genomic alterations of DDR-associated genes including ATM, which regulates homologous recombination repair, were observed in almost half of NBs, suggesting that synthetic lethality could be induced by treatment with a PARP inhibitor. Indeed, DDR-defective NB cell lines were sensitive to PARP inhibitors. Thus, PARP inhibitors represent candidate NB therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Takagi
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Laboratory of DNA Information Analysis, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, Laboratory of Sequence Analysis, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Saitama Children's Medical Center, Saitama, Japan, Department of Pediatrics, Nagara Medical Center, Gifu, Japan; Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Division of Cancer Genomics, Saitama Cancer Center Research Institute, Saitama, Japan; Division of Cancer Genomics, Chiba Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan; Gunma Children's Medical Center, Gunma, Japan; Saga Medical Center, Saga, Japan
| | - Misa Yoshida
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Laboratory of DNA Information Analysis, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, Laboratory of Sequence Analysis, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Saitama Children's Medical Center, Saitama, Japan, Department of Pediatrics, Nagara Medical Center, Gifu, Japan; Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Division of Cancer Genomics, Saitama Cancer Center Research Institute, Saitama, Japan; Division of Cancer Genomics, Chiba Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan; Gunma Children's Medical Center, Gunma, Japan; Saga Medical Center, Saga, Japan
| | - Yoshino Nemoto
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Laboratory of DNA Information Analysis, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, Laboratory of Sequence Analysis, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Saitama Children's Medical Center, Saitama, Japan, Department of Pediatrics, Nagara Medical Center, Gifu, Japan; Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Division of Cancer Genomics, Saitama Cancer Center Research Institute, Saitama, Japan; Division of Cancer Genomics, Chiba Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan; Gunma Children's Medical Center, Gunma, Japan; Saga Medical Center, Saga, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tamaichi
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Laboratory of DNA Information Analysis, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, Laboratory of Sequence Analysis, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Saitama Children's Medical Center, Saitama, Japan, Department of Pediatrics, Nagara Medical Center, Gifu, Japan; Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Division of Cancer Genomics, Saitama Cancer Center Research Institute, Saitama, Japan; Division of Cancer Genomics, Chiba Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan; Gunma Children's Medical Center, Gunma, Japan; Saga Medical Center, Saga, Japan
| | - Rika Tsuchida
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Laboratory of DNA Information Analysis, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, Laboratory of Sequence Analysis, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Saitama Children's Medical Center, Saitama, Japan, Department of Pediatrics, Nagara Medical Center, Gifu, Japan; Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Division of Cancer Genomics, Saitama Cancer Center Research Institute, Saitama, Japan; Division of Cancer Genomics, Chiba Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan; Gunma Children's Medical Center, Gunma, Japan; Saga Medical Center, Saga, Japan
| | - Masafumi Seki
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Laboratory of DNA Information Analysis, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, Laboratory of Sequence Analysis, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Saitama Children's Medical Center, Saitama, Japan, Department of Pediatrics, Nagara Medical Center, Gifu, Japan; Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Division of Cancer Genomics, Saitama Cancer Center Research Institute, Saitama, Japan; Division of Cancer Genomics, Chiba Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan; Gunma Children's Medical Center, Gunma, Japan; Saga Medical Center, Saga, Japan
| | - Kumiko Uryu
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Laboratory of DNA Information Analysis, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, Laboratory of Sequence Analysis, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Saitama Children's Medical Center, Saitama, Japan, Department of Pediatrics, Nagara Medical Center, Gifu, Japan; Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Division of Cancer Genomics, Saitama Cancer Center Research Institute, Saitama, Japan; Division of Cancer Genomics, Chiba Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan; Gunma Children's Medical Center, Gunma, Japan; Saga Medical Center, Saga, Japan
| | - Rina Nishii
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Laboratory of DNA Information Analysis, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, Laboratory of Sequence Analysis, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Saitama Children's Medical Center, Saitama, Japan, Department of Pediatrics, Nagara Medical Center, Gifu, Japan; Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Division of Cancer Genomics, Saitama Cancer Center Research Institute, Saitama, Japan; Division of Cancer Genomics, Chiba Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan; Gunma Children's Medical Center, Gunma, Japan; Saga Medical Center, Saga, Japan
| | - Satoshi Miyamoto
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Laboratory of DNA Information Analysis, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, Laboratory of Sequence Analysis, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Saitama Children's Medical Center, Saitama, Japan, Department of Pediatrics, Nagara Medical Center, Gifu, Japan; Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Division of Cancer Genomics, Saitama Cancer Center Research Institute, Saitama, Japan; Division of Cancer Genomics, Chiba Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan; Gunma Children's Medical Center, Gunma, Japan; Saga Medical Center, Saga, Japan
| | - Masahiro Saito
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Laboratory of DNA Information Analysis, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, Laboratory of Sequence Analysis, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Saitama Children's Medical Center, Saitama, Japan, Department of Pediatrics, Nagara Medical Center, Gifu, Japan; Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Division of Cancer Genomics, Saitama Cancer Center Research Institute, Saitama, Japan; Division of Cancer Genomics, Chiba Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan; Gunma Children's Medical Center, Gunma, Japan; Saga Medical Center, Saga, Japan
| | - Ryoji Hanada
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Laboratory of DNA Information Analysis, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, Laboratory of Sequence Analysis, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Saitama Children's Medical Center, Saitama, Japan, Department of Pediatrics, Nagara Medical Center, Gifu, Japan; Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Division of Cancer Genomics, Saitama Cancer Center Research Institute, Saitama, Japan; Division of Cancer Genomics, Chiba Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan; Gunma Children's Medical Center, Gunma, Japan; Saga Medical Center, Saga, Japan
| | - Hideo Kaneko
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Laboratory of DNA Information Analysis, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, Laboratory of Sequence Analysis, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Saitama Children's Medical Center, Saitama, Japan, Department of Pediatrics, Nagara Medical Center, Gifu, Japan; Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Division of Cancer Genomics, Saitama Cancer Center Research Institute, Saitama, Japan; Division of Cancer Genomics, Chiba Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan; Gunma Children's Medical Center, Gunma, Japan; Saga Medical Center, Saga, Japan
| | - Satoru Miyano
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Laboratory of DNA Information Analysis, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, Laboratory of Sequence Analysis, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Saitama Children's Medical Center, Saitama, Japan, Department of Pediatrics, Nagara Medical Center, Gifu, Japan; Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Division of Cancer Genomics, Saitama Cancer Center Research Institute, Saitama, Japan; Division of Cancer Genomics, Chiba Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan; Gunma Children's Medical Center, Gunma, Japan; Saga Medical Center, Saga, Japan
| | - Keisuke Kataoka
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Laboratory of DNA Information Analysis, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, Laboratory of Sequence Analysis, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Saitama Children's Medical Center, Saitama, Japan, Department of Pediatrics, Nagara Medical Center, Gifu, Japan; Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Division of Cancer Genomics, Saitama Cancer Center Research Institute, Saitama, Japan; Division of Cancer Genomics, Chiba Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan; Gunma Children's Medical Center, Gunma, Japan; Saga Medical Center, Saga, Japan
| | - Kenichi Yoshida
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Laboratory of DNA Information Analysis, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, Laboratory of Sequence Analysis, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Saitama Children's Medical Center, Saitama, Japan, Department of Pediatrics, Nagara Medical Center, Gifu, Japan; Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Division of Cancer Genomics, Saitama Cancer Center Research Institute, Saitama, Japan; Division of Cancer Genomics, Chiba Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan; Gunma Children's Medical Center, Gunma, Japan; Saga Medical Center, Saga, Japan
| | - Miki Ohira
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Laboratory of DNA Information Analysis, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, Laboratory of Sequence Analysis, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Saitama Children's Medical Center, Saitama, Japan, Department of Pediatrics, Nagara Medical Center, Gifu, Japan; Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Division of Cancer Genomics, Saitama Cancer Center Research Institute, Saitama, Japan; Division of Cancer Genomics, Chiba Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan; Gunma Children's Medical Center, Gunma, Japan; Saga Medical Center, Saga, Japan
| | - Yasuhide Hayashi
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Laboratory of DNA Information Analysis, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, Laboratory of Sequence Analysis, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Saitama Children's Medical Center, Saitama, Japan, Department of Pediatrics, Nagara Medical Center, Gifu, Japan; Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Division of Cancer Genomics, Saitama Cancer Center Research Institute, Saitama, Japan; Division of Cancer Genomics, Chiba Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan; Gunma Children's Medical Center, Gunma, Japan; Saga Medical Center, Saga, Japan
| | - Akira Nakagawara
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Laboratory of DNA Information Analysis, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, Laboratory of Sequence Analysis, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Saitama Children's Medical Center, Saitama, Japan, Department of Pediatrics, Nagara Medical Center, Gifu, Japan; Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Division of Cancer Genomics, Saitama Cancer Center Research Institute, Saitama, Japan; Division of Cancer Genomics, Chiba Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan; Gunma Children's Medical Center, Gunma, Japan; Saga Medical Center, Saga, Japan
| | - Seishi Ogawa
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Laboratory of DNA Information Analysis, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, Laboratory of Sequence Analysis, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Saitama Children's Medical Center, Saitama, Japan, Department of Pediatrics, Nagara Medical Center, Gifu, Japan; Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Division of Cancer Genomics, Saitama Cancer Center Research Institute, Saitama, Japan; Division of Cancer Genomics, Chiba Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan; Gunma Children's Medical Center, Gunma, Japan; Saga Medical Center, Saga, Japan
| | - Shuki Mizutani
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Laboratory of DNA Information Analysis, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, Laboratory of Sequence Analysis, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Saitama Children's Medical Center, Saitama, Japan, Department of Pediatrics, Nagara Medical Center, Gifu, Japan; Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Division of Cancer Genomics, Saitama Cancer Center Research Institute, Saitama, Japan; Division of Cancer Genomics, Chiba Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan; Gunma Children's Medical Center, Gunma, Japan; Saga Medical Center, Saga, Japan
| | - Junko Takita
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Laboratory of DNA Information Analysis, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, Laboratory of Sequence Analysis, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Saitama Children's Medical Center, Saitama, Japan, Department of Pediatrics, Nagara Medical Center, Gifu, Japan; Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Division of Cancer Genomics, Saitama Cancer Center Research Institute, Saitama, Japan; Division of Cancer Genomics, Chiba Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan; Gunma Children's Medical Center, Gunma, Japan; Saga Medical Center, Saga, Japan
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Hong SY. DNA damage response is hijacked by human papillomaviruses to complete their life cycle. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2017; 18:215-232. [PMID: 28271657 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1600306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The DNA damage response (DDR) is activated when DNA is altered by intrinsic or extrinsic agents. This pathway is a complex signaling network and plays important roles in genome stability, tumor transformation, and cell cycle regulation. Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are the main etiological agents of cervical cancer. Cervical cancer ranks as the fourth most common cancer among women and the second most frequent cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Over 200 types of HPVs have been identified and about one third of these infect the genital tract. The HPV life cycle is associated with epithelial differentiation. Recent studies have shown that HPVs deregulate the DDR to achieve a productive life cycle. In this review, I summarize current findings about how HPVs mediate the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated kinase (ATM) and the ATM-and RAD3-related kinase (ATR) DDRs, and focus on the roles that ATM and ATR signalings play in HPV viral replication. In addition, I demonstrate that the signal transducer and activator of transcription-5 (STAT)-5, an important immune regulator, can promote ATM and ATR activations through different mechanisms. These findings may provide novel opportunities for development of new therapeutic targets for HPV-related cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Yuan Hong
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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86
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Chen CC, Kass EM, Yen WF, Ludwig T, Moynahan ME, Chaudhuri J, Jasin M. ATM loss leads to synthetic lethality in BRCA1 BRCT mutant mice associated with exacerbated defects in homology-directed repair. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:7665-7670. [PMID: 28659469 PMCID: PMC5530697 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1706392114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BRCA1 is essential for homology-directed repair (HDR) of DNA double-strand breaks in part through antagonism of the nonhomologous end-joining factor 53BP1. The ATM kinase is involved in various aspects of DNA damage signaling and repair, but how ATM participates in HDR and genetically interacts with BRCA1 in this process is unclear. To investigate this question, we used the Brca1S1598F mouse model carrying a mutation in the BRCA1 C-terminal domain of BRCA1. Whereas ATM loss leads to a mild HDR defect in adult somatic cells, we find that ATM inhibition leads to severely reduced HDR in Brca1S1598F cells. Consistent with a critical role for ATM in HDR in this background, loss of ATM leads to synthetic lethality of Brca1S1598F mice. Whereas both ATM and BRCA1 promote end resection, which can be regulated by 53BP1, 53bp1 deletion does not rescue the HDR defects of Atm mutant cells, in contrast to Brca1 mutant cells. These results demonstrate that ATM has a role in HDR independent of the BRCA1-53BP1 antagonism and that its HDR function can become critical in certain contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Chin Chen
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
- Biochemistry & Structural Biology, Cell & Developmental Biology, and Molecular Biology (BCMB) Allied Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Elizabeth M Kass
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Wei-Feng Yen
- Biochemistry & Structural Biology, Cell & Developmental Biology, and Molecular Biology (BCMB) Allied Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Thomas Ludwig
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Mary Ellen Moynahan
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Jayanta Chaudhuri
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Maria Jasin
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065;
- Biochemistry & Structural Biology, Cell & Developmental Biology, and Molecular Biology (BCMB) Allied Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065
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87
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Ryu JS, Koo HS. The Caenorhabditis elegans WRN helicase promotes double-strand DNA break repair by mediating end resection and checkpoint activation. FEBS Lett 2017. [PMID: 28640365 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The protein associated with Werner syndrome (WRN), is involved in DNA repair, checkpoint activation, and telomere maintenance. To better understand the involvement of WRN in double-strand DNA break (DSB) repair, we analyzed the combinatorial role of WRN-1, the Caenorhabditis elegans WRN helicase, in conjunction with EXO-1 and DNA-2 nucleases. We found that WRN-1 cooperates with DNA-2 to resect DSB ends in a pathway acting in parallel to EXO-1. The wrn-1 mutants show an aberrant accumulation of replication protein A (RPA) and RAD-51, and the same pattern of accumulation is also observed in checkpoint-defective strains. We conclude that WRN-1 plays a conserved role in the resection of DSB ends and mediates checkpoint signaling, thereby influencing levels of RPA and RAD-51.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Sun Ryu
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science & Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeon-Sook Koo
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science & Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
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88
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Gorniewska AM, Kluzek K, Gackowska L, Kubiszewska I, Zdzienicka MZ, Bialkowska A. Distinct cellular phenotype linked to defective DNA interstrand crosslink repair and homologous recombination. Mol Med Rep 2017. [PMID: 28627616 PMCID: PMC5561886 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Repair of DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs) predominantly involves the Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway and homologous recombination (HR). The HR repair system eliminates DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) that emerge during ICLs removal. The current study presents a novel cell line, CL-V8B, representing a new complementation group of Chinese hamster cell mutants hypersensitive to DNA crosslinking factors. CL-V8B exhibits increased sensitivity to various DNA-damaging agents, including compounds leading to DSBs formation (bleomycin and 6-thioguanine), and is extremely sensitive to poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor (>400-fold), which is typical for HR-defective cells. In addition, this cell line exhibits a reduced number of spontaneous and induced sister chromatid exchanges, which suggests likely impairment of HR in CL-V8B cells. However, in contrast to other known HR mutants, CL-V8B cells do not show defects in Rad51 foci induction, but only slight alterations in the focus formation kinetics. CL-V8B is additionally characterized by a considerable chromosomal instability, as indicated by a high number of spontaneous and MMC-induced chromosomal aberrations, and a twice as large proportion of cells with abnormal centrosomes than that in the wild type cell line. The molecular defect present in CL-V8B does not affect the efficiency and stabilization of replication forks. However, stalling of the forks in response to replication stress is observed relatively rarely, which suggests an impairment of a signaling mechanism. Exposure of CL-V8B to crosslinking agents results in S-phase arrest (as in the wild type cells), but also in larger proportion of G2/M-phase cells and apoptotic cells. CL-V8B exhibits similarities to HR- and/or FA-defective Chinese hamster mutants sensitive to DNA crosslinking agents. However, the unique phenotype of this new mutant implies that it carries a defect of a yet unidentified gene involved in the repair of ICLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra M Gorniewska
- Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Bydgoszcz 85‑094, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kluzek
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan 61‑614, Poland
| | - Lidia Gackowska
- Department of Immunology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Bydgoszcz 85‑094, Poland
| | - Izabela Kubiszewska
- Department of Immunology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Bydgoszcz 85‑094, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Z Zdzienicka
- Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Bydgoszcz 85‑094, Poland
| | - Aneta Bialkowska
- Innovative Medical Forum, Franciszek Lukaszczyk Oncology Center, Bydgoszcz 85‑796, Poland
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89
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Herrero AB, Gutiérrez NC. Targeting Ongoing DNA Damage in Multiple Myeloma: Effects of DNA Damage Response Inhibitors on Plasma Cell Survival. Front Oncol 2017; 7:98. [PMID: 28580318 PMCID: PMC5437203 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human myeloma cell lines (HMCLs) and a subset of myeloma patients with poor prognosis exhibit high levels of replication stress (RS), leading to DNA damage. In this study, we confirmed the presence of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in several HMCLs by measuring γH2AX and RAD51 foci and analyzed the effect of various inhibitors of the DNA damage response on MM cell survival. Inhibition of ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related protein (ATR), the main kinase mediating the response to RS, using the specific inhibitor VE-821 induced more cell death in HMCLs than in control lymphoblastoid cells and U266, an HMCL with a low level of DNA damage. The absence of ATR was partially compensated by ataxia telangiectasia-mutated protein (ATM), since chemical inhibition of both kinases using VE-821 and KU-55933 significantly increased the death of MM cells with DNA damage. We found that ATM and ATR are involved in DSB repair by homologous recombination (HR) in MM. Inhibition of both kinases resulted in a stronger inhibition that may underlie cell death induction, since abolition of HR using two different inhibitors severely reduced survival of HMCLs that exhibit DNA damage. On the other hand, inhibition of the other route involved in DSB repair, non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), using the DNA-PK inhibitor NU7441, did not affect MM cell viability. Interestingly, we found that NHEJ inhibition did not increase cell death when HR was simultaneously inhibited with the RAD51 inhibitor B02, but it clearly increased the level of cell death when HR was inhibited with the MRE11 inhibitor mirin, which interferes with recombination before DNA resection takes place. Taken together, our results demonstrate for the first time that MM cells with ongoing DNA damage rely on an intact HR pathway, which thereby suggests therapeutic opportunities. We also show that inhibition of HR after the initial step of end resection might be more appropriate for inducing MM cell death, since it prevents the occurrence of a compensatory NHEJ repair mechanism. These preclinical observations provide the rationale for its clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Belén Herrero
- Cancer Research Center-IBMCC (USAL-CSIC), Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Norma Carmen Gutiérrez
- Cancer Research Center-IBMCC (USAL-CSIC), Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Hematology Department, University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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90
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Liu W, Li J, Song YS, Li Y, Jia YH, Zhao HD. Cdk5 links with DNA damage response and cancer. Mol Cancer 2017; 16:60. [PMID: 28288624 PMCID: PMC5348798 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-017-0611-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As an atypical member of cyclin dependent kinase family, Cyclin dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) is considered as a neuron-specific kinase in the past decade due to the abundant existence of its activator p35 in post-mitotic neurons. Recent studies show that Cdk5 participates in a series of biological and pathological processes in non-neuronal cells, and is generally dysregulated in various cancer cells. The inhibition or knockdown of Cdk5 has been proven to play an anti-cancer role through various mechanisms, and can synergize the killing effect of chemotherapeutics. DNA damage response (DDR) is a series of regulatory events including DNA damage, cell-cycle arrest, regulation of DNA replication, and repair or bypass of DNA damage to ensure the maintenance of genomic stability and cell viability. Here we describe the regulatory mechanisms of Cdk5, its controversial roles in apoptosis and focus on its links to DDR and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Zhongshan Road 467, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Zhongshan Road 467, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yu-Shu Song
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Zhongshan Road 467, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Zhongshan Road 467, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yu-Hong Jia
- Department of Pathophysiology, Dalian Medical University, Lvshun South Road West 9, Dalian, 116044, China.
| | - Hai-Dong Zhao
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Zhongshan Road 467, Dalian, 116023, China.
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91
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Bhattacharjee S, Nandi S. Choices have consequences: the nexus between DNA repair pathways and genomic instability in cancer. Clin Transl Med 2016; 5:45. [PMID: 27921283 PMCID: PMC5136664 DOI: 10.1186/s40169-016-0128-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The genome is under constant assault from a multitude of sources that can lead to the formation of DNA double-stand breaks (DSBs). DSBs are cytotoxic lesions, which if left unrepaired could lead to genomic instability, cancer and even cell death. However, erroneous repair of DSBs can lead to chromosomal rearrangements and loss of heterozygosity, which in turn can also cause cancer and cell death. Hence, although the repair of DSBs is crucial for the maintenance of genome integrity the process of repair need to be well regulated and closely monitored. Main body The two most commonly used pathways to repair DSBs in higher eukaryotes include non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR). NHEJ is considered to be error-prone, intrinsically mutagenic quick fix remedy to seal together the broken DNA ends and restart replication. In contrast, HR is a high-fidelity process that has been very well conserved from phage to humans. Here we review HR and its sub-pathways. We discuss what factors determine the sub pathway choice including etiology of the DSB, chromatin structure at the break site, processing of the DSBs and the mechanisms regulating the sub-pathway choice. We also elaborate on the potential of targeting HR genes for cancer therapy and anticancer strategies. Conclusion The DNA repair field is a vibrant one, and the stage is ripe for scrutinizing the potential treatment efficacy and future clinical applications of the pharmacological inhibitors of HR enzymes as mono- or combinatorial therapy regimes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40169-016-0128-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saikat Nandi
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA.
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92
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Matt S, Hofmann TG. The DNA damage-induced cell death response: a roadmap to kill cancer cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:2829-50. [PMID: 26791483 PMCID: PMC11108532 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2130-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Upon massive DNA damage cells fail to undergo productive DNA repair and trigger the cell death response. Resistance to cell death is linked to cellular transformation and carcinogenesis as well as radio- and chemoresistance, making the underlying signaling pathways a promising target for therapeutic intervention. Diverse DNA damage-induced cell death pathways are operative in mammalian cells and finally culminate in the induction of programmed cell death via activation of apoptosis or necroptosis. These signaling routes affect nuclear, mitochondria- and plasma membrane-associated key molecules to activate the apoptotic or necroptotic response. In this review, we highlight the main signaling pathways, molecular players and mechanisms guiding the DNA damage-induced cell death response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Matt
- German Cancer Research Center (dkfz), Cellular Senescence Group, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas G Hofmann
- German Cancer Research Center (dkfz), Cellular Senescence Group, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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93
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DNA Damage and Pulmonary Hypertension. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17060990. [PMID: 27338373 PMCID: PMC4926518 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17060990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is defined by a mean pulmonary arterial pressure over 25 mmHg at rest and is diagnosed by right heart catheterization. Among the different groups of PH, pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by a progressive obstruction of distal pulmonary arteries, related to endothelial cell dysfunction and vascular cell proliferation, which leads to an increased pulmonary vascular resistance, right ventricular hypertrophy, and right heart failure. Although the primary trigger of PAH remains unknown, oxidative stress and inflammation have been shown to play a key role in the development and progression of vascular remodeling. These factors are known to increase DNA damage that might favor the emergence of the proliferative and apoptosis-resistant phenotype observed in PAH vascular cells. High levels of DNA damage were reported to occur in PAH lungs and remodeled arteries as well as in animal models of PH. Moreover, recent studies have demonstrated that impaired DNA-response mechanisms may lead to an increased mutagen sensitivity in PAH patients. Finally, PAH was linked with decreased breast cancer 1 protein (BRCA1) and DNA topoisomerase 2-binding protein 1 (TopBP1) expression, both involved in maintaining genome integrity. This review aims to provide an overview of recent evidence of DNA damage and DNA repair deficiency and their implication in PAH pathogenesis.
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94
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Vriend LEM, Prakash R, Chen CC, Vanoli F, Cavallo F, Zhang Y, Jasin M, Krawczyk PM. Distinct genetic control of homologous recombination repair of Cas9-induced double-strand breaks, nicks and paired nicks. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:5204-17. [PMID: 27001513 PMCID: PMC4914091 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are known to be powerful inducers of homologous recombination (HR), but single-strand breaks (nicks) have also been shown to trigger HR. Both DSB- and nick-induced HR ((nick)HR) are exploited in advanced genome-engineering approaches based on the bacterial RNA-guided nuclease Cas9. However, the mechanisms of (nick)HR are largely unexplored. Here, we applied Cas9 nickases to study (nick)HR in mammalian cells. We find that (nick)HR is unaffected by inhibition of major damage signaling kinases and that it is not suppressed by nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) components, arguing that nick processing does not require a DSB intermediate to trigger HR. Relative to a single nick, nicking both strands enhances HR, consistent with a DSB intermediate, even when nicks are induced up to ∼1kb apart. Accordingly, HR and NHEJ compete for repair of these paired nicks, but, surprisingly, only when 5' overhangs or blunt ends can be generated. Our study advances the understanding of molecular mechanisms driving nick and paired-nick repair in mammalian cells and clarify phenomena associated with Cas9-mediated genome editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianne E M Vriend
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Rohit Prakash
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Chun-Chin Chen
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Fabio Vanoli
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Francesca Cavallo
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yu Zhang
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Maria Jasin
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Przemek M Krawczyk
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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95
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Bakr A, Köcher S, Volquardsen J, Reimer R, Borgmann K, Dikomey E, Rothkamm K, Mansour WY. Functional crosstalk between DNA damage response proteins 53BP1 and BRCA1 regulates double strand break repair choice. Radiother Oncol 2015; 119:276-81. [PMID: 26615718 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to elucidate the impact of DNA damage response (DDR) proteins 53BP1 and BRCA1 on the double-strand break (DSB)-repair choice. This is important not only in order to understand the underlying mechanisms of DSB-repair pathway regulation but also to determine the therapeutic implications for BRCA1-associated tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human tumor cell lines A549 and HeLa were used. Non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR) were assessed using NHEJ and HR reporter constructs. Colocalization of HR-proteins RPA and RAD51 with 53BP1 was evaluated by confocal microscopy and 3D-analysis. RESULTS We demonstrate a specific crosstalk between 53BP1 and BRCA1. While 53BP1 does not colocalize with RPA or RAD51 and prohibits the recruitment of BRCA1 to DSBs to stimulate NHEJ, BRCA1 promotes the 53BP1 displacement specifically in S/G2-phase to allow end-resection, initiating HR. HR-efficiency was restored in BRCA1-depleted cells upon additional 53BP1-knockdown. Further, we found that 53BP1-mediated end protection precedes BRCA1-dependent end-resection. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that the interplay between 53BP1/NHEJ and BRCA1/HR is of great relevance for tumor treatment, as the 53BP1 status would be highly important for the treatment response of BRCA1-associated tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Bakr
- Laboratory of Radiobiology and Experimental Radio-oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Sabrina Köcher
- Laboratory of Radiobiology and Experimental Radio-oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Jennifer Volquardsen
- Laboratory of Radiobiology and Experimental Radio-oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Rudolph Reimer
- Heinrich-Pette-Institute Leibniz-Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Borgmann
- Laboratory of Radiobiology and Experimental Radio-oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Ekkehard Dikomey
- Laboratory of Radiobiology and Experimental Radio-oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Kai Rothkamm
- Laboratory of Radiobiology and Experimental Radio-oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Wael Y Mansour
- Laboratory of Radiobiology and Experimental Radio-oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Germany; Tumor Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Egypt.
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96
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Ceccaldi R, Rondinelli B, D'Andrea AD. Repair Pathway Choices and Consequences at the Double-Strand Break. Trends Cell Biol 2015; 26:52-64. [PMID: 26437586 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 985] [Impact Index Per Article: 109.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are cytotoxic lesions that threaten genomic integrity. Failure to repair a DSB has deleterious consequences, including genomic instability and cell death. Indeed, misrepair of DSBs can lead to inappropriate end-joining events, which commonly underlie oncogenic transformation due to chromosomal translocations. Typically, cells employ two main mechanisms to repair DSBs: homologous recombination (HR) and classical nonhomologous end joining (C-NHEJ). In addition, alternative error-prone DSB repair pathways, namely alternative end joining (alt-EJ) and single-strand annealing (SSA), have been recently shown to operate in many different conditions and to contribute to genome rearrangements and oncogenic transformation. Here, we review the mechanisms regulating DSB repair pathway choice, together with the potential interconnections between HR and the annealing-dependent error-prone DSB repair pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Ceccaldi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Beatrice Rondinelli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Alan D D'Andrea
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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