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Frawley RP, Smith MJ, White KL, Elmore SA, Herbert R, Moore R, Staska LM, Behl M, Hooth MJ, Kissling GE, Germolec DR. Immunotoxic effects of sodium tungstate dihydrate on female B6C3F1/N mice when administered in drinking water. J Immunotoxicol 2016; 13:666-75. [PMID: 27223060 DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2016.1154118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Tungsten is a naturally occurring, high-tensile strength element that has been used in a number of consumer products. Tungsten has been detected in soil, waterways, groundwater, and human tissue and body fluids. Elevated levels of tungsten in urine were reported for populations exposed to tungstate in drinking water in areas where natural tungsten formations were prevalent. Published reports indicated that sodium tungstate may modulate hematopoiesis, immune cell populations, and immune responses in rodent models. The objective of this study was to assess potential immunotoxicity of sodium tungstate dihydrate (STD), a drinking water contaminant. Female B6C3F1/N mice received 0-2000 mg STD/L in their drinking water for 28 d, and were evaluated for effects on immune cell populations in spleen and bone marrow, and humoral-mediated, cell-mediated, and innate immunity. Three different parameters of cell-mediated immunity were similarly affected at 1000 mg STD/L. T-cell proliferative responses against allogeneic leukocytes and anti-CD3 were decreased 32%, and 21%, respectively. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activity was decreased at all effector:target cell ratios examined. At 2000 mg STD/L, the absolute numbers of CD3(+) T-cell progenitor cells in bone marrow were increased 86%, but the alterations in B-lymphocyte and other progenitor cells were not significant. There were no effects on bone marrow DNA synthesis or colony forming capabilities. STD-induced effects on humoral-mediated immunity, innate immunity, and splenocyte sub-populations were limited. Enhanced histopathology did not detect treatment-related lesions in any of the immune tissues. These data suggest exposure to STD in drinking water may adversely affect cell-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel P Frawley
- a Division of the National Toxicology Program , National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Matthew J Smith
- b Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA
| | - Kimber L White
- b Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA
| | - Susan A Elmore
- a Division of the National Toxicology Program , National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Ron Herbert
- a Division of the National Toxicology Program , National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Rebecca Moore
- c Experimental Pathology Laboratories Inc., Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | | | - Mamta Behl
- a Division of the National Toxicology Program , National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Michelle J Hooth
- a Division of the National Toxicology Program , National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Grace E Kissling
- e Division of Intramural Research , NIEHS, Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Dori R Germolec
- a Division of the National Toxicology Program , National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
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Bolt AM, Grant MP, Wu TH, Flores Molina M, Plourde D, Kelly ADR, Negro Silva LF, Lemaire M, Schlezinger JJ, Mwale F, Mann KK. Tungsten Promotes Sex-Specific Adipogenesis in the Bone by Altering Differentiation of Bone Marrow-Resident Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. Toxicol Sci 2016; 150:333-46. [PMID: 26865663 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Tungsten is a naturally occurring metal that increasingly is being incorporated into industrial goods and medical devices, and is recognized as an emerging contaminant. Tungsten preferentially and rapidly accumulates in murine bone in a concentration-dependent manner; however the effect of tungsten deposition on bone biology is unknown. Other metals alter bone homeostasis by targeting bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) differentiation, thus, we investigated the effects of tungsten on MSCsin vitroandin vivoIn vitro, tungsten shifted the balance of MSC differentiation by enhancing rosiglitazone-induced adipogenesis, which correlated with an increase in adipocyte content in the bone of tungsten-exposed, young, male mice. Conversely, tungsten inhibited osteogenesis of MSCsin vitro; however, we found no evidence that tungsten inhibited osteogenesisin vivo Interestingly, two factors known to influence adipogenesis are sex and age of mice. Both female and older mice have enhanced adipogenesis. We extended our study and exposed young female and adult (9-month) male and female mice to tungsten for 4 weeks. Although tungsten accumulated to a similar extent in young female mice, it did not promote adipogenesis. Interestingly, tungsten did not accumulate in the bone of older mice; it was undetectable in adult male mice, and just above the limit of detect in adult female mice. Surprisingly, tungsten enhanced adipogenesis in adult female mice. In summary, we found that tungsten alters bone homeostasis by altering differentiation of MSCs, which could have significant implications for bone quality, but is highly dependent upon sex and age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia M Bolt
- *Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research; Department of Oncology
| | | | - Ting Hua Wu
- *Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research; Division of Experimental Medicine
| | | | | | | | | | - Maryse Lemaire
- *Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research; Department of Oncology
| | - Jennifer J Schlezinger
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Fackson Mwale
- *Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research; Faculty of Medicine; Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; and
| | - Koren K Mann
- *Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research; Department of Oncology; Division of Experimental Medicine;
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53
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The Role of the Component Metals in the Toxicity of Military-Grade Tungsten Alloy. TOXICS 2015; 3:499-514. [PMID: 29051474 PMCID: PMC5606641 DOI: 10.3390/toxics3040499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Tungsten-based composites have been recommended as a suitable replacement for depleted uranium. Unfortunately, one of these mixtures composed of tungsten (W), nickel (Ni) and cobalt (Co) induced rhabdomyosarcomas when implanted into the leg muscle of laboratory rats and mice to simulate a shrapnel wound. The question arose as to whether the neoplastic effect of the mixture could be solely attributed to one or more of the metal components. To investigate this possibility, pellets with one or two of the component metals replaced with an identical amount of the biologically-inert metal tantalum (Ta) were manufactured and implanted into the quadriceps of B6C3F₁ mice. The mice were followed for two years to assess potential adverse health effects. Implantation with WTa, CoTa or WNiTa resulted in decreased survival, but not to the level reported for WNiCo. Sarcomas in the implanted muscle were found in 20% of the CoTa-implanted mice and 5% of the WTa- and WCoTa-implanted rats and mice, far below the 80% reported for WNiCo-implanted mice. The data obtained from this study suggested that no single metal is solely responsible for the neoplastic effects of WNiCo and that a synergistic effect of the three metals in tumor development was likely.
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54
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Langie SAS, Koppen G, Desaulniers D, Al-Mulla F, Al-Temaimi R, Amedei A, Azqueta A, Bisson WH, Brown DG, Brunborg G, Charles AK, Chen T, Colacci A, Darroudi F, Forte S, Gonzalez L, Hamid RA, Knudsen LE, Leyns L, Lopez de Cerain Salsamendi A, Memeo L, Mondello C, Mothersill C, Olsen AK, Pavanello S, Raju J, Rojas E, Roy R, Ryan EP, Ostrosky-Wegman P, Salem HK, Scovassi AI, Singh N, Vaccari M, Van Schooten FJ, Valverde M, Woodrick J, Zhang L, van Larebeke N, Kirsch-Volders M, Collins AR. Causes of genome instability: the effect of low dose chemical exposures in modern society. Carcinogenesis 2015; 36 Suppl 1:S61-88. [PMID: 26106144 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgv031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome instability is a prerequisite for the development of cancer. It occurs when genome maintenance systems fail to safeguard the genome's integrity, whether as a consequence of inherited defects or induced via exposure to environmental agents (chemicals, biological agents and radiation). Thus, genome instability can be defined as an enhanced tendency for the genome to acquire mutations; ranging from changes to the nucleotide sequence to chromosomal gain, rearrangements or loss. This review raises the hypothesis that in addition to known human carcinogens, exposure to low dose of other chemicals present in our modern society could contribute to carcinogenesis by indirectly affecting genome stability. The selected chemicals with their mechanisms of action proposed to indirectly contribute to genome instability are: heavy metals (DNA repair, epigenetic modification, DNA damage signaling, telomere length), acrylamide (DNA repair, chromosome segregation), bisphenol A (epigenetic modification, DNA damage signaling, mitochondrial function, chromosome segregation), benomyl (chromosome segregation), quinones (epigenetic modification) and nano-sized particles (epigenetic pathways, mitochondrial function, chromosome segregation, telomere length). The purpose of this review is to describe the crucial aspects of genome instability, to outline the ways in which environmental chemicals can affect this cancer hallmark and to identify candidate chemicals for further study. The overall aim is to make scientists aware of the increasing need to unravel the underlying mechanisms via which chemicals at low doses can induce genome instability and thus promote carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine A S Langie
- Environmental Risk and Health Unit, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium, Health Canada, Environmental Health Sciences and Research Bureau, Environmental Health Centre, Ottawa, Ontario K1A0K9, Canada, Department of Pathology, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, Florence 50134, Italy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Pamplona 31009, Spain, Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA, Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences/Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University/Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA, Department of Chemicals and Radiation, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 4404, N-0403 Oslo, Norway, Hopkins Building, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6UB, UK, Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA, Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna 40126, Italy, Human and Environmental Safety Research, Department of Health Sciences, College of North Atlantic, Doha, State of Qatar, Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, 95029 Viagrande, Italy, Laboratory for Cell Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels 1050, Belgium, Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia, University of Copenhagen, Department of Public Health, Copenhagen 1353, Denmark, Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, Pavia 27100, Italy, Medical Phys
| | - Gudrun Koppen
- Environmental Risk and Health Unit, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium, Health Canada, Environmental Health Sciences and Research Bureau, Environmental Health Centre, Ottawa, Ontario K1A0K9, Canada, Department of Pathology, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, Florence 50134, Italy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Pamplona 31009, Spain, Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA, Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences/Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University/Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA, Department of Chemicals and Radiation, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 4404, N-0403 Oslo, Norway, Hopkins Building, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6UB, UK, Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA, Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna 40126, Italy, Human and Environmental Safety Research, Department of Health Sciences, College of North Atlantic, Doha, State of Qatar, Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, 95029 Viagrande, Italy, Laboratory for Cell Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels 1050, Belgium, Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia, University of Copenhagen, Department of Public Health, Copenhagen 1353, Denmark, Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, Pavia 27100, Italy, Medical Phys
| | - Daniel Desaulniers
- Health Canada, Environmental Health Sciences and Research Bureau, Environmental Health Centre, Ottawa, Ontario K1A0K9, Canada
| | - Fahd Al-Mulla
- Department of Pathology, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait
| | | | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - Amaya Azqueta
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Pamplona 31009, Spain
| | - William H Bisson
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Dustin G Brown
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences/Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University/Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA
| | - Gunnar Brunborg
- Department of Chemicals and Radiation, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 4404, N-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Amelia K Charles
- Hopkins Building, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6UB, UK
| | - Tao Chen
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Annamaria Colacci
- Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Firouz Darroudi
- Human and Environmental Safety Research, Department of Health Sciences, College of North Atlantic, Doha, State of Qatar
| | - Stefano Forte
- Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, 95029 Viagrande, Italy
| | - Laetitia Gonzalez
- Laboratory for Cell Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels 1050, Belgium
| | - Roslida A Hamid
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Lisbeth E Knudsen
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Public Health, Copenhagen 1353, Denmark
| | - Luc Leyns
- Laboratory for Cell Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels 1050, Belgium
| | | | - Lorenzo Memeo
- Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, 95029 Viagrande, Italy
| | - Chiara Mondello
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Carmel Mothersill
- Medical Physics & Applied Radiation Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S4L8, Canada
| | - Ann-Karin Olsen
- Department of Chemicals and Radiation, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 4404, N-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sofia Pavanello
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, Unit of Occupational Medicine, University of Padova, Padova 35128, Italy
| | - Jayadev Raju
- Toxicology Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A0K9, Canada
| | - Emilio Rojas
- Departamento de Medicina Genomica y Toxicologia Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, México CP 04510, México
| | - Rabindra Roy
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Elizabeth P Ryan
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences/Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University/Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA
| | - Patricia Ostrosky-Wegman
- Departamento de Medicina Genomica y Toxicologia Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, México CP 04510, México
| | - Hosni K Salem
- Urology Department, kasr Al-Ainy School of Medicine, Cairo University, El Manial, Cairo 12515, Egypt
| | - A Ivana Scovassi
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Neetu Singh
- Centre for Advanced Research, King George's Medical University, Chowk, Lucknow 226003, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Monica Vaccari
- Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Frederik J Van Schooten
- Department of Toxicology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, 6200MD, PO Box 61, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Mahara Valverde
- Departamento de Medicina Genomica y Toxicologia Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, México CP 04510, México
| | - Jordan Woodrick
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Luoping Zhang
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-7360, USA
| | - Nik van Larebeke
- Laboratory for Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels 1050, Belgium, Study Centre for Carcinogenesis and Primary Prevention of Cancer, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
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55
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Lemus R, Venezia CF. An update to the toxicological profile for water-soluble and sparingly soluble tungsten substances. Crit Rev Toxicol 2015; 45:388-411. [PMID: 25695728 PMCID: PMC4732414 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2014.1003422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
Tungsten is a relatively rare metal with numerous applications, most notably in machine tools, catalysts, and superalloys. In 2003, tungsten was nominated for study under the National Toxicology Program, and in 2011, it was nominated for human health assessment under the US Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Integrated Risk Information System. In 2005, the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) issued a toxicological profile for tungsten, identifying several data gaps in the hazard assessment of tungsten. By filling the data gaps identified by the ATSDR, this review serves as an update to the toxicological profile for tungsten and tungsten substances. A PubMed literature search was conducted to identify reports published during the period 2004-2014, in order to gather relevant information related to tungsten toxicity. Additional information was also obtained directly from unpublished studies from within the tungsten industry. A systematic approach to evaluate the quality of data was conducted according to published criteria. This comprehensive review has gathered new toxicokinetic information and summarizes the details of acute and repeated-exposure studies that include reproductive, developmental, neurotoxicological, and immunotoxicological endpoints. Such new evidence involves several relevant studies that must be considered when regulators estimate and propose a tungsten reference or concentration dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranulfo Lemus
- International Tungsten Industry Association (ITIA), London, UK
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56
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Emond CA, Vergara VB, Lombardini ED, Mog SR, Kalinich JF. Induction of Rhabdomyosarcoma by Embedded Military-Grade Tungsten/Nickel/Cobalt Not by Tungsten/Nickel/Iron in the B6C3F1 Mouse. Int J Toxicol 2014; 34:44-54. [DOI: 10.1177/1091581814565038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Continued improvements in the ballistic properties of military munitions have led to metal formulations for which little are known about the long-term health effects. Previously we have shown that a military-grade tungsten alloy comprised of tungsten, nickel, and cobalt, when embedded into the leg muscle of F344 rats to simulate a fragment wound, induces highly aggressive metastatic rhabdomyosarcomas. An important follow-up when assessing a compound’s carcinogenic potential is to test it in a second rodent species. In this study, we assessed the health effects of embedded fragments of 2 military-grade tungsten alloys, tungsten/nickel/cobalt and tungsten/nickel/iron, in the B6C3F1 mouse. Implantation of tungsten/nickel/cobalt pellets into the quadriceps muscle resulted in the formation of a rhabdomyosarcoma around the pellet. Conversely, implantation of tungsten/nickel/iron did not result in tumor formation. Unlike what was seen in the rat model, the tumors induced by the tungsten/nickel/cobalt did not exhibit aggressive growth patterns and did not metastasize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christy A. Emond
- Internal Contamination and Metal Toxicity Program, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Vernieda B. Vergara
- Internal Contamination and Metal Toxicity Program, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Eric D. Lombardini
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Veterinary Sciences Department, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Current address: Comparative Pathology and Research Veterinary Medicine Department, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Steven R. Mog
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Veterinary Sciences Department, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Current address: Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, MD, USA
| | - John F. Kalinich
- Internal Contamination and Metal Toxicity Program, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
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57
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Patent highlights. Pharm Pat Anal 2014. [DOI: 10.4155/ppa.14.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A snapshot of noteworthy recent developments in the patent literature of relevance to pharmaceutical and medical research and development.
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58
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Bolt AM, Sabourin V, Molina MF, Police AM, Negro Silva LF, Plourde D, Lemaire M, Ursini-Siegel J, Mann KK. Tungsten targets the tumor microenvironment to enhance breast cancer metastasis. Toxicol Sci 2014; 143:165-77. [PMID: 25324207 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of individuals exposed to high levels of tungsten is increasing, yet there is limited knowledge of the potential human health risks. Recently, a cohort of breast cancer patients was left with tungsten in their breasts following testing of a tungsten-based shield during intraoperative radiotherapy. While monitoring tungsten levels in the blood and urine of these patients, we utilized the 66Cl4 cell model, in vitro and in mice to study the effects of tungsten exposure on mammary tumor growth and metastasis. We still detect tungsten in the urine of patients' years after surgery (mean urinary tungsten concentration at least 20 months post-surgery = 1.76 ng/ml), even in those who have opted for mastectomy, indicating that tungsten does not remain in the breast. In addition, standard chelation therapy was ineffective at mobilizing tungsten. In the mouse model, tungsten slightly delayed primary tumor growth, but significantly enhanced lung metastasis. In vitro, tungsten did not enhance 66Cl4 proliferation or invasion, suggesting that tungsten was not directly acting on 66Cl4 primary tumor cells to enhance invasion. In contrast, tungsten changed the tumor microenvironment, enhancing parameters known to be important for cell invasion and metastasis including activated fibroblasts, matrix metalloproteinases, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells. We show, for the first time, that tungsten enhances metastasis in an animal model of breast cancer by targeting the microenvironment. Importantly, all these tumor microenvironmental changes are associated with a poor prognosis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia M Bolt
- *Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3T 1E2, Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H2W 1S6, Pacific Breast Care Center, Costa Mesa, California, 92627, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, 92627; and Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3A 1A3 *Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3T 1E2, Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H2W 1S6, Pacific Breast Care Center, Costa Mesa, California, 92627, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, 92627; and Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3A 1A3
| | - Valérie Sabourin
- *Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3T 1E2, Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H2W 1S6, Pacific Breast Care Center, Costa Mesa, California, 92627, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, 92627; and Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3A 1A3
| | - Manuel Flores Molina
- *Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3T 1E2, Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H2W 1S6, Pacific Breast Care Center, Costa Mesa, California, 92627, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, 92627; and Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3A 1A3
| | - Alice M Police
- *Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3T 1E2, Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H2W 1S6, Pacific Breast Care Center, Costa Mesa, California, 92627, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, 92627; and Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3A 1A3 *Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3T 1E2, Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H2W 1S6, Pacific Breast Care Center, Costa Mesa, California, 92627, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, 92627; and Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3A 1A3
| | - Luis Fernando Negro Silva
- *Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3T 1E2, Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H2W 1S6, Pacific Breast Care Center, Costa Mesa, California, 92627, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, 92627; and Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3A 1A3 *Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3T 1E2, Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H2W 1S6, Pacific Breast Care Center, Costa Mesa, California, 92627, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, 92627; and Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3A 1A3
| | - Dany Plourde
- *Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3T 1E2, Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H2W 1S6, Pacific Breast Care Center, Costa Mesa, California, 92627, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, 92627; and Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3A 1A3
| | - Maryse Lemaire
- *Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3T 1E2, Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H2W 1S6, Pacific Breast Care Center, Costa Mesa, California, 92627, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, 92627; and Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3A 1A3 *Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3T 1E2, Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H2W 1S6, Pacific Breast Care Center, Costa Mesa, California, 92627, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, 92627; and Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3A 1A3
| | - Josie Ursini-Siegel
- *Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3T 1E2, Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H2W 1S6, Pacific Breast Care Center, Costa Mesa, California, 92627, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, 92627; and Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3A 1A3 *Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3T 1E2, Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H2W 1S6, Pacific Breast Care Center, Costa Mesa, California, 92627, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, 92627; and Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3A 1A3 *Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3T 1E2, Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H2W 1S6, Pacific Breast Care Center, Costa Mesa, California, 92627, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, 92627; and Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3A 1A3
| | - Koren K Mann
- *Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3T 1E2, Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H2W 1S6, Pacific Breast Care Center, Costa Mesa, California, 92627, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, 92627; and Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3A 1A3 *Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3T 1E2, Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H2W 1S6, Pacific Breast Care Center, Costa Mesa, California, 92627, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, 92627; and Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3A 1A3 *Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3T 1E2, Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H2W 1S6, Pacific Breast Care Center, Costa Mesa, California, 92627, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, 92627; and Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3A 1A3
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59
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Adamakis IDS, Panteris E, Eleftheriou EP. Tungsten disrupts root growth in Arabidopsis thaliana by PIN targeting. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 171:1174-87. [PMID: 24973590 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Tungsten is a heavy metal with increasing concern over its environmental impact. In plants it is extensively used to deplete nitric oxide by inhibiting nitrate reductase, but its presumed toxicity as a heavy metal has been less explored. Accordingly, its effects on Arabidopsis thaliana primary root were assessed. The effects on root growth, mitotic cell percentage, nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide levels, the cytoskeleton, cell ultrastructure, auxin and cytokinin activity, and auxin carrier distribution were investigated. It was found that tungsten reduced root growth, particularly by inhibiting cell expansion in the elongation zone, so that root hairs emerged closer to the root tip than in the control. Although extensive vacuolation was observed, even in meristematic cells, cell organelles were almost unaffected and microtubules were not depolymerized but reoriented. Tungsten affected auxin and cytokinin activity, as visualized by the DR5-GFP and TCS-GFP expressing lines, respectively. Cytokinin fluctuations were similar to those of the mitotic cell percentage. DR5-GFP signal appeared ectopically expressed, while the signals of PIN2-GFP and PIN3-GFP were diminished even after relatively short exposures. The observed effects were not reminiscent of those of any nitric oxide scavengers. Taken together, inhibition of root growth by tungsten might rather be related to a presumed interference with the basipetal flow of auxin, specifically affecting cell expansion in the elongation zone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emmanuel Panteris
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleftherios P Eleftheriou
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
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60
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Adamakis IDS, Panteris E, Eleftheriou EP. Tungsten Toxicity in Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2012; 1:82-99. [PMID: 27137642 PMCID: PMC4844263 DOI: 10.3390/plants1020082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Tungsten (W) is a rare heavy metal, widely used in a range of industrial, military and household applications due to its unique physical properties. These activities inevitably have accounted for local W accumulation at high concentrations, raising concerns about its effects for living organisms. In plants, W has primarily been used as an inhibitor of the molybdoenzymes, since it antagonizes molybdenum (Mo) for the Mo-cofactor (MoCo) of these enzymes. However, recent advances indicate that, beyond Mo-enzyme inhibition, W has toxic attributes similar with those of other heavy metals. These include hindering of seedling growth, reduction of root and shoot biomass, ultrastructural malformations of cell components, aberration of cell cycle, disruption of the cytoskeleton and deregulation of gene expression related with programmed cell death (PCD). In this article, the recent available information on W toxicity in plants and plant cells is reviewed, and the knowledge gaps and the most pertinent research directions are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emmanuel Panteris
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Eleftherios P Eleftheriou
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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