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Zhong J, Peng Z, Peng Q, Cai Q, Peng W, Chen M, Yao J. Regulation of plant height in rice by the Polycomb group genes OsEMF2b, OsFIE2 and OsCLF. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 267:157-167. [PMID: 29362094 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
An ideal plant height is essential for crop yield. Some Polycomb group (PcG) genes mutants exhibit a dwarf phenotype in rice. To determine how PcG genes regulate plant height, we investigated the phenotypes of the emf2b mutant and OsEMF2b, OsFIE2 and OsCLF RNAi transgenic plants; they all exhibited dwarf phenotype. Further analyses indicated that stem elongation at jointing stage was seriously inhibited in emf2b and RNAi transgenic plants. Reduced cell expansion and cell division of stem caused significant reduction of stem length during mature period of OsEMF2b, OsFIE2 and OsCLF RNAi transgenic plants. Transcription analysis revealed that cell division, cell expansion and plant hormones related genes differentially expressed between emf2b and WT. In addition, PcG genes mutants weakened GA signal and GA concentration and leaded to suppresseion of plant height. Analysis of differentially expressed genes revealed that 109 up-regulated and 19 down-regulated genes were identified in both emf2b and fie2. H3K27me3-modified sites were observed in 95 of the 109 up-regulated genes, and some of them were up-regulated in OsFIE2, OsCLF and OsEMF2b RNAi transgenic plants, and their H3K27me3 levels were reduced in emf2b. Moreover, OsEMF2b interacted with OsCLF. Therefore, we speculated that these PcG genes, OsFIE2, OsCLF and OsEMF2b, may work as a PRC2 to regulate rice height.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhong
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Zhu Peng
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Qinglei Peng
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Qingqing Cai
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Wenlei Peng
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Min Chen
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Jialing Yao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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Sperotto RA, Buffon G, Schwambach J, Ricachenevsky FK. Checkmite!? Is the Resistance to Phytophagous Mites on Short and Stocky Wild Oryza Species? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:321. [PMID: 29593771 PMCID: PMC5859031 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Raul A. Sperotto
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology, University of Taquari Valley, Univates, Lajeado, Brazil
- Biological Sciences and Health Center, University of Taquari Valley, Univates, Lajeado, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Raul A. Sperotto
| | - Giseli Buffon
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology, University of Taquari Valley, Univates, Lajeado, Brazil
| | - Joséli Schwambach
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology, University of Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, Brazil
| | - Felipe K. Ricachenevsky
- Graduate Program in Agrobiology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Bauters L, Hossain M, Nahar K, Gheysen G. Gibberellin reduces the susceptibility of rice, Oryza sativa, to the migratory nematode Hirschmanniella oryzae. NEMATOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1163/15685411-00003198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Summary
Upon pathogen attack, the plant defence response is mediated by a set of connected signal transduction pathways, guided by several classes of plant hormones. In this study, experiments were conducted to observe the role of the plant hormone gibberellic acid in the response of rice to infection by the migratory root-rot nematode Hirschmanniella oryzae. Foliar treatments with gibberellic acid showed a negative effect on H. oryzae infection in the roots. Analyses of mutant rice lines impaired in the production or signalling of gibberellic acid confirmed the effect of the plant hormone on H. oryzae infection. Taken together, the results clearly indicate that gibberellic acid has a positive effect on the capability of the rice plant to fend off an infection by the migratory nematode H. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lander Bauters
- 1Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mohammod Hossain
- 2Plant Pathology Division, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Barisal, Bangladesh
| | - Kamrun Nahar
- 3Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Fredericton, Canada
| | - Godelieve Gheysen
- 1Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Xie C, Zhang G, Zhang Y, Song X, Guo H, Chen X, Fang R. SRWD1, a novel target gene of DELLA and WRKY proteins, participates in the development and immune response of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Sci Bull (Beijing) 2017; 62:1639-1648. [PMID: 36659383 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
SRWD1, a member of the WD40 protein subfamily, is induced by salt stress in rice and its homolog in barley can bind to GAMYB, implying that SRWD1 might be involved in plant defense against environmental stress and gibberellic acid (GA) signalings. In this study, we focused on the biological functions and regulation mechanisms of SRWD1 in rice. The results showed that SRWD1 expression was repressed by GA and induced by abscisic acid (ABA). Two WRKY-family transcription factors, OsWRKY45 and OsWRKY72, were found to regulate SRWD1 expression by directly binding to the W-box region in its promoter. Transient co-expression and yeast two-hybrid analyses showed that a DELLA protein strengthened the activation of OsWRKY45 and partly relieved the suppression of OsWRKY72 by binding to them. Interestingly, both SRWD1-overexpressing transgenic plants and SRWD1-knockout mutants showed dwarf phenotypes and resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanmiao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ge Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuman Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaoguang Song
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Beijing 100101, China; State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hongyan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Beijing 100101, China; State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaoying Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Rongxiang Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Beijing 100101, China.
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Lo S, Ho TD, Liu Y, Jiang M, Hsieh K, Chen K, Yu L, Lee M, Chen C, Huang T, Kojima M, Sakakibara H, Chen L, Yu S. Ectopic expression of specific GA2 oxidase mutants promotes yield and stress tolerance in rice. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2017; 15:850-864. [PMID: 27998028 PMCID: PMC5466439 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
A major challenge of modern agricultural biotechnology is the optimization of plant architecture for enhanced productivity, stress tolerance and water use efficiency (WUE). To optimize plant height and tillering that directly link to grain yield in cereals and are known to be tightly regulated by gibberellins (GAs), we attenuated the endogenous levels of GAs in rice via its degradation. GA 2-oxidase (GA2ox) is a key enzyme that inactivates endogenous GAs and their precursors. We identified three conserved domains in a unique class of C20 GA2ox, GA2ox6, which is known to regulate the architecture and function of rice plants. We mutated nine specific amino acids in these conserved domains and observed a gradient of effects on plant height. Ectopic expression of some of these GA2ox6 mutants moderately lowered GA levels and reprogrammed transcriptional networks, leading to reduced plant height, more productive tillers, expanded root system, higher WUE and photosynthesis rate, and elevated abiotic and biotic stress tolerance in transgenic rice. Combinations of these beneficial traits conferred not only drought and disease tolerance but also increased grain yield by 10-30% in field trials. Our studies hold the promise of manipulating GA levels to substantially improve plant architecture, stress tolerance and grain yield in rice and possibly in other major crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuen‐Fang Lo
- Institute of Molecular BiologyAcademia SinicaNankangTaipeiTaiwan, ROC
- Agricultural Biotechnology CenterNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichungTaiwan, ROC
| | - Tuan‐Hua David Ho
- Agricultural Biotechnology CenterNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichungTaiwan, ROC
- Institute of Plant and Microbial BiologyAcademia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan, ROC
- Department of Life SciencesNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichungTaiwan, ROC
| | - Yi‐Lun Liu
- Institute of Molecular BiologyAcademia SinicaNankangTaipeiTaiwan, ROC
- Agricultural Biotechnology CenterNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichungTaiwan, ROC
| | - Mirng‐Jier Jiang
- Institute of Molecular BiologyAcademia SinicaNankangTaipeiTaiwan, ROC
- Agricultural Biotechnology CenterNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichungTaiwan, ROC
| | - Kun‐Ting Hsieh
- Institute of Molecular BiologyNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichungTaiwan, ROC
| | - Ku‐Ting Chen
- Institute of Molecular BiologyAcademia SinicaNankangTaipeiTaiwan, ROC
| | - Lin‐Chih Yu
- Institute of Molecular BiologyAcademia SinicaNankangTaipeiTaiwan, ROC
| | - Miin‐Huey Lee
- Department of Plant PathologyNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichungTaiwan, ROC
| | - Chi‐yu Chen
- Department of Plant PathologyNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichungTaiwan, ROC
| | - Tzu‐Pi Huang
- Department of Plant PathologyNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichungTaiwan, ROC
| | - Mikiko Kojima
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource ScienceYokohamaKanagawaJapan
| | | | - Liang‐Jwu Chen
- Agricultural Biotechnology CenterNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichungTaiwan, ROC
- Institute of Molecular BiologyNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichungTaiwan, ROC
| | - Su‐May Yu
- Institute of Molecular BiologyAcademia SinicaNankangTaipeiTaiwan, ROC
- Agricultural Biotechnology CenterNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichungTaiwan, ROC
- Department of Life SciencesNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichungTaiwan, ROC
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Zhang W, Shi B, Shi H, Wang J, Wang W, Guan Z, Li J, Xiao X, Niu Y, Zhao J. Factors Influencing Health-Related Quality of Life of Living-Donor Kidney Transplant Recipients: A Population-Based Study. EXP CLIN TRANSPLANT 2017; 15:260-266. [PMID: 27562141 DOI: 10.6002/ect.2016.0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Our objective was to explore factors influencing health-related quality of life in living-donor kidney transplant recipients. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 140 kidney transplant recipients, enrolled between December 2014 and April 2015, were administered questionnaires on medical outcomes, 36-item Short Form Health Survey, medical coping modes, cognitive appraisal of health scale, and adverse effects of medications. Path analysis was employed to verify the hypothesized model. RESULTS Increased serum creatinine level and high economic burden had direct positive effects on negative appraisal (β = 0.18, P < .05 and β = 0.46, P < .01). Adverse effects of medication had direct positive effects on confrontation; whereas negative appraisal had direct positive effect on acceptance-resignation (β = 0.21, P < .05) and direct negative effect on physical component summary (β = -0.43, P < .001) and mental component summary (β = -0.51, P < .001). In addition, confrontation directly affected mental component summary (β = -0.15, P < .05). The enrolled variables accounted for 25.0% of physical component summary variance and 35.4% of mental component summary variance. CONCLUSIONS In this study, economic burden, serum creatinine levels, and adverse effects of immunosuppressive therapy were the key external factors, whereas patients' cognitive appraisal and coping strategies were the main internal factors affecting patients' health-related quality of life. Medical care providers attending to transplant recipients should be able to identify patients developing negative coping strategies in response to stressors and plan individualized counseling programs for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Zhang
- From the Nursing Department, The China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
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57
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Buhl C, Meilan R, Lindroth RL. Genetic Modification of Lignin in Hybrid Poplar (Populus alba × Populus tremula) Does Not Substantially Alter Plant Defense or Arthropod Communities. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2017; 17:3858857. [PMID: 28973575 PMCID: PMC5538326 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iex052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Lignin impedes access to cellulose during biofuel production and pulping but trees can be genetically modified to improve processing efficiency. Modification of lignin may have nontarget effects on mechanical and chemical resistance and subsequent arthropod community responses with respect to pest susceptibility and arthropod biodiversity. We quantified foliar mechanical and chemical resistance traits in lignin-modified and wild-type (WT) poplar (Populus alba × Populus tremula) grown in a plantation and censused arthropods present on these trees to determine total abundance, as well as species richness, diversity and community composition. Our results indicate that mechanical resistance was not affected by lignin modification and only one genetic construct resulted in a (modest) change in chemical resistance. Arthropod abundance and community composition were consistent across modified and WT trees, but transgenics produced using one construct exhibited higher species richness and diversity relative to the WT. Our findings indicate that modification of lignin in poplar does not negatively affect herbivore resistance traits or arthropod community response, and may even result in a source of increased genetic diversity in trees and arthropod communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Buhl
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1630 Linden Dr., Madison, WI 53706 (; )
- Current address: 2600 State St., Salem, OR 97310
| | - Richard Meilan
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, 715 W. State St., West Lafayette, IN 47907 ()
| | - Richard L. Lindroth
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1630 Linden Dr., Madison, WI 53706 (; )
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58
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Nagel R, Turrini PCG, Nett RS, Leach JE, Verdier V, Van Sluys MA, Peters RJ. An operon for production of bioactive gibberellin A 4 phytohormone with wide distribution in the bacterial rice leaf streak pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 214:1260-1266. [PMID: 28134995 PMCID: PMC5388578 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Phytopathogens have developed elaborate mechanisms to attenuate the defense response of their host plants, including convergent evolution of complex pathways for production of the GA phytohormones, which were actually first isolated from the rice fungal pathogen Gibberella fujikuroi. The rice bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoc) has been demonstrated to contain a biosynthetic operon with cyclases capable of producing the universal GA precursor ent-kaurene. Genetic (knock-out) studies indicate that the derived diterpenoid serves as a virulence factor for this rice leaf streak pathogen, serving to reduce the jasmonic acid-mediated defense response. Here the functions of the remaining genes in the Xoc operon are elucidated and the distribution of the operon in X. oryzae is investigated in over 100 isolates. The Xoc operon leads to production of the bioactive GA4 , an additional step beyond production of the penultimate precursor GA9 mediated by the homologous operons recently characterized from rhizobia. Moreover, this GA biosynthetic operon was found to be widespread in Xoc (> 90%), but absent in the other major X. oryzae pathovar. These results indicate selective pressure for production of GA4 in the distinct lifestyle of Xoc, and the importance of GA to both fungal and bacterial pathogens of rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raimund Nagel
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Paula C. G. Turrini
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Ryan S. Nett
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Jan E. Leach
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Valérie Verdier
- IRD – Cirad – Univ. Montpellier, UMR Interactions Plantes Microorganismes Environnement (IPME), 34399 Montpellier, France
| | - Marie-Anne Van Sluys
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Reuben J. Peters
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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59
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Alagarasan G, Aswathy KS, Madhaiyan M. Shoot the Message, Not the Messenger-Combating Pathogenic Virulence in Plants by Inhibiting Quorum Sensing Mediated Signaling Molecules. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:556. [PMID: 28446917 PMCID: PMC5388769 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Immunity, virulence, biofilm formation, and survival in the host environment are regulated by the versatile nature of density dependent microbial cell signaling, also called quorum sensing (QS). The QS molecules can associate with host plant tissues and, at times, cause a change in its gene expression at the downstream level through inter-kingdom cross talking. Progress in controlling QS through fungicide/bactericide in pathogenic microscopic organisms has lead to a rise of antibiotic resistance pathogens. Here, we review the application of selective quorum quenching (QQ) endophytes to control phytopathogens that are shared by most, if not all, terrestrial plant species as well as aquatic plants. Allowing the plants to posses endophytic colonies through biotization will be an additional and a sustainable encompassing methodology resulting in attenuated virulence rather than killing the pathogens. Furthermore, the introduced endophytes could serve as a potential biofertilizer and bioprotection agent, which in turn increases the PAMP- triggered immunity and hormonal systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in plants through SA-JA-ET signaling systems. This paper discusses major challenges imposed by QS and QQ application in biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Alagarasan
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Indira Gandhi Krishi VishwavidyalayaRaipur, India
| | - Kumar S. Aswathy
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Tamilnadu Agricultural UniversityCoimbatore, India
| | - Munusamy Madhaiyan
- Biomaterials and Biocatalyst, Temasek Lifesciences Laboratory, National University of SingaporeSingapore, Singapore
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60
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Tang Y, Liu K, Zhang J, Li X, Xu K, Zhang Y, Qi J, Yu D, Wang J, Li C. JcDREB2, a Physic Nut AP2/ERF Gene, Alters Plant Growth and Salinity Stress Responses in Transgenic Rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:306. [PMID: 28321231 PMCID: PMC5337505 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factors of the AP2/ERF family play important roles in plant growth, development, and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, a physic nut AP2/ERF gene, JcDREB2, was functionally characterized. Real-time PCR analysis revealed that JcDREB2 was expressed mainly in the leaf and could be induced by abscisic acid but suppressed by gibberellin (GA) and salt. Transient expression of a JcDREB2-YFP fusion protein in Arabidopsis protoplasts cells suggested that JcDREB2 is localized in the nucleus. Rice plants overexpressing JcDREB2 exhibited dwarf and GA-deficient phenotypes with shorter shoots and roots than those of wild-type plants. The dwarfism phenotype could be rescued by the application of exogenous GA3. The expression levels of GA biosynthetic genes including OsGA20ox1, OsGA20ox2, OsGA20ox4, OsGA3ox2, OsCPS1, OsKO2, and OsKAO were significantly reduced in plants overexpressing JcDREB2. Overexpression of JcDREB2 in rice increased sensitivity to salt stress. Increases in the expression levels of several salt-tolerance-related genes in response to salt stress were impaired in JcDREB2-overexpressing plants. These results demonstrated not only that JcDREB2 influences GA metabolism, but also that it can participate in the regulation of the salt stress response in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuehui Tang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding and BioreactorZhoukou, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal UniversityZhoukou, China
| | - Kun Liu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding and BioreactorZhoukou, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal UniversityZhoukou, China
| | - Ju Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding and BioreactorZhoukou, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal UniversityZhoukou, China
| | - Xiaoli Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding and BioreactorZhoukou, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal UniversityZhoukou, China
| | - Kedong Xu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding and BioreactorZhoukou, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal UniversityZhoukou, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding and BioreactorZhoukou, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal UniversityZhoukou, China
| | - Jing Qi
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding and BioreactorZhoukou, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal UniversityZhoukou, China
| | - Deshui Yu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding and BioreactorZhoukou, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal UniversityZhoukou, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding and BioreactorZhoukou, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal UniversityZhoukou, China
| | - Chengwei Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding and BioreactorZhoukou, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal UniversityZhoukou, China
- *Correspondence: Chengwei Li,
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Mokhtar MAK, Nehal SEM. Potential control of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) wilt disease using growth regulators, bioagent, antioxidants and essential oils as foliar application under field conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.5897/ajmr2016.8359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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62
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Mangwanda R, Zwart L, van der Merwe NA, Moleleki LN, Berger DK, Myburg AA, Naidoo S. Localization and Transcriptional Responses of Chrysoporthe austroafricana in Eucalyptus grandis Identify Putative Pathogenicity Factors. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1953. [PMID: 28008326 PMCID: PMC5143476 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chrysoporthe austroafricana is a fungal pathogen that causes the development of stem cankers on susceptible Eucalyptus grandis trees. Clones of E. grandis that are partially resistant and highly susceptible have been identified based on the extent of lesion formation on the stem upon inoculation with C. austroafricana. These interactions have been used as a model pathosystem to enhance our understanding of interactions between pathogenic fungi and woody hosts, which may be different to herbaceous hosts. In previous research, transcriptomics of host responses in these two clones to C. austroafricana suggested roles for salicylic acid and gibberellic acid phytohormone signaling in defense. However, it is unclear how the pathogen infiltrates host tissue and which pathogenicity factors facilitate its spread in the two host genotypes. The aim of this study was to investigate these two aspects of the E. grandis-C. austroafricana interaction and to test the hypothesis that the pathogen possesses mechanisms to modulate the tree phytohormone-mediated defenses. Light microscopy showed that the pathogen occurred in most cell types and structures within infected E. grandis stem tissue. Notably, the fungus appeared to spread through the stem by penetrating cell wall pits. In order to understand the molecular interaction between these organisms and predict putative pathogenicity mechanisms of C. austroafricana, fungal gene expression was studied in vitro and in planta. Fungal genes associated with cell wall degradation, carbohydrate metabolism and phytohormone manipulation were expressed in planta by C. austroafricana. These genes could be involved in fungal spread by facilitating cell wall pit degradation and manipulating phytohormone mediated defense in each host environment, respectively. Specifically, the in planta expression of an ent-kaurene oxidase and salicylate hydroxylase in C. austroafricana suggests putative mechanisms by which the pathogen can modulate the phytohormone-mediated defenses of the host. These mechanisms have been reported in herbaceous plant-pathogen interactions, supporting the notion that these aspects of the interaction are similar in a woody species. This study highlights ent-kaurene oxidase and salicylate hydroxylase as candidates for further functional characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronishree Mangwanda
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Genomics Research Institute, University of PretoriaPretoria, South Africa
| | - Lizahn Zwart
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Genomics Research Institute, University of PretoriaPretoria, South Africa
| | - Nicolaas A. van der Merwe
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Genomics Research Institute, University of PretoriaPretoria, South Africa
| | - Lucy Novungayo Moleleki
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of PretoriaPretoria, South Africa
| | - Dave Kenneth Berger
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Genomics Research Institute, University of PretoriaPretoria, South Africa
| | - Alexander A. Myburg
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Genomics Research Institute, University of PretoriaPretoria, South Africa
| | - Sanushka Naidoo
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Genomics Research Institute, University of PretoriaPretoria, South Africa
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Wu Y, Wang Y, Mi XF, Shan JX, Li XM, Xu JL, Lin HX. The QTL GNP1 Encodes GA20ox1, Which Increases Grain Number and Yield by Increasing Cytokinin Activity in Rice Panicle Meristems. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006386. [PMID: 27764111 PMCID: PMC5072697 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinins and gibberellins (GAs) play antagonistic roles in regulating reproductive meristem activity. Cytokinins have positive effects on meristem activity and maintenance. During inflorescence meristem development, cytokinin biosynthesis is activated via a KNOX-mediated pathway. Increased cytokinin activity leads to higher grain number, whereas GAs negatively affect meristem activity. The GA biosynthesis genes GA20oxs are negatively regulated by KNOX proteins. KNOX proteins function as modulators, balancing cytokinin and GA activity in the meristem. However, little is known about the crosstalk among cytokinin and GA regulators together with KNOX proteins and how KNOX-mediated dynamic balancing of hormonal activity functions. Through map-based cloning of QTLs, we cloned a GA biosynthesis gene, Grain Number per Panicle1 (GNP1), which encodes rice GA20ox1. The grain number and yield of NIL-GNP1TQ were significantly higher than those of isogenic control (Lemont). Sequence variations in its promoter region increased the levels of GNP1 transcripts, which were enriched in the apical regions of inflorescence meristems in NIL-GNP1TQ. We propose that cytokinin activity increased due to a KNOX-mediated transcriptional feedback loop resulting from the higher GNP1 transcript levels, in turn leading to increased expression of the GA catabolism genes GA2oxs and reduced GA1 and GA3 accumulation. This rebalancing process increased cytokinin activity, thereby increasing grain number and grain yield in rice. These findings uncover important, novel roles of GAs in rice florescence meristem development and provide new insights into the crosstalk between cytokinin and GA underlying development process. Grain number per panicle, a valuable agronomic trait for rice yield improvement, is profoundly affected by reproductive meristem activity. This activity, in turn, is controlled by transcriptional and plant hormone regulators, especially KNOX proteins and cytokinins. However, little is known about the roles of GAs in these processes in rice and how the regulatory network functions due to the complexity of crosstalk between plant hormone regulators. In this study, we identify a novel GA biosynthesis gene in rice and demonstrate its role in improving grain number and grain yield. We also propose that the KNOX-mediated cytokinin-GA activity rebalancing mechanisms regulate inflorescence meristem development and maintenance processes, providing a possible tool for high-yield rice breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics & Development, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academic of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Institute of Crop Sciences/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Northern Japonica Rice Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xue-Fei Mi
- Agricultural Genomics Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Breeding and Innovation, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jun-Xiang Shan
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics & Development, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academic of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin-Min Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics & Development, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academic of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Long Xu
- Institute of Crop Sciences/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Agricultural Genomics Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Breeding and Innovation, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- * E-mail: (JLX); (HXL)
| | - Hong-Xuan Lin
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics & Development, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academic of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (JLX); (HXL)
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Nelissen H, Gonzalez N, Inzé D. Leaf growth in dicots and monocots: so different yet so alike. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 33:72-76. [PMID: 27344391 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In plants, most organs grow post-embryonically through cell division and cell expansion. The coordination of these two growth processes is generally considered to be different between dicots and monocots. In dicot plants, such as the model plant Arabidopsis, leaf growth is most often described as being temporally regulated with cell division ceasing earlier at the tip and continuing longer at the base of the leaf. Conversely, in monocot leaves, the organization of the growth processes is rather viewed as spatially regulated with dividing cells at the base of the leaf, followed by expanding cells and finally mature cells at the tip. As our understanding of the leaf growth processes in the two major classes of flowering plants expands, it becomes increasingly clear that the regulation of the growth processes is to a great extent conserved between dicots and monocots. In this review, we highlight how the temporal and spatial organization of cell division and cell expansion takes place in both dicot and monocot leaves. We also show that there are similarities in the molecular wiring that coordinates these two processes during leaf development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilde Nelissen
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Gent, Belgium; Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Gonzalez
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Gent, Belgium; Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Dirk Inzé
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Gent, Belgium; Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Gent, Belgium.
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Lane T, Best T, Zembower N, Davitt J, Henry N, Xu Y, Koch J, Liang H, McGraw J, Schuster S, Shim D, Coggeshall MV, Carlson JE, Staton ME. The green ash transcriptome and identification of genes responding to abiotic and biotic stresses. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:702. [PMID: 27589953 PMCID: PMC5009568 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3052-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To develop a set of transcriptome sequences to support research on environmental stress responses in green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica), we undertook deep RNA sequencing of green ash tissues under various stress treatments. The treatments, including emerald ash borer (EAB) feeding, heat, drought, cold and ozone, were selected to mimic the increasing threats of climate change and invasive pests faced by green ash across its native habitat. Results We report the generation and assembly of RNA sequences from 55 green ash samples into 107,611 putative unique transcripts (PUTs). 52,899 open reading frames were identified. Functional annotation of the PUTs by comparison to the Uniprot protein database identified matches for 63 % of transcripts and for 98 % of transcripts with ORFs. Further functional annotation identified conserved protein domains and assigned gene ontology terms to the PUTs. Examination of transcript expression across different RNA libraries revealed that expression patterns clustered based on tissues regardless of stress treatment. The transcripts from stress treatments were further examined to identify differential expression. Tens to hundreds of differentially expressed PUTs were identified for each stress treatment. A set of 109 PUTs were found to be consistently up or down regulated across three or more different stress treatments, representing basal stress response candidate genes in green ash. In addition, 1956 simple sequence repeats were identified in the PUTs, of which we identified 465 high quality DNA markers and designed flanking PCR primers. Conclusions North American native ash trees have suffered extensive mortality due to EAB infestation, creating a need to breed or select for resistant green ash genotypes. Stress from climate change is an additional concern for longevity of native ash populations. The use of genomics could accelerate management efforts. The green ash transcriptome we have developed provides important sequence information, genetic markers and stress-response candidate genes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-3052-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lane
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37966, USA
| | - Teodora Best
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Nicole Zembower
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Jack Davitt
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37966, USA
| | - Nathan Henry
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37966, USA
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.,Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Jennifer Koch
- Northern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Delaware, OH, 43015, USA
| | - Haiying Liang
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - John McGraw
- Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Stephan Schuster
- Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Donghwan Shim
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Mark V Coggeshall
- Department of Forestry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - John E Carlson
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Margaret E Staton
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37966, USA.
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Shigenaga AM, Argueso CT. No hormone to rule them all: Interactions of plant hormones during the responses of plants to pathogens. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 56:174-189. [PMID: 27312082 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Plant hormones are essential regulators of plant growth and immunity. In the last few decades, a vast amount of information has been obtained detailing the role of different plant hormones in immunity, and how they work together to ultimately shape the outcomes of plant pathogen interactions. Here we provide an overview on the roles of the main classes of plant hormones in the regulation of plant immunity, highlighting their metabolic and signaling pathways and how plants and pathogens utilize these pathways to activate or suppress defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M Shigenaga
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Cristiana T Argueso
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
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Hossain MT, Khan A, Chung EJ, Rashid MHO, Chung YR. Biological Control of Rice Bakanae by an Endophytic Bacillus oryzicola YC7007. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 32:228-41. [PMID: 27298598 PMCID: PMC4892819 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.oa.10.2015.0218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In our previous study, we reported that a novel endophytic bacterium Bacillus oryzicola YC7007 has suppressed bacterial diseases of rice via induced systemic resistance and antibiotic production. This endophytic strain, B. oryzicola YC7007 was used as a biological control agent against bakanae disease of rice caused by Fusarium fujikuroi, and its mechanism of interaction with the pathogen and the rice was further elucidated. Root drenching with B. oryzicola YC7007 suspension reduced the disease severity of bakanae significantly when compared with the untreated controls. The treatments of B. oryzicola YC7007 suspension (2.0 × 10(7) cfu/ml) to the rice rhizosphere reduced bakanae severity by 46-78% in pots and nursery box tests containing autoclaved and non-autoclaved soils. Moreover, in the detached rice leaves bioassay, the development of necrotic lesion and mycelial expansion of F. fujikuroi were inhibited significantly by spraying the culture filtrate of B. oryzicola YC7007. Drenching of ethyl acetate extracts of the culture filtrate to the rhizosphere of rice seedlings also reduced the bakanae disease severity in the plant culture dish tests. With the root drenching of B. oryzicola YC7007 suspension, the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide was observed at an early stage of rice seedlings, and a hormonal defense was elicited with and without pathogen inoculation. Our results showed that the strain B. oryzicola YC7007 had a good biocontrol activity against the bakanae disease of rice by direct inhibition, and was also capable of inducing systemic resistance against the pathogen via primed induction of the jasmonic acid pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Tofajjal Hossain
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828,
Korea
| | - Ajmal Khan
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828,
Korea
| | - Eu Jin Chung
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828,
Korea
| | - Md. Harun-Or Rashid
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828,
Korea
| | - Young Ryun Chung
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828,
Korea
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Mikołajczak K, Ogrodowicz P, Gudyś K, Krystkowiak K, Sawikowska A, Frohmberg W, Górny A, Kędziora A, Jankowiak J, Józefczyk D, Karg G, Andrusiak J, Krajewski P, Szarejko I, Surma M, Adamski T, Guzy-Wróbelska J, Kuczyńska A. Quantitative Trait Loci for Yield and Yield-Related Traits in Spring Barley Populations Derived from Crosses between European and Syrian Cultivars. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155938. [PMID: 27227880 PMCID: PMC4881963 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to climatic changes, breeding programmes should be aimed at creating new cultivars with improved resistance to water scarcity. The objective of this study was to examine the yield potential of barley recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from three cross-combinations of European and Syrian spring cultivars, and to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for yield-related traits in these populations. RILs were evaluated in field experiments over a period of three years (2011 to 2013) and genotyped with simple sequence repeat (SSR) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers; a genetic map for each population was constructed and then one consensus map was developed. Biological interpretation of identified QTLs was achieved by reference to Ensembl Plants barley gene space. Twelve regions in the genomes of studied RILs were distinguished after QTL analysis. Most of the QTLs were identified on the 2H chromosome, which was the hotspot region in all three populations. Syrian parental cultivars contributed alleles decreasing traits' values at majority of QTLs for grain weight, grain number, spike length and time to heading, and numerous alleles increasing stem length. The phenomic and molecular approaches distinguished the lines with an acceptable grain yield potential combining desirable features or alleles from their parents, that is, early heading from the Syrian breeding line (Cam/B1/CI08887//CI05761) and short plant stature from the European semidwarf cultivar (Maresi).
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Mikołajczak
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60–479 Poznań, Poland
| | - Piotr Ogrodowicz
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60–479 Poznań, Poland
| | - Kornelia Gudyś
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 28, 40–032 Katowice, Poland
| | - Karolina Krystkowiak
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60–479 Poznań, Poland
| | - Aneta Sawikowska
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60–479 Poznań, Poland
| | - Wojciech Frohmberg
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60–479 Poznań, Poland
| | - Andrzej Górny
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60–479 Poznań, Poland
| | - Andrzej Kędziora
- Institute for Agricultural and Forest Environment, Polish Academy of Sciences, Bukowska 19, 60–809 Poznań, Poland
| | - Janusz Jankowiak
- Institute for Agricultural and Forest Environment, Polish Academy of Sciences, Bukowska 19, 60–809 Poznań, Poland
| | - Damian Józefczyk
- Institute for Agricultural and Forest Environment, Polish Academy of Sciences, Bukowska 19, 60–809 Poznań, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Karg
- Institute for Agricultural and Forest Environment, Polish Academy of Sciences, Bukowska 19, 60–809 Poznań, Poland
| | - Joanna Andrusiak
- Institute for Agricultural and Forest Environment, Polish Academy of Sciences, Bukowska 19, 60–809 Poznań, Poland
| | - Paweł Krajewski
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60–479 Poznań, Poland
| | - Iwona Szarejko
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 28, 40–032 Katowice, Poland
| | - Maria Surma
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60–479 Poznań, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Adamski
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60–479 Poznań, Poland
| | - Justyna Guzy-Wróbelska
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 28, 40–032 Katowice, Poland
- * E-mail: (AK); (JGW)
| | - Anetta Kuczyńska
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60–479 Poznań, Poland
- * E-mail: (AK); (JGW)
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Wang F, Wang C, Yan Y, Jia H, Guo X. Overexpression of Cotton GhMPK11 Decreases Disease Resistance through the Gibberellin Signaling Pathway in Transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:689. [PMID: 27242882 PMCID: PMC4876126 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Many changes in development, growth, hormone activity and environmental stimuli responses are mediated by mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades. However, in plants, studies on MAPKs have mainly focused on MPK3, MPK4 and MPK6. Here, a novel group B MAPK gene, GhMPK11, was isolated from cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and characterized. Both promoter and expression pattern analyses revealed that GhMPK11 is involved in defense responses and signaling pathways. GhMPK11 overexpression in Nicotiana benthamiana plants could increase gibberellin 3 (GA3) content through the regulation of GA-related genes. Interestingly, either GhMPK11 overexpression or exogenous GA3 treatment in N. benthamiana plants could enhance the susceptibility of these plants to the infectious pathogens Ralstonia solanacearum and Rhizoctonia solani. Moreover, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation was increased after pathogen infiltration due to the increased expression of ROS-related gene respiratory burst oxidative homologs (RbohB) and the decreased expression or activity of ROS detoxification enzymes regulated by GA3, such as superoxide dismutases (SODs), peroxidases (PODs), catalase (CAT) and glutathione S-transferase (GST). Taken together, these results suggest that GhMPK11 overexpression could enhance the susceptibility of tobacco to pathogen infection through the GA3 signaling pathway via down-regulation of ROS detoxification enzymes.
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Ma X, Ma J, Zhai H, Xin P, Chu J, Qiao Y, Han L. CHR729 Is a CHD3 Protein That Controls Seedling Development in Rice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138934. [PMID: 26398683 PMCID: PMC4580627 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CHD3 is one of the chromatin-remodeling factors that contribute to controlling the expression of genes associated with plant development. Loss-of-function mutants display morphological and growth defects. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying CHD3 regulation of plant development remain unclear. In this study, a rice CHD3 protein, CHR729, was identified. The corresponding mutant line (t483) exhibited late seed germination, low germination rate, dwarfism, low tiller number, root growth inhibition, adaxial albino leaves, and short and narrow leaves. CHR729 encoded a nuclear protein and was expressed in almost all organs. RNA-sequencing analysis showed that several plant hormone-related genes were up- or down-regulated in t483 compared to wild type. In particular, expression of the gibberellin synthetase gibberellin 20 oxidase 4 gene was elevated in the mutant. Endogenous gibberellin assays demonstrated that the content of bioactive GA3 was reduced in t483 compared to wild type. Moreover, the seedling dwarfism, late seed germination, and short root length phenotypes of t483 were partially rescued by treatment with exogenous GA3. These results suggest that the rice CHD3 protein CHR729 plays an important role in many aspects of seedling development and controls this development via the gibberellin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoding Ma
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Ma
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Honghong Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Peiyong Xin
- National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinfang Chu
- National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongli Qiao
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Longzhi Han
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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Wuddineh WA, Mazarei M, Zhang J, Poovaiah CR, Mann DGJ, Ziebell A, Sykes RW, Davis MF, Udvardi MK, Stewart CN. Identification and overexpression of gibberellin 2-oxidase (GA2ox) in switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) for improved plant architecture and reduced biomass recalcitrance. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2015; 13:636-47. [PMID: 25400275 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Gibberellin 2-oxidases (GA2oxs) are a group of 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases that catalyse the deactivation of bioactive GA or its precursors through 2β-hydroxylation reaction. In this study, putatively novel switchgrass C20 GA2ox genes were identified with the aim of genetically engineering switchgrass for improved architecture and reduced biomass recalcitrance for biofuel. Three C20 GA2ox genes showed differential regulation patterns among tissues including roots, seedlings and reproductive parts. Using a transgenic approach, we showed that overexpression of two C20 GA2ox genes, that is PvGA2ox5 and PvGA2ox9, resulted in characteristic GA-deficient phenotypes with dark-green leaves and modified plant architecture. The changes in plant morphology appeared to be associated with GA2ox transcript abundance. Exogenous application of GA rescued the GA-deficient phenotypes in transgenic lines. Transgenic semi-dwarf lines displayed increased tillering and reduced lignin content, and the syringyl/guaiacyl lignin monomer ratio accompanied by the reduced expression of lignin biosynthetic genes compared to nontransgenic plants. A moderate increase in the level of glucose release in these transgenic lines might be attributed to reduced biomass recalcitrance as a result of reduced lignin content and lignin composition. Our results suggest that overexpression of GA2ox genes in switchgrass is a feasible strategy to improve plant architecture and reduce biomass recalcitrance for biofuel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wegi A Wuddineh
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
- Bioenergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Mitra Mazarei
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
- Bioenergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Jiyi Zhang
- Bioenergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
| | - Charleson R Poovaiah
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
- Bioenergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - David G J Mann
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
- Bioenergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Angela Ziebell
- Bioenergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Robert W Sykes
- Bioenergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Mark F Davis
- Bioenergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Michael K Udvardi
- Bioenergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
| | - Charles Neal Stewart
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
- Bioenergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
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Lu X, Hershey DM, Wang L, Bogdanove AJ, Peters RJ. An ent-kaurene-derived diterpenoid virulence factor from Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 206:295-302. [PMID: 25406717 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Both plants and fungi produce ent-kaurene as a precursor to the gibberellin plant hormones. A number of rhizobia contain functionally conserved, sequentially acting ent-copalyl diphosphate and ent-kaurene synthases (CPS and KS, respectively), which are found within a well-conserved operon that may lead to the production of gibberellins. Intriguingly, the rice bacterial leaf streak pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoc) contains a homologous operon. Here, we report biochemical characterization of the encoded CPS and KS, and the impact of insertional mutagenesis on virulence and the plant defense response for these genes, as well as that for one of the cytochromes P450 (CYP112) found in the operon. Activity of the CPS and KS found in this phytopathogen was verified - that is, Xoc is capable of producing ent-kaurene. Moreover, knocking out CPS, KS or CYP112 led to mutant Xoc that exhibited reduced virulence. Investigation of the effect on marker gene transcript levels suggests that the Xoc diterpenoid affects the plant defense response, most directly that mediated by jasmonic acid (JA). Xoc produces an ent-kaurene-derived diterpenoid as a virulence factor, potentially a gibberellin phytohormone, which is antagonistic to JA, consistent with the recent recognition of opposing effects for these phytohormones on the microbial defense response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Lu
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - David M Hershey
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Adam J Bogdanove
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Reuben J Peters
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
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73
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Nováková M, Sašek V, Dobrev PI, Valentová O, Burketová L. Plant hormones in defense response of Brassica napus to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum - reassessing the role of salicylic acid in the interaction with a necrotroph. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2014; 80:308-17. [PMID: 24837830 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2014.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
According to general model, jasmonic acid (JA) and ethylene (ET) signaling pathways are induced in Arabidopsis after an attack of necrotroph, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary. However, abscisic acid (ABA) and salicylic acid (SA) also seem to play a role. While signaling events in Arabidopsis have been intensively studied recently, information for the natural host Brassica napus is limited. In this study, multiple plant hormone quantification and expression analysis of marker genes of the signaling pathways was used to gain a complete view of the interaction of B. napus with S. sclerotiorum. Strong response of ET biosynthetic gene ACS2 was observed, accompanied by increases of SA and JA levels that correspond to the elevated expression of marker genes PR1 and LOX3. Interestingly, the level of ABA and the expression of its marker gene RD26 were also elevated. Furthermore, induction of the SA-dependent defense decreased disease symptoms. In addition, SA signaling is suggested as a possible target for manipulation by S. sclerotiorum. A gene for putative chorismate mutase SS1G_14320 was identified that is highly expressed during infection but not in vitro. Our results bring the evidence of SA involvement in the interaction of plant with the necrotroph that conflict with the current model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslava Nováková
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojová 313, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Technická 5, 165 21 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Vladimír Sašek
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojová 313, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Petre I Dobrev
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojová 313, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Olga Valentová
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Technická 5, 165 21 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Lenka Burketová
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojová 313, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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74
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De Bruyne L, Höfte M, De Vleesschauwer D. Connecting growth and defense: the emerging roles of brassinosteroids and gibberellins in plant innate immunity. MOLECULAR PLANT 2014; 7:943-959. [PMID: 24777987 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssu050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) and gibberellins (GAs) are two groups of phytohormones that regulate many common developmental processes throughout the plant life cycle. Fueled by large-scale 'omics' technologies and the burgeoning field of plant computational biology, the past few years have witnessed paradigm-shifting advances in our understanding of how BRs and GA are perceived and their signals transduced. Accumulating evidence also implicates BR and GA in the coordination and integration of plant immune responses. Similarly to other growth regulators, BR and GA play ambiguous roles in molding pathological outcomes, the effects of which may depend not only on the pathogen's lifestyle and infection strategy, but also on specialized features of each interaction. Analysis of the underpinning molecular mechanisms points to a crucial role of GA-inhibiting DELLA proteins and the BR-regulated transcription factor BZR1. Acting at the interface of developmental and defense signaling, these proteins likely serve as central hubs for pathway crosstalk and signal integration, allowing appropriate modulation of plant growth and defense in response to various stimuli. In this review, we outline the latest discoveries dealing with BR and GA modulation of plant innate immunity and highlight interactions between BR and GA signaling, plant defense, and microbial virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieselotte De Bruyne
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Monica Höfte
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - David De Vleesschauwer
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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75
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De Vleesschauwer D, Xu J, Höfte M. Making sense of hormone-mediated defense networking: from rice to Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:611. [PMID: 25426127 PMCID: PMC4227482 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Phytohormones are not only essential for plant growth and development but also play central roles in triggering the plant immune signaling network. Historically, research aimed at elucidating the defense-associated role of hormones has tended to focus on the use of experimentally tractable dicot plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana. Emerging from these studies is a picture whereby complex crosstalk and induced hormonal changes mold plant health and disease, with outcomes largely dependent on the lifestyle and infection strategy of invading pathogens. However, recent studies in monocot plants are starting to provide additional important insights into the immune-regulatory roles of hormones, often revealing unique complexities. In this review, we address the latest discoveries dealing with hormone-mediated immunity in rice, one of the most important food crops and an excellent model for molecular genetic studies in monocots. Moreover, we highlight interactions between hormone signaling, rice defense and pathogen virulence, and discuss the differences and similarities with findings in Arabidopsis. Finally, we present a model for hormone defense networking in rice and describe how detailed knowledge of hormone crosstalk mechanisms can be used for engineering durable rice disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- David De Vleesschauwer
- *Correspondence: David De Vleesschauwer, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent 9000, Belgium e-mail:
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De Vleesschauwer D, Gheysen G, Höfte M. Hormone defense networking in rice: tales from a different world. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 18:555-65. [PMID: 23910453 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in plant immunity research underpin the pivotal role of small-molecule hormones in regulating the plant defense signaling network. Although most of our understanding comes from studies of dicot plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana, new studies in monocots are providing additional insights into the defense-regulatory role of phytohormones. Here, we review the roles of both classical and more recently identified stress hormones in regulating immunity in the model monocot rice (Oryza sativa) and highlight the importance of hormone crosstalk in shaping the outcome of rice-pathogen interactions. We also propose a defense model for rice that does not support a dichotomy between the pathogen lifestyle and the effectiveness of the archetypal defense hormones salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA).
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Affiliation(s)
- David De Vleesschauwer
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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77
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Yang DL, Yang Y, He Z. Roles of plant hormones and their interplay in rice immunity. MOLECULAR PLANT 2013; 6:675-85. [PMID: 23589608 DOI: 10.1093/mp/sst056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant hormones have been extensively studied for their importance in innate immunity particularly in the dicotyledonous model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. However, only in the last decade, plant hormones were demonstrated to play conserved and divergent roles in fine-tuning immune in rice (Oryza sativa L.), a monocotyledonous model crop plant. Emerging evidence showed that salicylic acid (SA) plays a role in rice basal defense but is differentially required by rice pattern recognition receptor (PRR) and resistance (R) protein-mediated immunity, and its function is likely dependent on the signaling pathway rather than the change of endogenous levels. Jasmonate (JA) plays an important role in rice basal defense against bacterial and fungal infection and may be involved in the SA-mediated resistance. Ethylene (ET) can act as a positive or negative modulator of disease resistance, depending on the pathogen type and environmental conditions. Brassinosteroid (BR) signaling and abscisic acid (ABA) either promote or defend against infection of pathogens with distinct infection/colonization strategies. Auxin and gibberellin (GA) are generally thought of as negative regulators of innate immunity in rice. Moreover, GA interacts antagonistically with JA signaling in rice development and immunity through the DELLA protein as a master regulator of the two hormone pathways. In this review, we summarize the roles of plant hormones in rice immunity and discuss their interplay/crosstalk mechanisms and the complex regulatory network of plant hormone pathways in fine-tuning rice immunity and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Lei Yang
- The Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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