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Effect of crotamine, a cell-penetrating peptide, on blastocyst production and gene expression of in vitro fertilized bovine embryos. ZYGOTE 2014; 24:48-57. [DOI: 10.1017/s0967199414000707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
SummaryThe present study investigated the effects of crotamine, a cell-penetrating peptide from rattlesnake venom, at different exposure times and concentrations, on both developmental competence and gene expression (ATP1A1, AQP3, GLUT1 and GLUT3) of in vitro fertilized (IVF) bovine embryos. In Experiment 1, presumptive zygotes were exposed to 0.1 μM crotamine for 6, 12 or 24 h and control groups (vehicle and IVF) were included. In Experiment 2, presumptive zygotes were exposed to 0 (vehicle), 0.1, 1 and 10 μM crotamine for 24 h. Additionally, to visualize crotamine uptake, embryos were exposed to rhodamine B-labelled crotamine and subjected to confocal microscopy. In Experiment 1, no difference (P > 0.05) was observed among different exposure times and control groups for cleavage and blastocyst rates and total cells number per blastocyst. Within each exposure time, mRNA levels were similar (P > 0.05) in embryos cultured with or without crotamine. In Experiment 2, concentrations as high as 10 μM crotamine did not affect (P > 0.05) the blastocyst rate. Crotamine at 0.1 and 10 μM did not alter mRNA levels when compared with the control (P > 0.05). Remarkably, only 1 μM crotamine decreased both ATP1A1 and AQP3 expression levels relative to the control group (P < 0.05). Also, it was possible to visualize the intracellular localization of crotamine. These results indicate that crotamine can translocate intact IVF bovine embryos and its application in the culture medium is possible at concentrations from 0.1–10 μM for 6–24 h.
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Vu TTT, Jeong B, Yu J, Koo BK, Jo SH, Robinson RC, Choe H. Soluble prokaryotic expression and purification of crotamine using an N-terminal maltose-binding protein tag. Toxicon 2014; 92:157-65. [PMID: 25448388 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Crotamine is a peptide toxin found in the venom of the rattlesnake Crotalus durissus terrificus. Interestingly, crotamine demonstrates promising anticancer, antimicrobial, and antifungal activities. The crotamine peptide can also deliver plasmids into rapidly dividing cells, such as cancer and stem cells, and demonstrates potent analgesic effects. Efficiently producing crotamine in mammalian cells is difficult because it is both cell-permeable and cytotoxic. Prokaryotic expression of this peptide is also difficult to maintain because it does not fold properly in the cytoplasm, resulting in aggregation and in the formation of inclusion bodies. In our current study, we show for the first time that N-terminal fusion with three protein tags-N-utilization substance protein A (NusA), protein disulfide isomerase b'a' domain (PDIb'a'), and maltose-binding protein (MBP)-enables the soluble overexpression of crotamine in the cytoplasm of Escherichia coli. MBP-tagged crotamine was purified using Ni affinity, anion exchange, and MBP chromatography. The tag was cleaved using TEV protease, and the final product was pure on a silver-stained gels. In total, 0.9 mg pure crotamine was obtained from each liter of bacterial culture with endotoxin level approximately 0.15 EU/μg, which is low enough to use in biomedical applications. The identity and intramolecular disulfide bonds were confirmed using MALDI-TOF MS analysis. Purified crotamine inhibited the hKv1.3 channel (but not hKv1.5) in a dose-dependent manner with IC50 value of 67.2 ± 44.7 nM (n = 10), indicating the correct protein folding. The crotamine product fused with MBP at its N-terminus also inhibited the hKv1.3 channel, suggesting that the N-terminus is not involved in the channel binding of the toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu Trang Thi Vu
- Department of Physiology and Bio-Medical Institute of Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea
| | - Boram Jeong
- Department of Physiology and Bio-Medical Institute of Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea
| | - Jing Yu
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Bon-Kyung Koo
- Department of Physiology and Bio-Medical Institute of Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Hyun Jo
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Robert Charles Robinson
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR (Agency of Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore 138673, Singapore; Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore.
| | - Han Choe
- Department of Physiology and Bio-Medical Institute of Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea.
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Wallbrecher R, Verdurmen WPR, Schmidt S, Bovee-Geurts PH, Broecker F, Reinhardt A, van Kuppevelt TH, Seeberger PH, Brock R. The stoichiometry of peptide-heparan sulfate binding as a determinant of uptake efficiency of cell-penetrating peptides. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:2717-29. [PMID: 24270856 PMCID: PMC11113137 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1517-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Binding to negatively charged heparan sulfates (HS) at the cell surface is considered the first step in the internalization of cationic cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs). However, little is known about the relation of the characteristics of the HS-CPP interaction such as affinity, stoichiometry, and clustering with uptake. In this study, we investigated a collection of mutants of a cyclic CPP derived from human lactoferrin with respect to HS binding and uptake. The thermodynamic parameters of HS binding were determined by isothermal titration calorimetry, clustering of HS was investigated by dynamic light scattering, and cellular uptake by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. Whereas mutations of non-arginine amino acids that are conserved across lactoferrins of different mammalia only had a minor effect on uptake efficiency, changes in the number of arginine residues influenced the uptake significantly. In general, introduction of arginine residues and cyclization improved the HS affinity and the ability to cluster HS. In particular, there was a strong negative correlation between stoichiometry and uptake, indicating that crosslinking of HS is the driving force for the uptake of arginine-rich CPPs. Using glycan microarrays presenting a collection of synthetic HS, we show that a minimal chain length of HS is required for peptide binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rike Wallbrecher
- Department of Biochemistry, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter P. R. Verdurmen
- Department of Biochemistry, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Samuel Schmidt
- Department of Biochemistry, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Petra H. Bovee-Geurts
- Department of Biochemistry, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Felix Broecker
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anika Reinhardt
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Toin H. van Kuppevelt
- Department of Biochemistry, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter H. Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Roland Brock
- Department of Biochemistry, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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54
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Costa BA, Sanches L, Gomide AB, Bizerra F, Dal Mas C, Oliveira EB, Perez KR, Itri R, Oguiura N, Hayashi MAF. Interaction of the Rattlesnake Toxin Crotamine with Model Membranes. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:5471-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jp411886u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno A. Costa
- Departamento
de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São
Paulo 04044-020, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Sanches
- Laboratório
Especial de Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto Butantan, São
Paulo 05503-900, Brazil
| | - Andreza Barbosa Gomide
- Departamento
de Física Aplicada, Instituto de Fisica, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Fernando Bizerra
- Departamento
de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04021-001, Brazil
| | - Caroline Dal Mas
- Departamento
de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São
Paulo 04044-020, Brazil
| | - Eduardo B. Oliveira
- Departamento
de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão
Preto, São Paulo, 14096-000, Brazil
| | - Katia Regina Perez
- Departamento
de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04021-001, Brazil
| | - Rosangela Itri
- Departamento
de Física Aplicada, Instituto de Fisica, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Nancy Oguiura
- Laboratório
Especial de Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto Butantan, São
Paulo 05503-900, Brazil
| | - Mirian A. F. Hayashi
- Departamento
de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São
Paulo 04044-020, Brazil
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55
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Wallbrecher R, Depré L, Verdurmen WPR, Bovée-Geurts PH, van Duinkerken RH, Zekveld MJ, Timmerman P, Brock R. Exploration of the Design Principles of a Cell-Penetrating Bicylic Peptide Scaffold. Bioconjug Chem 2014; 25:955-64. [DOI: 10.1021/bc500107f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rike Wallbrecher
- Department
of Biochemistry (286), Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Luc Depré
- Department
of Biochemistry (286), Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter P. R. Verdurmen
- Department
of Biochemistry (286), Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Petra H. Bovée-Geurts
- Department
of Biochemistry (286), Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Mariët J. Zekveld
- Pepscan Therapeutics, Zuidersluisweg
2, 8243 RC Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Timmerman
- Pepscan Therapeutics, Zuidersluisweg
2, 8243 RC Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Roland Brock
- Department
of Biochemistry (286), Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Kerkis I, Hayashi MAF, Prieto da Silva ARB, Pereira A, De Sá Júnior PL, Zaharenko AJ, Rádis-Baptista G, Kerkis A, Yamane T. State of the art in the studies on crotamine, a cell penetrating peptide from South American rattlesnake. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:675985. [PMID: 24551848 PMCID: PMC3914522 DOI: 10.1155/2014/675985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Animal venoms comprise a naturally selected cocktail of bioactive peptides/proteins and other molecules, each of which playing a defined role thanks to the highly specific interactions with diverse molecular targets found in the prey. Research focused on isolation, structural, and functional characterizations of novel natural biologics (bioactive peptides/proteins from natural sources) has a long way to go through from the basic science to clinical applications. Herein, we overview the structural and functional characteristics of the myoneurotoxin crotamine, firstly isolated from the South American rattlesnake venom. Crotamine is the first venom peptide classified as a natural cell penetrating and antimicrobial peptide (CPP and AMP) with a more pronounced antifungal activity. In contrast to other known natural CPPs and AMPs, crotamine demonstrates a wide spectrum of biological activities with potential biotechnological and therapeutic values. More recent studies have demonstrated the selective in vitro anticancer activity of crotamine. In vivo, using a murine melanoma model, it was shown that crotamine delays tumor implantation, inhibits tumor cells proliferation, and also increases the survival of mice engrafted with subcutaneous melanoma. The structural and functional properties and also the possible biotechnological applications of minimized molecules derived from crotamine are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Kerkis
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500 05503-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mirian A. F. Hayashi
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Alexandre Pereira
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500 05503-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo Luiz De Sá Júnior
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500 05503-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Andre J. Zaharenko
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500 05503-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gandhi Rádis-Baptista
- Labomar-Instituto de Ciências do Mar, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Kerkis
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500 05503-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Tetsuo Yamane
- Universidade Estadual da Amazônia (UEA) e Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia da Amazônia (CBA), Manaus, AM, Brazil
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Aird SD, Watanabe Y, Villar-Briones A, Roy MC, Terada K, Mikheyev AS. Quantitative high-throughput profiling of snake venom gland transcriptomes and proteomes (Ovophis okinavensis and Protobothrops flavoviridis). BMC Genomics 2013; 14:790. [PMID: 24224955 PMCID: PMC3840601 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Advances in DNA sequencing and proteomics have facilitated quantitative comparisons of snake venom composition. Most studies have employed one approach or the other. Here, both Illumina cDNA sequencing and LC/MS were used to compare the transcriptomes and proteomes of two pit vipers, Protobothrops flavoviridis and Ovophis okinavensis, which differ greatly in their biology. Results Sequencing of venom gland cDNA produced 104,830 transcripts. The Protobothrops transcriptome contained transcripts for 103 venom-related proteins, while the Ovophis transcriptome contained 95. In both, transcript abundances spanned six orders of magnitude. Mass spectrometry identified peptides from 100% of transcripts that occurred at higher than contaminant (e.g. human keratin) levels, including a number of proteins never before sequenced from snakes. These transcriptomes reveal fundamentally different envenomation strategies. Adult Protobothrops venom promotes hemorrhage, hypotension, incoagulable blood, and prey digestion, consistent with mammalian predation. Ovophis venom composition is less readily interpreted, owing to insufficient pharmacological data for venom serine and metalloproteases, which comprise more than 97.3% of Ovophis transcripts, but only 38.0% of Protobothrops transcripts. Ovophis venom apparently represents a hybrid strategy optimized for frogs and small mammals. Conclusions This study illustrates the power of cDNA sequencing combined with MS profiling. The former quantifies transcript composition, allowing detection of novel proteins, but cannot indicate which proteins are actually secreted, as does MS. We show, for the first time, that transcript and peptide abundances are correlated. This means that MS can be used for quantitative, non-invasive venom profiling, which will be beneficial for studies of endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D Aird
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Tancha 1919-1, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa-ken 904-0412, Japan.
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Abstract
Snakebite is classified by the WHO as a neglected tropical disease. Envenoming is a significant public health problem in tropical and subtropical regions. Neurotoxicity is a key feature of some envenomings, and there are many unanswered questions regarding this manifestation. Acute neuromuscular weakness with respiratory involvement is the most clinically important neurotoxic effect. Data is limited on the many other acute neurotoxic manifestations, and especially delayed neurotoxicity. Symptom evolution and recovery, patterns of weakness, respiratory involvement, and response to antivenom and acetyl cholinesterase inhibitors are variable, and seem to depend on the snake species, type of neurotoxicity, and geographical variations. Recent data have challenged the traditional concepts of neurotoxicity in snake envenoming, and highlight the rich diversity of snake neurotoxins. A uniform system of classification of the pattern of neuromuscular weakness and models for predicting type of toxicity and development of respiratory weakness are still lacking, and would greatly aid clinical decision making and future research. This review attempts to update the reader on the current state of knowledge regarding this important issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udaya K. Ranawaka
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka
- * E-mail:
| | - David G. Lalloo
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Coronado MA, Gabdulkhakov A, Georgieva D, Sankaran B, Murakami MT, Arni RK, Betzel C. Structure of the polypeptide crotamine from the Brazilian rattlesnake Crotalus durissus terrificus. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA. SECTION D, BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2013; 69:1958-64. [PMID: 24100315 PMCID: PMC3792641 DOI: 10.1107/s0907444913018003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structure of the myotoxic, cell-penetrating, basic polypeptide crotamine isolated from the venom of Crotalus durissus terrificus has been determined by single-wavelength anomalous dispersion techniques and refined at 1.7 Å resolution. The structure reveals distinct cationic and hydrophobic surface regions that are located on opposite sides of the molecule. This surface-charge distribution indicates its possible mode of interaction with negatively charged phospholipids and other molecular targets to account for its diverse pharmacological activities. Although the sequence identity between crotamine and human β-defensins is low, the three-dimensional structures of these functionally related peptides are similar. Since crotamine is a leading member of a large family of myotoxic peptides, its structure will provide a basis for the design of novel cell-penetrating molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika A. Coronado
- Multi User Center for Biomolecular Innovation, Department of Physics, São Paulo State University, UNESP/IBILCE, C. Postal 136, 15054-000 São José do Rio Preto-SP, Brazil
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hamburg University, Martin-Luther-King Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Azat Gabdulkhakov
- Institute of Protein Research, RAS, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russian Federation
| | - Dessislava Georgieva
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hamburg University, Martin-Luther-King Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Banumathi Sankaran
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94702, USA
| | - Mario T. Murakami
- Biosciences National Laboratory, National Center for Energy and Materials Research, Giuseppe Maximo Scolfaro 10000, 13083-970 Campinas-SP, Brazil
| | - Raghuvir K. Arni
- Multi User Center for Biomolecular Innovation, Department of Physics, São Paulo State University, UNESP/IBILCE, C. Postal 136, 15054-000 São José do Rio Preto-SP, Brazil
| | - Christian Betzel
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hamburg University, Martin-Luther-King Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
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Guidolin F, Tambourgi D, Guidolin R, Marcelino J, Okamoto C, Magnoli F, Queiroz G, Dias da Silva W. Characterization of anti-crotalic antibodies. Toxicon 2013; 66:7-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Nakatsuka N, Barnaby SN, Tsiola A, Fath KR, Williams BA, Banerjee IA. Self-assembling peptide assemblies bound to ZnS nanoparticles and their interactions with mammalian cells. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2013; 103:405-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2012.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Yamane ES, Bizerra FC, Oliveira EB, Moreira JT, Rajabi M, Nunes GL, de Souza AO, da Silva ID, Yamane T, Karpel RL, Silva PI, Hayashi MA. Unraveling the antifungal activity of a South American rattlesnake toxin crotamine. Biochimie 2013; 95:231-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Fang B, Guo HY, Zhang M, Jiang L, Ren FZ. The six amino acid antimicrobial peptide bLFcin6 penetrates cells and delivers siRNA. FEBS J 2013; 280:1007-17. [PMID: 23241223 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are a new class of vectors with high pharmaceutical potential to deliver bioactive cargos into cells. Here, we characterized bLFcin(6) , a six amino acid peptide derived from bovine lactoferricin, as a CPP. Uptake of bLFcin(6) was measured by flow cytometry. The ability to delivery siRNA was analyzed in HeLa cells. bLFcin(6) exhibited concentration-dependent uptake and intracellular distribution. Below 7.5 μm, uptake of bLFcin(6) was significantly lower than uptake of TAT (P < 0.05) because bLFcin(6) has fewer cationic amino acids. Compared to CPP(5) (RLRWR) and CPP(6) (PFVYLI), bLFcin(6) had a significantly higher internalization ratio above 2.5 μm because it has two tryptophan residues. Uptake of bLFcin(6) starts with an ionic cell-surface interaction. It is then rapidly internalized by lipid raft-dependent macropinocytosis, followed by release from macropinosomes into the cytosol and nucleus. Moreover, bLFcin(6) formed stable electrostatic complexes with siRNA and delivered siRNA into cells, resulting in significant knockout activity at both the mRNA and protein levels. The knockout activity of siRNA delivered by bLFcin(6) was similar to that mediated by TAT, although knockout by bLFcin(6) required a higher molar ratio. In this study, bLFcin(6) was tested for its ability to act as an siRNA-delivering CPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Fang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Chen PC, Hayashi MAF, Oliveira EB, Karpel RL. DNA-interactive properties of crotamine, a cell-penetrating polypeptide and a potential drug carrier. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48913. [PMID: 23145017 PMCID: PMC3493588 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Crotamine, a 42-residue polypeptide derived from the venom of the South American rattlesnake Crotalus durissus terrificus, has been shown to be a cell-penetrating protein that targets chromosomes, carries plasmid DNA into cells, and shows specificity for actively proliferating cells. Given this potential role as a nucleic acid-delivery vector, we have studied in detail the binding of crotamine to single- and double-stranded DNAs of different lengths and base compositions over a range of ionic conditions. Agarose gel electrophoresis and ultraviolet spectrophotometry analysis indicate that complexes of crotamine with long-chain DNAs readily aggregate and precipitate at low ionic strength. This aggregation, which may be important for cellular uptake of DNA, becomes less likely with shorter chain length. 25-mer oligonucleotides do not show any evidence of such aggregation, permitting the determination of affinities and size via fluorescence quenching experiments. The polypeptide binds non-cooperatively to DNA, covering about 5 nucleotide residues when it binds to single (ss) or (ds) double stranded molecules. The affinities of the protein for ss- vs. ds-DNA are comparable, and inversely proportional to salt levels. Analysis of the dependence of affinity on [NaCl] indicates that there are a maximum of ∼3 ionic interactions between the protein and DNA, with some of the binding affinity attributable to non-ionic interactions. Inspection of the three-dimensional structure of the protein suggests that residues 31 to 35, Arg-Trp-Arg-Trp-Lys, could serve as a potential DNA-binding site. A hexapeptide containing this sequence displayed a lower DNA binding affinity and salt dependence as compared to the full-length protein, likely indicative of a more suitable 3D structure and the presence of accessory binding sites in the native crotamine. Taken together, the data presented here describing crotamine-DNA interactions may lend support to the design of more effective nucleic acid drug delivery vehicles which take advantage of crotamine as a carrier with specificity for actively proliferating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Chun Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County (UMBC), Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mirian A. F. Hayashi
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Brandt Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Richard L. Karpel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County (UMBC), Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Molecular characterization of the interaction of crotamine-derived nucleolar targeting peptides with lipid membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2012; 1818:2707-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2012.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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66
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Rádis-Baptista G, de la Torre BG, Andreu D. Insights into the Uptake Mechanism of NrTP, A Cell-Penetrating Peptide Preferentially Targeting the Nucleolus of Tumour Cells. Chem Biol Drug Des 2012; 79:907-15. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2012.01377.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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67
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Peigneur S, Orts DJB, Prieto da Silva AR, Oguiura N, Boni-Mitake M, de Oliveira EB, Zaharenko AJ, de Freitas JC, Tytgat J. Crotamine pharmacology revisited: novel insights based on the inhibition of KV channels. Mol Pharmacol 2012; 82:90-6. [PMID: 22498659 DOI: 10.1124/mol.112.078188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Crotamine, a 5-kDa peptide, possesses a unique biological versatility. Not only has its cell-penetrating activity become of clinical interest but, moreover, its potential selective antitumor activity is of great pharmacological importance. In the past, several studies have attempted to elucidate the exact molecular target responsible for the crotamine-induced skeletal muscle spasm. The aim of this study was to investigate whether crotamine affects voltage-gated potassium (K(V)) channels in an effort to explain its in vivo effects. Crotamine was studied on ion channel function using the two-electrode voltage clamp technique on 16 cloned ion channels (12 K(V) channels and 4 Na(V) channels), expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Crotamine selectively inhibits K(V)1.1, K(V)1.2, and K(V)1.3 channels with an IC(50) of ∼300 nM, and the key amino acids responsible for this molecular interaction are suggested. Our results demonstrate for the first time that the symptoms, which are observed in the typical crotamine syndrome, may result from the inhibition of K(V) channels. The ability of crotamine to inhibit the potassium current through K(V) channels unravels it as the first snake peptide with the unique multifunctionality of cell-penetrating and antitumoral activity combined with K(V) channel-inhibiting properties. This new property of crotamine might explain some experimental observations and opens new perspectives on pharmacological uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Peigneur
- Laboratory of Toxicology, University of Leuven (K.U. Leuven), Campus Gasthuisberg O&N2, Herestraat 49, P.O. Box 922, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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68
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Milletti F. Cell-penetrating peptides: classes, origin, and current landscape. Drug Discov Today 2012; 17:850-60. [PMID: 22465171 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 586] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Revised: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
With more than ten new FDA approvals since 2001, peptides are emerging as an important therapeutic alternative to small molecules. However, unlike small molecules, peptides on the market today are limited to extracellular targets. By contrast, cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) can target intracellular proteins and also carry other cargoes (e.g. other peptides, small molecules or proteins) into the cell, thus offering great potential as future therapeutics. In this review I present a classification scheme for CPPs based on their physical-chemical properties and origin, and I provide a general framework for understanding and discovering new CPPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Milletti
- Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., pRED Informatics, 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, NJ, USA.
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69
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Hayashi MAF, Oliveira EB, Kerkis I, Karpel RL. Crotamine: a novel cell-penetrating polypeptide nanocarrier with potential anti-cancer and biotechnological applications. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 906:337-352. [PMID: 22791447 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-953-2_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Crotamine is a basic, 42-residue polypeptide derived from snake venom that has been shown to possess cell-penetrating properties. Crotamine forms nanoparticles with a variety of DNA and RNA molecules, and crotamine-plasmid DNA nanoparticles are selectively delivered into actively proliferating cells in culture or in mice. As such, these nanoparticles could form the basis for a nucleic acid drug-delivery system. Here we describe the preparation, purification, and biochemical and biophysical analysis of venom-derived, recombinant, chemically synthesized, and fluorescent-labeled crotamine; the formation and characterization of crotamine-DNA and -RNA nanoparticles; and the delivery of these nanoparticles into cells and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirian A F Hayashi
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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70
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Nascimento FD, Sancey L, Pereira A, Rome C, Oliveira V, Oliveira EB, Nader HB, Yamane T, Kerkis I, Tersariol ILS, Coll JL, Hayashi MAF. The Natural Cell-Penetrating Peptide Crotamine Targets Tumor Tissue in Vivo and Triggers a Lethal Calcium-Dependent Pathway in Cultured Cells. Mol Pharm 2011; 9:211-21. [DOI: 10.1021/mp2000605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio D. Nascimento
- Grupo de Estudos em Odontologia, Universidade Bandeirante de São Paulo (UNIBAN), São Paulo, SP,
Brazil
| | - Lucie Sancey
- INSERM U823, Institut Albert Bonniot, Grenoble, France
- University Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Claire Rome
- INSERM U823, Institut Albert Bonniot, Grenoble, France
- University Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
| | - Vitor Oliveira
- Departamento
de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo B. Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica
e Imunologia, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Helena B. Nader
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo,
Brazil
| | - Tetsuo Yamane
- Laboratório
de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia da Amazônia (CBA), Manaus, AM,
Brazil
| | - Irina Kerkis
- Laboratório
de Genética, Instituto Butantan,
São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Ivarne L. S. Tersariol
- Centro Interdisciplinar
de Investigação Bioquímica (CIIB), Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes, Mogi das Cruzes, SP,
Brazil
| | - Jean-Luc Coll
- INSERM U823, Institut Albert Bonniot, Grenoble, France
- University Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
| | - Mirian A. F. Hayashi
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP),
São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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71
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Chao TY, Raines RT. Mechanism of ribonuclease A endocytosis: analogies to cell-penetrating peptides. Biochemistry 2011; 50:8374-82. [PMID: 21827164 PMCID: PMC3242730 DOI: 10.1021/bi2009079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic-type ribonucleases can exert toxic activity by catalyzing the degradation of cellular RNA. Their ability to enter cells is essential for their cytotoxicity. Here, we determine the mechanism by which bovine pancreatic ribonuclease (RNase A) enters human cells. Inhibiting clathrin-dependent endocytosis with dynasore or chlorpromazine decreases RNase A-uptake by ~70%. Limited colocalization between RNase A and transferrin indicates that RNase A is not routed through recycling endosomes. Instead, vesicular staining of RNase A overlaps substantially with that of nona-arginine and the cationic peptide corresponding to residues 47-57 of the HIV-1 TAT protein. At low concentrations (<5 μM), internalization of RNase A and these cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) is inhibited by chlorpromazine as well as the macropinocytosis inhibitors cytochalasin D and 5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl)amiloride to a similar extent, indicative of common endocytic mechanism. At high concentrations, CPPs adopt a nonendocytic mechanism of cellular entry that is not shared by RNase A. Collectively, these data suggest that RNase A is internalized via a multipathway mechanism that involves both clathrin-coated vesicles and macropinosomes. The parallel between the uptake of RNase A and CPPs validates reference to RNase A as a "cell-penetrating protein".
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Yuan Chao
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Ronald T. Raines
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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72
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Pereira A, Kerkis A, Hayashi MAF, Pereira ASP, Silva FS, Oliveira EB, Prieto da Silva ARB, Yamane T, Rádis-Baptista G, Kerkis I. Crotamine toxicity and efficacy in mouse models of melanoma. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2011; 20:1189-200. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2011.602064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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73
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Jha D, Mishra R, Gottschalk S, Wiesmüller KH, Ugurbil K, Maier ME, Engelmann J. CyLoP-1: A Novel Cysteine-Rich Cell-Penetrating Peptide for Cytosolic Delivery of Cargoes. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:319-28. [DOI: 10.1021/bc100045s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Jha
- High-Field Magnetic Resonance Center, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Spemannstrasse 41, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ritu Mishra
- High-Field Magnetic Resonance Center, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Spemannstrasse 41, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sven Gottschalk
- High-Field Magnetic Resonance Center, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Spemannstrasse 41, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Kamil Ugurbil
- High-Field Magnetic Resonance Center, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Spemannstrasse 41, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin E. Maier
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jörn Engelmann
- High-Field Magnetic Resonance Center, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Spemannstrasse 41, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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74
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Subcellular neuropharmacology: the importance of intracellular targeting. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2009; 30:203-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2009.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2008] [Revised: 01/09/2009] [Accepted: 01/21/2009] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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75
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76
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Rádis-Baptista G, de la Torre BG, Andreu D. A Novel Cell-Penetrating Peptide Sequence Derived by Structural Minimization of a Snake Toxin Exhibits Preferential Nucleolar Localization. J Med Chem 2008; 51:7041-4. [DOI: 10.1021/jm8009475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gandhi Rádis-Baptista
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Dr Aiguader, 80, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain, and Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Cidade Universitária, 50732-970 Recife-PE, Brazil
| | - Beatriz G. de la Torre
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Dr Aiguader, 80, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain, and Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Cidade Universitária, 50732-970 Recife-PE, Brazil
| | - David Andreu
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Dr Aiguader, 80, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain, and Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Cidade Universitária, 50732-970 Recife-PE, Brazil
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77
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Hayashi MA, Nascimento FD, Kerkis A, Oliveira V, Oliveira EB, Pereira A, Rádis-Baptista G, Nader HB, Yamane T, Kerkis I, Tersariol IL. Cytotoxic effects of crotamine are mediated through lysosomal membrane permeabilization. Toxicon 2008; 52:508-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2008] [Revised: 06/21/2008] [Accepted: 06/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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78
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Rizzi CT, Carvalho-de-Souza JL, Schiavon E, Cassola AC, Wanke E, Troncone LRP. Crotamine inhibits preferentially fast-twitching muscles but is inactive on sodium channels. Toxicon 2007; 50:553-62. [PMID: 17588630 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2007] [Revised: 04/27/2007] [Accepted: 04/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Crotamine is a peptide toxin from the venom of the rattlesnake Crotalus durissus terrificus that induces a typical hind-limb paralysis of unknown nature. Hind limbs have a predominance of fast-twitching muscles that bear a higher density of sodium channels believed until now to be the primary target of crotamine. Hypothetically, this makes these muscles more sensitive to crotamine and would explain such hind-limb paralysis. To challenge this hypothesis, we performed concentration vs. response curves on fast (extensor digitorum longus (EDL)) and slow (soleus) muscles of adult male rats. Crotamine was tested on various human Na+ channel isoforms (Na(v)1.1-Na(v)1.6 alpha-subunits) expressed in HEK293 cells in patch-clamp experiments, as well as in acutely dissociated dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Also, the behavioral effects of crotamine intoxication were compared with those of a muscle-selective sodium channel antagonist mu-CgTx-GIIIA, and other sodium-acting toxins such as tetrodotoxin alpha- and beta-pompilidotoxins, sea anemone toxin BcIII, spider toxin Tx2-6. Results pointed out that EDL was more susceptible to crotamine than soleus under direct electrical stimulation. Surprisingly, electrophysiological experiments in human Na(v)1.1 to Na(v)1.6 Na+ channels failed to show any significant change in channel characteristics, in a clear contrast with former studies. DRG neurons did not respond to crotamine. The behavioral effects of the toxins were described in detail and showed remarkable differences. We conclude that, although differences in the physiology of fast and slow muscles may cause the typical crotamine syndrome, sodium channels are not the primary target of crotamine and therefore, the real mechanism of action of this toxin is still unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina T Rizzi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Instituto Butantan, Av Vital Brasil 1500, Sao Paulo SP-05503-900, Brazil
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79
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Nascimento FD, Hayashi MAF, Kerkis A, Oliveira V, Oliveira EB, Rádis-Baptista G, Nader HB, Yamane T, Tersariol ILDS, Kerkis I. Crotamine mediates gene delivery into cells through the binding to heparan sulfate proteoglycans. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:21349-60. [PMID: 17491023 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m604876200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently we have shown that crotamine, a toxin from the South American rattlesnake Crotalus durissus terrificus venom, belongs to the family of cell-penetrating peptides. Moreover, crotamine was demonstrated to be a marker of centrioles, of cell cycle, and of actively proliferating cells. Herein we show that this toxin at non-toxic concentrations is also capable of binding electrostatically to plasmid DNA forming DNA-peptide complexes whose stabilities overcome the need for chemical conjugation for carrying nucleic acids into cells. Interestingly, crotamine demonstrates cell specificity and targeted delivery of plasmid DNA into actively proliferating cells both in vitro and in vivo, which distinguishes crotamine from other known natural cell-penetrating peptides. The mechanism of crotamine penetration and cargo delivery into cells was also investigated, showing the involvement of heparan sulfate proteoglycans in the uptake phase, which is followed by endocytosis and peptide accumulation within the acidic endosomal vesicles. Finally, the permeabilization of endosomal membranes induced by crotamine results in the leakage of the vesicles contents to the cell cytosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Dupart Nascimento
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo-Escola Paulista de Medicina, Rua 3 de Maio, 100, Ed. INFAR, CEP 04044-020, São Paulo, Brazil
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80
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Abstract
Different approaches have been developed for the introduction of macromolecules, proteins and DNA into target cells. Viral (retroviruses, lentiviruses, etc.) and nonviral (liposomes, bioballistics etc.) vectors as well as lipid particles have been tested as DNA delivery systems. However, all of them share several undesirable effects that are difficult to overcome, such as unwanted immunoresponse and limited cell targeting. The discovery of the cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) showing properties of macromolecules carriers and enhancers of viral vectors, opened new opportunities for the delivery of biologically active cargos, including therapeutically relevant genes into various cells and tissues. This review summarizes recent data about the best characterized CPPs as well as those sharing cell-penetrating and cargo delivery properties despite differing in the primary sequence. The putative mechanisms of CPPs penetration into cells and interaction with intracellular structures such as chromosomes, cytoskeleton and centrioles are addressed. We further discuss recent developments in overcoming the lack of cells specificity, one of the main obstacles for CPPs application in gene therapy. In particular, we review a newly discovered affinity of CPPs to actively proliferating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Kerkis
- Clínica e Centro de Pesquisa em Reprodução Humana Roger Abdelmassih, São Paulo, Brasil
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81
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Oguiura N, Boni-Mitake M, Rádis-Baptista G. New view on crotamine, a small basic polypeptide myotoxin from South American rattlesnake venom. Toxicon 2005; 46:363-70. [PMID: 16115660 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2005.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2005] [Revised: 05/10/2005] [Accepted: 06/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Crotamine is a toxin from the Crotalus durissus terrificus venom, composed of 42 amino acid residues and three disulfide bridges. It belongs to a toxin family previously called Small Basic Polypeptide Myotoxins (SBPM) whose members are widely distributed through the Crotalus snake venoms. Comparison of SBPM amino acid sequences shows high similarities. Crotamine induces skeletal muscle spasms, leading to spastic paralysis of the hind limbs of mice, by interacting with sodium channels on muscle cells. The crotamine gene with 1.8 kbp is organized into three exons, which are separated by a long phase-1 and short phase-2 introns and mapped to chromosome 2. The three-dimensional structure of crotamine was recently solved and shares a structural topology with other three disulfide bond-containing peptide similar to human beta-defensins and scorpion Na+ channel toxin. Novel biological activities have been reported, such as the capacity to penetrate undifferentiated cells, to localize in the nucleus, and to serve as a marker of actively proliferating living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Oguiura
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, São Paulo 05503-900, SP-Brazil.
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