51
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Hoebaus J, Heher P, Gottschamel T, Scheinast M, Auner H, Walder D, Wiedner M, Taubenschmid J, Miksch M, Sauer T, Schultheis M, Kuzmenkin A, Seiser C, Hescheler J, Weitzer G. Embryonic stem cells facilitate the isolation of persistent clonal cardiovascular progenitor cell lines and leukemia inhibitor factor maintains their self-renewal and myocardial differentiation potential in vitro. Cells Tissues Organs 2013; 197:249-68. [PMID: 23343517 PMCID: PMC7615845 DOI: 10.1159/000345804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Compelling evidence for the existence of somatic stem cells in the heart of different mammalian species has been provided by numerous groups; however, so far it has not been possible to maintain these cells as self-renewing and phenotypically stable clonal cell lines in vitro. Thus, we sought to identify a surrogate stem cell niche for the isolation and persistent maintenance of stable clonal cardiovascular progenitor cell lines, enabling us to study the mechanism of self-renewal and differentiation in these cells. Using postnatal murine hearts with a selectable marker as the stem cell source and embryonic stem cells and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF)-secreting fibroblasts as a surrogate niche, we succeeded in the isolation of stable clonal cardiovascular progenitor cell lines. These cell lines self-renew in an LIF-dependent manner. They express both stemness transcription factors Oct4, Sox2, and Nanog and early myocardial transcription factors Nkx2.5, GATA4, and Isl-1 at the same time. Upon LIF deprivation, they exclusively differentiate to functional cardiomyocytes and endothelial and smooth muscle cells, suggesting that these cells are mesodermal intermediates already committed to the cardiogenic lineage. Cardiovascular progenitor cell lines can be maintained for at least 149 passages over 7 years without phenotypic changes, in the presence of LIF-secreting fibroblasts. Isolation of wild-type cardiovascular progenitor cell lines from adolescent and old mice has finally demonstrated the general feasibility of this strategy for the isolation of phenotypically stable somatic stem cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Hoebaus
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Heher
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Teresa Gottschamel
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Scheinast
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Harmen Auner
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Diana Walder
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marc Wiedner
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jasmin Taubenschmid
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maximilian Miksch
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Sauer
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martina Schultheis
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexey Kuzmenkin
- Institute of Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christian Seiser
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Juergen Hescheler
- Institute of Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Georg Weitzer
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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52
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Yang HT, Zhang M, Huang J, Liang H, Zhang P, Boheler KR. Cardiomyocytes derived from pluripotent stem cells: Progress and prospects from China. Exp Cell Res 2013; 319:120-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2012.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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53
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Kozlova EN, Berens C. Guiding Differentiation of Stem Cells in Vivo by Tetracycline-Controlled Expression of Key Transcription Factors. Cell Transplant 2012; 21:2537-54. [DOI: 10.3727/096368911x637407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of stem or progenitor cells is an attractive strategy for cell replacement therapy. However, poor long-term survival and insufficiently reproducible differentiation to functionally appropriate cells in vivo still present major obstacles for translation of this methodology to clinical applications. Numerous experimental studies have revealed that the expression of just a few transcription factors can be sufficient to drive stem cell differentiation toward a specific cell type, to transdifferentiate cells from one fate to another, or to dedifferentiate mature cells to pluripotent stem/progenitor cells (iPSCs). We thus propose here to apply the strategy of expressing the relevant key transcription factors to guide the differentiation of transplanted cells to the desired cell fate in vivo. To achieve this requires tools allowing us to control the expression of these genes in the transplant. Here, we describe drug-inducible systems that allow us to sequentially and timely activate gene expression from the outside, with a particular emphasis on the Tet system, which has been widely and successfully used in stem cells. These regulatory systems offer a tool for strictly limiting gene expression to the respective optimal stage after transplantation. This approach will direct the differentiation of the immature stem/progenitor cells in vivo to the desired cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena N Kozlova
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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54
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Religa P. The future application of induced pluripotent stem cells in vascular regenerative medicine. Cardiovasc Res 2012; 96:348-9. [PMID: 23090608 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvs319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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55
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Sheng X, Reppel M, Nguemo F, Mohammad FI, Kuzmenkin A, Hescheler J, Pfannkuche K. Human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes: response to TTX and lidocain reveals strong cell to cell variability. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45963. [PMID: 23029342 PMCID: PMC3459939 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell derived cardiomyocytes generated either from human embryonic stem cells (hESC-CMs) or human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC-CMs) hold great promise for the investigation of early developmental processes in human cardiomyogenesis and future cell replacement strategies. We have analyzed electrophysiological properties of hESC-CMs (HES2) and hiPSC-CMs, derived from reprogrammed adult foreskin fibroblasts that have previously been found to be highly similar in terms of gene expression. In contrast to the similarity found in the expression profile we found substantial differences in action potentials (APs) and sodium currents at late stage (day 60) of in vitro differentiation with higher sodium currents in hiPSC-CMs. Sensitivity to lidocain was considerably reduced in hESC-CMs as compared to hiPSC-CMs, and the effect could not be explained by differences in beating frequency. In contrast, sensitivity to tetrodotoxin (TTX) was higher in hESC-CMs suggesting different contributions of TTX-sensitive and TTX-resistant sodium channels to AP generation. These data point to physiological differences that are not necessarily detected by genomics. We conclude that novel pharmacological screening-assays using hiPSC-CMs need to be applied with some caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowu Sheng
- Institute for Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Physiology and German-Chinese Stem Cell Center, Tongji, Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Filomain Nguemo
- Institute for Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Farooq Ibrahem Mohammad
- Institute for Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Biotechnology Research Center, Al Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Alexey Kuzmenkin
- Institute for Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jürgen Hescheler
- Institute for Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kurt Pfannkuche
- Institute for Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Clinic and Polyclinic for Paedriatric Cardiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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56
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Hoekstra M, Mummery CL, Wilde AAM, Bezzina CR, Verkerk AO. Induced pluripotent stem cell derived cardiomyocytes as models for cardiac arrhythmias. Front Physiol 2012; 3:346. [PMID: 23015789 PMCID: PMC3449331 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac arrhythmias are a major cause of morbidity and mortality. In younger patients, the majority of sudden cardiac deaths have an underlying Mendelian genetic cause. Over the last 15 years, enormous progress has been made in identifying the distinct clinical phenotypes and in studying the basic cellular and genetic mechanisms associated with the primary Mendelian (monogenic) arrhythmia syndromes. Investigation of the electrophysiological consequences of an ion channel mutation is ideally done in the native cardiomyocyte (CM) environment. However, the majority of such studies so far have relied on heterologous expression systems in which single ion channel genes are expressed in non-cardiac cells. In some cases, transgenic mouse models have been generated, but these also have significant shortcomings, primarily related to species differences. The discovery that somatic cells can be reprogrammed to pluripotency as induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) has generated much interest since it presents an opportunity to generate patient- and disease-specific cell lines from which normal and diseased human CMs can be obtained These genetically diverse human model systems can be studied in vitro and used to decipher mechanisms of disease and identify strategies and reagents for new therapies. Here, we review the present state of the art with respect to cardiac disease models already generated using IPSC technology and which have been (partially) characterized. Human iPSC (hiPSC) models have been described for the cardiac arrhythmia syndromes, including LQT1, LQT2, LQT3-Brugada Syndrome, LQT8/Timothy syndrome and catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT). In most cases, the hiPSC-derived cardiomyoctes recapitulate the disease phenotype and have already provided opportunities for novel insight into cardiac pathophysiology. It is expected that the lines will be useful in the development of pharmacological agents for the management of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike Hoekstra
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Heart Failure Research Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
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57
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Kuboth S, Kramer J, Rohwedel J. Chondrogenic differentiation in vitro of murine two-factor induced pluripotent stem cells is comparable to murine embryonic stem cells. Cells Tissues Organs 2012; 196:481-9. [PMID: 22797361 DOI: 10.1159/000338527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiation of embryonic stem (ES) cells via embryoid bodies has been established as an appropriate model to study the development of various cell types in vitro. Here, we show that murine induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, reprogrammed by exogenous expression of the two transcription factors Oct4 and Klf4 (2F OK iPS), differentiate into chondrocytes in vitro characterized by the appearance of Alcian blue-stained nodules and the expression of cartilage-associated genes and proteins. Quantitatively, the chondrogenic differentiation potential of 2F OK iPS and ES cells was found to be similar. Further, we demonstrate the induction of chondrogenic iPS cell differentiation by certain members of the transforming growth factor-β family (BMP-2, TGF-β(1)). The number of Alcian blue-positive nodules and the expression of the cartilage marker molecule collagen type II increased after application of BMP-2, whereas simultaneous treatment with both BMP-2 and TGF-β(1) showed no significant effect on gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Kuboth
- Department of Virology and Cell Biology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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58
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Park DS, Fishman GI. Forever young: induced pluripotent stem cells as models of inherited arrhythmias. Circulation 2012; 125:3055-6. [PMID: 22647977 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.112.114165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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59
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Davis RP, Casini S, van den Berg CW, Hoekstra M, Remme CA, Dambrot C, Salvatori D, Oostwaard DWV, Wilde AAM, Bezzina CR, Verkerk AO, Freund C, Mummery CL. Cardiomyocytes derived from pluripotent stem cells recapitulate electrophysiological characteristics of an overlap syndrome of cardiac sodium channel disease. Circulation 2012; 125:3079-91. [PMID: 22647976 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.111.066092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) offer a new paradigm for modeling genetic cardiac diseases, but it is unclear whether mouse and human PSCs can truly model both gain- and loss-of-function genetic disorders affecting the Na(+) current (I(Na)) because of the immaturity of the PSC-derived cardiomyocytes. To address this issue, we generated multiple PSC lines containing a Na(+) channel mutation causing a cardiac Na(+) channel overlap syndrome. METHOD AND RESULTS Induced PSC (iPSC) lines were generated from mice carrying the Scn5a(1798insD/+) (Scn5a-het) mutation. These mouse iPSCs, along with wild-type mouse iPSCs, were compared with the targeted mouse embryonic stem cell line used to generate the mutant mice and with the wild-type mouse embryonic stem cell line. Patch-clamp experiments showed that the Scn5a-het cardiomyocytes had a significant decrease in I(Na) density and a larger persistent I(Na) compared with Scn5a-wt cardiomyocytes. Action potential measurements showed a reduced upstroke velocity and longer action potential duration in Scn5a-het myocytes. These characteristics recapitulated findings from primary cardiomyocytes isolated directly from adult Scn5a-het mice. Finally, iPSCs were generated from a patient with the equivalent SCN5A(1795insD/+) mutation. Patch-clamp measurements on the derivative cardiomyocytes revealed changes similar to those in the mouse PSC-derived cardiomyocytes. CONCLUSION Here, we demonstrate that both embryonic stem cell- and iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes can recapitulate the characteristics of a combined gain- and loss-of-function Na(+) channel mutation and that the electrophysiological immaturity of PSC-derived cardiomyocytes does not preclude their use as an accurate model for cardiac Na(+) channel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P Davis
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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60
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Induced pluripotent cells in cardiovascular biology: epigenetics, promises, and challenges. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2012; 111:27-49. [PMID: 22917225 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-398459-3.00002-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are still the leading cause of death worldwide. Despite the improvement shown in the prognosis of patients with acute MI, there remains still a significant mortality risk. Since the main underlying problem after an MI is the loss of cardiomyocytes and microvasculature, treatment strategies aimed at preserving or regenerating myocardial tissue have been examined as potential therapeutic modalities. Toward this goal, many cell types are being investigated as potent sources of cardiomyocytes for cell transplantation. The progress made toward the generation of induced Pluripotent Stem (iPS) cells hold great potential for future use in myocardial repair. We review critical aspects of these cell's potential, such as their generation, their differentiating ability, the known epigenetic mechanisms that allow for their reprogramming, maintenance of pluripotency, their cardiovascular differentiation and therapeutic potential, and the possibility of an epigenetic memory. Understanding the molecular circuitry of these cells will provide a better understanding of their potential as well as limitations in future clinical use.
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61
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Bilic J, Belmonte JCI. Concise Review: Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Versus Embryonic Stem Cells: Close Enough or Yet Too Far Apart? Stem Cells 2011; 30:33-41. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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62
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Cao N, Liu Z, Chen Z, Wang J, Chen T, Zhao X, Ma Y, Qin L, Kang J, Wei B, Wang L, Jin Y, Yang HT. Ascorbic acid enhances the cardiac differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells through promoting the proliferation of cardiac progenitor cells. Cell Res 2011; 22:219-36. [PMID: 22143566 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2011.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has opened new avenues for the investigation of heart diseases, drug screening and potential autologous cardiac regeneration. However, their application is hampered by inefficient cardiac differentiation, high interline variability, and poor maturation of iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes (iPS-CMs). To identify efficient inducers for cardiac differentiation and maturation of iPSCs and elucidate the mechanisms, we systematically screened sixteen cardiomyocyte inducers on various murine (m) iPSCs and found that only ascorbic acid (AA) consistently and robustly enhanced the cardiac differentiation of eleven lines including eight without spontaneous cardiogenic potential. We then optimized the treatment conditions and demonstrated that differentiation day 2-6, a period for the specification of cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs), was a critical time for AA to take effect. This was further confirmed by the fact that AA increased the expression of cardiovascular but not mesodermal markers. Noteworthily, AA treatment led to approximately 7.3-fold (miPSCs) and 30.2-fold (human iPSCs) augment in the yield of iPS-CMs. Such effect was attributed to a specific increase in the proliferation of CPCs via the MEK-ERK1/2 pathway by through promoting collagen synthesis. In addition, AA-induced cardiomyocytes showed better sarcomeric organization and enhanced responses of action potentials and calcium transients to β-adrenergic and muscarinic stimulations. These findings demonstrate that AA is a suitable cardiomyocyte inducer for iPSCs to improve cardiac differentiation and maturation simply, universally, and efficiently. These findings also highlight the importance of stimulating CPC proliferation by manipulating extracellular microenvironment in guiding cardiac differentiation of the pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Cao
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, China
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63
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Branco AF, Pereira SL, Moreira AC, Holy J, Sardão VA, Oliveira PJ. Isoproterenol cytotoxicity is dependent on the differentiation state of the cardiomyoblast H9c2 cell line. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2011; 11:191-203. [PMID: 21455642 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-011-9111-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
H9c2 cells are used as a surrogate for cardiac cells in several toxicological studies, which are usually performed with cells in their undifferentiated state, raising questions on the applicability of the results to adult cardiomyocytes. Since H9c2 myoblasts have the capacity to differentiate into skeletal and cardiac muscle cells under different conditions, the hypothesis of the present work was that cells in different differentiation states differ in their susceptibility to toxicants. In order to test the hypothesis, the effects of the cardiotoxicant isoproterenol (ISO) were investigated. The present work demonstrates that differentiated H9c2 cells are more susceptible to ISO toxicity. Cellular content of beta(1)-adrenergic receptors (AR), beta(3)-AR, and calcineurin is decreased as cells differentiate, as opposed to the content on the mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) and phosphorylated p38-MAPK, which increase. After ISO treatment, the pro-apoptotic protein Bax increases in all experimental groups, although only undifferentiated myoblasts up-regulate the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2. Calcineurin is decreased in differentiated H9c2 cells, which suggests an important role against ISO-induced cell death. The results indicate that the differentiation state of H9c2 myoblasts influence ISO toxicity, which may involve calcineurin, p38-MAPK, and Bax/Bcl-2 alterations. The data also provide new insights into cardiovascular toxicology during early development.
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MESH Headings
- Adrenergic beta-Agonists/toxicity
- Animals
- Calcineurin/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Line
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Isoproterenol/toxicity
- Myoblasts, Cardiac/drug effects
- Myoblasts, Cardiac/metabolism
- Myoblasts, Cardiac/pathology
- Myocytes, Cardiac/drug effects
- Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
- Myocytes, Cardiac/pathology
- Phosphorylation
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/metabolism
- Rats
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/drug effects
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/metabolism
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-3/drug effects
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-3/metabolism
- Voltage-Dependent Anion Channels/metabolism
- bcl-2-Associated X Protein/metabolism
- p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana F Branco
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
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64
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Lee MY, Cagavi Bozkulak E, Schliffke S, Amos PJ, Ren Y, Ge X, Ehrlich BE, Qyang Y. High density cultures of embryoid bodies enhanced cardiac differentiation of murine embryonic stem cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 416:51-7. [PMID: 22079290 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.10.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Murine embryonic stem cell (mESC)-derived cardiomyocytes represent a promising source of cells for use in the development of models for studying early cardiac development as well as cell-based therapies in postnatal pathologies. Here, we report a highly efficient cardiac differentiation system in which high density embryoid body (EB) cultures leads to a marked increase of cardiomyocytes production from multiple mESC lines without the addition of any cardiogenic growth factors. Our results show that high density EB cultures significantly increase the yield of functional cardiomyocytes, which express typical cardiac markers, exhibit normal rhythmic Ca(2+) transients, and respond to both β-adrenergic and electric stimulations. During the differentiation period, the inhibition of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling significantly attenuates the increase of cardiac differentiation as well as the increased expression of cardiac-specific genes, NK2 transcription factor related 5 (Nkx2.5) and myosin light chain 2v (Mlc2v) by high density EB cultures. Therefore, we believe that we offer a novel and efficient means of cardiomyocyte production for practical use of mESCs in cardiac regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Young Lee
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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65
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Ly H. Telomere dynamics in induced pluripotent stem cells: Potentials for human disease modeling. World J Stem Cells 2011; 3:89-95. [PMID: 22110834 PMCID: PMC3220723 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v3.i10.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Revised: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in reprograming somatic cells from normal and diseased tissues into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provide exciting possibilities for generating renewed tissues for disease modeling and therapy. However, questions remain on whether iPSCs still retain certain markers (e.g. aging) of the original somatic cells that could limit their replicative potential and utility. A reliable biological marker for measuring cellular aging is telomere length, which is maintained by a specialized form of cellular polymerase known as telomerase. Telomerase is composed of the cellular reverse transcriptase protein, its integral RNA component, and other cellular proteins (e.g. dyskerin). Mutations in any of these components of telomerase can lead to a severe form of marrow deficiency known as dyskeratosis congenita (DC). This review summarizes recent findings on the effect of cellular reprograming via iPS of normal or DC patient-derived tissues on telomerase function and consequently on telomere length maintenance and cellular aging. The potentials and challenges of using iPSCs in a clinical setting will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hinh Ly
- Hinh Ly, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN 55108, United States
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66
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Egashira T, Yuasa S, Fukuda K. Induced pluripotent stem cells in cardiovascular medicine. Stem Cells Int 2011; 2011:348960. [PMID: 21977041 PMCID: PMC3184500 DOI: 10.4061/2011/348960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Revised: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are generated by reprogramming human somatic cells through the forced expression of several embryonic stem (ES) cell-specific transcription factors. The potential of iPS cells is having a significant impact on regenerative medicine, with the promise of infinite self-renewal, differentiation into multiple cell types, and no problems concerning ethics or immunological rejection. Human iPS cells are currently generated by transgene introduction principally through viral vectors, which integrate into host genomes, although the associated risk of tumorigenesis is driving research into nonintegration methods. Techniques for pluripotent stem cell differentiation and purification to yield cardiomyocytes are also advancing constantly. Although there remain some unsolved problems, cardiomyocyte transplantation may be a reality in the future. After those problems will be solved, applications of human iPS cells in human cardiovascular regenerative medicine will be envisaged for the future. Furthermore, iPS cell technology has generated new human disease models using disease-specific cells. This paper summarizes the progress of iPS cell technology in cardiovascular research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Egashira
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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67
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Minocycline suppresses oxidative stress and attenuates fetal cardiac myocyte apoptosis triggered by in utero cocaine exposure. Apoptosis 2011; 16:563-73. [PMID: 21424555 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-011-0590-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the molecular mechanisms by which minocycline, a second generation tetracycline, prevents cardiac myocyte death induced by in utero cocaine exposure. Timed mated pregnant Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats received one of the following treatments twice daily from embryonic (E) day 15-21 (E15-E21): (i) intraperitoneal (IP) injections of saline (control); (ii) IP injections of cocaine (15 mg/kg BW); and (iii) IP injections of cocaine + oral administration of 25 mg/kg BW of minocycline. Pups were killed on postnatal day 15 (P15). Additional pregnant dams received twice daily IP injections of cocaine (from E15-E21) + oral administration of a relatively higher (37.5 mg/kg BW) dose of minocycline. Minocycline treatment continued from E15 until the pups were sacrificed on P15. In utero cocaine exposure resulted in an increase in oxidative stress and fetal cardiac myocyte apoptosis through activation of c-Jun-NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-mediated mitochondria-dependent apoptotic pathway. Continued minocycline treatment from E15 through P15 significantly prevented oxidative stress, kinase activation, perturbation of BAX/BCL-2 ratio, cytochrome c release, caspase activation, and attenuated fetal cardiac myocyte apoptosis after prenatal cocaine exposure. These results demonstrate in vivo cardioprotective effects of minocycline in preventing fetal cardiac myocyte death after prenatal cocaine exposure. Given its proven clinical safety and ability to cross the placental barrier and enter into the fetal circulation, minocycline may be an effective therapy for preventing cardiac consequences of in utero cocaine exposure.
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The T-box transcription factor Eomesodermin acts upstream of Mesp1 to specify cardiac mesoderm during mouse gastrulation. Nat Cell Biol 2011; 13:1084-91. [PMID: 21822279 PMCID: PMC4531310 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Instructive programmes guiding cell-fate decisions in the developing mouse embryo are controlled by a few so-termed master regulators. Genetic studies demonstrate that the T-box transcription factor Eomesodermin (Eomes) is essential for epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, mesoderm migration and specification of definitive endoderm during gastrulation. Here we report that Eomes expression within the primitive streak marks the earliest cardiac mesoderm and promotes formation of cardiovascular progenitors by directly activating the bHLH (basic-helix-loop-helix) transcription factor gene Mesp1 upstream of the core cardiac transcriptional machinery. In marked contrast to Eomes/Nodal signalling interactions that cooperatively regulate anterior-posterior axis patterning and allocation of the definitive endoderm cell lineage, formation of cardiac progenitors requires only low levels of Nodal activity accomplished through a Foxh1/Smad4-independent mechanism. Collectively, our experiments demonstrate that Eomes governs discrete context-dependent transcriptional programmes that sequentially specify cardiac and definitive endoderm progenitors during gastrulation.
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69
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Guan X, Delo DM, Atala A, Soker S. In vitro cardiomyogenic potential of human amniotic fluid stem cells. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2011; 5:220-8. [PMID: 20687122 DOI: 10.1002/term.308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell therapy for damaged cardiac tissue is currently limited by a number of factors, including inability to obtain sufficient cell numbers, the potential tumorigenicity of certain types of stem cells and the possible link between stem cell therapy and the development of malignant arrhythmias. In this study, we investigated whether human amniotic fluid-derived stem (hAFS) cells could be a potential source of cells for cardiac cell therapy, by testing the in vitro differentiation capabilities. Undifferentiated hAFS cells express several cardiac genes, including the transcription factor mef2, the gap junction connexin43, and H- and N-cadherin. A 24 h incubation with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-AZA-dC) induced hAFS cell differentiation along the cardiac lineage. Evidence for this differentiation included morphological changes, upregulation of cardiac-specific genes (cardiac troponin I and cardiac troponin T) and redistribution of connexin43, as well as downregulation of the stem cell marker SRY-box 2 (sox2). When co-cultured with neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCs), hAFS cells formed both mechanical and electrical connections with the NRCs. Dye transfer experiments showed that calcein dye could be transferred from NRCs to hAFS cells through cellular connections. The gap junction connexin43 likely involved in the communication between the two cell types, because 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) could partially block cellular crosstalk. We conclude that hAFS cells can be differentiated into a cardiomyocyte-like phenotype and can establish functional communication with NRCs. Thus, hAFS cells may potentially be used for cardiac cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Guan
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University of Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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70
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Ahmed RPH, Ashraf M, Buccini S, Shujia J, Haider HK. Cardiac tumorigenic potential of induced pluripotent stem cells in an immunocompetent host with myocardial infarction. Regen Med 2011; 6:171-8. [PMID: 21391851 DOI: 10.2217/rme.10.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Genetic reprogramming of somatic cells with stemness genes to restore their pluripotent status is being studied extensively to generate pluripotent stem cells as an alternative to embryonic stem cells. This study was designed to examine the effectiveness of skeletal myoblast-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (SkiPS) from young male Oct4/GFP transgenic mice for regeneration of the infarcted heart. METHODS & RESULTS A mouse model of permanent coronary artery ligation was developed in young female immunocompetent C57BL/6J or C57BL/6x129S4 SV/jae Oct4/GFP mice. SkiPS labeled with Q-dots (3 × 10(5) in 10 µl basal Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium) were transplanted in and around the area of infarct immediately after coronary artery ligation (n = 16) under direct vision. Control mice (n = 12) were injected with the same number of skeletal myoblasts. Histological studies documented successful engraftment of SkiPS in all the surviving animals 4 weeks later. However, six of the 16 SkiPS-transplanted (37.5%) animal hearts showed intramural teratomas, whereas no tumor growth was observed in the control mice. Q-dot-labeled donor cells were also observed at the site of tumors. Histological studies revealed that teratomas were composed of cells from all of the three embryonic germ layers. Ultra-structure studies confirmed the histological findings and showed regions with well-organized myofibrillar structures in the tumors. CONCLUSION Undifferentiated induced pluripotent stem cells should not be recommended for cardiac transplantation unless screened for specific teratogenic precursors or predifferentiated into cardiac lineage prior to transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafeeq P H Ahmed
- Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0529, USA
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71
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Gourronc FA, Klingelhutz AJ. Therapeutic opportunities: telomere maintenance in inducible pluripotent stem cells. Mutat Res 2011; 730:98-105. [PMID: 21605571 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2011.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Revised: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that exogenous expression of a combination of transcription factors can reprogram differentiated cells such as fibroblasts and keratinocytes into what have been termed induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. These iPS cells are capable of differentiating into all the tissue lineages when placed in the right environment and, in the case of mouse cells, can generate chimeric mice and be transmitted through the germline. Safer and more efficient methods of reprogramming are rapidly being developed. Clearly, iPS cells present a number of exciting possibilities, including disease modeling and therapy. A major question is whether the nuclei of iPS cells are truly rejuvenated or whether they might retain some of the marks of aging from the cells from which they were derived. One measure of cellular aging is the telomere. In this regard, recent studies have demonstrated that telomeres in iPS cells may be rejuvenated. They are not only elongated by reactivated telomerase but they are also epigenetically modified to be similar but not identical to embryonic stem cells. Upon differentiation, the derivative cells turn down telomerase, the telomeres begin to shorten again, and the telomeres and the genome are returned to an epigenetic state that is similar to normal differentiated somatic cells. While these preliminary telomere findings are promising, the overall genomic integrity of reprogrammed cells may still be problematic and further studies are needed to examine the safety and feasibility of using iPS cells in regenerative medicine applications.
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72
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Mehta A, Chung YY, Ng A, Iskandar F, Atan S, Wei H, Dusting G, Sun W, Wong P, Shim W. Pharmacological response of human cardiomyocytes derived from virus-free induced pluripotent stem cells. Cardiovasc Res 2011; 91:577-86. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvr132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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Kattman SJ, Witty AD, Gagliardi M, Dubois NC, Niapour M, Hotta A, Ellis J, Keller G. Stage-specific optimization of activin/nodal and BMP signaling promotes cardiac differentiation of mouse and human pluripotent stem cell lines. Cell Stem Cell 2011; 8:228-40. [PMID: 21295278 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2010.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 831] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2009] [Revised: 10/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Efficient differentiation of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to a variety of lineages requires step-wise approaches replicating the key commitment stages found during embryonic development. Here we show that expression of PdgfR-α segregates mouse ESC-derived Flk-1 mesoderm into Flk-1(+)PdgfR-α(+) cardiac and Flk-1(+)PdgfR-α(-) hematopoietic subpopulations. By monitoring Flk-1 and PdgfR-α expression, we found that specification of cardiac mesoderm and cardiomyocytes is determined by remarkably small changes in levels of Activin/Nodal and BMP signaling. Translation to human ESCs and iPSCs revealed that the emergence of cardiac mesoderm could also be monitored by coexpression of KDR and PDGFR-α and that this process was similarly dependent on optimal levels of Activin/Nodal and BMP signaling. Importantly, we found that individual mouse and human pluripotent stem cell lines require optimization of these signaling pathways for efficient cardiac differentiation, illustrating a principle that may well apply in other contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Kattman
- McEwen Center for Regenerative Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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74
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Drew LJ, Crabtree GW, Markx S, Stark KL, Chaverneff F, Xu B, Mukai J, Fenelon K, Hsu PK, Gogos JA, Karayiorgou M. The 22q11.2 microdeletion: fifteen years of insights into the genetic and neural complexity of psychiatric disorders. Int J Dev Neurosci 2011; 29:259-81. [PMID: 20920576 PMCID: PMC3074020 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2010.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Revised: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last fifteen years it has become established that 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is a true genetic risk factor for schizophrenia. Carriers of deletions in chromosome 22q11.2 develop schizophrenia at rate of 25-30% and such deletions account for as many as 1-2% of cases of sporadic schizophrenia in the general population. Access to a relatively homogeneous population of individuals that suffer from schizophrenia as the result of a shared etiological factor and the potential to generate etiologically valid mouse models provides an immense opportunity to better understand the pathobiology of this disease. In this review we survey the clinical literature associated with the 22q11.2 microdeletions with a focus on neuroanatomical changes. Then, we highlight results from work modeling this structural mutation in animals. The key biological pathways disrupted by the mutation are discussed and how these changes impact the structure and function of neural circuits is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam J. Drew
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Gregg W. Crabtree
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Sander Markx
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Kimberly L. Stark
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Florence Chaverneff
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Jun Mukai
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Karine Fenelon
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Pei-Ken Hsu
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
- Integrated Program in Cellular, Molecular, and Biophysical Studies, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Joseph A. Gogos
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Maria Karayiorgou
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York 10032, USA
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Fuegemann CJ, Samraj AK, Walsh S, Fleischmann BK, Jovinge S, Breitbach M. Differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells into cardiomyocytes via the hanging-drop and mass culture methods. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; Chapter 1:Unit 1F.11. [PMID: 21125557 DOI: 10.1002/9780470151808.sc01f11s15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we describe two protocols for the in vitro differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) into cardiomyocytes. mESCs are pluripotent and can be differentiated into cells of all three germ layers, including cardiomyocytes. The methods described here facilitate the differentiation of mESCs into the different cardiac subtypes (atrial-, ventricular-, nodal-like cells). The duration of cell culture determines whether preferentially early- or late-developmental stage cardiomyocytes can be obtained preferentially. This approach allows the investigation of cardiomyocyte development and differentiation in vitro, and also allows for the enrichment and isolation of physiologically intact cardiomyocytes for transplantation purposes.
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Abstract
Cardiac diseases are the leading cause of death and reach epidemic proportions with aging. Advanced heart disease results from an abrupt or progressive loss of contractile cardiomyocytes. Following percutaneous coronary intervention and revascularization regenerative medicine aims at effectively repair damaged tissue and replacement of lost cardiomyocytes. However, mixed results were obtained from trials using bone marrow-derived stem cells. Benefits were rather attributed to paracrine effects leading to inhibition or reverse of negative remodeling processes than to regeneration of viable cardiomyocytes. Thus the aim of regenerative medicine, in particular stem cell research, to generate viable cardiac muscle has so far not been achieved in humans, reflecting our incomplete understanding of underlying biological mechanisms. Moreover, there is growing evidence that substantial person-to-person differences in the outcome of stem cell therapy exists. We here review our present knowledge in evolving stem cell based cardiovascular medicine and highlight personalized aspects of stem cell interventions.
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77
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Zhang F, Citra F, Wang DA. Prospects of induced pluripotent stem cell technology in regenerative medicine. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2011; 17:115-24. [PMID: 21210760 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2010.0549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are derived from adult somatic cells via reprogramming with ectopic expression of four transcription factors (Oct3/4, Sox2, c-Myc and Klf4; or, Oct3/4, Sox2, Nanog, and Lin28), by which the resultant cells regain pluripotency, namely, the capability exclusively possessed by some embryonic cells to differentiate into any cell lineage under proper conditions. Given the ease in cell sourcing and a waiver of ethical opponency, iPS cells excel embryonic pluripotent cells in the practice of drug discovery and regenerative medicine. With an ex vivo practice in regenerative medicine, many problems involved in conventional medicine dosing, such as immune rejection, could be potentially circumvented. In this article, we briefly summarize the fundamentals and status quo of iPS-related applications, and emphasize the prospects of iPS technology in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- Division of Bioengineering, School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University. Singapore, Singapore
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78
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Conversion of mouse fibroblasts into cardiomyocytes using a direct reprogramming strategy. Nat Cell Biol 2011; 13:215-22. [PMID: 21278734 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 520] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Here we show that conventional reprogramming towards pluripotency through overexpression of Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc can be shortcut and directed towards cardiogenesis in a fast and efficient manner. With as little as 4 days of transgenic expression of these factors, mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) can be directly reprogrammed to spontaneously contracting patches of differentiated cardiomyocytes over a period of 11-12 days. Several lines of evidence suggest that a pluripotent intermediate is not involved. Our method represents a unique strategy that allows a transient, plastic developmental state established early in reprogramming to effectively function as a cellular transdifferentiation platform, the use of which could extend beyond cardiogenesis. Our study has potentially wide-ranging implications for induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-factor-based reprogramming and broadens the existing paradigm.
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79
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Nuclear reprogramming strategy modulates differentiation potential of induced pluripotent stem cells. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2011; 4:131-7. [PMID: 21207217 PMCID: PMC3047690 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-010-9250-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Bioengineered by ectopic expression of stemness factors, induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells demonstrate embryonic stem cell-like properties and offer a unique platform for derivation of autologous pluripotent cells from somatic tissue sources. In the process of nuclear reprogramming, somatic tissues are converted to a pluripotent ground state, thus unlocking an unlimited potential to expand progenitor pools. Molecular dissection of nuclear reprogramming suggests that a residual memory derived from the original parental source, along with the remnants of the reprogramming process itself, leads to a biased potential of the bioengineered progeny to differentiate into target tissues such as cardiac cytotypes. In this way, iPS cells that fulfill pluripotency criteria may display heterogeneous profiles for lineage specification. Small molecule-based strategies have been identified that modulate the epigenetic state of reprogrammed cells and are optimized to erase the residual memory and homogenize the differentiation potential of iPS cells derived from distinct backgrounds. Here, we describe the salient components of the reprogramming process and their effect on the downstream differentiation capacity of the iPS populations in the context of cardiovascular regenerative applications.
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80
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Cardiac Stem Cells: Tales, Mysteries and Promises in Heart Generation and Regeneration. Regen Med 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-9075-1_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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81
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Philonenko ES, Shutova MV, Chestkov IV, Lagarkova MA, Kiselev SL. Current progress and potential practical application for human pluripotent stem cells. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 292:153-96. [PMID: 22078961 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386033-0.00004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells are able to give rise to all cell types of the organism. There are two sources for human pluripotent stem cells: embryonic stem cells (ESCs) derived from surplus blastocysts created for in vitro fertilization and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) generated by reprogramming of somatic cells. ESCs have been an area of intense research during the past decade, and two clinical trials have been recently approved. iPSCs were created only recently, and most of the research has been focused on the iPSC generation protocols and investigation of mechanisms of direct reprogramming. The iPSC technology makes possible to derive pluripotent stem cells from any patient. However, there are a number of hurdles to be overcome before iPSCs will find a niche in practice. In this review, we discuss differences and similarities of the two pluripotent cell types and assess prospects for application of these cells in biomedicine.
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Abstract
Stem cell transplantation has emerged as a novel treatment option for ischemic heart disease. Different cell types have been utilized and the recent development of induced pluripotent stem cells has generated tremendous excitement in the regenerative field. Bone marrow-derived multipotent progenitor cell transplantation in preclinical large animal models of postinfarction left ventricular remodeling has demonstrated long-term functional and bioenergetic improvement. These beneficial effects are observed despite no significant engraftment of bone marrow cells in the myocardium and even lower differentiation of these cells into cardiomyocytes. It is thought to be related to the paracrine effect of these stem cells, which secrete factors that lead to long-term gene expression changes in the host myocardium, thereby promoting neovascularization, inhibiting apoptosis, and stimulating resident cardiac progenitor cells. Future studies are warranted to examine the changes in the recipient myocardium after stem cell transplantation and to investigate the signaling pathways involved in these effects.
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83
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Haider KH, Buccini S, Ahmed RPH, Ashraf M. De novo myocardial regeneration: advances and pitfalls. Antioxid Redox Signal 2010; 13:1867-77. [PMID: 20695792 PMCID: PMC2971636 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The capability of adult tissue-derived stem cells for cardiogenesis has been extensively studied in experimental animals and clinical studies for treatment of postischemic cardiomyopathy. The less-than-anticipated improvement in the heart function in most clinical studies with skeletal myoblasts and bone marrow cells has warranted a search for alternative sources of stem cells. Despite their multilineage differentiation potential, ethical issues, teratogenicity, and tissue rejection are main obstacles in developing clinically feasible methods for embryonic stem cell transplantation into patients. A decade-long research on embryonic stem cells has paved the way for discovery of alternative approaches for generating pluripotent stem cells. Genetic manipulation of somatic cells for pluripotency genes reprograms the cells to pluripotent status. Efforts are currently focused to make reprogramming protocols safer for clinical applications of the reprogrammed cells. We summarize the advancements and complicating features of stem cell therapy and discuss the decade-and-a-half-long efforts made by stem cell researchers for moving the field from bench to the bedside as an adjunct therapy or as an alternative to the contemporary therapeutic modalities for routine clinical application. The review also provides a special focus on the advancements made in the field of somatic cell reprogramming.
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84
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Meyer T, Stuerz K, Guenther E, Edamura M, Kraushaar U. Cardiac slices as a predictive tool for arrhythmogenic potential of drugs and chemicals. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2010; 6:1461-75. [PMID: 21067457 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2010.526601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD cardiac arrhythmia represents one of the primary safety pharmacological concerns in drug development. The most prominent example is drug induced ventricular tachycardia of the Torsade des Pointes type. The mechanism how this type of arrhythmia develops is a complex multi-cellular phenomenon. It can only be insufficiently reflected by cellular or molecular assays. However, organ models - such as Langendorff hearts - or in vivo experiments are expensive and time consuming and not suitable for assays requiring an increased throughput. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW here, we describe and review an assay bridging the gap between cardiomyocyte based assays and organ based systems - cardiac slices. This assay is reviewed in direct comparison with established safety pharmacological assays. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN while slices have played an important role in brain research for > 2 decades, cardiac slices are experiencing a renaissance due to the novel challenges in safety pharmacology just in the last few years. Cardiac slices can be cultured and recorded over several days. It is possible to access electrophysiological data with a high number of electrodes - up to 256 electrodes - embedded in the surface of a microelectrode array. TAKE HOME MESSAGE cardiac slices close the gap between cellular and organ based assays in cardiac safety pharmacology. The tissue properties of a functional cardiac syncytium are more accurately reflected by a slice rather than a single cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Meyer
- Multi Channel Systems MCS GmbH, Aspenhaustr. 21, 72770 Reutlingen, Germany.
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85
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Pesce M, Burba I, Gambini E, Prandi F, Pompilio G, Capogrossi MC. Endothelial and cardiac progenitors: boosting, conditioning and (re)programming for cardiovascular repair. Pharmacol Ther 2010; 129:50-61. [PMID: 21035506 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2010.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical studies performed in cell culture and animal systems have shown the outstanding ability of stem cells to repair ischemic heart and lower limbs by promoting the formation of new blood vessels and new myocytes. In contrast, clinical studies of stem cell administration in patients with myocardial ischemia have revealed only modest, although promising, results. Basic investigations have shown the feasibility of adult cells reprogramming into pluripotent cells by defined factors, thus opening the way to the devise of protocols to ex vivo derive virtually unexhausted cellular pools. In contrast, cellular and molecular studies have indicated that risk factors limit adult-derived stem cell survival, proliferation and engraftment in ischemic tissues. The use of fully reprogrammed cells raises safety concerns; therefore, adult cells remain a primary option for clinicians interested in therapeutic cardiovascular repair. Pharmacologic approaches have been devised to restore the cardiovascular repair ability of failing progenitors from patients at risk. In the present contribution, the most advanced pharmacologic approaches to (re)program, boost, and condition endothelial and cardiac progenitor cells to enhance cardiovascular regeneration are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Pesce
- Laboratorio di Biologia Vascolare e Medicina Rigenerativa, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
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86
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Abstract
Nuclear reprogramming of somatic cells with ectopic stemness factors to bioengineer pluripotent autologous stem cells signals a new era in regenerative medicine. The study of developmental biology has provided a roadmap for cardiac differentiation from embryonic tissue formation to adult heart muscle rejuvenation. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of stem-cell-derived cardiogenesis enables the reproducible generation, isolation, and monitoring of progenitors that have the capacity to recapitulate embryogenesis and differentiate into mature cardiac tissue. With the advent of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell technology, patient-specific stem cells provide a reference point to systematically decipher cardiogenic differentiation through discrete stages of development. Interrogation of iPS cells and their progeny from selected cohorts of patients is an innovative approach towards uncovering the molecular mechanisms of disease. Thus, the principles of cardiogenesis can now be applied to regenerative medicine in order to optimize personalized therapeutics, diagnostics, and discovery-based science for the development of novel clinical applications.
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87
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Choi YH, Saric T, Nasseri B, Hühn S, Van Linthout S, Hetzer R, Tschöpe C, Stamm C. Cardiac cell therapies: the next generation. Cardiovasc Ther 2010; 29:2-16. [PMID: 20946322 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-5922.2010.00191.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Although significant advances have been made in terms of pharmacological, catheter-based, and surgical palliation, heart failure remains a fatal disease. As a curative concept, regenerative medicine aims at the restoration of the physiologic cellular composition of diseased organs. So far, clinical cardiac regeneration attempts have only been moderately successful, but a better understanding of myocardial cell homeostasis and somatic as well as embryonic stem cell biology has opened the door for the development of more potent therapeutic cardiac regeneration strategies. Accumulating evidence indicates that the postnatal mammalian heart retains a pool of tissue-specific progenitor cells and is also repopulated by cells from extracardiac sources. However, this intrinsic myocardial regeneration potential clearly needs to be augmented by either manipulation of the cell cycle of differentiated cells, activation of resident cardiac progenitor cells, and/or the transplantation of exogenous cells. This review summarizes the recent developments in cardiac regenerative medicine, many of which may find their way into the clinical setting in the foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeong-Hoon Choi
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart Center and Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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88
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Nguyen PK, Nag D, Wu JC. Methods to assess stem cell lineage, fate and function. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2010; 62:1175-86. [PMID: 20816906 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2010.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2010] [Revised: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell therapy has the potential to regenerate injured tissue. For stem cells to achieve their full therapeutic potential, stem cells must differentiate into the target cell, reach the site of injury, survive, and engraft. To fully characterize these cells, evaluation of cell morphology, lineage specific markers, cell specific function, and gene expression must be performed. To monitor survival and engraftment, cell fate imaging is vital. Only then can organ specific function be evaluated to determine the effectiveness of therapy. In this review, we will discuss methods for evaluating the function of transplanted cells for restoring the heart, nervous system, and pancreas. We will also highlight the specific challenges facing these potential therapeutic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia K Nguyen
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305, USA
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So KH, Han YJ, Park HY, Kim JG, Sung DJ, Bae YM, Yang BC, Park SB, Chang SK, Kim EY, Park SP. Generation of functional cardiomyocytes from mouse induced pluripotent stem cells. Int J Cardiol 2010; 153:277-85. [PMID: 20870305 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2010.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2010] [Revised: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells allow derivation of autologous differentiated cells for cell therapy. The purpose of this study was to compare the cardiac differentiation potential of mouse iPS cells with embryonic stem (ES) cells and demonstrate that they could produce functional cardiomyocytes. METHODS iPS cells were prepared from mouse embryonic fibroblasts by lentiviral mediated expression of four transcription factors (Oct4/Sox2/Klf4/C-myc). To induce cardiac cell differentiation, iPS-S-6 or D3-ES cells were induced to form embryoid bodies (EBs) using a two-medium culture protocol, then plated onto gelatin-coated plates and maintained in DMEM. RESULTS Following classification of the generation periods of contracting EBs into early (d8-d11), middle (d12-d15) and late (d16-20), iPS cells in the early period exhibited characteristics similar to ES cells. In iPS cells from the middle period group, the ratio of contracting EBs was significantly increased compared to ES cells, and the difference persisted in cells from the late period group (p<0.05). The percentage of contracting EBs formed from iPS and ES cells were 44.8% and 33.3%, respectively. In addition, iPS cell-derived cardiomyocytes exhibited mRNA expression of cardiac mesoderm markers such as GATA4 and NKX2.5, and cardiomyocyte markers such as α1s, α1c, α-MHC, β-MHC, Cx40, TnI, TnT, ANF and Hey2. Single cardiomyocytes exhibited typical cross-striated myofibrillar organization, and electrophysiological studies revealed functional cardiac-specific voltage-gated Na(+), Ca(2+) and K(+) channels. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that functional cardiomyocytes can be generated from iPS cells, and suggest that these cells may be useful for the treatment of cardiovascular disease.
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Gupta MK, Illich DJ, Gaarz A, Matzkies M, Nguemo F, Pfannkuche K, Liang H, Classen S, Reppel M, Schultze JL, Hescheler J, Sarić T. Global transcriptional profiles of beating clusters derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells and embryonic stem cells are highly similar. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2010; 10:98. [PMID: 20843318 PMCID: PMC2946283 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-10-98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2009] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Functional and molecular integrity of cardiomyocytes (CMs) derived from induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells is essential for their use in tissue repair, disease modelling and drug screening. In this study we compared global transcriptomes of beating clusters (BCs) microdissected from differentiating human iPS cells and embryonic stem (ES) cells. Results Hierarchical clustering and principal component analysis revealed that iPS-BCs and ES-BCs cluster together, are similarly enriched for cardiospecific genes and differ in expression of only 1.9% of present transcripts. Similarly, sarcomeric organization, electrophysiological properties and calcium handling of iPS-CMs were indistinguishable from those of ES-CMs. Gene ontology analysis revealed that among 204 genes that were upregulated in iPS-BCs vs ES-BCs the processes related to extracellular matrix, cell adhesion and tissue development were overrepresented. Interestingly, 47 of 106 genes that were upregulated in undifferentiated iPS vs ES cells remained enriched in iPS-BCs vs ES-BCs. Most of these genes were found to be highly expressed in fibroblasts used for reprogramming and 34% overlapped with the recently reported iPS cell-enriched genes. Conclusions These data suggest that iPS-BCs are transcriptionally highly similar to ES-BCs. However, iPS-BCs appear to share some somatic cell signature with undifferentiated iPS cells. Thus, iPS-BCs may not be perfectly identical to ES-BCs. These minor differences in the expression profiles may occur due to differential cellular composition of iPS-BCs and ES-BCs, due to retention of some genetic profile of somatic cells in differentiated iPS cell-derivatives, or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj K Gupta
- Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute for Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Str 39, 50931 Cologne, Germany
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Saha K, Jaenisch R. Technical challenges in using human induced pluripotent stem cells to model disease. Cell Stem Cell 2010; 5:584-95. [PMID: 19951687 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2009.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Reprogramming of human somatic cells uses readily accessible tissue, such as skin or blood, to generate embryonic-like induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). This procedure has been applied to somatic cells from patients who are classified into a disease group, thus creating "disease-specific" iPSCs. Here, we examine the challenges and assumptions in creating a disease model from a single cell of the patient. Both the kinetics of disease onset and progression as well as the spatial localization of disease in the patient's body are challenges to disease modeling. New tools in genetic modification, reprogramming, biomaterials, and animal models can be used for addressing these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishanu Saha
- The Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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