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Pate Capps N, Stewart A, Burns C. The interplay between secondhand cigarette smoke, genetics, and cervical cancer: a review of the literature. Biol Res Nurs 2009; 10:392-9. [PMID: 19251719 DOI: 10.1177/1099800408330849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Research has suggested a link between smoking and cervical cancer; however, little data are available on secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure and cervical cancer risk. This article reviews the literature on the links among smoking, SHS exposure and cervical cancer. The review was based on a search of electronic databases. The research reviewed clearly showed that smoking increases cervical cancer risk through myriad mechanisms that interact with genetics and the pathologic processes leading to cervical cancer. However, less is understood about the role of SHS in cervical cancer. With new technology enabling scientists to examine how genomic structure responds to environmental stimuli, more information should be forthcoming on links between SHS exposure, biomarkers, and genetic changes involved in the development of cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Pate Capps
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA.
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Vardavas CI, Mpouloukaki I, Linardakis M, Ntzilepi P, Tzanakis N, Kafatos A. Second hand smoke exposure and excess heart disease and lung cancer mortality among hospital staff in Crete, Greece: a case study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2009; 5:125-9. [PMID: 19139529 PMCID: PMC3699981 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph5030125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) is a serious threat to public health, and a significant cause of lung cancer and heart disease among non-smokers. Even though Greek hospitals have been declared smoke free since 2002, smoking is still evident. Keeping the above into account, the aim of this study was to quantify the levels of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and to estimate the attributed lifetime excess heart disease and lung cancer deaths per 1000 of the hospital staff, in a large Greek public hospital. Environmental airborne respirable suspended particles (RSP) of PM2.5 were performed and the personnpel’s excess mortality risk was estimated using risk prediction formulas. Excluding the intensive care unit and the operating theatres, all wards and clinics were polluted with environmental tobacco smoke. Mean SHS-RSP measurements ranged from 11 to 1461 μg/m3 depending on the area. Open wards averaged 84 μg/m3 and the managing wards averaged 164 μg/m3 thus giving an excess lung cancer and heart disease of 1.12 (range 0.23–1.88) and 11.2 (range 2.3–18.8) personnel in wards and 2.35 (range 0.55–12.2) and 23.5 (range 5.5–122) of the managing staff per 1000 over a 40-year lifespan, respectively. Conclusively, SHS exposure in hospitals in Greece is prevalent and taking into account the excess heart disease and lung cancer mortality risk as also the immediate adverse health effects of SHS exposure, it is clear that proper implementation and enforcement of the legislation that bans smoking in hospitals is imperative to protect the health of patients and staff alike.
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Kordi Tamandani DM, Sobti RC, Shekari M, Husseini SA, Suri V. No association of TAP1 and TAP2 genes polymorphism with risk of cervical cancer in north Indian population. J Assist Reprod Genet 2009; 26:173-8. [PMID: 19263211 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-009-9301-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2008] [Accepted: 02/05/2009] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP), a member of the ATP-binding cassette transporter super family, is composed of two integral membrane proteins, TAP-1 and TAP-2. The TAP gene product is involved in the processing of endogenous peptides that bind to MHC class I molecules. Mutations and/or polymorphism within these genes could alter the efficacy of the immune response which might be relevant for the development of autoimmune diseases and cancer. METHODS DNA was isolated from peripheral blood sample of 200 patients with cervical cancer and 200 healthy controls. TAP1 and TAP2 allele polymorphism were determined by polymerase chain reaction. RESULT Significant protective OR (OR = 0.22 95% CI = 0.09-0.51, P < 0.001-OR = 0.47, 95% CI = 0.24-0.92, P = 0.02) was observed for GG and combined AG+GG genotypes of TAP2 in patients with SCC respectively. Similarly, such genotypes (GG, AG+GG) appeared same OR for patient with cervical cancer in study group (OR = 0.12, 95% CI = 0.04-0.39-P < 0.001-OR = 0.5 ,95% CI = 0.25-0.95-P = 0.03). There was decrease risk of cervical cancer in user of oral contraceptive with AG and GG genotypes of TAP2 (OR = 0.55, 95% Cl = 0.41-0.73, P = 0.002, OR = 0.09, 95% CI = 0.02-0.36, P < 0.001) respectively. In case of TAP1 gene all allelic polymorphisms showed a decrease OR in patients with cervical cancer in passive smokers and user of oral contraceptives, though, no significant CONCLUSION Thus, TAP1 and TAP2 genes polymorphism are not linked to cervical carcinoma, since no association was found between a particular genotype and the disease.
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Calleja-Macias IE, Kalantari M, Bernard HU. Cholinergic signaling through nicotinic acetylcholine receptors stimulates the proliferation of cervical cancer cells: An explanation for the molecular role of tobacco smoking in cervical carcinogenesis? Int J Cancer 2009; 124:1090-6. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Nishino K, Sekine M, Kodama S, Sudo N, Aoki Y, Seki N, Tanaka K. Cigarette smoking and glutathione S-transferase M1 polymorphism associated with risk for uterine cervical cancer. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2009; 34:994-1001. [PMID: 19012698 DOI: 10.1111/j.1447-0756.2008.00798.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM To elucidate the role of tobacco smoking and polymorphisms of carcinogen metabolism genes in cervical carcinogenesis. METHODS We analyzed genotypes of nine genes, 11 polymorphisms encoding carcinogen metabolizing enzymes, information on smoking, and the presence of human papillomavirus in 124 Japanese cervical cancer patients and 125 healthy controls. RESULTS The incidence of human papillomavirus infection (95.5% vs 9.9%; P < 0.001; odds ratio (OR), 231.98; 95% confidence interval [CI], 57.17-941.22), and smoking (41.1% vs 18.4%; P < 0.001; OR, 3.40; 95% CI, 1.88-6.17) were both significantly higher in patients than in controls. The genotype distributions of CYP1A1, CYP2E1, CYP2A6, NQO1, NAT2, mEH, MPO and GSTT1 genes were not statistically different; however, the ratio of the GSTM1 null genotype was significantly higher in patients than in controls (62.1% vs 47.2%; P = 0.019; OR, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.11-3.04). The incidence of GSTM1 null was significantly higher in the non-smoking group (63.0% vs 47.1%; P = 0.038; OR, 1.92; 95% CI, 1.04-3.54), and not in the smoking group (60.8% vs 47.8%; P = 0.300; OR, 1.69; 95% CI, 0.63-4.56). CONCLUSIONS In the current study, risk factors for developing cervical cancer were tobacco smoking and GSTM1 null; however, no association was observed between these two factors. We could not prove that smoking-GSTM1 null interaction was responsible for the increase in cervical cancer among young Japanese, and further studies with more detailed smoking status, not only active but passive smoking, will be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Nishino
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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Murphy J, Scott J, Kaufman D, Geller G, LeRoy L, Hudson K. Public expectations for return of results from large-cohort genetic research. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOETHICS : AJOB 2008; 8:36-43. [PMID: 19061108 PMCID: PMC2682364 DOI: 10.1080/15265160802513093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The National Institutes of Health and other federal health agencies are considering establishing a national biobank to study the roles of genes and environment in human health. A preliminary public engagement study was conducted to assess public attitudes and concerns about the proposed biobank, including the expectations for return of individual research results. A total of 141 adults of different ages, incomes, genders, ethnicities, and races participated in 16 focus groups in six locations across the country. Focus group participants voiced a strong desire to be able to access individual research results. Recognizing the wide range of possible research results from a large cohort study, they repeatedly and spontaneously suggested that cohort study participants be given ongoing choices as to which results they received.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juli Murphy
- Genetics and Public Policy Center, Berman Institute of Bioethics, Johns Hopkins University, Washington, DC 20036, USA.
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Honors and Awards * Bibliography of Peer-Reviewed Journal Articles. Am J Epidemiol 2008. [DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwn247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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MMP-7 (−181A>G) promoter polymorphisms and risk for cervical cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2008; 110:71-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2008.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2008] [Revised: 03/14/2008] [Accepted: 03/19/2008] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Satinder K, Chander SR, Pushpinder K, Indu G, Veena J. Cyclin D1 (G870A) polymorphism and risk of cervix cancer: a case control study in north Indian population. Mol Cell Biochem 2008; 315:151-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-008-9799-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2008] [Accepted: 05/23/2008] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Kaufman D, Geller G, Leroy L, Murphy J, Scott J, Hudson K. Ethical implications of including children in a large biobank for genetic-epidemiologic research: a qualitative study of public opinion. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2008; 148C:31-9. [PMID: 18189289 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.30159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The National Institutes of Health and other federal agencies are considering initiating a cohort study of 500,000 people, including 120,000 children, to measure genetic and environmental influences on common diseases. A community engagement pilot study was conducted to identify public attitudes and concerns about the proposed cohort study, including the ethics of involving children. The pilot included 15 focus groups where the inclusion of children in the proposed cohort study was discussed. Focus groups, conducted in six cities, included 141 adults of different ages, incomes, genders, ethnicities, and races. Many of the concerns expressed by participants mirrored those addressed in pediatric research guidelines. These concerns included minimizing children's fear, pain, and burdens; whether to include young children; and how to obtain children's assent. There was little agreement about which children can assent. Some voiced concern about children's privacy, but most expected that parents would have access to children's study results. Some believed children would not benefit from participating, while others identified personal and societal benefits that might accrue. A few people believed that children's participation would not advance the study's goals. To successfully include children, proposed cohort study would need to address children's changing capabilities and rights as they grow and reach the age of consent.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kaufman
- Genetics and Public Policy Center, Johns Hopkins University, Washington DC, USA.
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Sobti RC, Kordi Tamandani DM, Shekari M, Kaur P, Malekzadeh K, Suri V. Interleukin 1 beta gene polymorphism and risk of cervical cancer. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2007; 101:47-52. [PMID: 18154955 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijgo.2007.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2007] [Revised: 09/28/2007] [Accepted: 10/11/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether a polymorphism at position +3953 in exon 5 of the lL-1beta gene (IL-1beta +3953), a condition associated with an increased risk for a number of inflammatory diseases, is also involved in the development of cervical cancer. METHOD We isolated DNA from peripheral blood in 150 women with cervical cancer and 200 healthy controls, and IL-1beta +3953 allele polymorphism was determined by polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Genotypes A1/A2 and A2/A2+A1/A2 were associated with increased risk of cervical cancer (odds ratio [OR], 2.88; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.78-4.67; P<0.001 and OR, 2.85; 95% CI, 1.77-4.6; P<0.001, respectively). The risk in a passive smoker with A2/A2 or A1/A2 genotype was increased more than 5-fold (OR, 5.69; 95% CI, 2.61-12.50; P<0.001) compared with a nonsmoker with the A1/A1 genotype. CONCLUSION This study provides evidence of an association between lL-1beta +3953 polymorphism and risk of cervical cancer.
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Abstract
Involuntary exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is a serious and entirely preventable public health hazard. It has become clear that ETS adversely affects the health of all who breathe its toxins. Independent of active smoking, ETS exposure is a modifiable risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The expanding body of research presented in this article provides evidence that the damaging consequences of ETS reach far beyond the lungs. Having been determined the third leading cause of preventable death in this country, this is a problem that must be addressed aggressively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Z Reardon
- Department of Medicine, Hartford Hospital, 80 Seymour Street, Hartford, CT 06102, USA.
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Hooker CM, Gallicchio L, Genkinger JM, Comstock GW, Alberg AJ. A prospective cohort study of rectal cancer risk in relation to active cigarette smoking and passive smoke exposure. Ann Epidemiol 2007; 18:28-35. [PMID: 17900927 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2007.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2007] [Revised: 06/07/2007] [Accepted: 06/09/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present investigation prospectively examined active cigarette smoking and household passive smoke exposure and the risk of developing rectal cancer. METHODS Cigarette smoking data were collected on all household members during two private censuses in Washington County, Maryland. These two cohorts were followed up, one cohort from 1963-1978 and the other from 1975-1994 for first-time diagnoses of rectal cancer. We identified 148 and 169 rectal cancer cases in the 1963 and 1975 cohorts, respectively. Relative risks were estimated by means of Poisson regression models. RESULTS In men, the adjusted relative risks (aRR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between current smoking and rectal cancer were 3.1 (1.2-7.8) in the 1963 cohort and 1.8 (0.9-3.7) in the 1975 cohort; the corresponding aRRs in women were 0.9 (0.5-1.8) and 1.6 (0.9-3.8) in the 1963 and 1975 cohorts, respectively. In nonsmokers, household passive smoke exposure was strongly associated with rectal cancer among men in the 1963 cohort (aRR = 5.8; 1.8-18.4) but not the 1975 cohort (aRR = 1.1; 0.2-5.0). In women, household passive exposure was not strongly associated with rectal cancer in either cohort. CONCLUSIONS The results of our study suggest that active cigarette smoking may contribute to rectal cancer risk, but inconsistencies in the findings preclude drawing strong, clear-cut inferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig M Hooker
- Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Odongua N, Chae YM, Kim MR, Yun JE, Jee SH. Associations between smoking, screening, and death caused by cervical cancer in Korean women. Yonsei Med J 2007; 48:192-200. [PMID: 17461516 PMCID: PMC2628122 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2007.48.2.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Cervical cancer is a major women's health problem in the world today. The purpose of this study was to estimate the incidence and mortality rates and to investigate risk factors for cervical cancer in Korean women. MATERIALS AND METHODS Reproductive factors, cigarette smoking, as well as the risk of incidence and death from cervical cancer were examined in a 12-year prospective cohort study of 475,398 Korean women aged 30 to 95 years who received health insurance from the National Health Insurance Corporation and who had a medical evaluation in 1992. Relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using the Cox proportional hazards model after adjusting for age, body mass index, cigarette smoking, alcohol use, menarche, parity, and Papanicolaou test status. RESULTS This study showed that the RR of death due to cervical cancer among current smokers was two times higher compared with non- smokers (RR=2.00; 95% CI, 1.23-2.91). In addition, the RR of death due to cervical cancer among all women who smoked > or = 10 cigarettes/day was 2.4 times higher than the RR among women that had never smoked. More interestingly, those who had never been screened by Papanicolaou smears had twice the risk of death due to cervical cancer (RR =2.00; 95% CI, 1.37-1.81). CONCLUSION Our prospective study concluded that current smokers had an increased risk of death due to cervical cancer. We suggest that the target age group for cervical cancer screening tests be reconsidered and should begin as early as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nemekhee Odongua
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
- School of Public Health, Health Sciences University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Young Moon Chae
- Department of Medical Informatics, Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mee Ran Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kangnam Hospital, Catholic University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Eun Yun
- Institute for Health Promotion, Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Ha Jee
- Department of Health Promotion and Education, Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
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Mock J, McPhee SJ, Nguyen T, Wong C, Doan H, Lai KQ, Nguyen KH, Nguyen TT, Bui-Tong N. Effective lay health worker outreach and media-based education for promoting cervical cancer screening among Vietnamese American women. Am J Public Health 2007; 97:1693-700. [PMID: 17329652 PMCID: PMC1963308 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2006.086470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We sought to promote cervical cancer screening among Vietnamese American women in Santa Clara County, Calif. METHODS In 2001-2004, we recruited and randomized 1005 Vietnamese American women into 2 groups: lay health worker outreach plus media-based education (combined intervention) or media-based education only. Lay health workers met with the combined intervention group twice over 3 to 4 months to promote Papanicolaou (Pap) testing. We used questionnaires to measure changes in awareness, knowledge, and Pap testing. RESULTS Testing increased among women in both the combined intervention (65.8% to 81.8%; P<.001) and media-only (70.1% to 75.5%; P<.001) groups, but significantly more in the combined intervention group (P=.001). Among women never previously screened, significantly more women in the combined intervention group (46.0%) than in the media-only group (27.1%) obtained tests (P<.001). Significantly more women in the combined intervention group obtained their first Pap test or obtained one after an interval of more than 1 year (became up-to-date; 45.7% to 67.3%, respectively; P<.001) than did those in the media-only group (50.9% to 55.7%, respectively; P=.035). CONCLUSIONS Combined intervention motivated more Vietnamese American women to obtain their first Pap tests and to become up-to-date than did media education alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah Mock
- Department of Anthropology, History and Social Medicine and the Center for Health and Community at the University of California, San Francisco 94102, USA.
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Abstract
Vaccines for preventing human papillomavirus (HPV) infection are far along in clinical development and testing, and hold great promise for reducing HPV infections and HPV-associated disease. HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States, affecting an estimated 75% of the U.S. population. HPV infection is highly prevalent in sexually active adolescents and young adults. Sexual activity is the most important risk factor for infection, with 64% to 82% of sexually active adolescent girls testing positive for HPV. Clinical manifestations of HPV infection include genital warts, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), and invasive cervical cancer, all of which cause significant morbidity and, in the case of cervical cancer, mortality. The majority of HPV-associated disease is caused by 4 HPV types: HPV 6 and 11 are responsible for low-grade genital lesions and more than 90% of genital warts, and HPV 16 and 18 both account for approximately 70% of all high-grade CIN or dysplasia and invasive cervical cancer. Although current screening methods have proven effective in reducing cervical cancer incidence and associated mortality, more than 10,000 women are diagnosed annually and 4000 U.S. women die from the disease each year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy Wiley
- School of Nursing, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Campaner AB, Piato S, Galvão MAL, dos Santos RE, Nadais RF. Langerhans Cells in Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia Related to Smoking Habits. J Low Genit Tract Dis 2006; 10:223-8. [PMID: 17012987 DOI: 10.1097/01.lgt.0000225891.03613.f7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Compare the numerical densities of intraepithelial Langerhans cells of uterine cervix of women affected by cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 (CIN 3) with their smoking habits. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 71 conization specimens of women affected by CIN 3 were separated in 3 groups according to their smoking habits (smokers, nonsmokers, and former smokers). The identification of the Langerhans cells was performed by immunohistochemical analysis using antibodies to S100 protein. The number of intraepithelial Langerhans cells was counted at x400 magnification under a light microscope, and a 10-field count was performed in areas of CIN 3 of each section. Results were expressed as number of cells per square millimeter of epithelium. RESULTS There was no significant difference in the number of Langerhans cells per square millimeter of epithelium in areas affected by CIN 3 among the 3 groups (p = .5). There was also no significant difference in the number of cigarettes smoked per day (p = .09), duration of consumption (p = .34), total amount of cigarettes smoked during the whole life (p = .18), and duration of abstention (p = .2). CONCLUSIONS It was not shown that smoking reduces the number of intraepithelial Langerhans cells in the cervix of women affected by CIN 3.
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Sobti RC, Kaur S, Kaur P, Singh J, Gupta I, Jain V, Nakahara A. Interaction of passive smoking with GST (GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1) genotypes in the risk of cervical cancer in India. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 166:117-23. [PMID: 16631467 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2005.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2005] [Revised: 09/22/2005] [Accepted: 10/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Human papilloma virus (HPV) infection is a major cause of cervix cancer, but a number of infected women do not develop invasive lesions, suggesting that HPV infection in itself is not a sufficient factor and that other cofactors, such as smoking, play an important role in development of cervix cancer. Alongside active cigarette smoking, passive smoking is an independent risk factor for cervix cancer. Smoking maintains cervical HPV infection longer and decreases potential of clearing an oncogenic infection. Thus, it is quite possible that polymorphism at detoxifying enzyme coding loci such as GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 may determine susceptibility to cervix cancer. This study evaluates the combined effects of genetic polymorphisms of GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 on susceptibility to cervical cancer and interaction of these genes with smoking. On individual analysis of GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1, it was observed that passive smokers having genotypes GSTM1 (null) (OR = 7.0, 95% CI = 2.19-22.36, P = 0.0005), GSTT1 (null) (OR = 10.2, 95% CI = 1.23-84.18, P = 0.02), and GSTP1 (ile/val) (OR = 6.4, 95% CI = 2.25-18.38, P = 0.0005) have an increased risk of developing cervix cancer. It is thus concluded that cervical cancer risk is increased in passive smokers with GSTM1 (null), GSTT1 (null), and GSTP1 (ile/val) genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Sobti
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India.
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Gallicchio L, Kouzis A, Genkinger JM, Burke AE, Hoffman SC, Diener-West M, Helzlsouer KJ, Comstock GW, Alberg AJ. Active cigarette smoking, household passive smoke exposure, and the risk of developing pancreatic cancer. Prev Med 2006; 42:200-5. [PMID: 16458957 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2005.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2005] [Revised: 12/08/2005] [Accepted: 12/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to examine the association between active cigarette smoking, household passive smoke exposure, and pancreatic cancer risk using a prospective cohort design. METHODS Two cohorts were established in Washington County, Maryland in 1963 (n = 45,749) and 1975 (n = 48,172). The Washington County Cancer Registry was used to ascertain the occurrence of pancreatic cancer in the 1963 cohort from 1963-1978 and in the 1975 cohort from 1975-1994. Poisson regression was used to analyze the associations between active smoking and household passive smoke exposure and pancreatic cancer risk. RESULTS Current active smoking was associated with a two-fold increased risk of pancreatic cancer in both cohorts. Among never-smokers in each cohort, exposure to household passive smoke was not associated with an increased risk of pancreatic cancer, although the confidence limits were wide due to a small number of cases. CONCLUSIONS This study further documents the approximate doubling of pancreatic cancer risk in current active smokers. Our results also indicate that household passive smoke exposure is not associated with pancreatic cancer risk, although our risk estimates lacked precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Gallicchio
- Department of Epidemiology, Room E6132, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Dallred
- Department of Nursing Professional Development and Education, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA.
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Cox JT. The development of cervical cancer and its precursors: what is the role of human papillomavirus infection? Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2006; 18 Suppl 1:s5-s13. [PMID: 16520683 DOI: 10.1097/01.gco.0000216315.72572.fb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a significant health care burden in the United States. The majority of sexually active men and women will be infected with HPV at some point in their lives and are subject to developing human papillomavirus-associated disease. Current estimates suggest that 20 million Americans are currently infected, and more than 5 million new infections occur each year. The prevalence of human papillomavirus is highest in populations in their late teens and early twenties, with nearly half of all new human papillomavirus infections occurring within 3 years of first intercourse. HPV is the necessary cause of genital warts, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, and invasive cervical cancer. As such, human papillomavirus is responsible for significant medical morbidity and health care costs. Screening with cervical cytology has significantly reduced mortality rates; however, approximately 3900 women will die in 2005 from cervical cancer in the United States. Human papillomavirus DNA testing has shown promise in identifying high-grade abnormalities as an adjunct to traditional cytology, and should be used according to guidelines established by the American Cancer Society and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. The epidemiology of HPV infection and a brief introduction to the natural history of HPV infection will be presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Thomas Cox
- Gynecology Clinic, Health Services, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA.
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Rivero LR, Persson JL, Romine DC, Taylor JT, Toole TC, Trollman CJ, Au WW. Towards the world-wide ban of indoor cigarette smoking in public places. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2006; 209:1-14. [PMID: 16373197 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2005.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2005] [Revised: 07/01/2005] [Accepted: 07/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In 1984, Dr. C. Everett Koop, then Surgeon General of the US, presented an important speech on the hazards of smoking. In his speech, he stated "The ultimate goal should be a smoke-free society by the year 2000." In addition, the World Health Organization (WHO) has initiated a process to ban smoking globally; on 21 May 2003, at the 56th World Health Assembly, WHO's 192 Member States unanimously adopted the world's first public health treaty, the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Although good progress has been made, reaching the ultimate goal is far from certainty. Therefore, it is time to re-visit this crucial public health activity and re-energize the effort to reach this goal. Since numerous reports have been written on the ban of smoking based on benefits to the smokers, the emphasis of our report is on benefits to non-smokers from their exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). We provide a concise review of the impact of ETS on health and economy. In addition, we examined the different interest groups on supporting and opposing the ban, the role of the government, private citizens and medical professionals on this activity, and certain constraints on implementing the global ban. We also provide some recommendations on how to promote the ban globally. Since cigarette smoking is an unnecessary habit that has devastating consequences around the world, banning of cigarette smoking should be a global mission. A global ban on indoor smoking in public places is an important first step in an international effort to prevent morbidity and mortality caused by tobacco smoking and ETS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis R Rivero
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1110, USA
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Haverkos HW. Multifactorial etiology of cervical cancer: a hypothesis. MEDGENMED : MEDSCAPE GENERAL MEDICINE 2005; 7:57. [PMID: 16614679 PMCID: PMC1681723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancer of the cervix is the second most common life-threatening cancer among women worldwide, with incidence rates ranging from 4.8 per 100,000 women per year in the Middle East to 44.3 per 100,000 in East Africa. Epidemiologic and clinical data demonstrate that human papillomaviruses (HPV), especially HPV-16 and HPV-18, play at least a major if not a necessary role in the etiology of cervical cancer. However, many investigators acknowledge that HPV is not sufficient to induce cervical cancer and that a multifactorial etiology is likely. HPV can be found in a growing proportion of patients with cervical cancer, approaching 100%, but is not yet found in every patient with disease. Other factors, such as herpes simplex virus type 2 infections, cigarette smoking, vaginal douching, nutrition, and use of oral contraceptives, have been proposed as contributing factors. In the first half of the 20th century, Peyton Rous and colleagues demonstrated the joint action of tars and Shope papillomavirus to consistently induce squamous cell carcinomas in rabbits. Using the Rous model as a prototype, one might hypothesize that some cases of cervical cancer arise from an interaction between oncogenic viruses and cervical tar exposures. Cervical tar exposures include cigarette smoking, use of tar-based vaginal douches, and long years of inhaling smoke from wood- and coal-burning stoves in poorly ventilated kitchens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry W Haverkos
- Infectious Disease Service, Department of Medicine, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.
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