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Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor (RGNEF) is a prosurvival factor under stress conditions. Mol Cell Neurosci 2017; 82:88-95. [PMID: 28495450 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor (RGNEF) is a 190kDa RNA binding protein (RBP) that also contains a Dbl/PH domain capable of RhoA activation. Consistent with a key role in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), RGNEF forms pathological neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions in degenerating spinal motor neurons. To further understand the role of RGNEF in the stress response, we first observed that the expression of RGNEF is upregulated in murine spinal motor neurons following distal sciatic nerve injury. Secondly, in response to in vitro cellular stress (500μM sodium arsenite for 1h; or 400mM sorbitol 1 hour exposure; as an oxidative or osmotic stress, respectively), we observed a significant survival benefit in RGNEF-transfected HEK293T cells. Using deletion constructs, we found that the NH2-terminus domain is essential for this protective effect. Interestingly, we observed that under stress conditions RGNEF associates with Staufen1 positive granules but not TIA-1-positive stress granules. These findings support the hypothesis that RGNEF plays a critical role both in RNA homeostasis and in the response to cell stress.
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52
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Hawley ZCE, Campos-Melo D, Droppelmann CA, Strong MJ. MotomiRs: miRNAs in Motor Neuron Function and Disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:127. [PMID: 28522960 PMCID: PMC5415563 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
MiRNAs are key regulators of the mammalian transcriptome that have been increasingly linked to degenerative diseases of the motor neurons. Although many of the miRNAs currently incriminated as participants in the pathogenesis of these diseases are also important to the normal development and function of motor neurons, at present there is no knowledge of the complete miRNA profile of motor neurons. In this review, we examine the current understanding with respect to miRNAs that are specifically required for motor neuron development, function and viability, and provide evidence that these should be considered as a functional network of miRNAs which we have collectively termed MotomiRs. We will also summarize those MotomiRs currently known to be associated with both amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), and discuss their potential use as biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary C E Hawley
- Molecular Medicine Group, Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western UniversityLondon, ON, Canada
| | - Danae Campos-Melo
- Molecular Medicine Group, Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western UniversityLondon, ON, Canada
| | - Cristian A Droppelmann
- Molecular Medicine Group, Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western UniversityLondon, ON, Canada
| | - Michael J Strong
- Molecular Medicine Group, Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western UniversityLondon, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western UniversityLondon, ON, Canada.,Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western UniversityLondon, ON, Canada
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53
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Garbuzova-Davis S, Kurien C, Thomson A, Falco D, Ahmad S, Staffetti J, Steiner G, Abraham S, James G, Mahendrasah A, Sanberg PR, Borlongan CV. Endothelial and Astrocytic Support by Human Bone Marrow Stem Cell Grafts into Symptomatic ALS Mice towards Blood-Spinal Cord Barrier Repair. Sci Rep 2017; 7:884. [PMID: 28408761 PMCID: PMC5429840 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00993-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular pathology, including blood-CNS barrier (B-CNS-B) damage via endothelial cell (EC) degeneration, is a recently recognized hallmark of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) pathogenesis. B-CNS-B repair may be a new therapeutic approach for ALS. This study aimed to determine effects of transplanted unmodified human bone marrow CD34+ (hBM34+) cells into symptomatic G93A mice towards blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) repair. Thirteen weeks old G93A mice intravenously received one of three different doses of hBM34+ cells. Cell-treated, media-treated, and control mice were euthanized at 17 weeks of age. Immunohistochemical (anti-human vWF, CD45, GFAP, and Iba-1) and motor neuron histological analyses were performed in cervical and lumbar spinal cords. EB levels in spinal cord parenchyma determined capillary permeability. Transplanted hBM34+ cells improved behavioral disease outcomes and enhanced motor neuron survival, mainly in high-cell-dose mice. Transplanted cells differentiated into ECs and engrafted within numerous capillaries. Reduced astrogliosis, microgliosis, and enhanced perivascular end-feet astrocytes were also determined in spinal cords, mostly in high-cell-dose mice. These mice also showed significantly decreased parenchymal EB levels. EC differentiation, capillary engraftment, reduced capillary permeability, and re-established perivascular end-feet astrocytes in symptomatic ALS mice may represent BSCB repair processes, supporting hBM34+ cell transplantation as a future therapeutic strategy for ALS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svitlana Garbuzova-Davis
- Center of Excellence for Aging & Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, 33612, United States of America. .,Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, 33612, United States of America. .,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, 33612, United States of America. .,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, 33612, United States of America.
| | - Crupa Kurien
- Center of Excellence for Aging & Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, 33612, United States of America
| | - Avery Thomson
- Center of Excellence for Aging & Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, 33612, United States of America
| | - Dimitri Falco
- Center of Excellence for Aging & Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, 33612, United States of America
| | - Sohaib Ahmad
- Center of Excellence for Aging & Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, 33612, United States of America
| | - Joseph Staffetti
- Center of Excellence for Aging & Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, 33612, United States of America
| | - George Steiner
- Center of Excellence for Aging & Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, 33612, United States of America
| | - Sophia Abraham
- Center of Excellence for Aging & Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, 33612, United States of America
| | - Greeshma James
- Center of Excellence for Aging & Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, 33612, United States of America
| | - Ajay Mahendrasah
- Center of Excellence for Aging & Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, 33612, United States of America
| | - Paul R Sanberg
- Center of Excellence for Aging & Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, 33612, United States of America.,Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, 33612, United States of America.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, 33612, United States of America.,Department of Psychiatry, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, 33612, United States of America
| | - Cesario V Borlongan
- Center of Excellence for Aging & Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, 33612, United States of America.,Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, 33612, United States of America
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54
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Joshi K, Goyal S, Grover S, Jamal S, Singh A, Dhar P, Grover A. Novel group-based QSAR and combinatorial design of CK-1δ inhibitors as neuroprotective agents. BMC Bioinformatics 2016; 17:515. [PMID: 28155653 PMCID: PMC5260052 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-016-1379-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tar DNA binding protein 43 (TDP-43) hyperphosphorylation, caused by Casein kinase 1 (CK-1) protein isoforms, is associated with the onset and progression of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Among the reported isoforms and splice variants of CK-1 protein superfamily, CK-1δ is known to phosphorylate different serine and threonine sites on TDP-43 protein in vitro and thus qualifies as a potential target for ALS treatment. Results The developed GQSAR (group based quantitative structure activity relationship) model displayed satisfactory statistical parameters for the dataset of experimentally reported N-Benzothiazolyl-2-Phenyl Acetamide derivatives. A combinatorial library of molecules was also generated and the activities were predicted using the statistically sound GQSAR model. Compounds with higher predicted inhibitory activity were screened against CK-1δ that resulted in to the potential novel leads for CK-1δ inhibition. Conclusions In this study, a robust fragment based QSAR model was developed on a congeneric set of experimentally reported molecules and using combinatorial library approach, a series of molecules were generated from which we report two top scoring, CK-1δ inhibitors i.e., CHC (6-benzyl-2-cyclopropyl-4-{[(4-cyclopropyl-6-ethyl-1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)carbamoyl]methyl}j-3-fluorophenyl hydrogen carbonate) and DHC (6-benzyl-4-{[(4-cyclopropyl-6-ethyl-1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)carbamoyl]methyl}-2-(decahydronaphthalen-1-yl)-3-hydroxyphenyl hydrogen carbonate) with binding energy of −6.11 and −6.01 kcal/mol, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kopal Joshi
- Amity School of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201303, India
| | - Sukriti Goyal
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali University, Tonk, Rajasthan, 304022, India
| | - Sonam Grover
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Salma Jamal
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali University, Tonk, Rajasthan, 304022, India
| | - Aditi Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, TERI University, New Delhi, 110070, India
| | - Pawan Dhar
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Abhinav Grover
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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55
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Bendotti C, Bonetto V, Migheli A. Introduction. Brain Pathol 2016; 26:224-6. [PMID: 26780164 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Bendotti
- Laboratory Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience-IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Milano, Italy
| | - Valentina Bonetto
- Laboratory of Translational Proteomics, Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Milano, Italy
| | - Antonio Migheli
- Centro Regionale Diagnosi ed Osservazione delle Malattie Prioniche DOMP-ASL TO2, Turin, Italy
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Cai Y, Arikkath J, Yang L, Guo ML, Periyasamy P, Buch S. Interplay of endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy in neurodegenerative disorders. Autophagy 2016; 12:225-44. [PMID: 26902584 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1121360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The common underlying feature of most neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer disease (AD), prion diseases, Parkinson disease (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) involves accumulation of misfolded proteins leading to initiation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and stimulation of the unfolded protein response (UPR). Additionally, ER stress more recently has been implicated in the pathogenesis of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Autophagy plays an essential role in the clearance of aggregated toxic proteins and degradation of the damaged organelles. There is evidence that autophagy ameliorates ER stress by eliminating accumulated misfolded proteins. Both abnormal UPR and impaired autophagy have been implicated as a causative mechanism in the development of various neurodegenerative diseases. This review highlights recent advances in the field on the role of ER stress and autophagy in AD, prion diseases, PD, ALS and HAND with the involvement of key signaling pathways in these processes and implications for future development of therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Cai
- a Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA
| | - Jyothi Arikkath
- a Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA.,b Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA
| | - Lu Yang
- a Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA
| | - Ming-Lei Guo
- a Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA
| | - Palsamy Periyasamy
- a Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA
| | - Shilpa Buch
- a Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA
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57
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Mondola P, Damiano S, Sasso A, Santillo M. The Cu, Zn Superoxide Dismutase: Not Only a Dismutase Enzyme. Front Physiol 2016; 7:594. [PMID: 27965593 PMCID: PMC5126113 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) is an ubiquitary cytosolic dimeric carbohydrate free molecule, belonging to a family of isoenzymes involved in the scavenger of superoxide anions. This effect certainly represents the main and well known function ascribed to this enzyme. Here we highlight new aspects of SOD1 physiology that point out some inedited effects of this enzyme in addition to the canonic role of oxygen radical enzymatic dismutation. In the last two decades our research group produced many data obtained in in vitro studies performed in many cellular lines, mainly neuroblastoma SK-N-BE cells, indicating that this enzyme is secreted either constitutively or after depolarization induced by high extracellular K+ concentration. In addition, we gave many experimental evidences showing that SOD1 is able to stimulate, through muscarinic M1 receptor, pathways involving ERK1/2, and AKT activation. These effects are accompanied with an intracellular calcium increase. In the last part of this review we describe researches that link deficient extracellular secretion of mutant SOD1G93A to its intracellular accumulation and toxicity in NSC-34 cells. Alternatively, SOD1G93A toxicity has been attributed to a decrease of Km for H2O2 with consequent OH radical formation. Interestingly, this last inedited effect of SOD1G93A could represent a gain of function that could be involved in the pathogenesis of familial Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (fALS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Mondola
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unità di Fisiologia Umana, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II," Napoli, Italy
| | - Simona Damiano
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unità di Fisiologia Umana, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II," Napoli, Italy
| | - Anna Sasso
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unità di Fisiologia Umana, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II," Napoli, Italy
| | - Mariarosaria Santillo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unità di Fisiologia Umana, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II," Napoli, Italy
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58
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Probing the free energy landscapes of ALS disease mutants of SOD1 by NMR spectroscopy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E6939-E6945. [PMID: 27791136 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1611418113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease that, in some cases, has been linked with mutations to the antioxidant metalloenzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD1). Although the mature form of this enzyme is highly stable and resistant to aggregation, the most immature form, lacking metal and a stabilizing intrasubunit disulfide bond, apoSOD12SH, is dynamic and hypothesized to be a major cause of toxicity in vivo. Previous solution NMR studies of wild-type apoSOD12SH have shown that the ground state interconverts with a series of sparsely populated and transiently formed conformers, some of which have aberrant nonnative structures. Here, we study seven disease mutants of apoSOD12SH and characterize their free energy landscapes as a first step in understanding the initial stages of disease progression and, more generally, to evaluate the plasticity of low-lying protein conformational states. The mutations lead to little change in the structures and dynamics of the ground states of the mutant proteins. By contrast, the numbers of low-lying excited states that are accessible to each of the disease mutants can vary significantly, with additional conformers accessed in some cases. Our study suggests that the diversity of these structures can provide alternate interaction motifs for different mutants, establishing additional pathways for new and often aberrant intra- and intermolecular contacts. Further, it emphasizes the potential importance of conformationally excited states in directing both folding and misfolding processes.
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59
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Vintilescu CR, Afreen S, Rubino AE, Ferreira A. The Neurotoxic TAU 45-230 Fragment Accumulates in Upper and Lower Motor Neurons in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Subjects. Mol Med 2016; 22:477-486. [PMID: 27496042 PMCID: PMC5072411 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2016.00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive and lethal neurodegenerative disease characterized by the loss of upper and lower motor neurons leading to muscle paralysis in affected individuals. Numerous mechanisms have been implicated in the death of these neurons. However, the pathobiology of this disease has not been completely elucidated. In the present study, we investigated to what extent tau cleavage and the generation of the neurotoxic tau45-230 fragment is associated with ALS. Quantitative Western blot analysis indicated that high levels of tau45-230 accumulated in lumbar and cervical spinal cord specimens obtained from ALS subjects. This neurotoxic tau fragment was also detected in ALS upper motor neurons located in the precentral gyrus. Our results also showed that tau45-230 aggregates were present in the spinal cord of ALS patients. On the other hand, this neurotoxic fragment was not generated in a mouse model of a familial form of this disease. Together, these results suggest a potential role for this neurotoxic tau fragment in the mechanisms leading to the degeneration of motor neurons in the context of sporadic ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia R Vintilescu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, IL 60611
| | - Sana Afreen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, IL 60611
| | - Ashlee E Rubino
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, IL 60611
| | - Adriana Ferreira
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, IL 60611
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60
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Garbuzova-Davis S, Thomson A, Kurien C, Shytle RD, Sanberg PR. Potential new complication in drug therapy development for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Expert Rev Neurother 2016; 16:1397-1405. [PMID: 27362330 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2016.1207530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by motor neuron degeneration in the brain and spinal cord. Treatment development for ALS is complicated by complex underlying disease factors. Areas covered: Numerous tested drug compounds have shown no benefits in ALS patients, although effective in animal models. Discrepant results of pre-clinical animal studies and clinical trials for ALS have primarily been attributed to limitations of ALS animal models for drug-screening studies and methodological inconsistencies in human trials. Current status of pre-clinical and clinical trials in ALS is summarized. Specific blood-CNS barrier damage in ALS patients, as a novel potential reason for the clinical failures in drug therapies, is discussed. Expert commentary: Pathological perivascular collagen IV accumulation, one unique characteristic of barrier damage in ALS patients, could be hindering transport of therapeutics to the CNS. Restoration of B-CNS-B integrity would foster delivery of therapeutics to the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svitlana Garbuzova-Davis
- a Center of Excellence for Aging & Brain Repair , University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine , Tampa , FL , USA.,b Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair , University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine , Tampa , FL , USA.,c Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology , University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine , Tampa , FL , USA.,d Department of Pathology and Cell Biology , University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine , Tampa , FL , USA
| | - Avery Thomson
- e Department of Neurology , University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine , Tampa , FL , USA
| | - Crupa Kurien
- a Center of Excellence for Aging & Brain Repair , University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine , Tampa , FL , USA
| | - R Douglas Shytle
- a Center of Excellence for Aging & Brain Repair , University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine , Tampa , FL , USA.,b Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair , University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine , Tampa , FL , USA
| | - Paul R Sanberg
- a Center of Excellence for Aging & Brain Repair , University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine , Tampa , FL , USA.,b Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair , University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine , Tampa , FL , USA.,d Department of Pathology and Cell Biology , University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine , Tampa , FL , USA.,f Department of Psychiatry , University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine , Tampa , FL , USA
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Broom HR, Vassall KA, Rumfeldt JAO, Doyle CM, Tong MS, Bonner JM, Meiering EM. Combined Isothermal Titration and Differential Scanning Calorimetry Define Three-State Thermodynamics of fALS-Associated Mutant Apo SOD1 Dimers and an Increased Population of Folded Monomer. Biochemistry 2016; 55:519-33. [PMID: 26710831 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b01187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Many proteins are naturally homooligomers, homodimers most frequently. The overall stability of oligomeric proteins may be described in terms of the stability of the constituent monomers and the stability of their association; together, these stabilities determine the populations of different monomer and associated species, which generally have different roles in the function or dysfunction of the protein. Here we show how a new combined calorimetry approach, using isothermal titration calorimetry to define monomer association energetics together with differential scanning calorimetry to measure total energetics of oligomer unfolding, can be used to analyze homodimeric unmetalated (apo) superoxide dismutase (SOD1) and determine the effects on the stability of structurally diverse mutations associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Despite being located throughout the protein, all mutations studied weaken the dimer interface, while concomitantly either decreasing or increasing the marginal stability of the monomer. Analysis of the populations of dimer, monomer, and unfolded monomer under physiological conditions of temperature, pH, and protein concentration shows that all mutations promote the formation of folded monomers. These findings may help rationalize the key roles proposed for monomer forms of SOD1 in neurotoxic aggregation in ALS, as well as roles for other forms of SOD1. Thus, the results obtained here provide a valuable approach for the quantitative analysis of homooligomeric protein stabilities, which can be used to elucidate the natural and aberrant roles of different forms of these proteins and to improve methods for predicting protein stabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen R Broom
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo , Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Kenrick A Vassall
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo , Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Jessica A O Rumfeldt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo , Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Colleen M Doyle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo , Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Ming Sze Tong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo , Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Julia M Bonner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo , Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Elizabeth M Meiering
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo , Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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Papaevgeniou N, Chondrogianni N. UPS Activation in the Battle Against Aging and Aggregation-Related Diseases: An Extended Review. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1449:1-70. [PMID: 27613027 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3756-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Aging is a biological process accompanied by gradual increase of damage in all cellular macromolecules, i.e., nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins. When the proteostasis network (chaperones and proteolytic systems) cannot reverse the damage load due to its excess as compared to cellular repair/regeneration capacity, failure of homeostasis is established. This failure is a major hallmark of aging and/or aggregation-related diseases. Dysfunction of the major cellular proteolytic machineries, namely the proteasome and the lysosome, has been reported during the progression of aging and aggregation-prone diseases. Therefore, activation of these pathways is considered as a possible preventive or therapeutic approach against the progression of these processes. This chapter focuses on UPS activation studies in cellular and organismal models and the effects of such activation on aging, longevity and disease prevention or reversal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikoletta Papaevgeniou
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Ave., Athens, 11635, Greece
| | - Niki Chondrogianni
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Ave., Athens, 11635, Greece.
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63
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Karademir B, Corek C, Ozer NK. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and proteasomal system in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 88:42-50. [PMID: 26073124 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Protein processing including folding, unfolding and degradation is involved in the mechanisms of many diseases. Unfolded protein response and/or endoplasmic reticulum stress are accepted to be the first steps which should be completed via protein degradation. In this direction, proteasomal system and autophagy play important role as the degradation pathways and controlled via complex mechanisms. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disease which is also known as the most catastrophic one. Mutation of many different genes are involved in the pathogenesis such as superoxide dismutase 1, chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 and ubiquilin 2. These genes are mainly related to the antioxidant defense systems, endoplasmic reticulum stress related proteins and also protein aggregation, degradation pathways and therefore mutation of these genes cause related disorders.This review focused on the role of protein processing via endoplasmic reticulum and proteasomal system in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis which are the main players in the pathology. In this direction, dysfunction of endoplasmic reticulum associated degradation and related cell death mechanisms that are autophagy/apoptosis have been detailed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betul Karademir
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Genetic and Metabolic Diseases Research and Investigation Center (GEMHAM), Marmara University, 34854 Maltepe, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ceyda Corek
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Genetic and Metabolic Diseases Research and Investigation Center (GEMHAM), Marmara University, 34854 Maltepe, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nesrin Kartal Ozer
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Genetic and Metabolic Diseases Research and Investigation Center (GEMHAM), Marmara University, 34854 Maltepe, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Broom HR, Rumfeldt JAO, Vassall KA, Meiering EM. Destabilization of the dimer interface is a common consequence of diverse ALS-associated mutations in metal free SOD1. Protein Sci 2015; 24:2081-9. [PMID: 26362407 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Neurotoxic misfolding of Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1) is implicated in causing amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a devastating and incurable neurodegenerative disease. Disease-linked mutations in SOD1 have been proposed to promote misfolding and aggregation by decreasing protein stability and increasing the proportion of less folded forms of the protein. Here we report direct measurement of the thermodynamic effects of chemically and structurally diverse mutations on the stability of the dimer interface for metal free (apo) SOD1 using isothermal titration calorimetry and size exclusion chromatography. Remarkably, all mutations studied, even ones distant from the dimer interface, decrease interface stability, and increase the population of monomeric SOD1. We interpret the thermodynamic data to mean that substantial structural perturbations accompany dimer dissociation, resulting in the formation of poorly packed and malleable dissociated monomers. These findings provide key information for understanding the mechanisms and energetics underlying normal maturation of SOD1, as well as toxic SOD1 misfolding pathways associated with disease. Furthermore, accurate prediction of protein-protein association remains very difficult, especially when large structural changes are involved in the process, and our findings provide a quantitative set of data for such cases, to improve modelling of protein association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen R Broom
- Department of Chemistry, Guelph-Waterloo Centre for Graduate Work in Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Jessica A O Rumfeldt
- Department of Chemistry, Guelph-Waterloo Centre for Graduate Work in Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Kenrick A Vassall
- Department of Chemistry, Guelph-Waterloo Centre for Graduate Work in Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Elizabeth M Meiering
- Department of Chemistry, Guelph-Waterloo Centre for Graduate Work in Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
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Tang S, Xie M, Cao N, Ding S. Patient-Specific Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells for Disease Modeling and Phenotypic Drug Discovery. J Med Chem 2015; 59:2-15. [PMID: 26322868 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In vitro cell models are invaluable tools for studying diseases and discovering drugs. Human induced pluripotent stem cells, particularly derived from patients, are an advantageous resource for generating ample supplies of cells to create unique platforms that model disease. This manuscript will review recent developments in modeling a variety of diseases (including their cellular phenotypes) with induced pluripotent stem cells derived from patients. It will also describe how researchers have exploited these models to validate drugs as potential therapeutics for these devastating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibing Tang
- Gladstone Institutes , 1650 Owens Street, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Min Xie
- Gladstone Institutes , 1650 Owens Street, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Nan Cao
- Gladstone Institutes , 1650 Owens Street, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Sheng Ding
- Gladstone Institutes , 1650 Owens Street, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
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Chondrogianni N, Voutetakis K, Kapetanou M, Delitsikou V, Papaevgeniou N, Sakellari M, Lefaki M, Filippopoulou K, Gonos ES. Proteasome activation: An innovative promising approach for delaying aging and retarding age-related diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2015; 23:37-55. [PMID: 25540941 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aging is a natural process accompanied by a progressive accumulation of damage in all constituent macromolecules (nucleic acids, lipids and proteins). Accumulation of damage in proteins leads to failure of proteostasis (or vice versa) due to increased levels of unfolded, misfolded or aggregated proteins and, in turn, to aging and/or age-related diseases. The major cellular proteolytic machineries, namely the proteasome and the lysosome, have been shown to dysfunction during aging and age-related diseases. Regarding the proteasome, it is well established that it can be activated either through genetic manipulation or through treatment with natural or chemical compounds that eventually result to extension of lifespan or deceleration of the progression of age-related diseases. This review article focuses on proteasome activation studies in several species and cellular models and their effects on aging and longevity. Moreover, it summarizes findings regarding proteasome activation in the major age-related diseases as well as in progeroid syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niki Chondrogianni
- National Hellenic Research Foundation, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, 48 Vas. Constantinou Ave., 116 35 Athens, Greece.
| | - Konstantinos Voutetakis
- National Hellenic Research Foundation, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, 48 Vas. Constantinou Ave., 116 35 Athens, Greece
| | - Marianna Kapetanou
- National Hellenic Research Foundation, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, 48 Vas. Constantinou Ave., 116 35 Athens, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Delitsikou
- National Hellenic Research Foundation, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, 48 Vas. Constantinou Ave., 116 35 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikoletta Papaevgeniou
- National Hellenic Research Foundation, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, 48 Vas. Constantinou Ave., 116 35 Athens, Greece
| | - Marianthi Sakellari
- National Hellenic Research Foundation, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, 48 Vas. Constantinou Ave., 116 35 Athens, Greece; Örebro University, Medical School, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Maria Lefaki
- National Hellenic Research Foundation, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, 48 Vas. Constantinou Ave., 116 35 Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantina Filippopoulou
- National Hellenic Research Foundation, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, 48 Vas. Constantinou Ave., 116 35 Athens, Greece
| | - Efstathios S Gonos
- National Hellenic Research Foundation, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, 48 Vas. Constantinou Ave., 116 35 Athens, Greece; Örebro University, Medical School, Örebro, Sweden.
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Farrawell NE, Lambert-Smith IA, Warraich ST, Blair IP, Saunders DN, Hatters DM, Yerbury JJ. Distinct partitioning of ALS associated TDP-43, FUS and SOD1 mutants into cellular inclusions. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13416. [PMID: 26293199 PMCID: PMC4544019 DOI: 10.1038/srep13416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a rapidly progressing neurodegenerative disease associated with protein misfolding and aggregation. Most cases are characterized by TDP-43 positive inclusions, while a minority of familial ALS cases are instead FUS and SOD1 positive respectively. Cells can generate inclusions of variable type including previously characterized aggresomes, IPOD or JUNQ structures depending on the misfolded protein. SOD1 invariably forms JUNQ inclusions but it remains unclear whether other ALS protein aggregates arise as one of these previously described inclusion types or form unique structures. Here we show that FUS variably partitioned to IPOD, JUNQ or alternate structures, contain a mobile fraction, were not microtubule dependent and initially did not contain ubiquitin. TDP-43 inclusions formed in a microtubule independent manner, did not contain a mobile fraction but variably colocalized to JUNQ inclusions and another alternate structure. We conclude that the RNA binding proteins TDP-43 and FUS do not consistently fit the currently characterised inclusion models suggesting that cells have a larger repertoire for generating inclusions than currently thought, and imply that toxicity in ALS does not stem from a particular aggregation process or aggregate structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie E. Farrawell
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522 Australia
- Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522 Australia
| | - Isabella A. Lambert-Smith
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522 Australia
- Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522 Australia
| | - Sadaf T. Warraich
- Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Ian P. Blair
- Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Darren N. Saunders
- Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst NSW 2010, Australia
- St Vincent’s Clinical School, UNSW Medicine
| | | | - Justin J. Yerbury
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522 Australia
- Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522 Australia
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Ehrhart J, Smith AJ, Kuzmin-Nichols N, Zesiewicz TA, Jahan I, Shytle RD, Kim SH, Sanberg CD, Vu TH, Gooch CL, Sanberg PR, Garbuzova-Davis S. Humoral factors in ALS patients during disease progression. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:127. [PMID: 26126965 PMCID: PMC4487852 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0350-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease affecting upper and lower motor neurons in the CNS and leading to paralysis and death. There are currently no effective treatments for ALS due to the complexity and heterogeneity of factors involved in motor neuron degeneration. A complex of interrelated effectors have been identified in ALS, yet systemic factors indicating and/or reflecting pathological disease developments are uncertain. The purpose of the study was to identify humoral effectors as potential biomarkers during disease progression. METHODS Thirteen clinically definite ALS patients and seven non-neurological controls enrolled in the study. Peripheral blood samples were obtained from each ALS patient and control at two visits separated by 6 months. The Revised ALS Functional Rating Scale (ALSFRS-R) was used to evaluate overall ALS-patient functional status at each visit. Eleven humoral factors were analyzed in sera. Cytokine levels (GM-CSF, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and TNF-α) were determined using the Bio-Rad Bio-Plex® Luminex 200 multiplex assay system. Nitrite, a breakdown product of NO, was quantified using a Griess Reagent System. Glutathione (GSH) concentrations were measured using a Glutathione Fluorometric Assay Kit. RESULTS ALS patients had ALSFRS-R scores of 30.5 ± 1.9 on their first visit and 27.3 ± 2.7 on the second visit, indicating slight disease progression. Serum multiplex cytokine panels revealed statistically significant changes in IL-2, IL-5, IL-6, and IL-8 levels in ALS patients depending on disease status at each visit. Nitrite serum levels trended upwards in ALS patients while serum GSH concentrations were drastically decreased in sera from ALS patients versus controls at both visits. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrated a systemic pro-inflammatory state and impaired antioxidant system in ALS patients during disease progression. Increased levels of pro-inflammatory IL-6, IL-8, and nitrite and significantly decreased endogenous antioxidant GSH levels could identify these humoral constituents as systemic biomarkers for ALS. However, systemic changes in IL-2, IL-5, and IL-6 levels determined between visits in ALS patients might indicate adaptive immune system responses dependent on current disease stage. These novel findings, showing dynamic changes in humoral effectors during disease progression, could be important for development of an effective treatment for ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam J Smith
- Center of Excellence for Aging & Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA.
| | | | - Theresa A Zesiewicz
- Department of Neurology, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA.
| | - Israt Jahan
- Department of Neurology, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA.
| | - R Douglas Shytle
- Center of Excellence for Aging & Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA. .,Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
| | - Seol-Hee Kim
- Center of Excellence for Aging & Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA.
| | | | - Tuan H Vu
- Department of Neurology, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA.
| | - Clifton L Gooch
- Department of Neurology, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA.
| | - Paul R Sanberg
- Center of Excellence for Aging & Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA. .,Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL, 33612, USA. .,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA.
| | - Svitlana Garbuzova-Davis
- Center of Excellence for Aging & Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA. .,Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL, 33612, USA. .,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA. .,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA.
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Therapeutical Strategies for Spinal Cord Injury and a Promising Autologous Astrocyte-Based Therapy Using Efficient Reprogramming Techniques. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:2826-2842. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9157-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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ALS associated mutant SOD1 impairs the motor neurons and astrocytes and wild type astrocyte secreted-factors reverse the impaired motor neurons. Ann Neurosci 2014; 18:48-55. [PMID: 25205921 PMCID: PMC4117032 DOI: 10.5214/ans.0972.7531.1118205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Revised: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, in which motor neurons degenerate, leading to paralysis, not only the affected motor neurons, but the surrounding non-neuronal cells also contribute significantly to the disease. However, the disease mechanism is not known. PURPOSE In this study we have addressed the disease mechanism by expressing the ALS associated mutant SOD1(G37R) in the motor neurons (mMN) and astrocytes (mA) cell lines. METHODS A series of cell culture assays, immunostaining, RT-PCR and Western blot analysis were performed. RESULTS We noticed impairments in both these cell types. The mMN motor neurons were insensitive to forskolin, a known activator of adenylate cyclase, which leads to motor neuron death. In addition, less number of mMN were positive for phosphorylated neurofilament-H (pNFH) unlike the normal motor neurons. Similarly, the mutant SOD1 expressing astrocytes (mA) had two impairments: The inability to activate the oxidative stress protection and the absence of secretory factor(s). Normal astrocytes and their secreted factors could restore the pNFH in the mMN but not the mA. In addition, we show that pNFH restoration is a specific function since the insensitivity of mMN to forskolin could be rescued by neither normal astrocytes nor their secreted factors. CONCLUSION Thus we demonstrate some of the abnormalities caused by the ALS associated mutant SOD1(G37R) and a potential way, to reverse an abnormality through cell replacement.
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Droppelmann CA, Campos-Melo D, Volkening K, Strong MJ. The emerging role of guanine nucleotide exchange factors in ALS and other neurodegenerative diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:282. [PMID: 25309324 PMCID: PMC4159981 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Small GTPases participate in a broad range of cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, and migration. The exchange of GDP for GTP resulting in the activation of these GTPases is catalyzed by a group of enzymes called guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), of which two classes: Dbl-related exchange factors and the more recently described dedicator of cytokinesis proteins family exchange factors. Increasingly, deregulation of normal GEF activity or function has been associated with a broad range of disease states, including neurodegeneration and neurodevelopmental disorders. In this review, we examine this evidence with special emphasis on the novel role of Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor (RGNEF/p190RhoGEF) in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. RGNEF is the first neurodegeneration-linked GEF that regulates not only RhoA GTPase activation but also functions as an RNA binding protein that directly acts with low molecular weight neurofilament mRNA 3' untranslated region to regulate its stability. This dual role for RGNEF, coupled with the increasing understanding of the key role for GEFs in modulating the GTPase function in cell survival suggests a prominent role for GEFs in mediating a critical balance between cytotoxicity and neuroprotection which, when disturbed, contributes to neuronal loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian A Droppelmann
- Molecular Medicine Group, Robarts Research Institute, Western University London, ON, Canada
| | - Danae Campos-Melo
- Molecular Medicine Group, Robarts Research Institute, Western University London, ON, Canada
| | - Kathryn Volkening
- Molecular Medicine Group, Robarts Research Institute, Western University London, ON, Canada ; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University London, ON, Canada
| | - Michael J Strong
- Molecular Medicine Group, Robarts Research Institute, Western University London, ON, Canada ; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University London, ON, Canada
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72
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Cissé M, Checler F. Eph receptors: new players in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 73:137-49. [PMID: 25193466 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is devastating and leads to permanent losses of memory and other cognitive functions. Although recent genetic evidences strongly argue for a causative role of Aβ in AD onset and progression (Jonsson et al., 2012), its role in AD etiology remains a matter of debate. However, even if not the sole culprit or pathological trigger, genetic and anatomical evidences in conjunction with numerous pharmacological studies, suggest that Aβ peptides, at least contribute to the disease. How Aβ contributes to memory loss remains largely unknown. Soluble Aβ species referred to as Aβ oligomers have been shown to be neurotoxic and induce network failure and cognitive deficits in animal models of the disease. In recent years, several proteins were described as potential Aβ oligomers receptors, amongst which are the receptor tyrosine kinases of Eph family. These receptors together with their natural ligands referred to as ephrins have been involved in a plethora of physiological and pathological processes, including embryonic neurogenesis, learning and memory, diabetes, cancers and anxiety. Here we review recent discoveries on Eph receptors-mediated protection against Aβ oligomers neurotoxicity as well as their potential as therapeutic targets in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moustapha Cissé
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR7275 CNRS/UNS, "Labex Distalz", 660 route des Lucioles, 06560, Sophia-Antipolis, Valbonne, France..
| | - Frédéric Checler
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR7275 CNRS/UNS, "Labex Distalz", 660 route des Lucioles, 06560, Sophia-Antipolis, Valbonne, France..
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Droppelmann CA, Campos-Melo D, Ishtiaq M, Volkening K, Strong MJ. RNA metabolism in ALS: When normal processes become pathological. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener 2014; 15:321-36. [DOI: 10.3109/21678421.2014.881377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Garbuzova-Davis S, Sanberg PR. Blood-CNS Barrier Impairment in ALS patients versus an animal model. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:21. [PMID: 24550780 PMCID: PMC3910123 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a severe neurodegenerative disease with a complicated and poorly understood pathogenesis. Recently, alterations in the blood-Central Nervous System barrier (B-CNS-B) have been recognized as a key factor possibly aggravating motor neuron damage. The majority of findings on ALS microvascular pathology have been determined in mutant superoxide dismutase (SOD1) rodent models, identifying barrier damage during disease development which might similarly occur in familial ALS patients carrying the SOD1 mutation. However, our knowledge of B-CNS-B competence in sporadic ALS (SALS) has been limited. We recently showed structural and functional impairment in postmortem gray and white matter microvessels of medulla and spinal cord tissue from SALS patients, suggesting pervasive barrier damage. Although numerous signs of barrier impairment (endothelial cell degeneration, capillary leakage, perivascular edema, downregulation of tight junction proteins, and microhemorrhages) are indicated in both mutant SOD1 animal models of ALS and SALS patients, other pathogenic barrier alterations have as yet only been identified in SALS patients. Pericyte degeneration, perivascular collagen IV expansion, and white matter capillary abnormalities in SALS patients are significant barrier related pathologies yet to be noted in ALS SOD1 animal models. In the current review, these important differences in blood-CNS barrier damage between ALS patients and animal models, which may signify altered barrier transport mechanisms, are discussed. Understanding discrepancies in barrier condition between ALS patients and animal models may be crucial for developing effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svitlana Garbuzova-Davis
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South FloridaTampa, FL, USA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South FloridaTampa, FL, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South FloridaTampa, FL, USA
| | - Paul R. Sanberg
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South FloridaTampa, FL, USA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South FloridaTampa, FL, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South FloridaTampa, FL, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South FloridaTampa, FL, USA
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Ishtiaq M, Campos-Melo D, Volkening K, Strong MJ. Analysis of novel NEFL mRNA targeting microRNAs in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85653. [PMID: 24454911 PMCID: PMC3893244 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal disease characterized by progressive motor neuron degeneration and neurofilament aggregate formation. Spinal motor neurons in ALS also show a selective suppression in the levels of low molecular weight neurofilament (NEFL) mRNA. We have been interested in investigating the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in NEFL transcript stability. MiRNAs are small, 20–25 nucleotide, non-coding RNAs that act as post-transcriptional gene regulators by targeting the 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR) of mRNA resulting in mRNA decay or translational silencing. In this study, we characterized putative novel miRNAs from a small RNA library derived from control and sporadic ALS (sALS) spinal cords. We detected 80 putative novel miRNAs, 24 of which have miRNA response elements (MREs) within the NEFL mRNA 3′UTR. From this group, we determined by real-time PCR that 10 miRNAs were differentially expressed in sALS compared to controls. Functional analysis by reporter gene assay and relative quantitative RT-PCR showed that two novel miRNAs, miR-b1336 and miR-b2403, were downregulated in ALS spinal cord and that both stabilize NEFL mRNA. We confirmed the direct effect of these latter miRNAs using anit-miR-b1336 and anti-miR-b2403. These results demonstrate that the expression of two miRNAs (miRNAs miR-b1336 and miR-b2403) whose effect is to stabilize NEFL mRNA are down regulated in ALS, the net effect of which is predicted to contribute directly to the loss of NEFL steady state mRNA which is pathognomic of spinal motor neurons in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ishtiaq
- Molecular Medicine Research Group, Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Danae Campos-Melo
- Molecular Medicine Research Group, Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kathryn Volkening
- Molecular Medicine Research Group, Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael J. Strong
- Molecular Medicine Research Group, Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Neuroprotective function of 14-3-3 proteins in neurodegeneration. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:564534. [PMID: 24364034 PMCID: PMC3865737 DOI: 10.1155/2013/564534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
14-3-3 proteins are abundantly expressed adaptor proteins that interact with a vast number of binding partners to regulate their cellular localization and function. They regulate substrate function in a number of ways including protection from dephosphorylation, regulation of enzyme activity, formation of ternary complexes and sequestration. The diversity of 14-3-3 interacting partners thus enables 14-3-3 proteins to impact a wide variety of cellular and physiological processes. 14-3-3 proteins are broadly expressed in the brain, and clinical and experimental studies have implicated 14-3-3 proteins in neurodegenerative disease. A recurring theme is that 14-3-3 proteins play important roles in pathogenesis through regulating the subcellular localization of target proteins. Here, we review the evidence that 14-3-3 proteins regulate aspects of neurodegenerative disease with a focus on their protective roles against neurodegeneration.
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77
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Gargiulo-Monachelli GM, Campos-Melo D, Droppelmann CA, Keller BA, Leystra-Lantz C, De Nicola AF, Gonzalez Deniselle MC, Volkening K, Strong MJ. Expression and cellular localization of the classical progesterone receptor in healthy and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis affected spinal cord. Eur J Neurol 2013; 21:273-80.e11. [DOI: 10.1111/ene.12291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. M. Gargiulo-Monachelli
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry; Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental − CONICET and School of Medicine; University of Buenos Aires; Buenos Aires Argentina
- Molecular Brain Research Group; Robarts Research Institute; Western University; London ON Canada
| | - D. Campos-Melo
- Molecular Brain Research Group; Robarts Research Institute; Western University; London ON Canada
| | - C. A. Droppelmann
- Molecular Brain Research Group; Robarts Research Institute; Western University; London ON Canada
| | - B. A. Keller
- Molecular Brain Research Group; Robarts Research Institute; Western University; London ON Canada
- Department of Pathology; Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry; Western University; London ON Canada
| | - C. Leystra-Lantz
- Molecular Brain Research Group; Robarts Research Institute; Western University; London ON Canada
| | - A. F. De Nicola
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry; Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental − CONICET and School of Medicine; University of Buenos Aires; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - M. C. Gonzalez Deniselle
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry; Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental − CONICET and School of Medicine; University of Buenos Aires; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - K. Volkening
- Molecular Brain Research Group; Robarts Research Institute; Western University; London ON Canada
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences; Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry; Western University; London ON Canada
| | - M. J. Strong
- Molecular Brain Research Group; Robarts Research Institute; Western University; London ON Canada
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences; Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry; Western University; London ON Canada
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Kim SH, Jung SY, Lee KW, Lee SH, Cai M, Choi SM, Yang EJ. Bee venom effects on ubiquitin proteasome system in hSOD1(G85R)-expressing NSC34 motor neuron cells. Altern Ther Health Med 2013; 13:179. [PMID: 23866691 PMCID: PMC3722004 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-13-179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease that results from a progressive loss of motor neurons. Familial ALS (fALS) is caused by missense mutations in Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) that frequently result in the accumulation of mutant protein aggregates that are associated with impairments in the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). UPS impairment has been implicated in many neurological disorders. Bee venom (BV) extracted from honey bees has been used as a traditional medicine for treating inflammatory diseases and has been shown to attenuate the neuroinflammatory events that occur in a symptomatic ALS animal model. Methods NSC34 cells were transiently transfected with a WT or G85R hSOD1-GFP construct for 24 hrs and then stimulated with 2.5 μg/ml BV for 24 hrs. To determine whether a SOD1 mutation affects UPS function in NSC34 cells, we examined proteasome activity and performed western blotting and immunofluorescence using specific antibodies, such as anti-misfolded SOD1, anti-ubiquitin, anti-GRP78, anti-LC3, and anti-ISG15 antibodies. Results We found that GFP-hSOD1G85R overexpression induced SOD1 inclusions and reduced proteasome activity compared with the overexpression of GFP alone in NSC34 motor neuronal cells. In addition, we also observed that BV treatment restored proteasome activity and reduced the accumulation of ubiquitinated and misfolded SOD1 in GFP-hSOD1G85R-overexpressing NSC34 motor neuronal cells. However, BV treatment did not activate the autophagic pathway in these cells. Conclusion Our findings suggest that BV may rescue the impairment of the UPS in ALS models.
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79
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T helper-17 activation dominates the immunologic milieu of both amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and progressive multiple sclerosis. Clin Immunol 2013; 148:79-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2013.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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80
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Yerbury JJ, Gower D, Vanags L, Roberts K, Lee JA, Ecroyd H. The small heat shock proteins αB-crystallin and Hsp27 suppress SOD1 aggregation in vitro. Cell Stress Chaperones 2013; 18:251-7. [PMID: 22993064 PMCID: PMC3581626 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-012-0371-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 09/02/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a devastating neurodegenerative disease. The mechanism that underlies amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) pathology remains unclear, but protein inclusions are associated with all forms of the disease. Apart from pathogenic proteins, such as TDP-43 and SOD1, other proteins are associated with ALS inclusions including small heat shock proteins. However, whether small heat shock proteins have a direct effect on SOD1 aggregation remains unknown. In this study, we have examined the ability of small heat shock proteins αB-crystallin and Hsp27 to inhibit the aggregation of SOD1 in vitro. We show that these chaperone proteins suppress the increase in thioflavin T fluorescence associated with SOD1 aggregation, primarily through inhibiting aggregate growth, not the lag phase in which nuclei are formed. αB-crystallin forms high molecular mass complexes with SOD1 and binds directly to SOD1 aggregates. Our data are consistent with an overload of proteostasis systems being associated with pathology in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin J. Yerbury
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW 2522 Australia
| | - Dane Gower
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW 2522 Australia
| | - Laura Vanags
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW 2522 Australia
| | - Kate Roberts
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW 2522 Australia
| | - Jodi A. Lee
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW 2522 Australia
| | - Heath Ecroyd
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW 2522 Australia
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81
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Droppelmann CA, Wang J, Campos-Melo D, Keller B, Volkening K, Hegele RA, Strong MJ. Detection of a novel frameshift mutation and regions with homozygosis within ARHGEF28 gene in familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener 2013; 14:444-51. [PMID: 23286752 DOI: 10.3109/21678421.2012.758288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor (RGNEF) is a novel NFL mRNA destabilizing factor that forms neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions in spinal motor neurons in both sporadic (SALS) and familial (FALS) ALS patients. Given the observation of genetic mutations in a number of mRNA binding proteins associated with ALS, including TDP-43, FUS/TLS and mtSOD1, we analysed the ARHGEF28 gene (approx. 316 kb) that encodes for RGNEF in FALS cases to determine if mutations were present. We performed genomic sequencing, copy number variation analysis using TaqMan real-time PCR and spinal motor neuron immunohistochemistry using a novel RGNEF antibody. In this limited sample of FALS cases (n=7) we identified a heterozygous mutation that is predicted to generate a premature truncated gene product. We also observed extensive regions of homozygosity in the ARHGEF28 gene in two FALS patients. In conclusion, our findings of genetic alterations in the ARHGEF28 gene in cases of FALS suggest that a more comprehensive genetic analysis would be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian A Droppelmann
- Molecular Brain Research Group, Robarts Research Institute , University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario
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82
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Keller BA, Volkening K, Droppelmann CA, Ang LC, Rademakers R, Strong MJ. Co-aggregation of RNA binding proteins in ALS spinal motor neurons: evidence of a common pathogenic mechanism. Acta Neuropathol 2012; 124:733-47. [PMID: 22941224 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-012-1035-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Revised: 07/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
While the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) remains to be clearly delineated, there is mounting evidence that altered RNA metabolism is a commonality amongst several of the known genetic variants of the disease. In this study, we evaluated the expression of 10 ALS-associated proteins in spinal motor neurons (MNs) in ALS patients with mutations in C9orf72 (C9orf72(GGGGCC)-ALS; n = 5), SOD1 (mtSOD1-ALS; n = 9), FUS/TLS (mtFUS/TLS-ALS; n = 2), or TARDBP (mtTDP-43-ALS; n = 2) and contrasted these to cases of sporadic ALS (sALS; n = 4) and familial ALS without known mutations (fALS; n = 2). We performed colorimetric immunohistochemistry (IHC) using antibodies against TDP-43, FUS/TLS, SOD1, C9orf72, ubiquitin, sequestosome 1 (p62), optineurin, phosphorylated high molecular weight neurofilament, peripherin, and Rho-guanine nucleotide exchange factor (RGNEF). We observed that RGNEF-immunoreactive neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions (NCIs) can co-localize with TDP-43, FUS/TLS and p62 within spinal MNs. We confirmed their capacity to interact by co-immunoprecipitations. We also found that mtSOD1-ALS cases possess a unique IHC signature, including the presence of C9orf72-immunoreactive diffuse NCIs, which allows them to be distinguished from other variants of ALS at the level of light microscopy. These findings support the hypothesis that alterations in RNA metabolism are a core pathogenic pathway in ALS. We also conclude that routine IHC-based analysis of spinal MNs may aid in the identification of families not previously suspected to harbor SOD1 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Keller
- Department of Pathology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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83
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Kolarcik C, Bowser R. Plasma and Cerebrospinal Fluid-Based Protein Biomarkers for Motor Neuron Disease. Mol Diagn Ther 2012; 10:281-92. [PMID: 17022691 DOI: 10.1007/bf03256203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Motor neuron diseases (MNDs) and, in particular, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), are a heterogeneous group of neurologic disorders characterized by the progressive loss of motor function. In ALS, a selective and relentless degeneration of both upper and lower motor neurons occurs, culminating in mortality typically within 5 years of symptom onset. However, survival rates vary among individual patients and can be from a few months to >10 years from diagnosis. Inadequacies in disease detection and treatment, along with a lack of diagnostic and prognostic tools, have prompted many to turn to proteomics-based biomarker discovery efforts. Proteomics refers to the study of the proteins expressed by a genome at a particular time, and the proteome can respond to and reflect the status of an organism, including health and disease states. Although an emerging field, proteomic applications promise to uncover biomarkers critical for differentiating patients with ALS and other MNDs from healthy individuals and from patients affected by other diseases. Ideally, these studies will also provide mechanistic information to facilitate identification of new drug targets for subsequent therapeutic development. In addition to proper experimental design, standard operating procedures for sample acquisition, preprocessing, and storage must be developed. Biological samples typically analyzed in proteomic studies of neurologic diseases include both plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Recent studies have identified individual proteins and/or protein panels from blood plasma and CSF that represent putative biomarkers for ALS, although many of these proteins are not unique to this disease. Continued investigations are required to validate these initial findings and to further pursue the role of these proteins as diagnostic biomarkers or surrogate markers of disease progression. Protein biomarkers specific to ALS will additionally function to evaluate drug efficacy in clinical trials and to identify novel targets for drug design. It is hoped that proteomic technologies will soon integrate the basic biology of ALS with mechanistic disease information to achieve success in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christi Kolarcik
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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84
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Droppelmann CA, Keller BA, Campos-Melo D, Volkening K, Strong MJ. Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor is an NFL mRNA destabilizing factor that forms cytoplasmic inclusions in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurobiol Aging 2012; 34:248-62. [PMID: 22835604 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an adult-onset progressive disorder of unknown etiology characterized by the selective degeneration of motor neurons. Recent evidence supports the hypothesis that alterations in RNA metabolism in motor neurons can explain the development of protein inclusions, including neurofilamentous aggregates, observed in this pathology. In mice, p190RhoGEF, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor, is involved in neurofilament protein aggregation in an RNA-triggered transgenic model of motor neuron disease. Here, we observed that rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor (RGNEF), the human homologue of p190RhoGEF, binds low molecular weight neurofilament mRNA and affects its stability via 3' untranslated region destabilization. We observed that the overexpression of RGNEF in a stable cell line significantly decreased the level of low molecular weight neurofilament protein. Furthermore, we observed RGNEF cytoplasmic inclusions in ALS spinal motor neurons that colocalized with ubiquitin, p62/sequestosome-1, and TAR (trans-active regulatory) DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43). Our results provide further evidence that RNA metabolism pathways are integral to ALS pathology. This is also the first described link between ALS and an RNA binding protein with aggregate formation that is also a central cell signaling pathway molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian A Droppelmann
- Molecular Brain Research Group, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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85
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Lu CH, Petzold A, Kalmar B, Dick J, Malaspina A, Greensmith L. Plasma neurofilament heavy chain levels correlate to markers of late stage disease progression and treatment response in SOD1(G93A) mice that model ALS. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40998. [PMID: 22815892 PMCID: PMC3397981 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an incurable neurodegenerative disorder characterised by progressive degeneration of motor neurons leading to death, typically within 3–5 years of symptom onset. The diagnosis of ALS is largely reliant on clinical assessment and electrophysiological findings. Neither specific investigative tools nor reliable biomarkers are currently available to enable an early diagnosis or monitoring of disease progression, hindering the design of treatment trials. Methodology/Principal Findings In this study, using the well-established SOD1G93A mouse model of ALS and a new in-house ELISA method, we have validated that plasma neurofilament heavy chain protein (NfH) levels correlate with both functional markers of late stage disease progression and treatment response. We detected a significant increase in plasma levels of phosphorylated NfH during disease progression in SOD1G93A mice from 105 days onwards. Moreover, increased plasma NfH levels correlated with the decline in muscle force, motor unit survival and, more significantly, with the loss of spinal motor neurons in SOD1 mice during this critical period of decline. Importantly, mice treated with the disease modifying compound arimoclomol had lower plasma NfH levels, suggesting plasma NfH levels could be validated as an outcome measure for treatment trials. Conclusions/Significance These results show that plasma NfH levels closely reflect later stages of disease progression and therapeutic response in the SOD1G93A mouse model of ALS and may potentially be a valuable biomarker of later disease progression in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Hua Lu
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Trauma and Neuroscience Centre, Blizard Institute, Barts and The School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Axel Petzold
- Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- VU Medical Centre, Dept. of Neurology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bernadett Kalmar
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - James Dick
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Malaspina
- Trauma and Neuroscience Centre, Blizard Institute, Barts and The School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- North-East London and Essex MND Care and Research Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Linda Greensmith
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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86
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Bak TH, Chandran S. What wires together dies together: Verbs, actions and neurodegeneration in motor neuron disease. Cortex 2012; 48:936-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2011.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Revised: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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87
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Garbuzova-Davis S, Hernandez-Ontiveros DG, Rodrigues MCO, Haller E, Frisina-Deyo A, Mirtyl S, Sallot S, Saporta S, Borlongan CV, Sanberg PR. Impaired blood-brain/spinal cord barrier in ALS patients. Brain Res 2012; 1469:114-28. [PMID: 22750125 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Vascular pathology, including blood-brain/spinal cord barrier (BBB/BSCB) alterations, has recently been recognized as a key factor possibly aggravating motor neuron damage, identifying a neurovascular disease signature for ALS. However, BBB/BSCB competence in sporadic ALS (SALS) is still undetermined. In this study, BBB/BSCB integrity in postmortem gray and white matter of medulla and spinal cord tissue from SALS patients and controls was investigated. Major findings include (1) endothelial cell damage and pericyte degeneration, (2) severe intra- and extracellular edema, (3) reduced CD31 and CD105 expressions in endothelium, (4) significant accumulation of perivascular collagen IV, and fibrin deposits (5) significantly increased microvascular density in lumbar spinal cord, (6) IgG microvascular leakage, (7) reduced tight junction and adhesion protein expressions. Microvascular barrier abnormalities determined in gray and white matter of the medulla, cervical, and lumbar spinal cord of SALS patients are novel findings. Pervasive barrier damage discovered in ALS may have implications for disease pathogenesis and progression, as well as for uncovering novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svitlana Garbuzova-Davis
- Center of Excellence for Aging & Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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88
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The Neuroinflammatory Response in ALS: The Roles of Microglia and T Cells. Neurol Res Int 2012; 2012:803701. [PMID: 22666587 PMCID: PMC3362167 DOI: 10.1155/2012/803701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by upper and lower motoneuron death. Mutations in the gene for superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) cause a familial form of ALS and have been used to develop transgenic mice which overexpress human mutant SOD1 (mSOD) and these mice exhibit a motoneuron disease which is pathologically and phenotypically similar to ALS. Neuroinflammation is a pathological hallmark of many neurodegenerative diseases including ALS and is typified by the activation and proliferation of microglia and the infiltration of T cells into the brain and spinal cord. Although the neuroinflammatory response has been considered a consequence of neuronal dysfunction and death, evidence indicates that manipulation of this response can alter disease progression. Previously viewed as deleterious to neuronal survival, recent reports suggest a trophic role for activated microglia in the mSOD mouse during the early stages of disease that is dependent on instructive signals from infiltrating T cells. However, at advanced stages of disease, activated microglia acquire increased neurotoxic potential, warranting further investigation into factors capable of skewing microglial activation towards a neurotrophic phenotype as a means of therapeutic intervention in ALS.
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89
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Tarasiuk J, Kułakowska A, Drozdowski W, Kornhuber J, Lewczuk P. CSF markers in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2012; 119:747-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-012-0806-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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90
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Rodrigues MCO, Voltarelli JC, Sanberg PR, Borlongan CV, Garbuzova-Davis S. Immunological Aspects in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Transl Stroke Res 2012; 3:331-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s12975-012-0177-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 04/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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91
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Rodrigues MCO, Hernandez-Ontiveros DG, Louis MK, Willing AE, Borlongan CV, Sanberg PR, Voltarelli JC, Garbuzova-Davis S. Neurovascular aspects of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2012; 102:91-106. [PMID: 22748827 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386986-9.00004-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a severe neurodegenerative disease with a complicated and poorly understood pathogenesis. Strong evidence indicates impairment of all neurovascular unit components including the blood-brain and blood-spinal cord barriers (BBB/BSCB) in both patients and animal models. The present review provides an updated analysis of the microvascular pathology and impaired BBB/BSCB in ALS. Based on experimental and clinical ALS studies, the roles of cellular components, cell interactions, tight junctions, transport systems, cytokines, matrix metalloproteinases, and free radicals in the BBB/BSCB disruption are discussed. The impact of BBB/BSCB damage in ALS pathogenesis is a novel research topic, and this review will reveal some aspects of microvascular pathology involved in the disease and hopefully engender new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Carolina O Rodrigues
- Center of Excellence for Aging & Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA
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92
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Ince PG, Highley JR, Kirby J, Wharton SB, Takahashi H, Strong MJ, Shaw PJ. Molecular pathology and genetic advances in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: an emerging molecular pathway and the significance of glial pathology. Acta Neuropathol 2011; 122:657-71. [PMID: 22105541 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-011-0913-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Research into amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) has been stimulated by a series of genetic and molecular pathology discoveries. The hallmark neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions of sporadic ALS (sALS) predominantly comprise a nuclear RNA processing protein, TDP-43 encoded by the gene TARDBP, a discovery that emerged from high throughput analysis of human brain tissue from patients with frontotemporal dementia (FTD) who share a common molecular pathology with ALS. The link between RNA processing and ALS was further strengthened by the discovery that another genetic locus linking familial ALS (fALS) and FTD was due to mutation of the fused in sarcoma (FUS) gene. Of potentially even greater importance it emerges that TDP-43 accumulation and inclusion formation characterises not only most sALS cases but also those that arise from mutations in several genes including TARDBP (predominantly ALS cases) itself, C9ORF72 (ALS and FTD cases), progranulin (predominantly FTD phenotypes), VAPB (predominantly ALS cases) and in some ALS cases with rare genetic variants of uncertain pathogenicity (CHMP2B). "TDP-proteinopathy" therefore now represents a final common pathology associated with changes in multiple genes and opens the possibility of research by triangulation towards key common upstream molecular events. It also delivers final proof of the hypothesis that ALS and most FTD cases are disorders within a common pathology expressed as a clinico-anatomical spectrum. The emergence of TDP-proteinopathy also confirms the view that glial pathology is a crucial facet in this class of neurodegeneration, adding to the established view of non-nerve cell autonomous degeneration of the motor system from previous research on SOD1 fALS. Future research into the mechanisms of TDP-43 and FUS-related neurodegeneration, taking into account the major component of glial pathology now revealed in those disorders will significantly accelerate new discoveries in this field, including target identification for new therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul G Ince
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK.
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93
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Bendotti C, Marino M, Cheroni C, Fontana E, Crippa V, Poletti A, De Biasi S. Dysfunction of constitutive and inducible ubiquitin-proteasome system in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: implication for protein aggregation and immune response. Prog Neurobiol 2011; 97:101-26. [PMID: 22033150 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Revised: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is the major intracellular proteolytic mechanism controlling the degradation of misfolded/abnormal proteins. A common hallmark in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and in other neurodegenerative disorders is the accumulation of misfolded/abnormal proteins into the damaged neurons, leading to the formation of cellular inclusions that are mostly ubiquitin-positive. Although proteolysis is a complex mechanism requiring the participation of different pathways, the abundant accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins strongly suggests an important contribution of UPS to these neuropathological features. The use of cellular and animal models of ALS, particularly those expressing mutant SOD1, the gene mutation most represented in familiar ALS, has provided significant evidence for a role of UPS in protein inclusions formation and motor neuron death. This review will specifically discuss this piece of evidence and provide suggestions of potential strategies for therapeutic intervention. We will also discuss the finding that, unlike the constitutive proteasome subunits, the inducible subunits are overexpressed early during disease progression in SOD1 mice models of ALS. These subunits form the immunoproteasome and generate peptides for the major histocompatibility complex class I molecules, suggesting a role of this system in the immune responses associated with the pathological features of ALS. Since recent discoveries indicate that innate and adaptive immunity may influence the disease process, in this review we will also provide evidence of a possible connection between immune-inflammatory reactions and UPS function, in the attempt to better understand the etiopathology of ALS and to identify appropriate targets for novel treatment strategies of this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Bendotti
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Via La Masa, 19, 20156 Milano, Italy.
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94
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Accumulation of wildtype and ALS-linked mutated VAPB impairs activity of the proteasome. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26066. [PMID: 21998752 PMCID: PMC3187839 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular homeostasis relies on a tight control of protein synthesis, folding and degradation, in which the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) quality control and the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) have an instrumental function. ER stress and aberrant accumulation of misfolded proteins represent a pathological signature of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a fatal paralytic disorder caused by the selective degeneration of motoneurons in the brain and spinal cord. Mutations in the ER-resident protein VAPB have been associated with familial forms of the disease. ALS-linked mutations cause VAPB to form cytoplasmic aggregates. We previously demonstrated that viral-mediated expression of both wildtype and mutant human VAPB (hVAPB) leads to an ER stress response that contributes to the selective death of motoneurons. However, the mechanisms behind ER stress, defective UPS and hVAPB-associated motoneuron degeneration remain elusive. Here, we show that the overexpression of wildtype and mutated hVAPB, which is found to be less stable than the wildtype protein, leads to the abnormal accumulation of ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like protein conjugates in non-human primate cells. We observed that overexpression of both forms of hVAPB elicited an ER stress response. Treatment of wildtype and mutated hVAPB expressing cells with the ER stress inhibitor salubrinal diminished the burden of ubiquitinated proteins, suggesting that ER stress contributes to the impairment of proteasome function. We also found that both wildtype and mutated hVAPB can associate with the 20S proteasome, which was found to accumulate at the ER with wildtype hVAPB or in mutant hVAPB aggregates. Our results suggest that ER stress and corruption of the proteasome function might contribute to the aberrant protein homeostasis associated with hVAPB.
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95
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Doyle KM, Kennedy D, Gorman AM, Gupta S, Healy SJM, Samali A. Unfolded proteins and endoplasmic reticulum stress in neurodegenerative disorders. J Cell Mol Med 2011; 15:2025-39. [PMID: 21722302 PMCID: PMC4394214 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2011.01374.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The stimuli for neuronal cell death in neurodegenerative disorders are multi-factorial and may include genetic predisposition, environmental factors, cellular stressors such as oxidative stress and free radical production, bioenergy failure, glutamate-induced excitotoxicity, neuroinflammation, disruption of Ca(2+) -regulating systems, mitochondrial dysfunction and misfolded protein accumulation. Cellular stress disrupts functioning of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), a critical organelle for protein quality control, leading to induction of the unfolded protein response (UPR). ER stress may contribute to neurodegeneration in a range of neurodegenerative disorders. This review summarizes the molecular events occurring during ER stress and the unfolded protein response and it specifically evaluates the evidence suggesting the ER stress response plays a role in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Donna Kennedy
- School of Natural Sciences, NUI GalwayGalway, Ireland
- Apoptosis Research Center, NUI GalwayGalway, Ireland
| | - Adrienne M Gorman
- School of Natural Sciences, NUI GalwayGalway, Ireland
- Apoptosis Research Center, NUI GalwayGalway, Ireland
| | - Sanjeev Gupta
- School of Medicine, NUI GalwayGalway, Ireland
- Apoptosis Research Center, NUI GalwayGalway, Ireland
| | - Sandra J M Healy
- School of Natural Sciences, NUI GalwayGalway, Ireland
- Apoptosis Research Center, NUI GalwayGalway, Ireland
| | - Afshin Samali
- School of Medicine, NUI GalwayGalway, Ireland
- School of Natural Sciences, NUI GalwayGalway, Ireland
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96
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Reed TT. Lipid peroxidation and neurodegenerative disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:1302-19. [PMID: 21782935 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 442] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Lipid peroxidation is a complex process involving the interaction of oxygen-derived free radicals with polyunsaturated fatty acids, resulting in a variety of highly reactive electrophilic aldehydes. Since 1975, lipid peroxidation has been extensively studied in a variety of organisms. As neurodegenerative diseases became better understood, research establishing a link between this form of oxidative damage, neurodegeneration, and disease has provided a wealth of knowledge to the scientific community. With the advent of proteomics in 1995, the identification of biomarkers for neurodegenerative disorders became of paramount importance to better understand disease pathogenesis and develop potential therapeutic strategies. This review focuses on the relationship between lipid peroxidation and neurodegenerative diseases. It also demonstrates how findings in current research support the common themes of altered energy metabolism and mitochondrial dysfunction in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanea T Reed
- Department of Chemistry, Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, KY 40475, USA.
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97
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Chiu AS, Gehringer MM, Welch JH, Neilan BA. Does α-amino-β-methylaminopropionic acid (BMAA) play a role in neurodegeneration? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2011; 8:3728-46. [PMID: 22016712 PMCID: PMC3194113 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph8093728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The association of α-amino-β-methylaminopropionic acid (BMAA) with elevated incidence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/Parkinson’s disease complex (ALS/PDC) was first identified on the island of Guam. BMAA has been shown to be produced across the cyanobacterial order and its detection has been reported in a variety of aquatic and terrestrial environments worldwide, suggesting that it is ubiquitous. Various in vivo studies on rats, mice, chicks and monkeys have shown that it can cause neurodegenerative symptoms such as ataxia and convulsions. Zebrafish research has also shown disruption to neural development after BMAA exposure. In vitro studies on mice, rats and leeches have shown that BMAA acts predominantly on motor neurons. Observed increases in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Ca2+ influx, coupled with disruption to mitochondrial activity and general neuronal death, indicate that the main mode of activity is via excitotoxic mechanisms. The current review pertaining to the neurotoxicity of BMAA clearly demonstrates its ability to adversely affect neural tissues, and implicates it as a potentially significant compound in the aetiology of neurodegenerative disease. When considering the potential adverse health effects upon exposure to this compound, further research to better understand the modes of toxicity of BMAA and the environmental exposure limits is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S Chiu
- The School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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98
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Taghibiglou C, Lu J, Mackenzie IR, Wang YT, Cashman NR. Sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 (SREBP1) activation in motor neurons in excitotoxicity and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS): Indip, a potential therapeutic peptide. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 413:159-63. [PMID: 21871872 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease of motor neurons in which glutamatergic excitotoxicity may participate. A recently characterized downstream effector of glutamatergic excitotoxicity is the activation of the lipid transcription factor sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 (SREBP1). Here we report that in spinal cord tissues of transgenic mouse model, G93A, as well as post-mortem spinal cord specimens of human familial and sporadic ALS, significant activation of SREBP1 following drastic degradation of ER membrane resident protein Insig-1. A TAT-fused short peptide (Indip) to prevent Insig-1 degradation and subsequent SREBP1 activation significantly protected cultured spinal cord neurons against glutamate-induced excitotoxicity. Indip or other SREBP1-pathway modulating compounds may prove beneficial in ALS.
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99
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van Eersel J, Ke YD, Gladbach A, Bi M, Götz J, Kril JJ, Ittner LM. Cytoplasmic accumulation and aggregation of TDP-43 upon proteasome inhibition in cultured neurons. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22850. [PMID: 21829535 PMCID: PMC3146516 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) are characterized by intraneuronal deposition of the nuclear TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) caused by unknown mechanisms. Here, we studied TDP-43 in primary neurons under different stress conditions and found that only proteasome inhibition by MG-132 or lactacystin could induce significant cytoplasmic accumulation of TDP-43, a histopathological hallmark in disease. This cytoplasmic accumulation was accompanied by phosphorylation, ubiquitination and aggregation of TDP-43, recapitulating major features of disease. Proteasome inhibition produced similar effects in both hippocampal and cortical neurons, as well as in immortalized motor neurons. To determine the contribution of TDP-43 to cell death, we reduced TDP-43 expression using small interfering RNA (siRNA), and found that reduced levels of TDP-43 dose-dependently rendered neurons more vulnerable to MG-132. Taken together, our data suggests a role for the proteasome in subcellular localization of TDP-43, and possibly in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet van Eersel
- Laboratory for Translational Neurodegeneration, Brain & Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Yazi D. Ke
- Laboratory for Translational Neurodegeneration, Brain & Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Amadeus Gladbach
- Laboratory for Translational Neurodegeneration, Brain & Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mian Bi
- Laboratory for Translational Neurodegeneration, Brain & Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jürgen Götz
- Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease Laboratory, Brain & Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jillian J. Kril
- Disciplines of Medicine and Pathology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Lars M. Ittner
- Laboratory for Translational Neurodegeneration, Brain & Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- * E-mail:
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100
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Garbuzova-Davis S, Rodrigues MC, Hernandez-Ontiveros DG, Louis MK, Willing AE, Borlongan CV, Sanberg PR. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A neurovascular disease. Brain Res 2011; 1398:113-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2011] [Revised: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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