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Coutlée F, Trottier H, Gagnon S, Koushik A, Richardson H, Roger M, Ferenczy AS, Franco EL. Low-risk human papillomavirus type 6 DNA load and integration in cervical samples from women with squamous intraepithelial lesions. J Clin Virol 2009; 45:96-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2009.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2008] [Revised: 03/26/2009] [Accepted: 03/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Muenscher A, Feucht H, Kutta H, Tesche S, Wenzel S. Plattenepithelkarzinom des Larynx bei einem 12-jährigen Jungen. HNO 2009; 57:617-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00106-008-1817-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Carvalho CM, Huot L, Charlois AL, Khalfallah SA, Chapuis F, Froehlich P. Prognostic factors of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis from a registry of 72 patients. Acta Otolaryngol 2009; 129:462-70. [PMID: 19235575 DOI: 10.1080/00016480902737986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
CONCLUSIONS The database revealed severity factors relating to human papillomavirus (HPV) type and age at diagnosis. While not exhaustive, the database is easy to use and could serve for a European multicentre epidemiological study. OBJECTIVES To propose a database as a starting point for a national registry and to estimate prognostic factors in recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP). MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a retrospective study carried out in a tertiary care teaching hospital. From January 2005 to July 2007, epidemiological, clinical and treatment information on patients undergoing endoscopy for RRP in the department was entered in a database. Data were collected on three forms: the first comprised information about disease history before assessment in the department, the second about the disease and its treatment in the department, and the third about evolution after treatment. RESULTS Data on 72 patients were entered into an RRP database between January 2005 and July 2007. In all, 82% had already been treated for RRP in a different centre; 24 had juvenile-onset (JORRP) and 48 adult-onset (AORRP) papillomatosis. Cidovir injections had been administered to 91% of the patients. Histology found nine cases of dysplasia, one of carcinoma in situ and one of invasive carcinoma. Subglottic and tracheal locations were significantly more frequent in JORRP than in AORRP, as were the maximum Derkay scores and annual numbers of endoscopies. Patients with type 11 HPV had significantly more endoscopies per year than those with type 6.
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Johnson K, Derkay C. Palliative Aspects of Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2009; 42:57-70, viii. [DOI: 10.1016/j.otc.2008.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Joos B, Joos N, Bumpous J, Burns C, French CA, Farghaly H. Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma in a 13 year-old child associated with human papillomaviruses 16 and 18: a case report and review of the literature. Head Neck Pathol 2008; 3:37-41. [PMID: 20596987 PMCID: PMC2807541 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-008-0093-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2008] [Accepted: 11/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the larynx is extremely rare in adolescents and typically has an aggressive nature. The mechanism of laryngeal oncogenesis is complex and little is known about the role that human papillomavirus (HPV) plays in SCC in adolescents. We report a case of invasive laryngeal SCC that co-expressed HPV DNA subtypes 16 and 18 in a 13 year-old boy. Detection of HPV DNA types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, and 51 was performed by in situ hybridization, with confirmation by polymerase chain reaction. Immunohistochemical staining with p16 and HPV 16/18 revealed diffusely positive staining in the tumor cells. Coinfection by HPV DNA types 16 and 18 has not been previously reported, but our case suggests that HPV is a risk factor in developing laryngeal SCC in children and adolescents. Future studies evaluating HPV in the pathogenesis of these lesions is recommended to determine its prognostic significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Joos
- University of Louisville, Louisville, USA
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Muenscher A, Feucht HH, Kutta H, Tesche S, Wenzel S. Integration of human papilloma virus type 26 in laryngeal cancer of a child. Auris Nasus Larynx 2008; 36:232-4. [PMID: 18621496 DOI: 10.1016/j.anl.2008.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2007] [Revised: 04/02/2008] [Accepted: 05/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in larynx is rare with children and adolescents. Usually larynx cancer is common with male smokers in the 7th decade. Among patients with no history of tobacco and/or alcohol consumption several factors have can play a role in the outbreak of laryngeal cancer: such as individual predisposition, radiation, gastroesophageal reflux, viral infection, dietary factors and environmental influences. In literature only few cases of laryngeal cancer with children are reported. Recent studies show that the most frequent laryngeal malignancy is the embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma. Besides the recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) based on an infection with human papilloma virus (HPV) types 6 and 11 (low risk) and types 16 and 18 (high risk) is known for a possible malignant transformation towards a SCC. HPV type 26 is only reported as low risk type HPV associated with cervical cancer. Final diagnosis often takes a long time. Initial symptoms such as hoarseness, cough or shortness of breath are often referred to more typical pediatric diseases or laryngeal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Muenscher
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Germany.
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Buchinsky FJ, Donfack J, Derkay CS, Choi SS, Conley SF, Myer CM, McClay JE, Campisi P, Wiatrak BJ, Sobol SE, Schweinfurth JM, Tsuji DH, Hu FZ, Rockette HE, Ehrlich GD, Post JC. Age of child, more than HPV type, is associated with clinical course in recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2263. [PMID: 18509465 PMCID: PMC2386234 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2008] [Accepted: 04/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background RRP is a devastating disease in which papillomas in the airway cause hoarseness and breathing difficulty. The disease is caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) 6 or 11 and is very variable. Patients undergo multiple surgeries to maintain a patent airway and in order to communicate vocally. Several small studies have been published in which most have noted that HPV 11 is associated with a more aggressive course. Methodology/Principal Findings Papilloma biopsies were taken from patients undergoing surgical treatment of RRP and were subjected to HPV typing. 118 patients with juvenile-onset RRP with at least 1 year of clinical data and infected with a single HPV type were analyzed. HPV 11 was encountered in 40% of the patients. By our definition, most of the patients in the sample (81%) had run an aggressive course. The odds of a patient with HPV 11 running an aggressive course were 3.9 times higher than that of patients with HPV 6 (Fisher's exact p = 0.017). However, clinical course was more closely associated with age of the patient (at diagnosis and at the time of the current surgery) than with HPV type. Patients with HPV 11 were diagnosed at a younger age (2.4y) than were those with HPV 6 (3.4y) (p = 0.014). Both by multiple linear regression and by multiple logistic regression HPV type was only weakly associated with metrics of disease course when simultaneously accounting for age. Conclusions/Significance Abstract The course of RRP is variable and a quarter of the variability can be accounted for by the age of the patient. HPV 11 is more closely associated with a younger age at diagnosis than it is associated with an aggressive clinical course. These data suggest that there are factors other than HPV type and age of the patient that determine disease course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farrel J Buchinsky
- Allegheny General Hospital, Allegheny-Singer Research Institute, Center for Genomic Sciences, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America.
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Manjarrez ME, Ocadiz R, Valle L, Pacheco C, Marroquin A, De la Torre C, Selman M, Gariglio P. Detection of human papillomavirus and relevant tumor suppressors and oncoproteins in laryngeal tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 12:6946-51. [PMID: 17145812 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-1214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The mechanism of larynx oncogenesis is complex and controlled by various factors, most of them involved in cell proliferation and apoptosis. In this study, we evaluated the levels of two suppressor proteins (pRb and p53) and two oncogenic proteins (c-Myc and Bcl-2), as well as the apoptotic levels and the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) in both tumor types. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Low- or high-risk HPV viral DNA was determined by PCR and in situ PCR; the level of cellular proteins was examined by immunohistochemistry; the presence of apoptotic cells was evaluated by in situ cell death detection. RESULTS Most laryngeal papillomatosis samples contained low-risk HPV determined by both techniques. However, 25% of laryngeal carcinoma samples were positive for HPV employing PCR or in situ PCR. In papillomatosis, pRb and p53 levels were higher than in normal larynxes, whereas laryngeal cancer presented the lowest levels. c-Myc oncogene expression was very low in normal and cancer tissues but highly increased in papillomatosis. Bcl-2 expression was low and showed no significant difference between laryngeal papillomatosis and normal larynxes. By contrast, Bcl-2 was clearly up-regulated in cancer. Normal larynx samples and those from laryngeal papillomatosis exhibited similar relatively high numbers of apoptotic cells, whereas in malignant tumors, these cells were scarce. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that HPV is an important risk factor in papillomatosis and in some malignant larynx tumors with a strong participation of cellular genes, specifically involved in proliferation and apoptosis. In benign papillomatosis lesions but not in larynx cancer, high p53 activity might preserve the apoptosis process. In larynx cancer, low p53 levels and high bcl-2 expression may be playing an important role to block apoptosis.
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Sjö NC, von Buchwald C, Cassonnet P, Flamant P, Heegaard S, Norrild B, Prause JU, Orth G. Human papillomavirus: cause of epithelial lacrimal sac neoplasia? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2007.00893.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Pham TT, Ongkeko WM, An Y, Yi ES. Protein expression of the tumor suppressors p16INK4A and p53 and disease progression in recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. Laryngoscope 2007; 117:253-7. [PMID: 17277618 DOI: 10.1097/01.mlg.0000248241.95357.a6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) is a benign condition that rarely metastasizes as invasive squamous cell carcinoma. Although this disease is associated with human papillomavirus, the role of this virus in tumorigenesis is unclear. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study is to assess the involvement of the tumor suppressors P16INK4A and p53 in RRP tumor progression. DESIGN Immunohistochemistry of p16INK4A and p53 was performed on biopsies of recurrent squamous papillomas and invasive lesions in nine patients. RESULTS Twenty biopsies were graded as papillomas (RP), three as papillomas with high-grade dysplasia/carcinoma in situ (HGD/CIS), and two as invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCCA). Forty-five percent of RP and 60% of HGD/CIS/SCCA expressed p16INK4A. Fifty percent of RP and 100% of HGD/CIS/SCCA expressed p53. The difference in the frequency of p53-positive staining between HGD/CIS and SCCA (100% of tissues examined) and RP (50% of tissues examined) approached statistical significance. Neither p16INK4A nor p53 was predictive of invasive transformation. CONCLUSIONS Expression of p16INK4A, which is a surrogate for the tumor suppressor retinoblastoma (Rb), did not immediately lead to invasive disease. There is no correlation between disease severity of RRP and level of p16INK4A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Truc T Pham
- Department of Pathology, University of California - San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
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Sjö NC, von Buchwald C, Cassonnet P, Flamant P, Heegaard S, Norrild B, Prause JU, Orth G. Human papillomavirus: cause of epithelial lacrimal sac neoplasia? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 85:551-6. [PMID: 17362365 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0420.2007.00893.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Epithelial tumours of the lacrimal sac are rare but important entities that may carry grave prognoses. In this study the prevalence and possible role of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in epithelial tumours of the lacrimal sac were evaluated. METHODS Five papillomas and six carcinomas of the lacrimal sac were investigated for the presence of HPV using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. Fifteen specimens of dacryocystitis were included in the PCR reactions as controls. Furthermore, DNA in situ hybridization (ISH) and RNA ISH were performed. RESULTS Low-risk HPV types 6 or 11 were identified in all four lacrimal sac papillomas suitable for PCR analysis and in situ hybridization. Four of six lacrimal sac carcinomas harboured HPV. One carcinoma was positive for HPV 11 only, two carcinomas had concomitant infection with HPV 6 or 11 and high-risk HPV 16, and the remaining carcinoma was positive for HPV 16. All specimens of dacryocystitis were betaglobin-positive and HPV-negative. Using DNA ISH, two papillomas and a single carcinoma showed evidence for vegetative HPV 11 DNA replication, whereas no HPV 16 DNA replication was found in the five carcinomas tested. HPV 11 RNA was demonstrated in two papillomas. CONCLUSIONS By analysing 11 epithelial lacrimal sac papillomas and carcinomas using PCR, DNA ISH and RNA ISH, we found HPV DNA in all investigated transitional epithelium tumours of the lacrimal sac. HPV RNA was present in two of eight epithelial lacrimal sac tumours positive for HPV DNA. As RNA degrades fast in paraffin-embedded tissue, only a small fraction of DNA-positive tumours can be expected to be RNA-positive. We therefore suggest that HPV infection is associated with the development of lacrimal sac papillomas and carcinomas.
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Khouadri S, Villa LL, Gagnon S, Koushik A, Richardson H, Matlashewski G, Roger M, Ferenczy AS, Franco EL, Coutlée F. Viral load of episomal and integrated forms of human papillomavirus type 33 in high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions of the uterine cervix. Int J Cancer 2007; 121:2674-81. [PMID: 17708553 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The association between total and integrated HPV-33 DNA loads and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) of the uterine cervix was investigated. Of 5,347 women recruited in 4 studies, 89 (64 without SIL, 7 low-grade SIL (LSIL), 15 HSIL, 3 unknown grade) were infected by HPV-33. HPV-33 E6, HPV-33 E2 and beta-globin DNA were measured with real-time PCR that allowed to assess total (E6), episomal (E2) and integrated (E6-E2) HPV-33 viral loads. HPV-33 E6/E2 ratios >/=>/=2.0 suggesting the presence of integrated HPV-33 were obtained for 28.6% (n = 18) of women without SIL and 21.4% (n = 3) of women with HSIL (p = 0.74). Although median viral loads were similar, there was a trend toward having a greater proportion of women with HSIL in the fourth quartile (>/=>/=10(6.69) copies/mug DNA) of total HPV-33 viral loads compared to normal women. Controlling for age, site, ethnicity and LCR polymorphism by logistic regression, HPV-33 total loads in the fourth quartile {odds ratio (OR) 4.5 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2-17.3]; p = 0.03} and episomal loads in the fourth quartile (>/=>/=10(6.64) copies/mug DNA) [OR 3.9 (95% CI 1.1-13.2); p = 0.05] but not integrated HPV-33 load in the fourth quartile [OR 1.0 (95% CI 0.3-3.3); p = 0.50] were associated with HSIL. Controlling for age, study site and SIL grade, HPV-33 episomal load [OR 0.2 (95% CI 0.1-0.5), p = 0.0004] was associated with the presence of HPV-33 integration. High episomal loads in HSIL and the presence of integration in women without SIL are likely to weaken the usefulness of HPV load of integrated forms in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Khouadri
- Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire du Centre de Recherche, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Lacey CJN, Lowndes CM, Shah KV. Chapter 4: Burden and management of non-cancerous HPV-related conditions: HPV-6/11 disease. Vaccine 2006; 24 Suppl 3:S3/35-41. [PMID: 16950016 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2006] [Accepted: 06/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)-6 and -11 are the causative agents of ano-genital warts (GWs) and recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP). They are low-risk HPV types that are uncommonly found in malignant lesions. GWs are an extremely prevalent sexually transmitted disease, whereas RRP is a rare disease that can be life threatening and requires multiple surgical procedures. GWs and RRP cause substantial healthcare costs. A quadrivalent HPV-6/11/16/18 vaccine (Merck/SPMSD) has shown essentially 100% protection against GWs in women in early studies. Cost-effectiveness analyses are needed to assess the benefits of the HPV-6/11 virus-like particle (VLP) components of the quadrivalent vaccine in population-based vaccination programmes.
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Abstract
Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) is a benign, often multi-focal neoplasm. A potentially fatal manifestation of human papilloma virus infection, the condition is characterised by multiple warty excrescences on the mucosal surface of the respiratory tract. RRP is rare--incidence is estimated at 3.5 per million person-years, with a prevalence of 4 in 100,000 children. Affected children usually require multiple interventions; the impact on patients, their families, and the healthcare system is considerable. Treatment of RRP accounts for an estimated dollar 109 million annual expenditure in the USA.
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Tasca RA, McCormick M, Clarke RW. British Association of Paediatric Otorhinolaryngology members experience with recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2006; 70:1183-7. [PMID: 16414125 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2005.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2005] [Accepted: 12/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To establish current practice in the treatment of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) in the UK. METHODS Consultant members of the British Association of Paediatric Otorhinolaryngology (BAPO) were sent a questionnaire on current practice concerning the management of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis in the paediatric population. RESULTS The response rate was 39.4% perhaps reflecting the relatively small number of otolaryngologists who treat this condition. Data were analysed from 41 respondents representing 27 departments for a total of 103 patients. A total of 13 patients (12.6%) received adjuvant medical therapies with the antiviral agent cidofovir accounting for 10 patients. Distal spread of RRP has occurred in 27 (26.2%) patients. There were six reported deaths due to progressive RRP. Various lasers (CO(2), KTP, and pulsed dye) are the preferred method of surgical removal of RRP in children. Spontaneous ventilation (65.3%) is the preferred method of anaesthesia. Half of the consultants do not routinely send for HPV subtyping and 75% send lesions for histological examination if there is a change in growth pattern. Two thirds of respondents do not routinely treat their patients with antireflux medication. CONCLUSION There is a need for the establishment of a centralized national base to which all treating consultants can report their cases. The time has come for national multicenter controlled trials on the use of adjuvant interventions for the treatment of both severe and less severe RRP disease. Both of the above can be organized under the umbrella of BAPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razvan A Tasca
- Department of ENT, Royal Liverpool Children's Hospital Alder Hey, Eaton Road, Liverpool L12 2AP, United Kingdom.
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McKay SP, Grégoire L, Lonardo F, Reidy P, Mathog RH, Lancaster WD. Human papillomavirus (HPV) transcripts in malignant inverted papilloma are from integrated HPV DNA. Laryngoscope 2005; 115:1428-31. [PMID: 16094117 DOI: 10.1097/01.mlg.0000168091.50584.b4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objectives of the study were to detect human papillomavirus (HPV) sequences in nasal inverted papilloma (IP) lesions and to determine whether HPV is involved in the progression of IP to sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). STUDY DESIGN A retrospective study was performed on 14 patients diagnosed with IP within the last 12 years. Three of these 14 patients developed SCC. METHODS Eighteen formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue blocks were obtained for these 14 patients. After DNA extraction, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed, followed by hybridization using HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 45, and 52 specific DNA probes, in an attempt to identify HPV type in each specimen. After RNA extraction, the integration status of the HPV genome was evaluated based on the relative abundance of E7 and E5 viral transcripts, assessed by quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS HPV sequences were detected in samples from 3 of the 14 patients with IP. Of the three patients with SCC, HPV sequences were detected in two patients, whereas one patient was negative for the oligoprobes tested. Of the 11 patients diagnosed only with IP, 1 patient was positive for HPV DNA (HPV type 11). This difference in HPV positivity between IP and SCC was not statistically significant (P = .09, Fisher's Exact test, two tailed). Viral transcripts were detected in both patients with SSC who were HPV positive. Because HPV early transcripts are polycistronic, loss of 3' transcript sequences (E5) and retention of 5' sequences (E7) indicates integration. One of the SSC containing HPV 18 sequences showed a E7/E5 ratio of 776:1. The other SSC showed E7 transcripts and an absence of E5 transcripts CONCLUSION HPV transcripts were present in SCC positive for HPV, and the relative level of E7 to E5 transcripts indicates integration of the viral genome. These findings are suggestive of HPV having an active role in the lesion. More extensive studies are needed to determine the exact role of HPV in IP and progression to SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn P McKay
- Department of Otolaryngology, Wayne State University, 4301 St. Antoine, Detroit, MI 48202, U.S.A.
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