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A study of paraoxonase1 (PON1) activities, HDL cholesterol and its association with vascular complication in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13410-016-0465-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Mooradian AD, Haas MJ. Targeting high-density lipoproteins: increasing de novo production versus decreasing clearance. Drugs 2016; 75:713-22. [PMID: 25895465 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-015-0390-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Although cardiovascular mortality has been decreasing in industrialized countries, there continues to be a substantial residual risk; thus, novel therapeutic agents and new targets of therapy have been sought. One highly plausible therapeutic target is high-density lipoprotein (HDL). HDL is a key player in reverse cholesterol transport and possesses a slew of other cardioprotective properties; however, recent trials with agents known to increase HDL levels have generally not shown any reduction in cardiovascular events. Further analysis of these trials suggest that fibrates have consistently reduced some cardiovascular outcomes, at least in the subgroup of patients with high serum triglycerides and low HDL cholesterol (HDLc) levels. Since fibrates, unlike niacin or cholesterol ester transfer protein inhibitors, increase HDLc level mostly through the stimulation of apolipoprotein A-I production, it is suggested that the quality and functionality of HDL are enhanced when de novo synthesis rather than inhibition of turnover is the mechanism of increasing HDL level. In this communication, the evidence for and against the cardioprotective properties of HDL is reviewed and the contemporary clinical trials are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshag D Mooradian
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, 655 West 11th Street, Jacksonville, FL, 32209, USA,
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Yadav R, Liu Y, Kwok S, Hama S, France M, Eatough R, Pemberton P, Schofield J, Siahmansur TJ, Malik R, Ammori BA, Issa B, Younis N, Donn R, Stevens A, Durrington P, Soran H. Effect of Extended-Release Niacin on High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) Functionality, Lipoprotein Metabolism, and Mediators of Vascular Inflammation in Statin-Treated Patients. J Am Heart Assoc 2015; 4:e001508. [PMID: 26374297 PMCID: PMC4599486 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.114.001508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to explore the influence of extended-release niacin/laropiprant (ERN/LRP) versus placebo on high-density lipoprotein (HDL) antioxidant function, cholesterol efflux, apolipoprotein B100 (apoB)-containing lipoproteins, and mediators of vascular inflammation associated with 15% increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Study patients had persistent dyslipidemia despite receiving high-dose statin treatment. Methods and Results In a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial, we compared the effect of ERN/LRP with placebo in 27 statin-treated dyslipidemic patients who had not achieved National Cholesterol Education Program-ATP III targets for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). We measured fasting lipid profile, apolipoproteins, cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) activity, paraoxonase 1 (PON1) activity, small dense LDL apoB (sdLDL-apoB), oxidized LDL (oxLDL), glycated apoB (glyc-apoB), lipoprotein phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2), lysophosphatidyl choline (lyso-PC), macrophage chemoattractant protein (MCP1), serum amyloid A (SAA) and myeloperoxidase (MPO). We also examined the capacity of HDL to protect LDL from in vitro oxidation and the percentage cholesterol efflux mediated by apoB depleted serum. ERN/LRP was associated with an 18% increase in HDL-C levels compared to placebo (1.55 versus 1.31 mmol/L, P<0.0001). There were significant reductions in total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, total serum apoB, lipoprotein (a), CETP activity, oxLDL, Lp-PLA2, lyso-PC, MCP1, and SAA, but no significant changes in glyc-apoB or sdLDL-apoB concentration. There was a modest increase in cholesterol efflux function of HDL (19.5%, P=0.045), but no change in the antioxidant capacity of HDL in vitro or PON1 activity. Conclusions ERN/LRP reduces LDL-associated mediators of vascular inflammation, but has varied effects on HDL functionality and LDL quality, which may counter its HDL-C-raising effect. Clinical Trial Registration URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01054508.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Yadav
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Core Technologies Facility, University of Manchester, United Kingdom (R.Y., Y.L., S.H., M.F., J.S., T.J.S., R.M., P.D., H.S.) Cardiovascular Trials Unit, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom (R.Y., S.K., M.F., R.E., J.S., H.S.)
| | - Yifen Liu
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Core Technologies Facility, University of Manchester, United Kingdom (R.Y., Y.L., S.H., M.F., J.S., T.J.S., R.M., P.D., H.S.)
| | - See Kwok
- Cardiovascular Trials Unit, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom (R.Y., S.K., M.F., R.E., J.S., H.S.)
| | - Salam Hama
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Core Technologies Facility, University of Manchester, United Kingdom (R.Y., Y.L., S.H., M.F., J.S., T.J.S., R.M., P.D., H.S.)
| | - Michael France
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Core Technologies Facility, University of Manchester, United Kingdom (R.Y., Y.L., S.H., M.F., J.S., T.J.S., R.M., P.D., H.S.) Cardiovascular Trials Unit, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom (R.Y., S.K., M.F., R.E., J.S., H.S.) The Institute of Inflammation & Repair at the University of Manchester, United Kingdom (M.F.)
| | - Ruth Eatough
- Cardiovascular Trials Unit, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom (R.Y., S.K., M.F., R.E., J.S., H.S.)
| | - Phil Pemberton
- Department of Biochemistry, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom (P.P.)
| | - Jonathan Schofield
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Core Technologies Facility, University of Manchester, United Kingdom (R.Y., Y.L., S.H., M.F., J.S., T.J.S., R.M., P.D., H.S.) Cardiovascular Trials Unit, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom (R.Y., S.K., M.F., R.E., J.S., H.S.)
| | - Tarza J Siahmansur
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Core Technologies Facility, University of Manchester, United Kingdom (R.Y., Y.L., S.H., M.F., J.S., T.J.S., R.M., P.D., H.S.)
| | - Rayaz Malik
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Core Technologies Facility, University of Manchester, United Kingdom (R.Y., Y.L., S.H., M.F., J.S., T.J.S., R.M., P.D., H.S.)
| | - Basil A Ammori
- Department of Surgery, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, United Kingdom (B.A.A.)
| | - Basil Issa
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, University Hospital of South Manchester, United Kingdom (B.I., N.Y.)
| | - Naveed Younis
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, University Hospital of South Manchester, United Kingdom (B.I., N.Y.)
| | - Rachelle Donn
- Complex Disease Genetics, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Manchester, United Kingdom (R.D.)
| | - Adam Stevens
- Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom (A.S.)
| | - Paul Durrington
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Core Technologies Facility, University of Manchester, United Kingdom (R.Y., Y.L., S.H., M.F., J.S., T.J.S., R.M., P.D., H.S.)
| | - Handrean Soran
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Core Technologies Facility, University of Manchester, United Kingdom (R.Y., Y.L., S.H., M.F., J.S., T.J.S., R.M., P.D., H.S.) Cardiovascular Trials Unit, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom (R.Y., S.K., M.F., R.E., J.S., H.S.)
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Abd Alamir M, Radulescu V, Goyfman M, Mohler ER, Gao YL, Budoff MJ. Prevalence and correlates of mitral annular calcification in adults with chronic kidney disease: Results from CRIC study. Atherosclerosis 2015; 242:117-22. [PMID: 26188533 PMCID: PMC4546905 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Risk factors for mitral annular calcification (MAC) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) demonstrate significant overlap in the general population. The aim of this paper is to determine whether there are independent relationships between MAC and demographics, traditional and novel CVD risk factors using cardiac CT in the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) in a cross-sectional study. METHODS A sample of 2070 subjects underwent coronary calcium scanning during the CRIC study. Data were obtained for each participant at time of scan. SUBJECTS were dichotomized into the presence and absence of MAC. Differences in baseline demographic and transitional risk factor data were evaluated across groups. Covariates used in multivariable adjustment were age, gender, BMI, HDL, LDL, lipid lowering medications, smoking status, family history of heart attack, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, phosphate, PTH, albuminuria, and calcium. RESULTS Our study consisted of 2070 subjects, of which 331 had MAC (prevalence of 16.0%). The mean MAC score was 511.98 (SD 1368.76). Age and white race remained independently associated with presence of MAC. Decreased GFR was also a risk factor. African American and Hispanic race, as well as former smoking status were protective against MAC. In multivariable adjusted analyses, the remaining covariates were not significantly associated with MAC. Among renal covariates, elevated phosphate was significant. CONCLUSION In the CRIC population, presence of MAC was independently associated with age, Caucasian race, decreased GFR, and elevated phosphate. These results are suggested by mechanisms of dysregulation of inflammation, hormones, and electrolytes in subjects with renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moshrik Abd Alamir
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Vlad Radulescu
- Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | | | - Emile R Mohler
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yan Lin Gao
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Matthew J Budoff
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA, Torrance, CA, USA.
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Brugnara L, Mallol R, Ribalta J, Vinaixa M, Murillo S, Casserras T, Guardiola M, Vallvé JC, Kalko SG, Correig X, Novials A. Improving Assessment of Lipoprotein Profile in Type 1 Diabetes by 1H NMR Spectroscopy. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136348. [PMID: 26317989 PMCID: PMC4552656 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) present increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The aim of this study is to improve the assessment of lipoprotein profile in patients with T1D by using a robust developed method 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR), for further correlation with clinical factors associated to CVD. Thirty patients with T1D and 30 non-diabetes control (CT) subjects, matched for gender, age, body composition (DXA, BMI, waist/hip ratio), regular physical activity levels and cardiorespiratory capacity (VO2peak), were analyzed. Dietary records and routine lipids were assessed. Serum lipoprotein particle subfractions, particle sizes, and cholesterol and triglycerides subfractions were analyzed by 1H NMR. It was evidenced that subjects with T1D presented lower concentrations of small LDL cholesterol, medium VLDL particles, large VLDL triglycerides, and total triglycerides as compared to CT subjects. Women with T1D presented a positive association with HDL size (p<0.005; R = 0.601) and large HDL triglycerides (p<0.005; R = 0.534) and negative (p<0.005; R = -0.586) to small HDL triglycerides. Body fat composition represented an important factor independently of normal BMI, with large LDL particles presenting a positive correlation to total body fat (p<0.005; R = 0.505), and total LDL cholesterol and small LDL cholesterol a positive correlation (p<0.005; R = 0.502 and R = 0.552, respectively) to abdominal fat in T1D subjects; meanwhile, in CT subjects, body fat composition was mainly associated to HDL subclasses. VO2peak was negatively associated (p<0.005; R = -0.520) to large LDL-particles only in the group of patients with T1D. In conclusion, patients with T1D with adequate glycemic control and BMI and without chronic complications presented a more favourable lipoprotein profile as compared to control counterparts. In addition, slight alterations in BMI and/or body fat composition showed to be relevant to provoking alterations in lipoproteins profiles. Finally, body fat composition appears to be a determinant for cardioprotector lipoprotein profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Brugnara
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roger Mallol
- Metabolomics Platform, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Reus, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain
| | - Josep Ribalta
- Unitat de Recerca en Lípids i Arteriosclerosi (URLA), Hospital Universitari Sant Joan de Reus, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Reus, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Vinaixa
- Metabolomics Platform, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Reus, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Serafín Murillo
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Casserras
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Bioinformatics Core Facility, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montse Guardiola
- Unitat de Recerca en Lípids i Arteriosclerosi (URLA), Hospital Universitari Sant Joan de Reus, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Reus, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Carles Vallvé
- Unitat de Recerca en Lípids i Arteriosclerosi (URLA), Hospital Universitari Sant Joan de Reus, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Reus, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana G. Kalko
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Bioinformatics Core Facility, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Correig
- Metabolomics Platform, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Reus, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Novials
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Medvedeva NV, Prozorovskiy VN, Ignatov DV, Druzilovskaya OS, Kudinov VA, Kasatkina EO, Tikhonova EG, Ipatova OM. Pharmacological agents and transport nanosystems based on plant phospholipids. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) SUPPLEMENT SERIES B: BIOMEDICAL CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s199075081503004x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Cao P, Pan H, Xiao T, Zhou T, Guo J, Su Z. Advances in the Study of the Antiatherogenic Function and Novel Therapies for HDL. Int J Mol Sci 2015. [PMID: 26225968 PMCID: PMC4581191 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160817245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothesis that raising high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels could improve the risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) is facing challenges. There is multitudinous clear clinical evidence that the latest failures of HDL-C-raising drugs show no clear association with risks for CVD. At the genetic level, recent research indicates that steady-state HDL-C concentrations may provide limited information regarding the potential antiatherogenic functions of HDL. It is evident that the newer strategies may replace therapeutic approaches to simply raise plasma HDL-C levels. There is an urgent need to identify an efficient biomarker that accurately predicts the increased risk of atherosclerosis (AS) in patients and that may be used for exploring newer therapeutic targets. Studies from recent decades show that the composition, structure and function of circulating HDL are closely associated with high cardiovascular risk. A vast amount of data demonstrates that the most important mechanism through which HDL antagonizes AS involves the reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) process. Clinical trials of drugs that specifically target HDL have so far proven disappointing, so it is necessary to carry out review on the HDL therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiqiu Cao
- Key Research Center of Liver Regulation for Hyperlipemia SATCM/Class III, Laboratory of Metabolism SATCM, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Haitao Pan
- Key Research Center of Liver Regulation for Hyperlipemia SATCM/Class III, Laboratory of Metabolism SATCM, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Tiancun Xiao
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, UK.
- Guangzhou Boxabio Ltd., D-106 Guangzhou International Business Incubator, Guangzhou 510530, China.
| | - Ting Zhou
- Guangzhou Boxabio Ltd., D-106 Guangzhou International Business Incubator, Guangzhou 510530, China.
| | - Jiao Guo
- Key Research Center of Liver Regulation for Hyperlipemia SATCM/Class III, Laboratory of Metabolism SATCM, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Zhengquan Su
- Key Research Center of Liver Regulation for Hyperlipemia SATCM/Class III, Laboratory of Metabolism SATCM, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Abstract
The objective of the present study was to conduct the first systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies investigating the associations between total cholesterol (TC), HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) and LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels and the risk of breast cancer. Relevant studies were identified in PubMed (up to January 2014). Inclusion criteria were original peer-reviewed publications with a prospective design. Random-effects models were used to estimate summary hazard ratios (HR) and 95% CI. Distinction was made between studies that did or did not exclude cancer cases diagnosed during the first years of follow-up, thereby eliminating potential preclinical bias. Overall, the summary HR for the association between TC and breast cancer risk was 0.97 (95% CI 0.94, 1.00; dose-response per 1 mmol/l increment, thirteen studies), and that between HDL-C and breast cancer risk was 0.86 (95% CI 0.69, 1.09; dose-response per 1 mmol/l increment, six studies), with high heterogeneity (I2= 67 and 47%, respectively). For studies that eliminated preclinical bias, an inverse association was observed between the risk of breast cancer and TC (dose-response HR 0.94 (95% CI 0.89, 0.99), seven studies, I2= 78%; highest v. lowest HR 0.82 (95% CI 0.66, 1.02), nine studies, I2= 81%) and HDL-C (dose-response HR 0.81 (95% CI 0.65, 1.02), five studies, I2= 30 %; highest v. lowest HR 0.82 (95% CI 0.69, 0.98), five studies, I2= 0%). There was no association observed between LDL-C and the risk of breast cancer (four studies). The present meta-analysis confirms the evidence of a modest but statistically significant inverse association between TC and more specifically HDL-C and the risk of breast cancer, supported by mechanistic plausibility from experimental studies. Further large prospective studies that adequately control for preclinical bias are needed to confirm the results on the role of cholesterol level and its fractions in the aetiology of breast cancer.
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Rached F, Lhomme M, Camont L, Gomes F, Dauteuille C, Robillard P, Santos RD, Lesnik P, Serrano CV, Chapman MJ, Kontush A. Defective functionality of small, dense HDL3 subpopulations in ST segment elevation myocardial infarction: Relevance of enrichment in lysophosphatidylcholine, phosphatidic acid and serum amyloid A. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015; 1851:1254-61. [PMID: 26037829 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low plasma levels of high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) are typical of acute myocardial infarction (MI) and predict risk of recurrent cardiovascular events. The potential relationships between modifications in the molecular composition and the functionality of HDL subpopulations in acute MI however remain indeterminate. METHODS AND RESULTS ST segment elevation MI (STEMI) patients were recruited within 24h after diagnosis (n=16) and featured low HDL-C (-31%, p<0.05) and acute-phase inflammation (determined as marked elevations in C-reactive protein, serum amyloid A (SAA) and interleukin-6) as compared to age- and sex-matched controls (n=10). STEMI plasma HDL and its subpopulations (HDL2b, 2a, 3a, 3b, 3c) displayed attenuated cholesterol efflux capacity from THP-1 cells (up to -32%, p<0.01, on a unit phospholipid mass basis) vs. CONTROLS Plasma HDL and small, dense HDL3b and 3c subpopulations from STEMI patients exhibited reduced anti-oxidative activity (up to -68%, p<0.05, on a unit HDL mass basis). HDL subpopulations in STEMI were enriched in two proinflammatory bioactive lipids, lysophosphatidylcholine (up to 3.0-fold, p<0.05) and phosphatidic acid (up to 8.4-fold, p<0.05), depleted in apolipoprotein A-I (up to -23%, p<0.05) and enriched in SAA (up to +10.2-fold, p<0.05); such changes were most marked in the HDL3b subfraction. In vitro HDL enrichment in both lysophosphatidylcholine and phosphatidic acid exerted deleterious effects on HDL functionality. CONCLUSIONS In the early phase of STEMI, HDL particle subpopulations display marked, concomitant alterations in both lipidome and proteome which are implicated in impaired HDL functionality. Such modifications may act synergistically to confer novel deleterious biological activities to STEMI HDL. SIGNIFICANCE Our present data highlight complex changes in the molecular composition and functionality of HDL particle subpopulations in the acute phase of STEMI, and for the first time, reveal that concomitant modifications in both the lipidome and proteome contribute to functional deficiencies in cholesterol efflux and antioxidative activities of HDL particles. These findings may provide new biomarkers and new insights in therapeutic strategy to reduce cardiovascular risk in this clinical setting where such net deficiency in HDL function, multiplied by low circulating HDL concentrations, can be expected to contribute to accelerated atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Rached
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), UMR-ICAN 1166, University of Pierre and Marie Curie - Paris 6; Pitié-Salpétrière University Hospital, ICAN, Paris, France; Heart Institute-InCor, University of Sao Paulo Medical School Hospital, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marie Lhomme
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), UMR-ICAN 1166, University of Pierre and Marie Curie - Paris 6; Pitié-Salpétrière University Hospital, ICAN, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Camont
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), UMR-ICAN 1166, University of Pierre and Marie Curie - Paris 6; Pitié-Salpétrière University Hospital, ICAN, Paris, France
| | - Fernando Gomes
- Heart Institute-InCor, University of Sao Paulo Medical School Hospital, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolane Dauteuille
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), UMR-ICAN 1166, University of Pierre and Marie Curie - Paris 6; Pitié-Salpétrière University Hospital, ICAN, Paris, France
| | - Paul Robillard
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), UMR-ICAN 1166, University of Pierre and Marie Curie - Paris 6; Pitié-Salpétrière University Hospital, ICAN, Paris, France
| | - Raul D Santos
- Heart Institute-InCor, University of Sao Paulo Medical School Hospital, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Philippe Lesnik
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), UMR-ICAN 1166, University of Pierre and Marie Curie - Paris 6; Pitié-Salpétrière University Hospital, ICAN, Paris, France
| | - Carlos V Serrano
- Heart Institute-InCor, University of Sao Paulo Medical School Hospital, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - M John Chapman
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), UMR-ICAN 1166, University of Pierre and Marie Curie - Paris 6; Pitié-Salpétrière University Hospital, ICAN, Paris, France
| | - Anatol Kontush
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), UMR-ICAN 1166, University of Pierre and Marie Curie - Paris 6; Pitié-Salpétrière University Hospital, ICAN, Paris, France.
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Lokhov PG, Maslov DL, Balashova EE, Trifonova OP, Medvedeva NV, Torkhovskaya TI, Ipatova OM, Archakov AI, Malyshev PP, Kukharchuk VV, Shestakova EA, Shestakova MV, Dedov II. Mass spectrometry analysis of blood plasma lipidome as the method of disease diagnostics, evalution of effectiveness and optimization of drug therapy. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) SUPPLEMENT SERIES B: BIOMEDICAL CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990750815020109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Trace elements as predictors of preeclampsia in type 1 diabetic pregnancy. Nutr Res 2015; 35:421-30. [PMID: 25912764 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) affects approximately 5% of all pregnancies, but is increased several-fold in women with pre-gestational type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Increased oxidative stress and altered maternal plasma trace elements that modulate the antioxidant system have been implicated in PE. In non-diabetic women, increased plasma copper and iron and decreased manganese, selenium, and zinc have been associated with PE in cross-sectional studies. In a longitudinal study, we hypothesized that plasma levels of trace elements differ between T1DM women with vs. without subsequent PE. Samples were collected during the first (gestation 12.2 ± 1.9 weeks, [mean ± SD]), second (21.6 ± 1.5 weeks), and third (31.5 ± 1.7 weeks) trimesters of pregnancy, all before the onset of PE. We compared 23 T1DM women who subsequently developed PE with 24 T1DM women who remained normotensive; and we included 19 non-diabetic (non-DM) normotensive pregnant women as reference controls. Trace elements were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy. In T1DM women with subsequent PE vs normotensive, only plasma zinc was significantly higher at the first trimester, while copper:zinc and copper:high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratios were higher throughout gestation (all P < .05). These findings persisted after adjustment for covariates. Higher copper:zinc ratios may contribute to oxidative stress in T1DM women who develop PE. Ratios of pro- to anti-oxidant factors may predict risk for PE in diabetic pregnancies more effectively than individual trace element levels.
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62
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Rached FH, Chapman MJ, Kontush A. HDL particle subpopulations: Focus on biological function. Biofactors 2015; 41:67-77. [PMID: 25809447 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Low levels of high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) constitute an independent biomarker of cardiovascular morbi-mortality. However, recent advances have drastically modified the classical and limited view of HDL as a carrier of 'good cholesterol', and have revealed unexpected levels of complexity in the circulating HDL particle pool. HDL particles are indeed highly heterogeneous in structure, intravascular metabolism and biological activity. This review describes recent progress in our understanding of HDL subpopulations and their biological activities, and focuses on relationships between the structural, compositional and functional heterogeneity of HDL particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana H Rached
- National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), UMR-ICAN 1166, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpétrière University Hospital, ICAN, Paris, France; Heart Institute-InCor, University of Sao Paulo Medical School Hospital, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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63
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Kaseda R, Jabs K, Hunley TE, Jones D, Bian A, Allen RM, Vickers KC, Yancey PG, Linton MF, Fazio S, Kon V. Dysfunctional high-density lipoproteins in children with chronic kidney disease. Metabolism 2015; 64:263-73. [PMID: 25467845 PMCID: PMC4277938 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2014.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Our aim was to determine if chronic kidney disease (CKD) occurring in childhood impairs the normally vasoprotective functions of high-density lipoproteins (HDLs). MATERIALS AND METHODS HDLs were isolated from children with end-stage renal disease on dialysis (ESRD), children with moderate CKD and controls with normal kidney function. Macrophage response to HDLs was studied as expression of inflammatory markers (MCP-1, TNF-α, IL-1β) and chemotaxis. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were used for expression of adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, VCAM-1, E-selectin) and adhesion. Cellular proliferation, apoptosis, and necrosis of endothelial cells were measured by MTS/PMS reagent-based assay, flow cytometry, and ELISA. Cholesterol efflux was assessed by gas chromatographic measurements of cholesterol in macrophages exposed to HDLs. RESULTS Compared with HDL(Control), HDL(CKD) and HDL(ESRD) heightened the cytokine response and disrupted macrophage chemotaxis. HDL(Control) reduced endothelial expression of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, E-selectin, whereas HDL(CKD) and HDL(ESRD) were less effective and showed reduced capacity to protect endothelial cells against monocyte adhesion. Compared with a dramatically enhanced endothelial proliferation following injurious stimulus by HDL(Control), neither HDL(CKD) nor HDL(ESRD) caused proliferative effects. HDLs of all three groups were equally protective against apoptosis assessed by flow cytometry and cleaved caspase-3 activity. Compared to HDL(Control), HDL(CKD) and HDL(ESRD) trended toward reduced capacity as cholesterol acceptors. CONCLUSION CKD in children impairs HDL function. Even in the absence of long-standing and concomitant risk factors, CKD alters specific HDL functions linked to control of inflammation and endothelial responses.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Apoptosis
- Biological Transport
- Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology
- Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology
- Cardiovascular Diseases/prevention & control
- Cell Adhesion
- Cell Line
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemotaxis
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Cholesterol/blood
- Cholesterol/metabolism
- Coculture Techniques
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells
- Humans
- Infant
- Kidney Failure, Chronic/blood
- Kidney Failure, Chronic/metabolism
- Kidney Failure, Chronic/pathology
- Kidney Failure, Chronic/physiopathology
- Lipoproteins, HDL/blood
- Lipoproteins, HDL/metabolism
- Macrophages/cytology
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Macrophages/pathology
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/blood
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/metabolism
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/pathology
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/physiopathology
- Risk Factors
- Severity of Illness Index
- Tennessee/epidemiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Kaseda
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Kathy Jabs
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Tracy E Hunley
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Deborah Jones
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Aihua Bian
- Department of Statistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Ryan M Allen
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Kasey C Vickers
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Patricia G Yancey
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - MacRae F Linton
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Sergio Fazio
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Valentina Kon
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.
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64
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Lokhov P, Maslov D, Balashova E, Trifonova O, Medvedeva N, Torkhovskaya T, Ipatova O, Archakov A, Malyshev P, Kukharchuk V, Shestakova E, Shestakova M, Dedov I. Mass spectrometry analysis of blood plasma lipidome as method of disease diagnostics, evuation of effectiveness and optimization of drug therapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 61:7-18. [DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20156101007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A new method for the analysis of blood lipid based on direct mass spectrometry of lipophilic low molecular weight fraction of blood plasma has been considered. Such technique allows quantification of hundreds of various types of lipids and this changes existing concepts on diagnostics of lipid disorders and related diseases. The versatility and quickness of the method significantly simplify its wide use. This method is applicable for diagnostics of atherosclerosis, diabetes, cancer and other diseases. Detalization of plasma lipid composition at the molecular level by means of mass spectrometry allows to assess the effectiveness of therapy and to optimize the drug treatment of cardiovascular diseases by phospholipid preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- P.G. Lokhov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - D.L. Maslov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | | | | | - O.M. Ipatova
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - P.P. Malyshev
- Russian Cardiology Research and Production Complex, Moscow, Russia
| | - V.V. Kukharchuk
- Russian Cardiology Research and Production Complex, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - I.I. Dedov
- Endocrinology Research Centre, Moscow, Russia
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65
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Medvedeva N, Prosorovskiy V, Ignatov D, Druzilovskaya O, Kudinov V, Kasatkina E, Tikhonova E, Ipatova O. Pharmacological agents and transport nanosystems based on plant phospholipids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 61:219-30. [DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20156102219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A new generation of plant phosphatidylcholine (PC)-based pharmacological agents has been developed under academician A.I. Archakov leadership at the Institute of Biomedical Chemistry (IBMC). For their production a unique technology allowing to obtain dry lyophilized phospholipid nanoparticles of 30 nm was elaborated. The successful practical application of PC nanoparticles as a drug agent may be illustrated by Phosphogliv (oral and injection formulations). Being developed at IBMC for the treatment of liver diseases, including viral hepatitis, Phosphogliv (currently marketed by the “Pharmstandard” company) is approved for clinical application in 2000, and is widely used in medical practice. Based on the developed and scaled in IBMC technology of prerparation of ultra small size phospholipid nanoparticles without the use of detergents/surfactants and stabilizers another drug preparation, Phospholipovit, exhibiting pronounced hypolipidemic properties has been obtained. Recently completed preclinical studies have shown that PC nanoparticles of 20-30 nm activate reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) and in this context it is more active than well known foreign preparation Essentiale. Phospholipovit is now at the stage of clinical trials (phase 1 completed). PC was also used as a basis for the development of a transport nanosystem with a particles size of 20-25 nm in diameter and incorporation of various drug substances from various therapeutic groups. Using several drugs substances as an example, increased bioavailability and specific activity were demonstrated for the formulations equipped with such transport nanosystem. Formulations equipped with the transport nanosystems have been developed for such pharmacological agents as doxorubicin, rifampin, budesonide, chlorin E6, prednisone, and others.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - D.V. Ignatov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - V.A. Kudinov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - O.M. Ipatova
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
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66
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Masana L, Cabré A, Heras M, Amigó N, Correig X, Martínez-Hervás S, Real JT, Ascaso JF, Quesada H, Julve J, Palomer X, Vázquez-Carrera M, Girona J, Plana N, Blanco-Vaca F. Remarkable quantitative and qualitative differences in HDL after niacin or fenofibrate therapy in type 2 diabetic patients. Atherosclerosis 2014; 238:213-9. [PMID: 25528430 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
HDL-increasing drugs such as fenofibrate and niacin have failed to decrease the cardiovascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes. Drug-mediated quantitative and qualitative HDL modifications could be involved in these negative results. To evaluate the quantitative and qualitative effects of niacin and fenofibrate on HDL in patients with type 2 diabetes, a prospective, randomised controlled intervention trial was conducted. Thirty type 2 diabetic patients with low HDL were randomised to receive either fenofibrate (FFB) or niacin + laropiprant (ERN/LPR) as an add-on to simvastatin treatment for 12 weeks according to a crossover design. At the basal point and after each intervention period, physical examinations and comprehensive standard biochemical determinations and HDL metabolomics were performed. Thirty nondiabetic patients with normal HDL were used as a basal control group. ERN/LRP, but not FFB, significantly increased HDL cholesterol. Neither ERN/LRP nor FFB reversed the HDL particle size or particle number to normal. ERN/LRP increased apoA-I but not apoA-II, whereas FFB produced the opposite effect. FFB significantly increased Preβ1-HDL, whereas ERN/LRP tended to lower Preβ1-HDL. CETP and LCAT activities were significantly decreased only by ERN/LRP. PAF-AH activity in HDL and plasma decreased with the use of both agents. Despite their different actions on antioxidant parameters, none of the treatments induced detectable antioxidant improvements. ERN/LRP and FFB had strikingly different effects on HDL quantity and quality, as well as on HDL cholesterol concentrations. When prescribing HDL cholesterol increasing drugs, this differential action should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Masana
- Vascular Medicine and Metabolism Unit, Research Unit on Lipids and Atherosclerosis, "Sant Joan" University Hospital, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, IISPV, Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Reus, Spain.
| | - Anna Cabré
- Vascular Medicine and Metabolism Unit, Research Unit on Lipids and Atherosclerosis, "Sant Joan" University Hospital, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, IISPV, Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Reus, Spain
| | - Mercedes Heras
- Vascular Medicine and Metabolism Unit, Research Unit on Lipids and Atherosclerosis, "Sant Joan" University Hospital, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, IISPV, Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Reus, Spain
| | - Núria Amigó
- Metabolomics Platform and Center for Omic Sciences, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, IISPV, CIBERDEM, Reus, Spain
| | - Xavier Correig
- Metabolomics Platform and Center for Omic Sciences, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, IISPV, CIBERDEM, Reus, Spain
| | - Sergio Martínez-Hervás
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Clinico Universitario, CIBERDEM, INCLIVA, Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - José T Real
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Clinico Universitario, CIBERDEM, INCLIVA, Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan F Ascaso
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Clinico Universitario, CIBERDEM, INCLIVA, Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Helena Quesada
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), CIBERDEM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Julve
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), CIBERDEM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Palomer
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB) and CIBERDEM, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Vázquez-Carrera
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB) and CIBERDEM, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josefa Girona
- Vascular Medicine and Metabolism Unit, Research Unit on Lipids and Atherosclerosis, "Sant Joan" University Hospital, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, IISPV, Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Reus, Spain
| | - Núria Plana
- Vascular Medicine and Metabolism Unit, Research Unit on Lipids and Atherosclerosis, "Sant Joan" University Hospital, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, IISPV, Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Reus, Spain
| | - Francisco Blanco-Vaca
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), CIBERDEM, Barcelona, Spain
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67
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Ferroni P, Roselli M, Riondino S, Guadagni F. Predictive value of HDL cholesterol for cancer-associated venous thromboembolism during chemotherapy. J Thromb Haemost 2014; 12:2049-53. [PMID: 25256037 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dyslipidemia is a well-known risk factor for the development of atherothrombosis; however, its involvement in venous thromboembolism (VTE) is still debated. Low levels of HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) have been found to be associated with VTE, which is a common complication of cancer and its treatment. VTE incidence is increased in cancer patients, especially those undergoing chemotherapy. OBJECTIVE We sought to investigate the value of pretreatment HDL-C in the risk prediction of future VTE in a population of ambulatory cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS Blood lipid composition was retrospectively evaluated in 592 consecutive patients with primary (n = 373) or relapsing/recurrent (n = 219) solid cancers at the start of a new chemotherapy regimen (12% neoadjuvant, 31% adjuvant, 57% metastatic). RESULTS VTE occurred during chemotherapy in 38 patients (median time-to-event: 3 months). Mean HDL-C levels were lower in patients who developed VTE during chemotherapy (41 mg dL(-1) ; standard deviation [SD] 13 mg dL(-1) ) than in those who did not (48 mg dL(-1) ; SD 14 mg dL(-1) ). Cox proportional hazard survival analysis showed that HDL-C levels ≤ 43 mg dL(-1) were able to significantly predict a first VTE episode, with a hazard ratio of 2.87 (95% confidence interval 1.45-5.68). Moreover, patients with HDL-C levels ≤ 43 mg dL(-1) had worse 1-year VTE-free survival (86%) than those with HDL-C levels > 43 mg dL(-1) (96%; log rank test, 3.14). CONCLUSIONS Patients with low HDL-C levels have a three-fold higher risk of developing a first VTE episode during chemotherapy. Baseline analysis of HDL-C levels might be of clinical value in predicting VTE in cancer outpatients treated with anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ferroni
- Biomarker Discovery and Advanced Biotechnology (BioDAT) Laboratory, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Research Center, Rome, Italy
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68
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Excess cholesterol induces mouse egg activation and may cause female infertility. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E4972-80. [PMID: 25368174 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1418954111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The HDL receptor scavenger receptor, class B type I (SR-BI) controls the structure and fate of plasma HDL. Female SR-BI KO mice are infertile, apparently because of their abnormal cholesterol-enriched HDL particles. We examined the growth and meiotic progression of SR-BI KO oocytes and found that they underwent normal germinal vesicle breakdown; however, SR-BI KO eggs, which had accumulated excess cholesterol in vivo, spontaneously activated, and they escaped metaphase II (MII) arrest and progressed to pronuclear, MIII, and anaphase/telophase III stages. Eggs from fertile WT mice were activated when loaded in vitro with excess cholesterol by a cholesterol/methyl-β-cyclodextrin complex, phenocopying SR-BI KO oocytes. In vitro cholesterol loading of eggs induced reduction in maturation promoting factor and MAPK activities, elevation of intracellular calcium, extrusion of a second polar body, and progression to meiotic stages beyond MII. These results suggest that the infertility of SR-BI KO females is caused, at least in part, by excess cholesterol in eggs inducing premature activation and that cholesterol can activate WT mouse eggs to escape from MII arrest. Analysis of SR-BI KO female infertility raises the possibility that abnormalities in cholesterol metabolism might underlie some cases of human female infertility of unknown etiology.
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69
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Reverri EJ, Morrissey BM, Cross CE, Steinberg FM. Inflammation, oxidative stress, and cardiovascular disease risk factors in adults with cystic fibrosis. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 76:261-77. [PMID: 25172163 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) represents one of a number of localized lung and non-lung diseases with an intense chronic inflammatory component associated with evidence of systemic oxidative stress. Many of these chronic inflammatory diseases are accompanied by an array of atherosclerotic processes and cardiovascular disease (CVD), another condition strongly related to inflammation and oxidative stress. As a consequence of a dramatic increase in long-lived patients with CF in recent decades, the specter of CVD must be considered in these patients who are now reaching middle age and beyond. Buttressed by recent data documenting that CF patients exhibit evidence of endothelial dysfunction, a recognized precursor of atherosclerosis and CVD, the spectrum of risk factors for CVD in CF is reviewed here. Epidemiological data further characterizing the presence and extent of atherogenic processes in CF patients would seem important to obtain. Such studies should further inform and offer mechanistic insights into how other chronic inflammatory diseases potentiate the processes leading to CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Reverri
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, 3135 Meyer Hall, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Brian M Morrissey
- Adult Cystic Fibrosis Clinic and Division of Pulmonary-Critical Care Medicine, University of California Davis Medical Center, 4150 V Street, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Carroll E Cross
- Adult Cystic Fibrosis Clinic and Division of Pulmonary-Critical Care Medicine, University of California Davis Medical Center, 4150 V Street, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
| | - Francene M Steinberg
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, 3135 Meyer Hall, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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70
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Durrington PN. With statin co-administration, drugs designed to increase HDL have no impact on cardiovascular outcomes. EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE 2014; 20:12. [PMID: 25249694 DOI: 10.1136/ebmed-2014-110084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul N Durrington
- Cardiovascular Research Group, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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71
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Bounafaa A, Berrougui H, Ikhlef S, Essamadi A, Nasser B, Bennis A, Yamoul N, Ghalim N, Khalil A. Alteration of HDL functionality and PON1 activities in acute coronary syndrome patients. Clin Biochem 2014; 47:318-25. [PMID: 25218815 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The functionality of HDL has been suggested as an important factor in the prevention of cardiovascular and coronary artery diseases. The objective of the present study was to investigate the functionality of HDL and the factors that may affect the anti-atherogenic properties of HDL in ACS patients. METHODS AND RESULTS One hundred healthy subjects and 205 ACS patients were recruited. HDL functionality was evaluated by measuring their capacity to mediate cholesterol efflux from J774 macrophages. Oxidative stress status was determined by measuring plasma malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl, and vitamin E levels by HPLC. The PON1 Q192R polymorphism status and PON1 paraoxonase and arylesterase activities of the healthy subjects and ACS patients were also determined. The HDL of ACS patients displayed a limited capacity to mediate cholesterol efflux, especially via the ABCA1-pathway. MDA (7.06±0.29 μM) and protein carbonyl (9.29±0.26 μM) levels were significantly higher in ACS patients than in healthy subjects (2.29±0.21 μM and 3.07±0.17 μM, respectively, p<0.0001), while α- and γ-tocopherol (vitamin E) levels in ACS patients were 8-fold (p<0.001) and 2-fold (p<0.05) lower than in healthy subjects. Paraoxonase, arylesterase and HDL-corrected PON1 activities (PON1 activity/HDL ratio) were significantly lower in ACS patients. Logistic regression analyses showed that high PON1 paraoxonase and arylesterase activities had a significant protective effect (OR=0.413, CI 0.289-0.590, p<0.001; OR=0.232 CI 0.107-0.499, p<0.001, respectively) even when adjusted for HDL level, age, BMI, and PON1 polymorphism. CONCLUSION The results of the present study showed that the functionality of HDL is impaired in ACS patients and that the impairment may be due to oxidative stress and an alteration of PON1 activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelghani Bounafaa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry & Neuroscience, Applied Biochemistry and Toxicology Team, Hassan I University, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Settat, Morocco; Department of Biology, Polydisciplinary Faculty, Sultan Moulay Sliman University, Beni-Mellal, Morocco; Laboratory of Biochemistry, Pasteur Institute of Morocco, Casablanca, Morocco; Department of Medicine, Geriatrics Service, Faculty of Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hicham Berrougui
- Department of Biology, Polydisciplinary Faculty, Sultan Moulay Sliman University, Beni-Mellal, Morocco; Department of Medicine, Geriatrics Service, Faculty of Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Souade Ikhlef
- Department of Medicine, Geriatrics Service, Faculty of Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Abdelkhalid Essamadi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry & Neuroscience, Applied Biochemistry and Toxicology Team, Hassan I University, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Settat, Morocco
| | - Boubker Nasser
- Laboratory of Biochemistry & Neuroscience, Applied Biochemistry and Toxicology Team, Hassan I University, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Settat, Morocco
| | - Ahmed Bennis
- Cardiology Service, Ibn Rochd University Hospital Center, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Najoua Yamoul
- Cardiology Service, Ibn Rochd University Hospital Center, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Noreddine Ghalim
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Pasteur Institute of Morocco, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Abdelouahed Khalil
- Department of Medicine, Geriatrics Service, Faculty of Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.
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Yadav R, France M, Aghamohammadzadeh R, Liu Y, Hama S, Kwok S, Schofield J, Turkington P, Syed AA, Malik R, Pemberton P, Greenstein A, Durrington P, Ammori B, Gibson M, Jeziorska M, Soran H. Impairment of high-density lipoprotein resistance to lipid peroxidation and adipose tissue inflammation in obesity complicated by obstructive sleep apnea. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:3390-8. [PMID: 24823455 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-3939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) complicates morbid obesity and is associated with increased cardiovascular disease incidence. An increase in the circulating markers of chronic inflammation and dysfunctional high-density lipoprotein (HDL) occur in severe obesity. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to establish whether the effects of obesity on inflammation and HDL dysfunction are more marked when complicated by OSA. DESIGN AND PATIENTS Morbidly obese patients (n = 41) were divided into those whose apnea-hypoapnea index (AHI) was more or less than the median value and on the presence of OSA [OSA and no OSA (nOSA) groups]. We studied the antioxidant function of HDL and measured serum paraoxonase 1 (PON1) activity, TNFα, and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) levels in these patients. In a subset of 19 patients, we immunostained gluteal sc adipose tissue (SAT) for TNFα, macrophages, and measured adipocyte size. RESULTS HDL lipid peroxide levels were higher and serum PON1 activity was lower in the high AHI group vs the low AHI group (P < .05 and P < .0001, respectively) and in the OSA group vs the nOSA group (P = .005 and P < .05, respectively). Serum TNFα and ICAM-1 levels and TNFα immunostaining in SAT increased with the severity of OSA. Serum PON1 activity was inversely correlated with AHI (r = -0.41, P < .03) in the OSA group. TNFα expression in SAT directly correlated with AHI (r = 0.53, P < .03) in the subset of 19 patients from whom a biopsy was obtained. CONCLUSION Increased serum TNFα, ICAM-1, and TNFα expression in SAT provide a mechanistic basis for enhanced inflammation in patients with OSA. Decreased serum PON1 activity, impaired HDL antioxidant function, and increased adipose tissue inflammation in these patients could be a mechanism for HDL and endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Yadav
- Cardiovascular Research Group (R.Y., M.F., R.A., Y.L., S.H., S.K., J.S., R.M., A.G., P.D., M.J., H.S.), Core Technologies Facility, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom; Cardiovascular Trials Unit (R.Y., M.F. S.K., J.S., H.S.) and Department of Clinical Biochemistry (M.F., P.P.), Central Manchester University Hospitals, National Health Service Foundation Trust, Manchester M13 9WL, United Kingdom; and Departments of Medicine (P.T., A.A.S.) and Surgery (B.A.), the North West Diabetes Local Research Network (M.G.), Salford Royal National Health Service Foundation Trust, Salford M6 8HD, United Kingdom
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73
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Akimova NS, Martynovich TV, Persashvili DG, Shvarts YG. INTERRELATION OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS RISK FACTORS AND CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM CONDITION IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HEART FAILURE OF ISCHEMIC ORIGIN. КАРДИОВАСКУЛЯРНАЯ ТЕРАПИЯ И ПРОФИЛАКТИКА 2014. [DOI: 10.15829/1728-8800-2014-4-36-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- N. S. Akimova
- SBEI HPE Saratov State Medical University n.a. Razumovsky V.I. of the Ministry of Health, Saratov
| | - T. V. Martynovich
- SBEI HPE Saratov State Medical University n.a. Razumovsky V.I. of the Ministry of Health, Saratov
| | - D. G. Persashvili
- SBEI HPE Saratov State Medical University n.a. Razumovsky V.I. of the Ministry of Health, Saratov
| | - Yu. G. Shvarts
- SBEI HPE Saratov State Medical University n.a. Razumovsky V.I. of the Ministry of Health, Saratov
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74
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Siewert S, Gonzalez II, Lucero RO, Ojeda MS. Association of cholesteryl ester transfer protein genotypes with paraoxonase-1 activity, lipid profile and oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A study in San Luis, Argentina. J Diabetes Investig 2014; 6:67-77. [PMID: 25621135 PMCID: PMC4296705 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims/Introduction Diabetic dyslipidemia is common in type 2 diabetes. The TaqIB polymorphism in cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP; B1 and B2 alleles; rs708272) is associated with changes in enzyme activity and lipid concentrations. The aim of the present study was to assess associations of CETP genotypes with lipoprotein profile, oxidant/anti-oxidant status and the plasma activity of paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) in a population of diabetic patients living in San Luis, Argentina. Materials and Methods For oxidative stress status parameters, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) and nitric oxide (NO) levels, and catalase and PON-1 activity were assessed in 40 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and 30 healthy participants. CETP polymorphism was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction-based methods. Results Type 2 diabetes mellitus had significantly higher concentrations of oxidative stress parameters: TBARS (P < 0.0001) and catalase activity (P < 0.0001). PON-1 activity and NO levels were significantly lower in diabetics (P = 0.0002 and P = 0.0008, respectively). The CETP genotypes distribution among study groups was not significantly different. The B2 carriers of the TaqIB CETP polymorphism are associated with higher high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and PON-1 activity in control and type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Linear regression analysis showed that there was a significant and positive correlation between the changes of PON-1 activity and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in non-B1B1 (B2 carriers) in controls (r = 0.83, P < 0.0001) and diabetic patients (r = 0.39, P = 0.0003). Conclusions The results of the current study show that type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized by intense oxidative stress, and that the alterations observed in the lipoprotein profile and PON-1 activity might be related to the higher CETP activity in diabetic patients as a consequence of insulin resistance.
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75
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Zhao Y, Black AS, Bonnet DJ, Maryanoff BE, Curtiss LK, Leman LJ, Ghadiri MR. In vivo efficacy of HDL-like nanolipid particles containing multivalent peptide mimetics of apolipoprotein A-I. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:2053-63. [PMID: 24975585 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m049262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We have observed that molecular constructs based on multiple apoA-I mimetic peptides attached to a branched scaffold display promising anti-atherosclerosis functions in vitro. Building on these promising results, we now describe chronic in vivo studies to assess anti-atherosclerotic efficacy of HDL-like nanoparticles assembled from a trimeric construct, administered over 10 weeks either ip or orally to LDL receptor-null mice. When dosed ip, the trimer-based nanolipids markedly reduced plasma LDL-cholesterol levels by 40%, unlike many other apoA-I mimetic peptides, and were substantially atheroprotective. Surprisingly, these nanoparticles were also effective when administered orally at a dose of 75 mg/kg, despite the peptide construct being composed of l-amino acids and being undetectable in the plasma. The orally administered nanoparticles reduced whole aorta lesion areas by 55% and aortic sinus lesion volumes by 71%. Reductions in plasma cholesterol were due to the loss of non-HDL lipoproteins, while plasma HDL-cholesterol levels were increased. At a 10-fold lower oral dose, the nanoparticles were marginally effective in reducing atherosclerotic lesions. Intriguingly, analogous results were obtained with nanolipids of the corresponding monomeric peptide. These nanolipid formulations provide an avenue for developing orally efficacious therapeutic agents to manage atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannan Zhao
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Audrey S Black
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - David J Bonnet
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Bruce E Maryanoff
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Linda K Curtiss
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Luke J Leman
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - M Reza Ghadiri
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
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76
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Sips FLP, Tiemann CA, Oosterveer MH, Groen AK, Hilbers PAJ, van Riel NAW. A computational model for the analysis of lipoprotein distributions in the mouse: translating FPLC profiles to lipoprotein metabolism. PLoS Comput Biol 2014; 10:e1003579. [PMID: 24784354 PMCID: PMC4006703 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Disturbances of lipoprotein metabolism are recognized as indicators of cardiometabolic disease risk. Lipoprotein size and composition, measured in a lipoprotein profile, are considered to be disease risk markers. However, the measured profile is a collective result of complex metabolic interactions, which complicates the identification of changes in metabolism. In this study we aim to develop a method which quantitatively relates murine lipoprotein size, composition and concentration to the molecular mechanisms underlying lipoprotein metabolism. We introduce a computational framework which incorporates a novel kinetic model of murine lipoprotein metabolism. The model is applied to compute a distribution of plasma lipoproteins, which is then related to experimental lipoprotein profiles through the generation of an in silico lipoprotein profile. The model was first applied to profiles obtained from wild-type C57Bl/6J mice. The results provided insight into the interplay of lipoprotein production, remodelling and catabolism. Moreover, the concentration and metabolism of unmeasured lipoprotein components could be determined. The model was validated through the prediction of lipoprotein profiles of several transgenic mouse models commonly used in cardiovascular research. Finally, the framework was employed for longitudinal analysis of the profiles of C57Bl/6J mice following a pharmaceutical intervention with a liver X receptor (LXR) agonist. The multifaceted regulatory response to the administration of the compound is incompletely understood. The results explain the characteristic changes of the observed lipoprotein profile in terms of the underlying metabolic perturbation and resultant modifications of lipid fluxes in the body. The Murine Lipoprotein Profiler (MuLiP) presented here is thus a valuable tool to assess the metabolic origin of altered murine lipoprotein profiles and can be applied in preclinical research performed in mice for analysis of lipid fluxes and lipoprotein composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fianne L P Sips
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Netherlands Consortium for Systems Biology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christian A Tiemann
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Netherlands Consortium for Systems Biology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maaike H Oosterveer
- Department of Pediatrics, University Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Albert K Groen
- Netherlands Consortium for Systems Biology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, University Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter A J Hilbers
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Netherlands Consortium for Systems Biology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Natal A W van Riel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Netherlands Consortium for Systems Biology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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77
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He BM, Zhao SP, Peng ZY. Effects of cigarette smoking on HDL quantity and function: implications for atherosclerosis. J Cell Biochem 2014; 114:2431-6. [PMID: 23852759 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking has been identified as an independent and preventable risk factor for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Population studies have shown that plasma high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels are inversely related to the risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Cigarette smoking is associated with reduced HDL cholesterol levels. Cigarette smoking can alter the critical enzymes of lipid transport, lowering lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity and altering cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP) and hepatic lipase activity, which attributes to its impact on HDL metabolism and HDL subfractions distribution. In addition, HDL is susceptible to oxidative modifications by cigarette smoking, which makes HDL become dysfunctional and lose its atheroprotective properties in smokers. Therefore, cigarette smoking has a negative impact on both HDL quantity and function, which can explain, in part, the increased risk of cardiovascular disease in smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bai-mei He
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R., China
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78
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Paraoxonase (PON1) activity in patients with subclinical thoracic aortic atherosclerosis. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2014; 30:889-95. [PMID: 24700021 DOI: 10.1007/s10554-014-0407-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
High density lipoprotein (HDL), a powerful antioxidant, protects low density lipoprotein (LDL) particles against oxidative stress. By limiting LDL oxidation, HDL plays an important role in preventing atherosclerosis (AS). The antioxidant effect of HDL is mostly associated with the paraoxonase (PON1) activity. It has been known that increased aortic intima-media thickness (IMT) is an earlier marker AS than carotid IMT. We aimed to investigate the association between thoracic aortic IMT and serum PON1 activity. We studied 133 patients (mean age: 46.3 ± 8 years) who underwent transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) for various indications. The measurements of thoracic aortic IMT by TEE are classified into four grades (1, 2, 3 and 4). Serum PON1 activity was measured spectrophotometrically. Oxidative and anti-oxidative status was evaluated by measuring serum lipid hydroperoxide (LOOH), total anti-oxidant status (TAS). Serum PON1 activity was progressively decreasing from grade 1 IMT to grade 4 IMT (p < 0.001). However, serum LOOH was significantly lower and TAS was significantly higher in patients with grade 1 when compared with other grades. In multiple linear regression analysis, IMT was independently correlated with PON1 activity (β = -0.495, p < 0.001), TAS level (β = -196, p < 0.009), age (β = 0.145, p = 0.029) and LDL cholesterol level (β = 0.169, p = 0.009). Decreased PON1 activity was independently associated with the extent of thoracic AS. PON1 activity may play a role in pathogenesis of thoracic AS besides age, TAS and LDL cholesterol levels.
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79
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Larkin J, Chen B, Shi XH, Mishima T, Kokame K, Barak Y, Sadovsky Y. NDRG1 deficiency attenuates fetal growth and the intrauterine response to hypoxic injury. Endocrinology 2014; 155:1099-106. [PMID: 24424031 PMCID: PMC3929742 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intrauterine mammalian development depends on the preservation of placental function. The expression of the protein N-myc downstream-regulated gene 1 (NDRG1) is increased in placentas of human pregnancies affected by fetal growth restriction and in hypoxic primary human trophoblasts, where NDRG1 attenuates cell injury. We sought to assess the function of placental NDRG1 in vivo and tested the hypothesis that NDRG1 deficiency in the mouse embryo impairs placental function and consequently intrauterine growth. We found that Ndrg1 knock-out embryos were growth restricted in comparison to wild-type or heterozygous counterparts. Furthermore, hypoxia reduced the survival of female, but not male, knock-out embryos. Ndrg1 deletion caused significant alterations in placental gene expression, with a marked reduction in transcription of several lipoproteins in the placental labyrinth. These transcriptional changes were associated with reduced fetal:maternal serum cholesterol ratio exclusively in hypoxic female embryos. Collectively, our findings indicate that NDRG1 promotes fetal growth and regulates the metabolic response to intrauterine hypoxic injury in a sexually dichotomous manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Larkin
- Magee-Womens Research Institute (J.L., X.H.S., T.M., Y.B., Y.S.), Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (B.C.), Washington University, St Louis, Missouri 63110; Department of Molecular Pathogenesis (K.K.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan 565-8565; and Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics (Y.B., Y.S.), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
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van Capelleveen JC, Brewer HB, Kastelein JJP, Hovingh GK. Novel therapies focused on the high-density lipoprotein particle. Circ Res 2014; 114:193-204. [PMID: 24385512 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.114.301804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains a major burden for morbidity and mortality in the general population, despite current efficacious low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol-lowering therapies. Consequently, novel therapies are required to reduce this residual risk. Prospective epidemiological studies have shown that high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels are inversely correlated with cardiovascular disease risk, and this initiated the quest for HDL-C-increasing therapies. Consequently, several different targets in HDL metabolism have been identified. Initial studies addressing the effect of cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibition on cardiovascular disease outcome have been discontinued for reasons of futility or increased mortality. As of yet, 2 cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitors are still in phase III studies. Other HDL-based interventions, such as apolipoprotein A1-based compounds, ABC-transporter upregulators, selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor modulators and lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase-based therapy, hold great promise for the future. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of HDL-targeted pharmaceutical strategies in humans, both in early development as well as in late stage clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian C van Capelleveen
- From the Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.C.v.C., J.J.P.K., G.K.H.); and MedStar Research Institute, Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (H.B.B.)
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81
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Kakuda H, Matoba M, Nakatoh H, Nagao S, Takekoshi N. Comparison of atorvastatin, pitavastatin and rosuvastatin for residual cardiovascular risk using non-fasting blood sampling. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2014; 74:285-95. [DOI: 10.3109/00365513.2014.882015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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82
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and premature mortality in Europe and the United States, and is increasingly common in developing countries. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) is an independent risk factor for CVD and is superior to low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) as a predictor of cardiovascular events. The residual risk conferred by low HDL-C in patients with a satisfactory LDL-C was recently highlighted by the European Atherosclerosis Society. Despite the lack of randomized controlled trials, it has been suggested that raising the level of HDL-C should be considered as a therapeutic strategy in high-risk patients because of the strong epidemiological evidence, compelling biological plausibility, and both experimental and clinical research supporting its cardioprotective effects. RECENT FINDINGS Three recent large randomized clinical trials investigating the effect of HDL-C raising with niacin and dalcetrapib in statin-treated patients failed to demonstrate an improvement in cardiovascular outcomes. SUMMARY There is evidence to support the view that HDL functionality and the mechanism by which a therapeutic agent raises HDL-C are more important than plasma HDL-C levels. Future therapeutic agents will be required to improve this functionality rather than simply raising the cholesterol cargo.
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83
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Prospective associations between serum biomarkers of lipid metabolism and overall, breast and prostate cancer risk. Eur J Epidemiol 2014; 29:119-32. [PMID: 24519551 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-014-9884-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Experimental studies provided evidence about mechanisms by which cholesterol, especially high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), could influence carcinogenesis, notably through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, prospective studies that investigated the associations between specific lipid metabolism biomarkers and cancer risk provided inconsistent results. The objective was to investigate the prospective associations between total cholesterol (T-C), HDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoproteins A1 (apoA1) and B, and triglycerides and overall, breast and prostate cancer risk. Analyses were performed on 7,557 subjects of the Supplémentation en Vitamines et Minéraux Antioxydants Study, a nationwide French cohort study. Biomarkers of lipid metabolism were measured at baseline and analyzed regarding the risk of first primary incident cancer (N = 514 cases diagnosed during follow-up, 1994-2007), using Cox proportional hazards models. T-C was inversely associated with overall (HR(1mmol/L increment) = 0.91, 95 % CI 0.82-1.00; P = 0.04) and breast (HR(1mmol/L increment) = 0.83, 95 % CI 0.69-0.99; P = 0.04) cancer risk. HDL-C was also inversely associated with overall (HR(1mmol/L increment) = 0.61, 95 % CI 0.46-0.82; P = 0.0008) and breast (HR(1mmol/L increment) = 0.48, 95 % CI 0.28-0.83; P = 0.009) cancer risk. Consistently, apoA1 was inversely associated with overall (HR(1g/L increment) = 0.56, 95 % CI 0.39-0.82; P = 0.003) and breast (HR(1g/L increment) = 0.36, 95 % CI 0.18-0.73; P = 0.004) cancer risk. This prospective study suggests that pre-diagnostic serum levels of T-C, HDL-C and ApoA1 are associated with decreased overall and breast cancer risk. The confirmation of a role of cholesterol components in cancer development, by further large prospective and experimental studies, may have important implications in terms of public health, since cholesterol is already crucial in cardiovascular prevention.
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84
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Huang J, Lee H, Zivkovic AM, Smilowitz JT, Rivera N, German JB, Lebrilla CB. Glycomic analysis of high density lipoprotein shows a highly sialylated particle. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:681-91. [PMID: 24417605 PMCID: PMC3975653 DOI: 10.1021/pr4012393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
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Many
of the functional proteins and lipids in high density lipoprotein
(HDL) particles are potentially glycosylated, yet very little is known
about the glycoconjugates of HDL. In this study, HDL was isolated
from plasma by sequential micro-ultracentrifugation, followed by glycoprotein
and glycolipid analysis. N-Glycans, glycopeptides, and gangliosides
were extracted and purified followed by analysis with nano-HPLC Chip
quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry and MS/MS. HDL particles
were found to be highly sialylated. Most of the N-glycans (∼90%)
from HDL glycoproteins were sialylated with one or two neuraminic
acids (Neu5Ac). The most abundant N-glycan was a biantennary complex
type glycan with two sialic acids (Hexose5HexNAc4Neu5Ac2) and was found in multiple glycoproteins using
site-specific glycosylation analysis. The observed O-glycans were
all sialylated, and most contained a core 1 structure with two Neu5Acs,
including those that were associated with apolipoprotein CIII (ApoC-III)
and fetuin A. GM3 (monosialoganglioside, NeuAc2–3Gal1–4Glc–Cer)
and GD3 (disialoganglioside, NeuAc2–8NeuAc2–3Gal1–4Glc–Cer)
were the major gangliosides in HDL. A 60% GM3 and 40% GD3 distribution
was observed. Both GM3 and GD3 were composed of heterogeneous ceramide
lipid tails, including d18:1/16:0 and d18:1/23:0. This report describes
for the first time a glycomic approach for analyzing HDL, highlighting
that HDL are highly sialylated particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jincui Huang
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Food Science and Technology, and §Foods for Health Institute, University of California , Davis, California 95616, United States
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Szántó M, Brunyánszki A, Márton J, Vámosi G, Nagy L, Fodor T, Kiss B, Virág L, Gergely P, Bai P. Deletion of PARP-2 induces hepatic cholesterol accumulation and decrease in HDL levels. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1842:594-602. [PMID: 24365238 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-2 (PARP-2) is acknowledged as a DNA repair enzyme. However, recent investigations have attributed unique roles to PARP-2 in metabolic regulation in the liver. We assessed changes in hepatic lipid homeostasis upon the deletion of PARP-2 and found that cholesterol levels were higher in PARP-2(-/-) mice as compared to wild-type littermates. To uncover the molecular background, we analyzed changes in steady-state mRNA levels upon the knockdown of PARP-2 in HepG2 cells and in murine liver that revealed higher expression of sterol-regulatory element binding protein (SREBP)-1 dependent genes. We demonstrated that PARP-2 is a suppressor of the SREBP1 promoter, and the suppression of the SREBP1 gene depends on the enzymatic activation of PARP-2. Consequently, the knockdown of PARP-2 enhances SREBP1 expression that in turn induces the genes driven by SREBP1 culminating in higher hepatic cholesterol content. We did not detect hypercholesterolemia, higher fecal cholesterol content or increase in serum LDL, although serum HDL levels decreased in the PARP-2(-/-) mice. In cells and mice where PARP-2 was deleted we observed decreased ABCA1 mRNA and protein expression that is probably linked to lower HDL levels. In our current study we show that PARP-2 impacts on hepatic and systemic cholesterol homeostasis. Furthermore, the depletion of PARP-2 leads to lower HDL levels which represent a risk factor to cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdolna Szántó
- MTA-DE Cell Biology and Signaling Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Attila Brunyánszki
- MTA-DE Cell Biology and Signaling Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Judit Márton
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - György Vámosi
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Lilla Nagy
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tamás Fodor
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Borbála Kiss
- Department of Dermatology, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Virág
- MTA-DE Cell Biology and Signaling Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Pál Gergely
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Péter Bai
- MTA-DE Cell Biology and Signaling Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
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86
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Melka MG, Abrahamowicz M, Leonard GT, Perron M, Richer L, Veillette S, Gaudet D, Paus T, Pausova Z. Clustering of the metabolic syndrome components in adolescence: role of visceral fat. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82368. [PMID: 24376531 PMCID: PMC3869691 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral fat (VF) promotes the development of metabolic syndrome (MetS), which emerges as early as in adolescence. The clustering of MetS components suggests shared etiologies, but these are largely unknown and may vary between males and females. Here, we investigated the latent structure of pre-clinical MetS in a community-based sample of 286 male and 312 female adolescents, assessing their abdominal adiposity (VF) directly with magnetic resonance imaging. Principal component analysis of the five MetS-defining variables (VF, blood pressure [BP], fasting serum triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol and glucose) identified two independent components in both males and females. The first component was sex-similar; it explained >30% of variance and was loaded by all but BP variables. The second component explained >20% of variance; it was loaded by BP similarly in both sexes but additional loading by metabolic variables was sex-specific. This sex-specificity was not detected in analyses that used waist circumference instead of VF. In adolescence, MetS-defining variables cluster into at least two sub-syndromes: (1) sex-similar metabolic abnormalities of obesity-induced insulin resistance and (2) sex-specific metabolic abnormalities associated with BP elevation. These results suggest that the etiology of MetS may involve more than one pathway and that some of the pathways may differ between males and females. Further, the sex-specific metabolic abnormalities associated with BP elevation suggest the need for sex-specific prevention and treatment strategies of MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melkaye G. Melka
- The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michal Abrahamowicz
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gabriel T. Leonard
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michel Perron
- ÉCOBES, Recherche et transfert, Cégep de Jonquière, Jonquière, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Human Sciences, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, Quebec, Canada
| | - Louis Richer
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, Quebec, Canada
| | - Suzanne Veillette
- ÉCOBES, Recherche et transfert, Cégep de Jonquière, Jonquière, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Human Sciences, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, Quebec, Canada
| | - Daniel Gaudet
- Community Genomic Centre, Université de Montréal, Chicoutimi, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tomáš Paus
- Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zdenka Pausova
- The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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87
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van Capelleveen JC, Bochem AE, Motazacker MM, Hovingh GK, Kastelein JJP. Genetics of HDL-C: a causal link to atherosclerosis? Curr Atheroscler Rep 2013; 15:326. [PMID: 23591671 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-013-0326-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Prospective epidemiological studies have consistently reported an inverse association between HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) levels and the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, large intervention trials on HDL-C-increasing drugs and recent Mendelian randomization studies have questioned a causal relationship between HDL-C and atherosclerosis. HDL-C levels have been shown to be highly heritable, and the combination of HDL-C-associated SNPs in recent large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWAS) only explains a small proportion of this heritability. As a large part of our current understanding of HDL metabolism comes from genetic studies, further insights in this research field may aid us in elucidating HDL functionality in relation to CVD risk. In this review we focus on the question of whether genetically defined HDL-C levels are associated with risk of atherosclerosis. We also discuss the latest insights for HDL-C-associated genes and recent GWAS data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian C van Capelleveen
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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88
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Emergent biomarkers of residual cardiovascular risk in patients with low HDL-c and/or high triglycerides and average LDL-c concentrations: focus on HDL subpopulations, Oxidized LDL, adiponectin, and uric acid. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:387849. [PMID: 24319364 PMCID: PMC3835367 DOI: 10.1155/2013/387849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This study intended to determine the impact of HDL-c and/or TGs levels on patients with average LDL-c concentration, focusing on lipidic, oxidative, inflammatory, and angiogenic profiles. Patients with cardiovascular risk factors (n = 169) were divided into 4 subgroups, combining normal and low HDL-c with normal and high TGs patients. The following data was analyzed: BP, BMI, waist circumference and serum glucose, Total-c, TGs, LDL-c, oxidized-LDL, total HDL-c and HDL subpopulations, paraoxonase-1 (PON1) activity, hsCRP, uric acid, TNF- α , adiponectin, VEGF, and iCAM1. The two populations with increased TGs levels, regardless of the normal or low HDL-c, presented obesity and higher waist circumference, Total-c, LDL-c, Ox-LDL, and uric acid. Adiponectin concentration was significantly lower and VEGF was higher in the population with cumulative low values of HDL-c and high values of TGs, while HDL quality was reduced in the populations with impaired values of HDL-c and/or TGs, viewed by reduced large and increased small HDL subfractions. In conclusion, in a population with cardiovascular risk factors, low HDL-c and/or high TGs concentrations seem to be associated with a poor cardiometabolic profile, despite average LDL-c levels. This condition, often called residual risk, is better evidenced by using both traditional and nontraditional CV biomarkers, including large and small HDL subfractions, Ox-LDL, adiponectin, VEGF, and uric acid.
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89
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Leman LJ, Maryanoff BE, Ghadiri MR. Molecules that mimic apolipoprotein A-I: potential agents for treating atherosclerosis. J Med Chem 2013; 57:2169-96. [PMID: 24168751 DOI: 10.1021/jm4005847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Certain amphipathic α-helical peptides can functionally mimic many of the properties of full-length apolipoproteins, thereby offering an approach to modulate high-density lipoprotein (HDL) for combating atherosclerosis. In this Perspective, we summarize the key findings and advances over the past 25 years in the development of peptides that mimic apolipoproteins, especially apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I). This assemblage of information provides a reasonably clear picture of the state of the art in the apolipoprotein mimetic field, an appreciation of the potential for such agents in pharmacotherapy, and a sense of the opportunities for optimizing the functional properties of HDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke J Leman
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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90
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Sun S, Dean R, Jia Q, Zenova A, Zhong J, Grayson C, Xie C, Lindgren A, Samra P, Sojo L, van Heek M, Lin L, Percival D, Fu JM, Winther MD, Zhang Z. Discovery of XEN445: a potent and selective endothelial lipase inhibitor raises plasma HDL-cholesterol concentration in mice. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:7724-34. [PMID: 24211162 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial lipase (EL) activity has been implicated in HDL metabolism and in atherosclerotic plaque development; inhibitors are proposed to be efficacious in the treatment of dyslipidemia related cardiovascular disease. We describe here the discovery of a novel class of anthranilic acids EL inhibitors. XEN445 (compound 13) was identified as a potent and selective EL inhibitor, that showed good ADME and PK properties, and demonstrated in vivo efficacy in raising plasma HDLc concentrations in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyi Sun
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc, 200-3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8, Canada.
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91
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Implication of low HDL-c levels in patients with average LDL-c levels: a focus on oxidized LDL, large HDL subpopulation, and adiponectin. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:612038. [PMID: 24282340 PMCID: PMC3824339 DOI: 10.1155/2013/612038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the impact of low levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) on patients with LDL-c average levels, focusing on oxidative, lipidic, and inflammatory profiles. Patients with cardiovascular risk factors (n = 169) and control subjects (n = 73) were divided into 2 subgroups, one of normal HDL-c and the other of low HDL-c levels. The following data was analyzed: BP, BMI, waist circumference and serum glucose Total-c, TGs, LDL-c, oxidized LDL, total HDL-c and subpopulations (small, intermediate, and large), paraoxonase-1 (PON1) activity, hsCRP, uric acid, TNF-α, adiponectin, VEGF, and iCAM1. In the control subgroup with low HDL-c levels, significantly higher values of BP and TGs and lower values of PON1 activity and adiponectin were found, versus control normal HDL-c subgroup. However, differences in patients' subgroups were clearly more pronounced. Indeed, low HDL-c subgroup presented increased HbA1c, TGs, non-HDL-c, Ox-LDL, hsCRP, VEGF, and small HDL-c and reduced adiponectin and large HDL. In addition, Ox-LDL, large-HDL-c, and adiponectin presented interesting correlations with classical and nonclassical markers, mainly in the normal HDL-c patients' subgroup. In conclusion, despite LDL-c average levels, low HDL-c concentrations seem to be associated with a poor cardiometabolic profile in a population with cardiovascular risk factors, which is better evidenced by traditional and nontraditional CV biomarkers, including Ox-LDL, large HDL-c, and adiponectin.
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92
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Ozturk OH, Can Y, Yonden Z, Motor S, Oktay G, Kaya H, Aslan M. Lipoprotein subfraction profile and HDL-associated enzymes in sickle cell disease patients. Lipids 2013; 48:1217-26. [PMID: 24113910 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-013-3849-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Although hypocholesterolemia is a reported finding in sickle cell disease (SCD), low-density lipoprotein (LDL)/high-density lipoprotein (HDL) subfractions and HDL-associated enzymes have not been determined in SCD patients. Blood was collected from 38 hemoglobin (Hb)A volunteers and 45 homozygous HbSS patients who had not received blood transfusions in the last 3 months. Serum lipids were measured by automated analyzer while LDL and HDL subfraction analysis was done by continuous disc polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Serum levels of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), apolipoprotein B (apoB) and apolipoprotein A-1 (apoA-I) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels were significantly decreased, while TG levels were significantly increased in SCD patients compared to controls. A significant decrease in intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL)-C, IDL-B, IDL-A and LDL-1 fractions were seen in SCD patients, while no significant difference was observed in small dense LDL particles. A significant decrease was seen in HDL-large, HDL-intermediate and HDL-small fractions in SCD patients versus controls. Levels of LCAT and ApoA-1 protein measured in SCD patients were significantly lower while no significant difference was observed in CETP and ApoB protein levels compared to controls. The reduction observed in LDL- and HDL-C in SCD patients was reflected as significantly decreased IDL, LDL-1 and HDL-subfractions. Decreased HDL subfractions may possibly lead to the reduced ApoA-1 and LCAT protein levels observed in SCD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oktay H Ozturk
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Mustafa Kemal University Medical Faculty, 31100, Hatay, Turkey,
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93
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Study of anti-apolipoprotein A-I antibodies and paraoxonase 1 activity in systemic lupus erythematosus patients; correlation with disease activity and damage indices. EGYPTIAN RHEUMATOLOGIST 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejr.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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94
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Kane JP, Malloy MJ. Needed: a better understanding of the antiatherogenic properties of HDL. Curr Opin Lipidol 2013; 24:453-4. [PMID: 24005220 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0b013e3283654ee6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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95
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Yamamoto S, Kon V. Chronic kidney disease induced dysfunction of high density lipoprotein. Clin Exp Nephrol 2013; 18:251-4. [PMID: 24018401 DOI: 10.1007/s10157-013-0857-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Traditional risk factors do not account for increased cardiovascular disease in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), particularly individuals whose CKD has progressed to end-stage kidney disease requiring dialysis. CKD patients on dialysis show little to no cardiovascular benefits from lipid-lowering therapy and thus have an exaggerated residual cardiovascular risk. High density lipoprotein (HDL) quantity and functionality may explain some of the residual risk. CKD affects the composition and disrupts the functionality of HDL, including cholesterol acceptor function and inflammatory effects. Notably, although these HDL abnormalities prevail in CKD, they do not track together and thereby support the idea of separate and distinct mechanistic pathways for each critical function of HDL. Targeting individual perturbations in HDL function represents a novel approach to therapy in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suguru Yamamoto
- Department of Clinical Nephroscience, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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96
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Egom EE, Mamas MA, Soran H. HDL quality or cholesterol cargo: what really matters--spotlight on sphingosine-1-phosphate-rich HDL. Curr Opin Lipidol 2013; 24:351-6. [PMID: 23652570 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0b013e328361f822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The absolute level of HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) may not be the only criterion contributing to their antiatherothrombotic effects. This review focuses on evidence in support of the concept that HDL-bound sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) plays a role in different HDL atheroprotective properties and may represent a potential target for therapeutic interventions. RECENT FINDINGS Recent large randomized clinical trials testing the hypothesis of raising HDL-C with niacin and dalcetrapib in statin-treated patients failed to improve cardiovascular outcomes. Emerging evidence suggests that many of the cardioprotective functions of HDL, such as vasodilation, angiogenesis and endothelial barrier function, protection against ischemia/reperfusion injury, and inhibition of atherosclerosis, may be attributable to its S1P cargo. HDL-associated S1P may represent a future therapeutic target. SUMMARY HDL functionality is affected by its composition and there is evidence to suggest S1P plays a role in some of HDL's functions and atheroprotective properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel E Egom
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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97
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Markers of increased cardiovascular risk in postmenopausal women: focus on oxidized-LDL and HDL subpopulations. DISEASE MARKERS 2013; 35:85-96. [PMID: 24167352 PMCID: PMC3774979 DOI: 10.1155/2013/724706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Objective. To evaluate the effect of gender and menopause in cardiovascular risk (CVR) in a healthy population based on both classical and nontraditional markers. Methods. 56 men and 68 women (48 pre- and 20 postmenopause) were enrolled in the study. The following markers were analyzed: blood pressure (BP), body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), glucose, total cholesterol (total-c), triglycerides (TGs), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), oxidized-LDL (Ox-LDL), HDL-c and subpopulations, paraoxonase-1 activity, hsCRP, uric acid, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), adiponectin, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and intercellular adhesion molecular 1 (ICAM1). Results. Relative to the women, men present significantly increased BMI, WC, BP, glucose, total-c, TGs, LDL-c, Ox-LDL, uric acid, and TNF-α and reduced adiponectin and total and large HDL-c. The protective profile of women is lost after menopause with a significantly increased BMI, WC, BP, glucose, LDL-c, Ox-LDL, hsCRP, and VEGF and decreased total and large HDL-c. Significant correlations were found in women population and in postmenopausal women between Ox-LDL and total, large, and small HDL-c and between TNF-α and total, large, and small HDL-c, LDL-c, and Ox-LDL. Conclusions. Men present higher CVR than women who lost protection after menopause, evidenced by nontraditional markers, including Ox-LDL and HDL subpopulations.
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98
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Kon V, Ikizler TA, Fazio S. Importance of high-density lipoprotein quality: evidence from chronic kidney disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2013; 22:259-65. [PMID: 23470818 PMCID: PMC6558988 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0b013e32835fe47f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review will examine advances in our understanding of the association between high-density lipoprotein (HDL) function and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). RECENT FINDINGS Large randomized statin trials and related meta-analyses confirm that lipid-lowering therapy benefits patients with mild to moderate CKD, leaving a degree of residual cardiovascular risk similar to that documented in the general population. However, patients with advanced CKD on dialysis show little to no cardiovascular benefits from lipid-lowering therapy and have an exaggerated residual cardiovascular risk. HDL quantity and functionality may explain some of the residual risk. CKD modulates the level, composition and functionality of HDL, including impaired cholesterol acceptor function and pro-inflammatory effects. Although these abnormalities prevail in CKD, they do not track together and thus support the idea of separate and distinct mechanistic pathways for each of these critical functions of HDL. SUMMARY CKD-induced perturbations in HDL composition, metabolism and functionality may contribute to the excess CVD in patients with CKD and present new therapeutic targets for intervention in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Kon
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - T. Alp Ikizler
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Sergio Fazio
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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99
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Abstract
The HDL hypothesis has suffered damage in the past few years. Clinical trials have shown that raising HDL cholesterol levels does not improve cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes. In addition, Mendelian randomization studies have shown that DNA variants that alter HDL cholesterol levels in populations are unrelated to incident CVD events. Balancing this deluge of negative data are substantial basic science data supporting the concept that raising HDL cholesterol levels reduces CVD risk. Also, functionally relevant HDL subfractions might be more important determinants of risk than overall HDL cholesterol levels. But, while wobbly, the HDL hypothesis is still standing, seemingly too big to fail owing to past intellectual, economic and psychological investments in the idea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic S Ng
- Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael's Hospital, Shuter Wing, Room 3-041, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada
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100
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Aslan I, Kucuksayan E, Aslan M. Effect of insulin analog initiation therapy on LDL/HDL subfraction profile and HDL associated enzymes in type 2 diabetic patients. Lipids Health Dis 2013; 12:54. [PMID: 23617853 PMCID: PMC3653690 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-12-54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulin treatment can lead to good glycemic control and result in improvement of lipid parameters in type 2 diabetic patients. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of insulin analog initiation therapy on low-density lipoprotein (LDL)/ high-density lipoprotein (HDL) sub-fractions and HDL associated enzymes in type 2 diabetic patients during early phase. METHODS Twenty four type 2 diabetic patients with glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels above 10% despite ongoing combination therapy with sulphonylurea and metformin were selected. Former treatment regimen was continued for the first day followed by substitution of sulphonylurea therapy with different insulin analogs (0.4 U/kg/day) plus metformin. Glycemic profiles were determined over 72 hours by continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS) and blood samples were obtained from all patients at 24 and 72 hours. Plasma levels of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), apolipoprotein B (apoB) and apolipoprotein A-1 (apoA-I) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Measurement of CETP and LCAT activity was performed via fluorometric analysis. Paraoxonase (PON1) enzyme activity was assessed from the rate of enzymatic hydrolysis of phenyl acetate to phenol formation. LDL and HDL subfraction analysis was done by continuous disc polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. RESULTS Mean blood glucose, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) levels were significantly decreased while HDL-C levels were significantly increased after insulin treatment. Although LDL-C levels were not significantly different before and after insulin initiation therapy a significant increase in LDL-1 subgroup and a significant reduction in atherogenic LDL-3 and LDL-4 subgroups were observed. Insulin analog initiation therapy caused a significant increase in HDL-large, HDL- intermediate and a significant reduction in HDL-small subfractions. CETP protein level and activity was significantly increased while apoB levels were significantly decreased following insulin analog initiation therapy. No significant difference was found in LCAT mass, LCAT activity, apoA-I and PON-1 arylesterase levels following insulin initiation therapy. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that insulin analog initiation therapy activates lipid metabolism via up-regulating CETP and shows anti-atherogenic effects by increasing HDL-large and decreasing LDL-3 and LDL-4 subfractions in a short time period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Aslan
- Endocrinology Clinic, Antalya Research and Education Hospital, Antalya, Turkey
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