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Comparative analysis of cytokine/chemokine regulatory networks in patients with hippocampal sclerosis (HS) and focal cortical dysplasia (FCD). Sci Rep 2017; 7:15904. [PMID: 29162878 PMCID: PMC5698416 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16041-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimental and clinical evidence have demonstrated aberrant expression of cytokines/chemokines and their receptors in patients with hippocampal sclerosis (HS) and focal cortical dysplasia (FCD). However, there is limited information regarding the modulation of cytokine/chemokine-regulatory networks, suggesting contribution of miRNAs and downstream transcription factors/receptors in these pathologies. Hence, we studied the levels of multiple inflammatory mediators (IL1β, IL1Ra, IL6, IL10, CCL3, CCL4, TNFα and VEGF) along with transcriptional changes of nine related miRNAs and mRNA levels of downstream effectors of significantly altered cytokines/chemokines in brain tissues obtained from patients with HS (n = 26) and FCD (n = 26). Up regulation of IL1β, IL6, CCL3, CCL4, STAT-3, C-JUN and CCR5, and down regulation of IL 10 were observed in both HS and FCD cases (p < 0.05). CCR5 was significantly up regulated in FCD as compared to HS (p < 0.001). Both, HS and FCD presented decreased miR-223-3p, miR-21-5p, miR-204-5p and let-7a-5p and increased miR-155-5p expression (p < 0.05). As compared to HS, miR-204-5p (upstream to CCR5 and IL1β) and miR-195-5p (upstream to CCL4) were significantly decreased in FCD patients (p < 0.01). Our results suggest differential alteration of cytokine/chemokine regulatory networks in HS and FCD and provide a rationale for developing pathology specific therapy.
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Cabral T, Toral MA, Velez G, DiCarlo JE, Gore AM, Mahajan M, Tsang SH, Bassuk AG, Mahajan VB. Dissection of Human Retina and RPE-Choroid for Proteomic Analysis. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 29155757 DOI: 10.3791/56203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The human retina is composed of the sensory neuroretina and the underlying retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE), which is firmly complexed to the vascular choroid layer. Different regions of the retina are anatomically and molecularly distinct, facilitating unique functions and demonstrating differential susceptibility to disease. Proteomic analysis of each of these regions and layers can provide vital insights into the molecular process of many diseases, including Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD), diabetes mellitus, and glaucoma. However, separation of retinal regions and layers is essential before quantitative proteomic analysis can be accomplished. Here, we describe a method for dissection and collection of the foveal, macular, and peripheral retinal regions and underlying RPE-choroid complex, involving regional punch biopsies and manual removal of tissue layers from a human eye.One-dimensional SDS-PAGE as well as downstream proteomic analysis, such as liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), can be used to identify proteins in each dissected retinal layer, revealing molecular biomarkers for retinal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Cabral
- Barbara & Donald Jonas Stem Cell Laboratory, and Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Institute of Human Nutrition, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University; Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, New York-Presbyterian Hospital; Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP); Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of EspÍrito Santo (UFES)
| | - Marcus A Toral
- Omics Laboratory, Byers Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa
| | - Gabriel Velez
- Omics Laboratory, Byers Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa
| | - James E DiCarlo
- Barbara & Donald Jonas Stem Cell Laboratory, and Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Institute of Human Nutrition, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University; Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, New York-Presbyterian Hospital
| | - Anuradha M Gore
- Omics Laboratory, Byers Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University
| | - MaryAnn Mahajan
- Omics Laboratory, Byers Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University
| | - Stephen H Tsang
- Barbara & Donald Jonas Stem Cell Laboratory, and Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Institute of Human Nutrition, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University; Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, New York-Presbyterian Hospital
| | - Alexander G Bassuk
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa; Department of Neurology, University of Iowa
| | - Vinit B Mahajan
- Omics Laboratory, Byers Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University; Palo Alto Veterans Administration, Palo Alto, CA;
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MacManus DB, Gilchrist MD, Murphy JG. An empirical measure of nonlinear strain for soft tissue indentation. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2017; 4:170894. [PMID: 29291082 PMCID: PMC5717656 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.170894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Indentation is a primary tool in the investigation of the mechanical properties of very soft tissue such as the brain. However, the usual material characterization protocols are not applicable because the resulting deformation is inhomogeneous, with even the identification of the amount of strain ambiguous and uncertain. Focusing on spherical indentation only, a standard is needed to quantify the amount of strain in terms of the probe radius and displacement so that different indentation experiments can be compared and contrasted. It is shown here that the minimum axial value of the Eulerian logarithmic strain tensor has many desirable properties of such a standard, such as invariance under the choice of material model, and experimental conditions for a given probe displacement. The disadvantage of this measure is that sophisticated finite element techniques need to be used in its determination. An empirical relation is obtained between this strain and the probe radius and displacement to circumvent this problem, and it is shown that this relationship is an excellent predictor of the strain measure. Two essential features of this empirical measure for nonlinear strains are that the exact strain measure for the linear theory is recovered on restriction to infinitesimal deformations and that the simulations use models based on reliable and accurate indentation data obtained from freshly harvested murine brains using a bespoke micro-indentation device.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. B. MacManus
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Author for correspondence: D. B. MacManus e-mail:
| | - M. D. Gilchrist
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - J. G. Murphy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
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MacManus DB, Pierrat B, Murphy JG, Gilchrist MD. Region and species dependent mechanical properties of adolescent and young adult brain tissue. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13729. [PMID: 29061984 PMCID: PMC5653834 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13727-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injuries, the leading cause of death and disability in children and young adults, are the result of a rapid acceleration or impact of the head. In recent years, a global effort to better understand the biomechanics of TBI has been undertaken, with many laboratories creating detailed computational models of the head and brain. For these models to produce realistic results they require accurate regional constitutive data for brain tissue. However, there are large differences in the mechanical properties reported in the literature. These differences are likely due to experimental parameters such as specimen age, brain region, species, test protocols, and fiber direction which are often not reported. Furthermore, there is a dearth of reported viscoelastic properties for brain tissue at large-strain and high rates. Mouse, rat, and pig brains are impacted at 10/s to a strain of ~36% using a custom-built micro-indenter with a 125 μm radius. It is shown that the resultant mechanical properties are dependent on specimen-age, species, and region, under identical experimental parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B MacManus
- School of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Baptiste Pierrat
- School of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, CIS-EMSE, SAINBIOSE, F-42023, Saint Etienne, France.,INSERM, U1059, F-42000, Saint Etienne, France
| | - Jeremiah G Murphy
- School of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael D Gilchrist
- School of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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Riku Y, Watanabe H, Yoshida M, Mimuro M, Iwasaki Y, Masuda M, Ishigaki S, Katsuno M, Sobue G. Pathologic Involvement of Glutamatergic Striatal Inputs From the Cortices in TAR DNA-Binding Protein 43 kDa-Related Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2017; 76:759-768. [PMID: 28859339 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlx055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), recent studies have presumed relationships between cognitive declines and striatal dysfunctions. The striatum contributes to socio-cognitive functions by receiving glutamatergic inputs from the cerebral cortices. However, the vulnerability of these cortico-striatal inputs is unclear in these diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the glutamatergic inputs to the striatum from the cerebral cortices in patients with sporadic TDP-43-related FTLD (FTLD-TDP) and ALS (ALS-TDP). We examined 46 consecutively autopsied patients (31 FTLD-TDP and 15 ALS patients) and 10 normal controls. The axon terminals of the glutamatergic cortico-striatal projection neurons were quantified at the striatum using antivesicular glutamate transporter-1 (VGLUT-1) immunohistochemistry. In results, all FTLD-TDP patients displayed marked depletion of VGLUT-1-positive axon terminals in the caudate head and putamen. Particularly, the patients with type C pathology showed a severe loss. The nondemented ALS patients displayed loss of VGLUT-1-positive axon terminals in the putamen, but those were relatively spared in the caudate head. Confocal microscopy revealed TDP-43 aggregations within VGLUT-1-positive axon terminals in a subset of the patients. Our results indicate marked involvement of glutamatergic striatal inputs from the cerebral cortices in association with socio-cognitive declines in a disease spectrum of TDP-43 proteinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Riku
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan; and Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Watanabe
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan; and Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Mari Yoshida
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan; and Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Maya Mimuro
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan; and Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yasushi Iwasaki
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan; and Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Michihito Masuda
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan; and Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Ishigaki
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan; and Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masahisa Katsuno
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan; and Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Gen Sobue
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan; and Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
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Abstract
Newly developed tissue clearing techniques can be used to render intact tissues transparent. When combined with fluorescent labeling technologies and optical sectioning microscopy, this allows visualization of fine structure in three dimensions. Gene-transfection techniques have proved very useful in visualizing cellular structures in animal models, but they are not applicable to human brain tissue. Here, we discuss the characteristics of an ideal chemical fluorescent probe for use in brain and other cleared tissues, and offer a comprehensive overview of currently available chemical probes. We describe their working principles and compare their performance with the goal of simplifying probe selection for neuropathologists and stimulating probe development by chemists. We propose several approaches for the development of innovative chemical labeling methods which, when combined with tissue clearing, have the potential to revolutionize how we study the structure and function of the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hei Ming Lai
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China; Neuropathology Unit, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Wai-Lung Ng
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Steve M Gentleman
- Neuropathology Unit, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Wutian Wu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China; State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China; Research Center of Reproduction, Development and Growth, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China; Joint Laboratory of Jinan University and The University of Hong Kong, GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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57
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Andrews JL, Goodfellow FJ, Matosin N, Snelling MK, Newell KA, Huang XF, Fernandez-Enright F. Alterations of ubiquitin related proteins in the pathology and development of schizophrenia: Evidence from human and animal studies. J Psychiatr Res 2017; 90:31-39. [PMID: 28226265 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gene expression analyses in post-mortem schizophrenia brains suggest that a number of ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) genes are associated with schizophrenia; however the status of UPS proteins in the schizophrenia brain is largely unknown. Ubiquitin related proteins are inherently involved in memory, neuronal survival and morphology, which are processes implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders such as schizophrenia. We examined levels of five UPS proteins (Protein Inhibitor of Activated STAT2 [PIAS2], F-Box and Leucine rich repeat protein 21 [FBXL21], Mouse Double Minute 2 homolog [MDM2], Ubiquitin Carboxyl-Terminal Hydrolase-L1 [UCHL1] and Ubiquitin Conjugating Enzyme E2D1 [UBE2D1]) involved in these neuronal processes, within the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of post-mortem schizophrenia subjects and matched controls (n = 30/group), in addition to across neurodevelopmental time-points (juvenile, adolescent and adult stages of life), utilizing a well-established neurodevelopmental phencyclidine (PCP) animal model of schizophrenia. We observed significant reductions in PIAS2, FBXL21 and MDM2 in schizophrenia subjects compared to controls (p-values ranging from 0.002 to 0.004). In our developmental PCP model, MDM2 protein was significantly reduced in adult PCP-treated rats compared to controls (p = 0.034). Additionally, FBXL21 (p = 0.022) and UCHL1 (p = 0.022) were significantly decreased, whilst UBE2D1 was increased (p = 0.022), in juvenile phencyclidine-treated rats compared to controls. This is the first study reporting alterations of UPS proteins in post-mortem human schizophrenia subjects and in a neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia. The findings from this study provide strong support for a role of these UPS proteins in the pathology and development of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Andrews
- Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
| | - Frederic J Goodfellow
- Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
| | - Natalie Matosin
- Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
| | - Mollie K Snelling
- Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
| | - Kelly A Newell
- Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
| | - Xu-Feng Huang
- Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
| | - Francesca Fernandez-Enright
- Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
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58
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Samadi-Dooki A, Voyiadjis GZ, Stout RW. An Indirect Indentation Method for Evaluating the Linear Viscoelastic Properties of the Brain Tissue. J Biomech Eng 2017; 139:2621592. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4036486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Indentation experiments offer a robust, fast, and repeatable testing method for evaluating the mechanical properties of the solid-state materials in a wide stiffness range. With the advantage of requiring a minimal sample preparation and multiple tests on a small piece of specimen, this method has recently become a popular technique for measuring the elastic properties of the biological materials, especially the brain tissue whose ultrasoft nature makes its mechanical characterization very challenging. Nevertheless, some limitations are associated with the indentation of the brain tissue, such as improper surface detection, negative initial contact force due to tip-tissue moisture interaction, and partial contact between the tip and the sample. In this study, an indirect indentation scheme is proposed to overcome the aforementioned difficulties. In this way, the indentation force is transferred from a sharp tip to the surface of the tissue slices via a rigid coverslip. To demonstrate the accuracy of this method, the linear viscoelastic properties of the white and gray matters of the bovine brain samples are measured by imposing small cyclic loads at different frequencies. The rate, regional, directional, and postmortem time dependence of the viscoelastic moduli are investigated and compared with the previous results from cyclic shear and monotonic experiments on the brain tissue. While findings of this research present a comprehensive set of information for the viscoelastic properties of the brain at a wide frequency range, the central goal of this paper is to introduce a novel experimentation technique with noticeable advantages for biomechanical characterization of the soft tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aref Samadi-Dooki
- Computational Solid Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 e-mail:
| | - George Z. Voyiadjis
- Boyd Professor Computational Solid Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 e-mail:
| | - Rhett W. Stout
- Pathobiological Sciences Department, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 e-mail:
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MacManus DB, Pierrat B, Murphy JG, Gilchrist MD. A viscoelastic analysis of the P56 mouse brain under large-deformation dynamic indentation. Acta Biomater 2017; 48:309-318. [PMID: 27777117 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The brain is a complex organ made up of many different functional and structural regions consisting of different types of cells such as neurons and glia, as well as complex anatomical geometries. It is hypothesized that the different regions of the brain exhibit significantly different mechanical properties which may be attributed to the diversity of cells within individual brain regions. The regional viscoelastic properties of P56 mouse brain tissue, up to 70μm displacement, are presented and discussed in the context of traumatic brain injury, particularly how the different regions of the brain respond to mechanical loads. Force-relaxation data obtained from micro-indentation measurements were fit to both linear and quasi-linear viscoelastic models to determine the time and frequency domain viscoelastic response of the pons, cortex, medulla oblongata, cerebellum, and thalamus. The damping ratio of each region was also determined. Each region was found to have a unique mechanical response to the applied displacement, with the pons and thalamus exhibiting the largest and smallest force-response, respectively. All brain regions appear to have an optimal frequency for the dissipation of energies which lies between 1 and 10Hz. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE We present the first mechanical characterization of the viscoelastic response for different regions of mouse brain. Force-relaxation tests are performed under large strain dynamic micro-indentation, and viscoelastic models are used subsequently, providing time-dependent mechanical properties of brain tissue under loading conditions comparable to what is experienced in TBI. The unique mechanical properties of different brain regions are highlighted, with substantial variations in the viscoelastic properties and damping ratio of each region. Cortex and pons were the stiffest regions, while the thalamus and medulla were most compliant. The cerebellum and thalamus had highest damping ratio values and those of the medulla were lowest. The reported material parameters can be implemented into finite element computer models of the mouse to investigate the effects of trauma on individual brain regions.
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Koss DJ, Jones G, Cranston A, Gardner H, Kanaan NM, Platt B. Soluble pre-fibrillar tau and β-amyloid species emerge in early human Alzheimer's disease and track disease progression and cognitive decline. Acta Neuropathol 2016; 132:875-895. [PMID: 27770234 PMCID: PMC5106509 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-016-1632-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Post-mortem investigations of human Alzheimer’s disease (AD) have largely failed to provide unequivocal evidence in support of the original amyloid cascade hypothesis, which postulated deposition of β-amyloid (Aβ) aggregates to be the cause of a demented state as well as inductive to tau neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Conflicting evidence suggests, however, that Aβ plaques and NFTs, albeit to a lesser extent, are present in a substantial subset of non-demented individuals. Hence, a range of soluble tau and Aβ species has more recently been implicated as the disease-relevant toxic entities. Despite the incorporation of soluble proteins into a revised amyloid cascade hypothesis, a detailed characterization of these species in the context of human AD onset, progression and cognitive decline has been lacking. Here, lateral temporal lobe samples (Brodmann area 21) of 46 human cases were profiled via tau and Aβ Western blot and native state dot blot protocols. Elevations in phospho-tau (antibodies: CP13, AT8 and PHF-1), pathological tau conformations (MC-1) and oligomeric tau (TOC1) agreed with medical diagnosis (non-AD cf. AD) and Braak stage classification (low, intermediate and high), alongside elevations in soluble Aβ species (MOAB-2 and pyro-glu Aβ) and a decline in levels of the amyloid precursor protein. Strong correlations were observed between individual Braak stages and multiple cognitive measures with all tau markers as well as total soluble Aβ. In contrast to previous reports, SDS-stable Aβ oligomers (*56) were not found to be reliable for all classifications and appeared likely to be a technical artefact. Critically, the robust predictive value of total soluble Aβ was dependent on native state quantification. Elevations in tau and Aβ within soluble fractions (Braak stage 2–3 cf. 0) were evident earlier than previously established in fibril-focused disease progression scales. Together, these data provide strong evidence that soluble forms of tau and Aβ co-localise early in AD and are closely linked to disease progression and cognitive decline.
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61
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Evidence for impaired glucose metabolism in the striatum, obtained postmortem, from some subjects with schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e949. [PMID: 27845781 PMCID: PMC5314134 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies using central nervous system tissue obtained postmortem suggest pathways involved in energy and metabolism contribute to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia; neuroimaging studies suggesting glucose metabolism is particularly affected in the striatum. To gain information on the status of pathways involved in glucose metabolism in the striatum, we measured levels of glucose, pyruvate, acetyl-CoA and lactate as well as the β subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase, a rate limiting enzyme, in the postmortem tissue from subjects with schizophrenia and age/sex-matched controls. The subjects with schizophrenia were made up of two subgroups, which could be divided because they either had (muscarinic receptor deficit schizophrenia (MRDS)), or did not have (non-MRDS), a marked deficit in cortical muscarinic receptors. Compared to controls, levels of β subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase were lower (Δ mean=-20%) and levels of pyruvate (Δ mean=+47%) and lactate (Δ mean=+15%) were significantly higher in the striatum from subjects with schizophrenia. Notably, in subjects with non-MRDS, striatal levels of β subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase were lower (Δ mean=-29%), whereas levels of pyruvate (Δ mean=-66%), acetyl-CoA (Δ mean=-28%) and glucose (Δ mean=-27%) were higher, whereas levels of lactate (Δ mean=+17%) were higher in MRDS. Finally, discriminate analyses using levels the β subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase and glucose, or better still, β subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase and glucose in combination with pyruvate, lactate or acetyl-CoA could separate subjects with non-MRDS from controls with high levels of specificity (up to 93%) and selectivity (up to 91%). Our data show the benefit of being able to study defined subgroups within the syndrome of schizophrenia as such an approach has revealed that changes in glucose metabolism may be a significant contributor to the pathophysiology of non-MRDS.
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García-Bea A, Walker MA, Hyde TM, Kleinman JE, Harrison PJ, Lane TA. Metabotropic glutamate receptor 3 (mGlu3; mGluR3; GRM3) in schizophrenia: Antibody characterisation and a semi-quantitative western blot study. Schizophr Res 2016; 177:18-27. [PMID: 27130562 PMCID: PMC5145804 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabotropic glutamate receptor 3 (mGlu3, mGluR3), encoded by GRM3, is a risk gene for schizophrenia and a therapeutic target. It is unclear whether expression of the receptor is altered in the disorder or related to GRM3 risk genotype. Antibodies used to date to assess mGlu3 in schizophrenia have not been well validated. OBJECTIVE To characterise six commercially available anti-mGlu3 antibodies for use in human brain, and then conduct a semi-quantitative study of mGlu3 immunoreactivity in schizophrenia. METHODS Antibodies tested using Grm3-/- and Grm2-/-/3-/- mice and transfected HEK293T/17 cells. Western blotting on membrane protein isolated from superior temporal cortex of 70 patients with schizophrenia and 87 healthy comparison subjects, genotyped for GRM3 SNP rs10234440. RESULTS One (out of six) anti-mGlu3 antibodies was fully validated, a C-terminal antibody which detected monomeric (~100kDa) and dimeric (~200kDa) mGlu3. A second, N-terminal, antibody detected the 200kDa band but also produced non-specific bands. Using the C-terminal antibody for western blotting in human brain, mGlu3 immunoreactivity was found to decline with age, and was affected by pH and post mortem interval. There were no differences in monomeric or dimeric mGlu3 immunoreactivity in schizophrenia or in relation to GRM3 genotype. The antibody was not suitable for immunohistochemistry. INTERPRETATION These data highlight the value of knockout mouse tissue for antibody validation, and the need for careful antibody characterisation. The schizophrenia data show that involvement of GRM3 in the disorder and its genetic risk architecture is not reflected in total membrane mGlu3 immunoreactivity in superior temporal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mary A Walker
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas M Hyde
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA; Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | | | - Paul J Harrison
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tracy A Lane
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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Li M, Weinberger DR. RETRACTION: Illuminating the dark road from schizophrenia genetic associations to disease mechanisms. Natl Sci Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nww065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Recent large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have enabled the discovery of common genetic variations contributing to risk architectures of schizophrenia in human populations; however, the majority of GWAS-identified variants are located in large genomic regions spanning multiple genes, and recognizing the precise targets and mechanisms of these clinical associations is now the major challenge. Here, we review recent progress in schizophrenia genetics, functional genomics and related neuroscience research, and propose a functional pipeline to translate schizophrenia GWAS risk loci into disease biology and information for drug discovery. The pipeline includes identification of underlying molecular mechanisms using transcriptomic data in human brain, prioritization of putative functional causative variants by the integration of genetic epidemiological and bioinformatics methods as well as molecular approaches, and in vitro and in vivo experimental characterizations of the identified targeted species and causative variants to dissect the relevant disease biology. These approaches will accelerate progress from schizophrenia genetic studies to biological mechanisms and ultimately guide the development of prognostic, preventive and therapeutic measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming 650223, China
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, 21205, USA
| | - Daniel R Weinberger
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, 21205, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21205, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21205, USA
- McKusick Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21205, USA
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Betsou F, Bulla A, Cho SY, Clements J, Chuaqui R, Coppola D, De Souza Y, De Wilde A, Grizzle W, Guadagni F, Gunter E, Heil S, Hodgkinson V, Kessler J, Kiehntopf M, Kim HS, Koppandi I, Shea K, Singh R, Sobel M, Somiari S, Spyropoulos D, Stone M, Tybring G, Valyi-Nagy K, Van den Eynden G, Wadhwa L. Assays for Qualification and Quality Stratification of Clinical Biospecimens Used in Research: A Technical Report from the ISBER Biospecimen Science Working Group. Biopreserv Biobank 2016; 14:398-409. [PMID: 27046294 PMCID: PMC5896556 DOI: 10.1089/bio.2016.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This technical report presents quality control (QC) assays that can be performed in order to qualify clinical biospecimens that have been biobanked for use in research. Some QC assays are specific to a disease area. Some QC assays are specific to a particular downstream analytical platform. When such a qualification is not possible, QC assays are presented that can be performed to stratify clinical biospecimens according to their biomolecular quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fay Betsou
- Integrated BioBank of Luxemburg (IBBL), Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Alexandre Bulla
- Biotheque-SML, Division of Genetics and Laboratory Medicine (DMGL), University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sang Yun Cho
- National Biobank of Korea, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Judith Clements
- Australian Prostate Cancer Bioresource/Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Rodrigo Chuaqui
- Cancer Diagnosis Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis (DCTD), National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Domenico Coppola
- Moffitt Cancer Center, Department of Anatomic Pathology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Yvonne De Souza
- University of California, San Francisco, AIDS Specimen Bank, San Francisco, California
| | | | | | | | | | - Stacey Heil
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, Camden, New Jersey
| | - Verity Hodgkinson
- Cancer Research Division, Cancer Council NSW, Woolloomooloo, Australia
| | | | | | - Hee Sung Kim
- Department of Pathology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Dongjak-gu, South Korea
| | | | | | - Rajeev Singh
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Biorepository, Houston, Texas
| | - Marc Sobel
- American Society for Investigative Pathology, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Stella Somiari
- Biobank and Biospecimen Science Research, Windber Research Institute, Windber, Pennsylvania
| | - Demetri Spyropoulos
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Mars Stone
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California
| | | | - Klara Valyi-Nagy
- University of Illinois Biorepository, Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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65
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Higher levels of different muscarinic receptors in the cortex and hippocampus from subjects with Alzheimer’s disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2016; 124:273-284. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-016-1625-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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66
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Dean B, Scarr E. COMT genotype is associated with differential expression of muscarinic M1 receptors in human cortex. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2016; 171:784-9. [PMID: 26954460 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) genotype has been associated with varying levels of cognitive functioning and an altered risk of schizophrenia. COMT regulates the breakdown of catecholamines, particularly dopamine, which is thought critical in maintaining cognitive function and the aetiology of schizophrenia. This hypothesis gained support from reports that the VAL allele at rs4680 was associated with poorer performance on cognitive tests and a slightly increased risk of schizophrenia. More recently, genotype at rs4818, part of a hapblock with rs4680, has been shown to impact on cognitive ability more than genotype at rs4680 but, as yet, not the risk for schizophrenia. Here, we determined if COMT genotype at rs4680 or rs4818, as well as rs165519 and rs737865, two synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with no known functional consequences, were associated with an altered risk of schizophrenia and if genotype at the four COMT SNPs was related to expression of the cortical muscarinic M1 receptor (CHRM1) because the expression of the cortical CHRM1 has been reported to be lower in schizophrenia and is important in maintaining cognitive functioning in humans. We report that the variation in gene sequence at the four COMT SNPs studied was not associated with an altered the risk of schizophrenia but genotype at rs4680 and rs4818, but not rs165519 and rs737865, were associated with varying levels of cortical CHRM1 expression in the human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). These data are the first to suggest that levels of CHRM1 in the human DLPFC are, in part, determined by COMT gene sequence. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Dean
- The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,The CRC for Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Scarr
- The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,The CRC for Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Palmer-Aronsten B, Sheedy D, McCrossin T, Kril J. An International Survey of Brain Banking Operation and Characterization Practices. Biopreserv Biobank 2016; 14:464-469. [PMID: 27399803 DOI: 10.1089/bio.2016.0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain banks continue to make a major contribution to the study of neurological and psychiatric disorders. The current complexity and scope of research heighten the need for well-characterized cases and the demand for larger cohorts and necessitate strategies, such as the establishment of bank networks based in regional areas. While individual brain banks have developed protocols that meet researchers' needs within the confines of resources and funding, to further promote collaboration, standardization and scientific validity and understanding of the current protocols of participating banks are required. A survey was sent to brain banks, identified by an Internet search, to investigate operational protocols, case characterization, cohort management, data collection, standardization, and degree of collaboration between banks. The majority of the 24 banks that returned the survey have been established for more than 20 years, and most are affiliated with a regional network. While prospective donor programs were the primary source of donation, the data collected on donors varied. Longitudinal information assists case characterization and enhances the analysis capabilities of research. However, acquiring this information depended on the availability of qualified staff. Respondents indicated a high level of importance for standardization, but only 8 of 24 considered this occurred between banks. Standard diagnostic criteria were not achieved in the classification of controls, and some banks relied on the researcher to indicate the criteria for classification of controls. Although the capacity to collaborate with other banks was indicated by 16 of 24 banks, this occurred infrequently. Engagement of all brain banks to participate toward a consensus of diagnostic tools, especially for controls, will strengthen collaboration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrix Palmer-Aronsten
- 1 NSW Brain Tissue Resource Centre, Charles Perkins Centre, and Discipline of Pathology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney , Sydney, Australia .,2 Schizophrenia Research Institute , Randwick, Australia
| | - Donna Sheedy
- 1 NSW Brain Tissue Resource Centre, Charles Perkins Centre, and Discipline of Pathology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney , Sydney, Australia
| | - Toni McCrossin
- 1 NSW Brain Tissue Resource Centre, Charles Perkins Centre, and Discipline of Pathology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney , Sydney, Australia
| | - Jillian Kril
- 1 NSW Brain Tissue Resource Centre, Charles Perkins Centre, and Discipline of Pathology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney , Sydney, Australia
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Pistollato F, Ohayon EL, Lam A, Langley GR, Novak TJ, Pamies D, Perry G, Trushina E, Williams RS, Roher AE, Hartung T, Harnad S, Barnard N, Morris MC, Lai MC, Merkley R, Chandrasekera PC. Alzheimer disease research in the 21st century: past and current failures, new perspectives and funding priorities. Oncotarget 2016; 7:38999-39016. [PMID: 27229915 PMCID: PMC5129909 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Much of Alzheimer disease (AD) research has been traditionally based on the use of animals, which have been extensively applied in an effort to both improve our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of the disease and to test novel therapeutic approaches. However, decades of such research have not effectively translated into substantial therapeutic success for human patients. Here we critically discuss these issues in order to determine how existing human-based methods can be applied to study AD pathology and develop novel therapeutics. These methods, which include patient-derived cells, computational analysis and models, together with large-scale epidemiological studies represent novel and exciting tools to enhance and forward AD research. In particular, these methods are helping advance AD research by contributing multifactorial and multidimensional perspectives, especially considering the crucial role played by lifestyle risk factors in the determination of AD risk. In addition to research techniques, we also consider related pitfalls and flaws in the current research funding system. Conversely, we identify encouraging new trends in research and government policy. In light of these new research directions, we provide recommendations regarding prioritization of research funding. The goal of this document is to stimulate scientific and public discussion on the need to explore new avenues in AD research, considering outcome and ethics as core principles to reliably judge traditional research efforts and eventually undertake new research strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elan L. Ohayon
- Green Neuroscience Laboratory, Neurolinx Research Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ann Lam
- Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
- Green Neuroscience Laboratory, Neurolinx Research Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Gillian R. Langley
- Research and Toxicology Department, Humane Society International, London, UK
| | | | - David Pamies
- CAAT, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - George Perry
- College of Sciences, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | - Robin S.B. Williams
- Centre for Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, UK
| | - Alex E. Roher
- Division of Clinical Education, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA
- Division of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Thomas Hartung
- CAAT, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stevan Harnad
- Department of Psychology, University of Quebec/Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Neal Barnard
- Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Martha Clare Morris
- Section of Nutrition and Nutritional Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mei-Chun Lai
- Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ryan Merkley
- Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
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Mitochondrial Metabolism Power SIRT2-Dependent Deficient Traffic Causing Alzheimer’s-Disease Related Pathology. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:4021-4040. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9951-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Dean B, Udawela M, Scarr E. Validating reference genes using minimally transformed qpcr data: findings in human cortex and outcomes in schizophrenia. BMC Psychiatry 2016; 16:154. [PMID: 27206773 PMCID: PMC4875643 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-016-0855-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is common practice, when using quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), to normalise levels of mRNA to reference gene mRNA which, by definition, should not vary between tissue, with any disease aetiology or after drug treatments. The complexity of human CNS means it unlikely that any gene could fulfil these criteria. METHODS To address this issue we measured levels of mRNA for six potential reference genes (GAPDH, PPIA, SNCA, NOL9, TFB1M and SKP1) in three cortical regions (Brodmann's areas (BA) 8, 9 and 44) from 30 subjects with schizophrenia and 30 age and sex matched controls. We used a structured statistical approach to examine the characteristics of these data to determine their suitability as reference genes. We also analysed our data using reference genes selected by rank as defined using the average of the standard deviation of pair-gene ΔCt and the BestKeeper, NormFinder and geNorm algorithms to determine if they suggested the same reference genes. RESULTS Our minimally derived data showed that levels of mRNA for all of the six genes varied between cortical regions and therefore no gene fulfilled the absolute requirements for use as reference genes. As levels of some mRNA for some genes did not vary with diagnoses within a cortical region from subjects with schizophrenia compared to controls, we normalised levels of mRNA for all the other genes to mRNA for one, two or three reference genes in each cortical region. This showed that using the geometric mean of at least two reference genes gave more reproducible results. Finally, using the reference gene ranking protocols the average of the standard deviation of pair-gene ΔCt, BestKeeper, NormFinder and geNorm we showed that these approaches ranked potential reference genes differently. We then showed that outcomes of comparing data from subjects with schizophrenia and controls varied depending on the reference genes chosen. CONCLUSIONS Our data shows that the selection of reference genes is a significant component of qPCR study design and therefore the process by which reference genes are selected must be clearly listed as a potential confound in studying gene expression in human CNS. This should include showing that, using minimally derived qPCR data, levels of mRNA for proposed reference genes does not vary with variables such as diagnoses and CNS region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Dean
- The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia. .,The Division of Biological Psychiatry and Mental Health and the Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
| | - Madhara Udawela
- The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC Australia
| | - Elizabeth Scarr
- The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC Australia ,The Department of Psychiatry, the University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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71
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Walker DG, Whetzel AM, Serrano G, Sue LI, Lue LF, Beach TG. Characterization of RNA isolated from eighteen different human tissues: results from a rapid human autopsy program. Cell Tissue Bank 2016; 17:361-75. [PMID: 27083469 DOI: 10.1007/s10561-016-9555-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Many factors affect the integrity of messenger RNA from human autopsy tissues including postmortem interval (PMI) between death and tissue preservation and the pre-mortem agonal and disease states. In this communication, we describe RNA isolation and characterization of 389 samples from 18 different tissues from elderly donors who were participants in a rapid whole-body autopsy program located in Sun City, Arizona ( www.brainandbodydonationprogram.org ). Most tissues were collected within a PMI of 2-6 h (median 3.15 h; N = 455), but for this study, tissue from cases with longer PMIs (1.25-29.25 h) were included. RNA quality was assessed by RNA integrity number (RIN) and total yield (ng RNA/mg tissue). RIN correlated with PMI for heart (r = -0.531, p = 0.009) and liver (r = -558, p = 0.0017), while RNA yield correlated with PMI for colon (r = -485, p = 0.016) and skin (r = -0.460, p = 0.031). RNAs with the lowest integrity were from skin and cervix where 22.7 and 31.4 % of samples respectively failed to produce intact RNA; by contrast all samples from esophagus, lymph node, jejunum, lung, stomach, submandibular gland and kidney produced RNA with measurable RINs. Expression levels in heart RNA of 4 common housekeeping normalization genes showed significant correlations of Ct values with RIN, but only one gene, glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate dehydrogenase, showed a correlation of Ct with PMI. There were no correlations between RIN values obtained for liver, adrenal, cervix, esophagus and lymph node and those obtained from corresponding brain samples. We show that high quality RNA can be produced from most human autopsy tissues, though with significant differences between tissues and donors. The RNA stability and yield did not depend solely on PMI; other undetermined factors are involved, but these do not include the age of the donor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas G Walker
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ, USA.
- Laboratory of Neuroinflammation, Biodesign Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Arizona State University, Room 538, School of Life Sciences - E Wing, 427 E. Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA.
| | | | - Geidy Serrano
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ, USA
| | - Lucia I Sue
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ, USA
| | - Lih-Fen Lue
- Laboratory of Neuroinflammation, Biodesign Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Arizona State University, Room 538, School of Life Sciences - E Wing, 427 E. Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
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Blenkinsop TA, Saini JS, Maminishkis A, Bharti K, Wan Q, Banzon T, Lotfi M, Davis J, Singh D, Rizzolo LJ, Miller S, Temple S, Stern JH. Human Adult Retinal Pigment Epithelial Stem Cell-Derived RPE Monolayers Exhibit Key Physiological Characteristics of Native Tissue. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2016; 56:7085-99. [PMID: 26540654 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-16246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We tested what native features have been preserved with a new culture protocol for adult human RPE. METHODS We cultured RPE from adult human eyes. Standard protocols for immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, electrophysiology, fluid transport, and ELISA were used. RESULTS Confluent monolayers of adult human RPE cultures exhibit characteristics of native RPE. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated polarized expression of RPE markers. Electron microscopy illustrated characteristics of native RPE. The mean transepithelial potential (TEP) was 1.19 ± 0.24 mV (mean ± SEM, n = 31), apical positive, and the mean transepithelial resistance (RT) was 178.7 ± 9.9 Ω·cm2 (mean ± SEM, n = 31). Application of 100 μM adenosine triphosphate (ATP) apically increased net fluid absorption (Jv) by 6.11 ± 0.53 μL·cm2·h-1 (mean ± SEM, n = 6) and TEP by 0.33 ± 0.048 mV (mean ± SEM, n = 25). Gene expression of cultured RPE was comparable to native adult RPE (n = 5); however, native RPE RNA was harvested between 24 and 40 hours after death and, therefore, may not accurately reflect healthy native RPE. Vascular endothelial growth factor secreted preferentially basally 2582 ± 146 pg/mL/d, compared to an apical secretion of 1548 ± 162 pg/mL/d (n = 14, P < 0.01), while PEDF preferentially secreted apically 1487 ± 280 ng/mL/d compared to a basolateral secretion of 864 ± 132 ng/mL/d (n = 14, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The new culture model preserves native RPE morphology, electrophysiology, and gene and protein expression patterns, and may be a useful model to study RPE physiology, disease, and transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janmeet S Saini
- Neural Stem Cell Institute, Rensselaer, New York, United States
| | - Arvydas Maminishkis
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Kapil Bharti
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Qin Wan
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Tina Banzon
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Mostafa Lotfi
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Janine Davis
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Deepti Singh
- Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
| | | | - Sheldon Miller
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Sally Temple
- Neural Stem Cell Institute, Rensselaer, New York, United States
| | - Jeffrey H Stern
- Neural Stem Cell Institute, Rensselaer, New York, United States
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Dean B, Gibbons AS, Boer S, Uezato A, Meador-Woodruff J, Scarr E, McCullumsmith RE. Changes in cortical N-methyl- d-aspartate receptors and post-synaptic density protein 95 in schizophrenia, mood disorders and suicide. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2016; 50:275-83. [PMID: 26013316 PMCID: PMC7683009 DOI: 10.1177/0004867415586601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In humans, depending on dose, blocking the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) with ketamine can cause psychomimetic or antidepressant effects. The overall outcome for drugs such as ketamine depends on dose and the number of its available binding sites in the central nervous system, and to understand something of the latter variable we measure NMDAR in the frontal pole, dorsolateral prefrontal, anterior cingulate and parietal cortices from people with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorders and age/sex matched controls. METHOD We measured levels of NMDARs (using [(3)H]MK-801 binding) and NMDAR sub-unit mRNAs (GRINs: using in situ hybridisation) as well as post-synaptic density protein 95 (anterior cingulate cortex only; not major depressive disorders: an NMDAR post-synaptic associated protein) in bipolar disorder, schizophrenia and controls. RESULTS Compared to controls, levels of NMDAR were lower in the outer laminae of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (-17%, p = 0.01) in people with schizophrenia. In bipolar disorder, levels of NMDAR binding (laminae IV-VI; -19%, p < 0.01) and GRIN2C mRNA (laminae I-VI; -27%, p < 0.05) were lower in the anterior cingulate cortex and NMDAR binding was lower in the outer lamina IV of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (-19%, p < 0.01). In major depressive disorders, levels of GRIN2D mRNA were higher in frontal pole (+22%, p < 0.05). In suicide completers, levels of GRIN2B mRNA were higher in parietal cortex (+20%, p < 0.01) but lower (-35%, p = 0.02) in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex while post-synaptic density protein 95 was higher (+26%, p < 0.05) in anterior cingulate cortex. CONCLUSION These data suggest that differences in cortical NMDAR expression and post-synaptic density protein 95 are present in psychiatric disorders and suicide completion and may contribute to different responses to ketamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Dean
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia,Psychiatric Neuropathology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew S Gibbons
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia,Psychiatric Neuropathology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Simone Boer
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Akihito Uezato
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Elizabeth Scarr
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia,Psychiatric Neuropathology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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MacManus DB, Pierrat B, Murphy JG, Gilchrist MD. Mechanical characterization of the P56 mouse brain under large-deformation dynamic indentation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21569. [PMID: 26898475 PMCID: PMC4761928 DOI: 10.1038/srep21569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain is a complex organ made up of many different functional and structural regions consisting of different types of cells such as neurons and glia, as well as complex anatomical geometries. It is hypothesized that the different regions of the brain exhibit significantly different mechanical properties, which may be attributed to the diversity of cells and anisotropy of neuronal fibers within individual brain regions. The regional dynamic mechanical properties of P56 mouse brain tissue in vitro and in situ at velocities of 0.71-4.28 mm/s, up to a deformation of 70 μm are presented and discussed in the context of traumatic brain injury. The experimental data obtained from micro-indentation measurements were fit to three hyperelastic material models using the inverse Finite Element method. The cerebral cortex elicited a stiffer response than the cerebellum, thalamus, and medulla oblongata regions for all velocities. The thalamus was found to be the least sensitive to changes in velocity, and the medulla oblongata was most compliant. The results show that different regions of the mouse brain possess significantly different mechanical properties, and a significant difference also exists between the in vitro and in situ brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B. MacManus
- School of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Baptiste Pierrat
- School of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jeremiah G. Murphy
- Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael D. Gilchrist
- School of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Kurosawa M, Matsumoto G, Sumikura H, Hatsuta H, Murayama S, Sakurai T, Shimogori T, Hattori N, Nukina N. Serine 403-phosphorylated p62/SQSTM1 immunoreactivity in inclusions of neurodegenerative diseases. Neurosci Res 2016; 103:64-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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76
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Deep brain stimulation-associated brain tissue imprints: a new in vivo approach to biological research in human Parkinson's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2016; 11:12. [PMID: 26822202 PMCID: PMC4730746 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-016-0077-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) or the internal segment of the globus pallidus (GPi) has been established as a highly effective symptomatic therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD). An intriguing biological aspect related to the DBS procedure is that a temporary contact establishes between surgical instruments and the surrounding brain tissue. In this exploratory study, we took advantage of this unique context to harvest brain material adhering to the stylet routinely used during surgery, and to examine the biological value of these samples, here referred to as "brain tissue imprints" (BTIs). RESULTS Nineteen BTIs from 12 STN- or GPi-electrode implanted patients were obtained in vivo during DBS surgery, without any modification of the surgical procedure. Immunofluorescence analyses confirmed that our approach allowed the harvesting of many neural cells including neurons harboring distinct neurotransmitter markers. Shotgun proteomic and transcriptomic analyses provided for the first time molecular information from DBS-associated brain samples, and confirmed the compatibility of this new type of sample with poly-omic approaches. The method appears to be safe and results consistent. CONCLUSIONS We here propose BTIs as original and highly valuable brain samples, and DBS-related brain imprinting as a new conceptual approach to biological research in living patients with PD.
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Gillio-Meina C, Zielke HR, Fraser DD. Translational Research in Pediatrics IV: Solid Tissue Collection and Processing. Pediatrics 2016; 137:peds.2015-0490. [PMID: 26659457 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2015-0490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid tissues are critical for child-health research. Specimens are commonly obtained at the time of biopsy/surgery or postmortem. Research tissues can also be obtained at the time of organ retrieval for donation or from tissue that would otherwise have been discarded. Navigating the ethics of solid tissue collection from children is challenging, and optimal handling practices are imperative to maximize tissue quality. Fresh biopsy/surgical specimens can be affected by a variety of factors, including age, gender, BMI, relative humidity, freeze/thaw steps, and tissue fixation solutions. Postmortem tissues are also vulnerable to agonal factors, body storage temperature, and postmortem intervals. Nonoptimal tissue handling practices result in nucleotide degradation, decreased protein stability, artificial posttranslational protein modifications, and altered lipid concentrations. Tissue pH and tryptophan levels are 2 methods to judge the quality of solid tissue collected for research purposes; however, the RNA integrity number, together with analyses of housekeeping genes, is the new standard. A comprehensive clinical data set accompanying all tissue samples is imperative. In this review, we examined: the ethical standards relating to solid tissue procurement from children; potential sources of solid tissues; optimal practices for solid tissue processing, handling, and storage; and reliable markers of solid tissue quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Gillio-Meina
- Translational Research Centre, London, Ontario, Canada; Children's Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Douglas D Fraser
- Translational Research Centre, London, Ontario, Canada; Children's Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada; Centre for Critical Illness Research, Critical Care Medicine and Pediatrics, Clinical Neurologic Sciences, and Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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78
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Dean B, Thomas N, Lai CY, Chen WJ, Scarr E. Changes in cholinergic and glutamatergic markers in the striatum from a sub-set of subjects with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2015; 169:83-88. [PMID: 26545297 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Having separated a sub-group of people with schizophrenia based on a marked loss of cortical [(3)H]pirenzepine binding (MRDS); we wished to determine if MRDS had lower levels of [(3)H]pirenzepine and other muscarinic receptor antagonist binding to the striatum and if this was due to loss of pre- or post-synaptic neurons or glia measured using surrogate markers (25 kilodalton synaptosomal-associated protein (SNAP 25), postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD 95), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) 41/43) of cell number. METHODS [(3)H]pirenzepine, [(3)H]AF-DX 384 and [(3)H]4-DAMP binding to the striatum from 37 subjects with schizophrenia (19 MRDS) and 20 controls as well as SNAP 25, PSD 95 and GFAP 41/43 in crude particulate membrane were measured. RESULTS [(3)H]pirenzepine and [(3)H]AF-DX 384 binding to the striatum were significantly lower in schizophrenia due to lower binding of both radioligands in the striatum from MRDS. Levels of PSD 95 were higher in schizophrenia, predominantly due to higher levels in MRDS. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest muscarinic M1 ([(3)H]pirenzepine) and M2 and/or M4 receptors ([(3)H]AF-DX 384) are lower in the striatum from MRDS which could mediate inappropriate adaption to internal and external cues which, in turn, would affect motivation, cognition and motor control. Increased levels of PSD 95 could indicate increased post-synaptic boutons or changes in NMDA receptor-mediated signalling in MRDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Dean
- The Molecular Psychiatry Laboratories, The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Australia; The Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.
| | - Natalie Thomas
- The Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; The Molecular Psychiatry Laboratories, The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Australia
| | - Chi-Yu Lai
- The Molecular Psychiatry Laboratories, The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Australia; The Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Genetic Epidemiologic Core, Center of Genomic Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei J Chen
- The Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Genetic Epidemiologic Core, Center of Genomic Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Elizabeth Scarr
- The Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; The Molecular Psychiatry Laboratories, The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Australia
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79
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Akdis D, Medeiros-Domingo A, Gaertner-Rommel A, Kast JI, Enseleit F, Bode P, Klingel K, Kandolf R, Renois F, Andreoletti L, Akdis CA, Milting H, Lüscher TF, Brunckhorst C, Saguner AM, Duru F. Myocardial expression profiles of candidate molecules in patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia compared to those with dilated cardiomyopathy and healthy controls. Heart Rhythm 2015; 13:731-41. [PMID: 26569459 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia (ARVC/D) is mainly an autosomal dominant disease characterized by fibrofatty infiltration of the right ventricle, leading to ventricular arrhythmias. Mutations in desmosomal proteins can be identified in about half of the patients. The pathogenic mechanisms leading to disease expression remain unclear. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate myocardial expression profiles of candidate molecules involved in the pathogenesis of ARVC/D. METHODS Myocardial messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of 62 junctional molecules, 5 cardiac ion channel molecules, 8 structural molecules, 4 apoptotic molecules, and 6 adipogenic molecules was studied. The averaged expression of candidate mRNAs was compared between ARVC/D samples (n = 10), nonfamilial dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) samples (n = 10), and healthy control samples (n = 8). Immunohistochemistry and quantitative protein expression analysis were performed. Genetic analysis using next generation sequencing was performed in all patients with ARVC/D. RESULTS Following mRNA levels were significantly increased in patients with ARVC/D compared to those with DCM and healthy controls: phospholamban (P ≤ .001 vs DCM; P ≤ .001 vs controls), healthy tumor protein 53 apoptosis effector (P = .001 vs DCM; P ≤ .001 vs controls), and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1β (P ≤ .001 vs DCM; P = 0.008 vs controls). Plakophillin-2 (PKP-2) mRNA was downregulated in patients with ARVC/D with PKP-2 mutations compared with patients with ARVC/D without PKP-2 mutations (P = .04). Immunohistochemistry revealed significantly increased protein expression of phospholamban, tumor protein 53 apoptosis effector, and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1β in patients with ARVC/D and decreased PKP-2 expression in patients with ARVC/D carrying a PKP-2 mutation. CONCLUSION Changes in the expression profiles of sarcolemmal calcium channel regulation, apoptosis, and adipogenesis suggest that these molecular pathways may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of ARVC/D, independent of the underlying genetic mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Akdis
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Argelia Medeiros-Domingo
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Jeannette I Kast
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Frank Enseleit
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Bode
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karin Klingel
- Department of Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Reinhard Kandolf
- Department of Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Fanny Renois
- Laboratoire de Virologie Médicale et Moléculaire, EA 4684 CardioVir, Faculté de Médecine et CHU Robert Debré, Reims, France
| | - Laurent Andreoletti
- Laboratoire de Virologie Médicale et Moléculaire, EA 4684 CardioVir, Faculté de Médecine et CHU Robert Debré, Reims, France
| | - Cezmi A Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Hendrik Milting
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas F Lüscher
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Corinna Brunckhorst
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ardan M Saguner
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Firat Duru
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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80
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Paraizo Leite RE, Tenenholz Grinberg L. Closing the gap between brain banks and proteomics to advance the study of neurodegenerative diseases. Proteomics Clin Appl 2015; 9:832-7. [PMID: 26059592 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201400192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, are among the most debilitating neurological disorders, and as life expectancy rises quickly around the world, the scientific and clinical challenges of dealing with them will also increase dramatically, putting increased pressure on the biomedical community to come up with innovative solutions for the understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of these conditions. Despite several decades of intensive research, there is still little that can be done to prevent, cure, or even slow down the progression of NDs in most patients. There is an urgent need to develop new lines of basic and applied research that can be quickly translated into clinical application. One way to do this is to apply the tools of proteomics to well-characterized samples of human brain tissue, but a closer partnership must still be forged between proteomic scientists, brain banks, and clinicians to explore the maximum potential of this approach. Here, we analyze the challenges and potential benefits of using human brain tissue for proteomics research toward NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Elaine Paraizo Leite
- Physiopathology in Aging Lab/Brazilian Aging Brain Study Group-LIM22, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Discipline of Geriatrics, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lea Tenenholz Grinberg
- Physiopathology in Aging Lab/Brazilian Aging Brain Study Group-LIM22, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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81
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Dynamic mechanical properties of murine brain tissue using micro-indentation. J Biomech 2015; 48:3213-8. [PMID: 26189093 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In the past 50 years significant advances have been made in determining the macro-scale properties of brain tissue in compression, tension, shear and indentation. There has also been significant work done at the nanoscale using the AFM method to characterise the properties of individual neurons. However, there has been little published work on the micro-scale properties of brain tissue using an appropriate indentation methodology to characterise the regional differences at dynamic strain rates. This paper presents the development and use of a novel micro-indentation device to measure the dynamic mechanical properties of brain tissue. The device is capable of applying up to 30/s strain rates with a maximum indentation area of 2500 μm(2). Indentation tests were carried out to determine the shear modulus of the cerebellum (2.11 ± 1.26 kPa, 3.15 ± 1.66 kPa, 3.71 ± 1.23 kPa) and cortex (4.06 ± 1.69 kPa, 6.14 ± 3.03 kPa, 7.05 ± 3.92 kPa) of murine brain tissue at 5, 15, and 30/s up to 14% strain. Numerical simulations were carried out to verify the experimentally measured force-displacement results.
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82
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Abstract
Postmortem brain research is invaluable to the study of neurologic and neuropsychiatric disorders, including Alzheimer disease, schizophrenia, and major depression. A major confounder in molecular studies using human brain tissue is postmortem interval (i.e. the amount of time between a subject's death and processing of tissue). We examined the integrity of biomolecules that were of interest to molecular studies of neurologic disorders, including RNA, microRNA, histone modifications, and proteins, at various postmortem intervals in an animal model to assess their robustness and suitability for experimentation. Sprague-Dawley rats were selected as model and subjected to 2 conditions: a variable postmortem interval at room temperature and a fixed time of 24 hours at 4°C, which simulates the period commonly spent in the morgue before brain collection. Eight time points were investigated. MicroRNA was impressively resistant to postmortem intervals; methylated histone modifications showed a threshold between 72 and 96 hours, mirroring results from histone proteins at 72 hours. RNA degradation was transcript-specific, with housekeeping genes being more robust than genes with lower expression. Our results suggest that molecules commonly investigated in genetic and epigenetic studies were highly stable through the postmortem intervals investigated. These results support the continued use of postmortem tissue for neuropsychiatric research.
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83
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The workflow from post-mortem human brain sampling to cell microdissection: a Brain Net Europe study. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2015; 122:975-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-015-1378-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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84
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Vilahur N, Bustamante M, Byun HM, Fernandez MF, Santa Marina L, Basterrechea M, Ballester F, Murcia M, Tardón A, Fernández-Somoano A, Estivill X, Olea N, Sunyer J, Baccarelli AA. Prenatal exposure to mixtures of xenoestrogens and repetitive element DNA methylation changes in human placenta. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2014; 71:81-7. [PMID: 24980756 PMCID: PMC4122792 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal exposure to endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) has previously shown to alter epigenetic marks. OBJECTIVES In this work we explore whether prenatal exposure to mixtures of xenoestrogens has the potential to alter the placenta epigenome, by studying DNA methylation in retrotransposons as a surrogate of global DNA methylation. METHODS The biomarker total effective xenoestrogen burden (TEXB) was measured in 192 placentas from participants in the longitudinal INMA Project. DNA methylation was quantitatively assessed by bisulfite pyrosequencing on 10 different retrotransposons including 3 different long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs), 4 short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs) and 3 human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs). Associations were tested using linear mixed-effects regression models and sex interaction was evaluated. RESULTS A significant sex interaction was observed for AluYb8 (p-value for interaction <0.001, significant at Bonferroni corrected p-value threshold of 0.0025). Boys with the highest TEXB-alpha levels of exposure (third tertile) presented on average a decrease of 0.84% in methylation compared to those in the first tertile (p-value<0.001), while no significant effects were found in girls (p-value=0.134). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that boys may be more susceptible to the effect of exposure to xenoestrogens during prenatal development, producing shifts in DNA methylation of certain sensitive genomic repetitive sequences in a tissue important for fetal growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Vilahur
- Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Genomics and Disease Group, Bioinformatics and Genomics Program, Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain.
| | - Mariona Bustamante
- Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Genomics and Disease Group, Bioinformatics and Genomics Program, Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Hyang-Min Byun
- Laboratory of Environmental Epigenetics, Exposure Epidemiology and Risk Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mariana F Fernandez
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain; Department of Radiology, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Hospital Universitario San Cecilio, Granada, Spain
| | - Loreto Santa Marina
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain; Subdirección de Salud Pública de Gipuzkoa, Department of Health of the Basque, Spain; Health Research Institute, BIODONOSTIA, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Mikel Basterrechea
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain; Subdirección de Salud Pública de Gipuzkoa, Department of Health of the Basque, Spain; Health Research Institute, BIODONOSTIA, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Ferran Ballester
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain; Centre for Public Health Research (CSISP-FISABIO), Valencia, Spain; University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mario Murcia
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain; Centre for Public Health Research (CSISP-FISABIO), Valencia, Spain; University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Adonina Tardón
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain; University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Ana Fernández-Somoano
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain; University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Xavier Estivill
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Genomics and Disease Group, Bioinformatics and Genomics Program, Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain; Department of Health and Life Sciences, University Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Nicolas Olea
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain; Department of Radiology, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Hospital Universitario San Cecilio, Granada, Spain
| | - Jordi Sunyer
- Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain; Department of Health and Life Sciences, University Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Andrea A Baccarelli
- Laboratory of Environmental Epigenetics, Exposure Epidemiology and Risk Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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85
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Ebrahimi S, Okabe S. Structural dynamics of dendritic spines: Molecular composition, geometry and functional regulation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2014; 1838:2391-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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86
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Ferrer I. Selection of controls in the study of human neurodegenerative diseases in old age. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2014; 122:941-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-014-1287-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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87
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Lower cortical serotonin 2A receptors in major depressive disorder, suicide and in rats after administration of imipramine. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 17:895-906. [PMID: 24495390 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145713001648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We have attempted to replicate studies showing higher levels of serotonin 2A receptors (HTR2A) in the cortex of people with mood disorders and to determine the effects of treating rats with antidepressant drugs on levels of that receptor. In situ [3H]ketanserin binding and autoradiography was used to measure levels of HTR2A in Brodmann's area (BA) 46 and 24 from people with major depressive disorders (MDD, n = 16), bipolar disorders (BD, n = 14) and healthy controls (n = 14) as well as the central nervous system (CNS) of rats (20 per treatment arm) treated for 10 or 28 d with fluoxetine (10 mg/kg/d) or imipramine (20 mg/kg/d). Compared with controls, HTR2A were lower in BA 24, but not BA 46, from people with MDD (p = 0.005); HTR2A were not changed in BD. Levels of HTR2A were lower in BA 24 (p = 0.007), but not BA 46, from people who had died by suicide. Finally, levels of HTR2A were lower in the CNS of rats treated with imipramine, but not fluoxetine, for 28 d, but not 10 d. From our current and previous data we conclude cortical HTR2A are lower in schizophrenia, MDD, people with mood disorders who died by suicide, rats treated with some antipsychotic or some antidepressant drugs. As levels of cortical HTR2A can be affected by the aetiologies of different disorders and mechanisms of action of different drugs, a better understanding of how such changes can occur needs to be elucidated.
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88
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Hamacher M, Meyer HE, Marcus K. New access to Alzheimer’s and other neurodegenerative diseases. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 4:591-4. [DOI: 10.1586/14789450.4.5.591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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89
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Fernandez-Enright F, Andrews JL, Newell KA, Pantelis C, Huang XF. Novel implications of Lingo-1 and its signaling partners in schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry 2014; 4:e348. [PMID: 24448210 PMCID: PMC3905231 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2013.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Myelination and neurite outgrowth both occur during brain development, and their disturbance has been previously been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Leucine-rich repeat and immunoglobulin domain-containing protein (Lingo-1) is a potent negative regulator of axonal myelination and neurite extension. As co-factors of Lingo-1 signaling (Nogo receptor (NgR), With No Lysine (K) (WNK1) and Myelin transcription factor 1 (Myt1)) have been implicated in the genetics of schizophrenia, we explored for the first time the role of Lingo-1 signaling pathways in this disorder. Lingo-1 protein, together with its co-receptor and co-factor proteins NgR, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor orphan Y (TROY), p75, WNK1 and Myt1, have never been explored in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. We examined protein levels of Lingo-1, NgR, TROY, p75, WNK1, Myt1 and myelin basic protein (MBP) (as a marker of myelination) within the post-mortem dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) (37 schizophrenia patients versus 37 matched controls) and hippocampus (Cornu Ammonis, CA1 and CA3) (20 schizophrenia patients versus 20 matched controls from the same cohort). Both of these brain regions are highly disrupted in the schizophrenia pathophysiology. There were significant increases in Lingo-1 (P<0.001) and Myt1 (P=0.023) and a reduction in NgR (P<0.001) in the DLPFC in schizophrenia subjects compared with controls. There were also increases in both TROY (P=0.001) and WNK1 (P=0.011) in the CA1 of schizophrenia subjects and, in contrast to the DLPFC, there was an increase in NgR (P=0.006) in the CA3 of schizophrenia subjects compared with controls. No significant difference was reported for MBP levels (P>0.05) between the schizophrenia and control groups in the three tested regions. This is the first time that a study has shown altered Lingo-1 signaling in the schizophrenia brain. Our novel findings may present a direct application for the use of a Lingo-1 antagonist to complement current and future schizophrenia therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Fernandez-Enright
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia,Schizophrenia Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong 2522, NSW, Australia. E-mail:
| | - J L Andrews
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia,Schizophrenia Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - K A Newell
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia,Schizophrenia Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - C Pantelis
- Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - X F Huang
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia,Schizophrenia Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
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90
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McCullumsmith RE, Hammond JH, Shan D, Meador-Woodruff JH. Postmortem brain: an underutilized substrate for studying severe mental illness. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:65-87. [PMID: 24091486 PMCID: PMC3857666 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2013.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We propose that postmortem tissue is an underutilized substrate that may be used to translate genetic and/or preclinical studies, particularly for neuropsychiatric illnesses with complex etiologies. Postmortem brain tissues from subjects with schizophrenia have been extensively studied, and thus serve as a useful vehicle for illustrating the challenges associated with this biological substrate. Schizophrenia is likely caused by a combination of genetic risk and environmental factors that combine to create a disease phenotype that is typically not apparent until late adolescence. The complexity of this illness creates challenges for hypothesis testing aimed at understanding the pathophysiology of the illness, as postmortem brain tissues collected from individuals with schizophrenia reflect neuroplastic changes from a lifetime of severe mental illness, as well as treatment with antipsychotic medications. While there are significant challenges with studying postmortem brain, such as the postmortem interval, it confers a translational element that is difficult to recapitulate in animal models. On the other hand, data derived from animal models typically provide specific mechanistic and behavioral measures that cannot be generated using human subjects. Convergence of these two approaches has led to important insights for understanding molecular deficits and their causes in this illness. In this review, we discuss the problem of schizophrenia, review the common challenges related to postmortem studies, discuss the application of biochemical approaches to this substrate, and present examples of postmortem schizophrenia studies that illustrate the role of the postmortem approach for generating important new leads for understanding the pathophysiology of severe mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John H Hammond
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Dan Shan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - James H Meador-Woodruff
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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91
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Samarasekera N, Al-Shahi Salman R, Huitinga I, Klioueva N, McLean CA, Kretzschmar H, Smith C, Ironside JW. Brain banking for neurological disorders. Lancet Neurol 2013; 12:1096-105. [PMID: 24074724 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(13)70202-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Brain banks are used to gather, store, and provide human brain tissue for research and have been fundamental to improving our knowledge of the brain in health and disease. To maintain this role, the legal and ethical issues relevant to the operations of brain banks need to be more widely understood. In recent years, researchers have reported that shortages of high-quality brain tissue samples from both healthy and diseased people have impaired their efforts. Closer collaborations between brain banks and improved strategies for brain donation programmes will be essential to overcome these problems as the demand for brain tissue increases and new research techniques become more widespread, with the potential for substantial scientific advances in increasingly common neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neshika Samarasekera
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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92
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Vilahur N, Baccarelli AA, Bustamante M, Agramunt S, Byun HM, Fernandez MF, Sunyer J, Estivill X. Storage conditions and stability of global DNA methylation in placental tissue. Epigenomics 2013; 5:341-8. [PMID: 23750648 DOI: 10.2217/epi.13.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The placenta is an informative and easily available tissue for many epidemiological studies. We analyzed the extent to which storage delay affects DNA methylation. MATERIAL & METHODS Biopsies from two placentas were sequentially stored at -80°C after standing at room temperature for 30 min, 1 h, 2 h, 6 h and 24 h. Global DNA methylation was measured by bisulfite pyrosequencing of repetitive elements and the luminometric methylation assay. RESULTS Small changes in global DNA methylation in relation to time-to-storage were observed by pyrosequencing, with a coefficient of variation (COV) of 2.49% (placenta 1) and 2.86% (placenta 2), similar to the mean technical variation observed for pyrosequencing (COV: 1.91 and 1.51%, respectively). A luminometric methylation assay yielded more variable results in the two placentas analyzed, both among time points (COV: 9.13 and 10.35%, respectively) and technical replicates (COV: 11.60 and 9.80%, respectively). CONCLUSION Global DNA methylation is stable at room temperature. However, some techniques to measure methylation might be confounded by DNA degradation caused by a delay in storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Vilahur
- Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology CREAL, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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93
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Maixner F, Overath T, Linke D, Janko M, Guerriero G, van den Berg BHJ, Stade B, Leidinger P, Backes C, Jaremek M, Kneissl B, Meder B, Franke A, Egarter-Vigl E, Meese E, Schwarz A, Tholey A, Zink A, Keller A. Paleoproteomic study of the Iceman's brain tissue. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:3709-22. [PMID: 23739949 PMCID: PMC11113858 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1360-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The Tyrolean Iceman, a Copper-age ice mummy, is one of the best-studied human individuals. While the genome of the Iceman has largely been decoded, tissue-specific proteomes have not yet been investigated. We studied the proteome of two distinct brain samples using gel-based and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based proteomics technologies together with a multiple-databases and -search algorithms-driven data-analysis approach. Thereby, we identified a total of 502 different proteins. Of these, 41 proteins are known to be highly abundant in brain tissue and 9 are even specifically expressed in the brain. Furthermore, we found 10 proteins related to blood and coagulation. An enrichment analysis revealed a significant accumulation of proteins related to stress response and wound healing. Together with atomic force microscope scans, indicating clustered blood cells, our data reopens former discussions about a possible injury of the Iceman's head near the site where the tissue samples have been extracted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Maixner
- Institute for Mummies and the Iceman, EURAC research, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Thorsten Overath
- Division for Systematic Proteome Research, Institute for Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Dennis Linke
- Division for Systematic Proteome Research, Institute for Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Marek Janko
- Center of Smart Interfaces, TU Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Gea Guerriero
- Department Environment and Agro-biotechnologies (EVA), Centre de Recherche Public-Gabriel Lippmann, 41, rue du Brill, 4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Bart H. J. van den Berg
- Division for Systematic Proteome Research, Institute for Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Bjoern Stade
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Petra Leidinger
- Department of Human Genetics, Saarland University, 66421 Saar Homburg, Germany
| | - Christina Backes
- Department of Human Genetics, Saarland University, 66421 Saar Homburg, Germany
| | | | - Benny Kneissl
- Software Engineering and Bioinformatics, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Benjamin Meder
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andre Franke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Eduard Egarter-Vigl
- Department of Pathological Anatomy and Histology, General Hospital Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Eckart Meese
- Department of Human Genetics, Saarland University, 66421 Saar Homburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Schwarz
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Andreas Tholey
- Division for Systematic Proteome Research, Institute for Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Albert Zink
- Institute for Mummies and the Iceman, EURAC research, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Andreas Keller
- Department of Human Genetics, Saarland University, 66421 Saar Homburg, Germany
- Siemens Healthcare, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
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94
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Harish G, Venkateshappa C, Mahadevan A, Pruthi N, Bharath MMS, Shankar SK. Mitochondrial function in human brains is affected by pre- and post mortem factors. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2013; 39:298-315. [PMID: 22639898 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2012.01285.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM Mitochondrial function and the ensuing ATP synthesis are central to the functioning of the brain and contribute to neuronal physiology. Most studies on neurodegenerative diseases have highlighted that mitochondrial dysfunction is an important event contributing to pathology. However, studies on the human brain mitochondria in various neurodegenerative disorders heavily rely on post mortem samples. As post mortem tissues are influenced by pre- and post mortem factors, we investigated the effect of these variables on mitochondrial function. METHODS We examined whether the mitochondrial function (represented by mitochondrial enzymes and antioxidant activities) in post mortem human brains (n=45) was affected by increased storage time (11.8-104.1 months), age of the donor (2 days to 80 years), post mortem interval (2.5-26 h), gender difference and agonal state [based on Glasgow Coma Scale: range=3-15] in the frontal cortex, as a prototype. RESULTS We observed that the activities of citrate synthase, succinate dehydrogenase and mitochondrial reductase (MTT) were significantly affected only by gender difference (citrate synthase: P=0.005; succinate dehydrogenase: P=0.01; mitochondrial reductase: P=0.006), being higher in females, but not by any other factor. Mitochondrial complex I activity was significantly inhibited by increasing age (r=-0.40; P=0.05). On the other hand, the mitochondrial antioxidant enzyme glutathione reductase decreased with severe agonal state (P=0.003), while the activity of glutathione-S-transferase declined with increased storage time (P=0.005) and severe agonal state (P=0.02). CONCLUSION Our data highlight the influence of pre- and post mortem factors on preservation of mitochondrial function with implications for studies on brain pathology employing stored human samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Harish
- Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
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95
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Different changes in cortical tumor necrosis factor-α-related pathways in schizophrenia and mood disorders. Mol Psychiatry 2013; 18:767-73. [PMID: 22801413 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2012.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The growing body of evidence implicating tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders led us to measure levels of that protein in the cortex of subjects with major depressive disorders (MDD). Having reported an increase (458%) in the levels of the transmembrane (tmTNFα), but not the soluble (sTNFα), form of the protein in Brodmann's area (BA) 46, but not 24, in people with the disorder, we decided to examine additional components of TNFα-related pathways in the same regions in people with MDD and extend our studies to the same cortical regions of people with schizophrenia (Sz) and bipolar disorders (BD). Using postmortem tissue, western blots and quantitative PCR, we have now shown there is a significant increase (305%) in tmTNFα in Brodmann's area 24, but not 46, from subjects with BD, and that levels of the protein were not altered in Sz. Levels of sTNFα were not altered in BD or Sz. In addition, we have shown that levels of TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) mRNA are increased in BA 24 (53%) and BA 46 (82%) in people with Sz, whereas levels of TNFR2 mRNA was decreased in BA 46 in people with mood disorders (MDD=-51%; BD=-67%). Levels of proteins frequently used as surrogate markers of neuronal, astrocytic and microglia numbers, as well as levels of the pro-inflammatory marker (interleukin 1β), were not changed in the cortex of people with mood disorders. Our data suggest there are differential changes in TNFα-related markers in the cortex of people with MDD, BD and Sz that may not be related to classical inflammation and may cause changes in different TNFα-related signaling pathways.
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96
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Norris JL, Caprioli RM. Analysis of tissue specimens by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry in biological and clinical research. Chem Rev 2013; 113:2309-42. [PMID: 23394164 PMCID: PMC3624074 DOI: 10.1021/cr3004295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 515] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy L. Norris
- National Research Resource for Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Mass Spectrometry Research Center, and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 9160 Medical Research Building III, 465 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232-8575
| | - Richard M. Caprioli
- National Research Resource for Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Mass Spectrometry Research Center, and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 9160 Medical Research Building III, 465 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232-8575
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97
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Thompson SM, Craven RA, Nirmalan NJ, Harnden P, Selby PJ, Banks RE. Impact of pre-analytical factors on the proteomic analysis of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue. Proteomics Clin Appl 2013; 7:241-51. [PMID: 23027712 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201200086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue samples represent a tremendous potential resource for biomarker discovery, with large numbers of samples in hospital pathology departments and links to clinical information. However, the cross-linking of proteins and nucleic acids by formalin fixation has hampered analysis and proteomic studies have been restricted to using frozen tissue, which is more limited in availability as it needs to be collected specifically for research. This means that rare disease subtypes cannot be studied easily. Recently, improved extraction techniques have enabled analysis of FFPE tissue by a number of proteomic techniques. As with all clinical samples, pre-analytical factors are likely to impact on the results obtained, although overlooked in many studies. The aim of this review is to discuss the various pre-analytical factors, which include warm and cold ischaemic time, size of sample, fixation duration and temperature, tissue processing conditions, length of storage of archival tissue and storage conditions, and to review the studies that have considered these factors in more detail. In those areas where investigations are few or non-existent, illustrative examples of the possible importance of specific factors have been drawn from studies using frozen tissue or from immunohistochemical studies of FFPE tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonaid M Thompson
- Clinical and Biomedical Proteomics Group, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, St. James's University Hospital, United Kingdom
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98
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Widespread decreases in cortical muscarinic receptors in a subset of people with schizophrenia. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2013; 16:37-46. [PMID: 22338582 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145712000028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
These studies were undertaken to investigate the selectivity of cortical muscarinic receptor radioligand binding in muscarinic M(1) and M(4) receptor knockout mice and to determine whether a marked decrease in [(3)H]pirenzepine binding in Brodmann's area (BA) 9 from a subset of people with schizophrenia was predictive of decreased muscarinic receptors in other central nervous system (CNS) regions. Our data show that, under the conditions used, [(3)H]pirenzepine binding was highly selective for the muscarinic M(1) receptor whereas both [(3)H]AF-DX 386 and [(3)H]4DAMP had less discriminatory power. In addition, the data suggest that a marked decrease in [(3)H]pirenzepine binding in BA 9 from a subset of people with schizophrenia is predictive of decreases in muscarinic receptors in other CNS regions. However, there were some region-specific decreases in muscarinic receptors in tissue from people with schizophrenia who were outside this subset. These data add to a growing body of evidence suggesting there are widespread decreases in muscarinic receptors in the CNS of some subjects with schizophrenia, as demonstrated by neuroimaging. Our data have implications for understanding the potential clinical utility of drugs directed at the orthosteric and allosteric sites of muscarinic receptors to treat schizophrenia.
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99
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Scarr E, Money TT, Pavey G, Neo J, Dean B. Mu opioid receptor availability in people with psychiatric disorders who died by suicide: a case control study. BMC Psychiatry 2012; 12:126. [PMID: 22925223 PMCID: PMC3479023 DOI: 10.1186/1471-244x-12-126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mu opioid receptors have previously been shown to be altered in people with affective disorders who died as a result of suicide. We wished to determine whether these changes were more widespread and independent of psychiatric diagnoses. METHODS Mu receptor levels were determined using [3 H]DAMGO binding in BA24 from 51 control subjects; 38 people with schizophrenia (12 suicides); 20 people with major depressive disorder (15 suicides); 13 people with bipolar disorder (5 suicides) and 9 people who had no history of psychiatric disorders but who died as a result of suicide. Mu receptor levels were further determined in BA9 and caudate-putamen from 38 people with schizophrenia and 20 control subjects using [3 H]DAMGO binding and, in all three regions, using Western blots. Data was analysed using one-way ANOVAs with Bonferroni's Multiple Comparison Test or, where data either didn't approximate to a binomial distribution or the sample size was too small to determine distribution, a Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn's Multiple Comparison Test. RESULTS [3 H]DAMGO binding density was lower in people who had died as a result of suicide (p<0.01). People with schizophrenia who had died as a result of suicide had lower binding than control subjects (p<0.001), whilst people with bipolar disorder (non- suicide) had higher levels of binding (p<0.05). [3 H]DAMGO binding densities, but not mu protein levels, were significantly decreased in BA9 from people with schizophrenia who died as a result of suicide (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Overall these data suggest that mu opioid receptor availability is decreased in the brains of people with schizophrenia who died as a result of suicide, which would be consistent with increased levels of endogenous ligands occupying these receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Scarr
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Tammie Terese Money
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia,Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Brain Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Geoffrey Pavey
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Jaclyn Neo
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia,Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Brain Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Brian Dean
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia,Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Brain Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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100
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Otto M, Bowser R, Turner M, Berry J, Brettschneider J, Connor J, Costa J, Cudkowicz M, Glass J, Jahn O, Lehnert S, Malaspina A, Parnetti L, Petzold A, Shaw P, Sherman A, Steinacker P, Süssmuth S, Teunissen C, Tumani H, Wuolikainen A, Ludolph A. Roadmap and standard operating procedures for biobanking and discovery of neurochemical markers in ALS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 13:1-10. [PMID: 22214350 DOI: 10.3109/17482968.2011.627589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite major advances in deciphering the neuropathological hallmarks of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), validated neurochemical biomarkers for monitoring disease activity, earlier diagnosis, defining prognosis and unlocking key pathophysiological pathways are lacking. Although several candidate biomarkers exist, translation into clinical application is hindered by small sample numbers, especially longitudinal, for independent verification. This review considers the potential routes to the discovery of neurochemical markers in ALS, and provides a consensus statement on standard operating procedures that will facilitate multicenter collaboration, validation and ultimately clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Otto
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Oberer Eselsberg 34, Ulm, Germany.
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