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Viral and Prion Infections Associated with Central Nervous System Syndromes in Brazil. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071370. [PMID: 34372576 PMCID: PMC8310075 DOI: 10.3390/v13071370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus-induced infections of the central nervous system (CNS) are among the most serious problems in public health and can be associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality, mainly in low- and middle-income countries, where these manifestations have been neglected. Typically, herpes simplex virus 1 and 2, varicella-zoster, and enterovirus are responsible for a high number of cases in immunocompetent hosts, whereas other herpesviruses (for example, cytomegalovirus) are the most common in immunocompromised individuals. Arboviruses have also been associated with outbreaks with a high burden of neurological disorders, such as the Zika virus epidemic in Brazil. There is a current lack of understanding in Brazil about the most common viruses involved in CNS infections. In this review, we briefly summarize the most recent studies and findings associated with the CNS, in addition to epidemiological data that provide extensive information on the circulation and diversity of the most common neuro-invasive viruses in Brazil. We also highlight important aspects of the prion-associated diseases. This review provides readers with better knowledge of virus-associated CNS infections. A deeper understanding of these infections will support the improvement of the current surveillance strategies to allow the timely monitoring of the emergence/re-emergence of neurotropic viruses.
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52
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Gege C, Bravo FJ, Uhlig N, Hagmaier T, Schmachtenberg R, Elis J, Burger-Kentischer A, Finkelmeier D, Hamprecht K, Grunwald T, Bernstein DI, Kleymann G. A helicase-primase drug candidate with sufficient target tissue exposure affects latent neural herpes simplex virus infections. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:13/598/eabf8668. [PMID: 34135112 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abf8668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
More than 50% of the world population is chronically infected with herpesviruses. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections are the cause of herpes labialis (cold sores), genital herpes, and sight-impairing keratitis. Less frequently, life-threatening disseminated disease (encephalitis and generalized viremia) can also occur, mainly in immunocompromised patients and newborns. After primary infection, HSV persists for life in a latent state in trigeminal or sacral ganglia and, triggered by diverse stimuli, disease recurs in more than 30% of patients up to several times a year. Current therapy with nucleoside analogs targeting the viral polymerase is somewhat effective but limited by poor exposure in the nervous system, and latent infections are not affected by therapy. Here, we report on an inhibitor of HSV helicase-primase with potent in vitro anti-herpes activity, a different mechanism of action, a low frequency of HSV resistance, and a favorable pharmacokinetic and safety profile. Improved target tissue exposure results in superior efficacy in preventing and treating HSV infection and disease in animal models as compared to standard of care. Therapy of primary HSV infections with drug candidate IM-250 {(S)-2-(2',5'-difluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-N-methyl-N-(4-methyl-5-(S-methylsulfon-imidoyl)thiazol-2-yl)acetamide} not only reduces the duration of disease symptoms or time to healing but also prevents recurrent disease in guinea pigs. Treatment of recurrent infections reduces the frequency of recurrences and viral shedding, and, unlike nucleosidic drugs, IM-250 remains effective for a time after cessation of treatment. Hence, IM-250 has advantages over standard-of-care therapies and represents a promising therapeutic for chronic HSV infection, including nucleoside-resistant HSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Gege
- Innovative Molecules GmbH, Leopoldshöher Str. 7, 32107 Bad-Salzuflen, Germany
| | - Fernando J Bravo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center CCHMC, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Nadja Uhlig
- Fraunhofer IZI, Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Perlickstrasse 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Timo Hagmaier
- University of Tübingen IFIB, Interfaculty Institute for Biochemistry, Auf der Morgenstelle 34, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Julia Elis
- University of Tübingen IFIB, Interfaculty Institute for Biochemistry, Auf der Morgenstelle 34, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anke Burger-Kentischer
- Fraunhofer IGB, Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology, Nobelstraße 12, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Doris Finkelmeier
- Fraunhofer IGB, Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology, Nobelstraße 12, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Klaus Hamprecht
- University Hospital of Tübingen UKT, Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 6, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Grunwald
- Fraunhofer IZI, Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Perlickstrasse 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - David I Bernstein
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center CCHMC, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Gerald Kleymann
- Innovative Molecules GmbH, Leopoldshöher Str. 7, 32107 Bad-Salzuflen, Germany. .,University of Tübingen IFIB, Interfaculty Institute for Biochemistry, Auf der Morgenstelle 34, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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53
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Characteristics of Helicase-primase Inhibitor Amenamevir-resistant Herpes Simplex Virus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:e0049421. [PMID: 34228537 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00494-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The antiherpetic drug amenamevir (AMNV) inhibits the helicase-primase complex of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), HSV-2 and varicella-zoster virus directly as well as inhibiting the replication of these viruses. Although several mutated HSV viruses resistant to helicase-primase inhibitors have been reported, the mutations contributing to the resistance remain unclear as recombinant viruses containing a single mutation have not been analyzed. We obtained AMNV-resistant viruses with amino acid substitutions by several passages under AMNV-treatment. Twenty HSV-1 and 19 HSV-2 mutants with mutation(s) in UL5 helicase and/or UL52 primase, but not in co-factor UL8, were isolated. The mutations in UL5 were located downstream of motif IV, with UL5 K356N in HSV-1 and K355N in HSV-2, in particular, identified as having the highest frequency: 9/20 and 9/19, respectively. We generated recombinant AMNV-resistant HSV-1 with a single amino acid substitution using BAC mutagenesis. As a result, G352C in UL5 helicase and F360C/V and N902T in UL52 primase were identified as novel mutations. The virus with K356N in UL5 showed 10-fold higher AMNV resistance than did other mutants, and showed equivalent viral growth in vitro and virulence in vivo as the parent HSV-1, although other mutants showed attenuated virulence. All recombinant viruses were susceptible to the other antiherpetic drugs, acyclovir and foscarnet. In conclusion, based on BAC mutagenesis, this study identified for the first time mutations in UL5 and UL52 that contributed to AMNV resistance, and found that a mutant with the most frequent K356N mutation in HSV-1 maintained viral growth and virulence equivalent to the parent virus.
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Onaka T, Shiraki K, Yonezawa A. Improvement of acyclovir-resistant herpes zoster infection by amenamevir. J Dermatol 2021; 48:e478-e479. [PMID: 34137062 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.16027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Onaka
- Department of Hematology, Kokura Memorial Hospital, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | | | - Akihito Yonezawa
- Department of Hematology, Kokura Memorial Hospital, Kitakyushu, Japan
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55
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Advances and Perspectives in the Management of Varicella-Zoster Virus Infections. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26041132. [PMID: 33672709 PMCID: PMC7924330 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26041132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV), a common and ubiquitous human-restricted pathogen, causes a primary infection (varicella or chickenpox) followed by establishment of latency in sensory ganglia. The virus can reactivate, causing herpes zoster (HZ, shingles) and leading to significant morbidity but rarely mortality, although in immunocompromised hosts, VZV can cause severe disseminated and occasionally fatal disease. We discuss VZV diseases and the decrease in their incidence due to the introduction of live-attenuated vaccines to prevent varicella or HZ. We also focus on acyclovir, valacyclovir, and famciclovir (FDA approved drugs to treat VZV infections), brivudine (used in some European countries) and amenamevir (a helicase-primase inhibitor, approved in Japan) that augur the beginning of a new era of anti-VZV therapy. Valnivudine hydrochloride (FV-100) and valomaciclovir stearate (in advanced stage of development) and several new molecules potentially good as anti-VZV candidates described during the last year are examined. We reflect on the role of antiviral agents in the treatment of VZV-associated diseases, as a large percentage of the at-risk population is not immunized, and on the limitations of currently FDA-approved anti-VZV drugs. Their low efficacy in controlling HZ pain and post-herpetic neuralgia development, and the need of multiple dosing regimens requiring daily dose adaptation for patients with renal failure urges the development of novel anti-VZV drugs.
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56
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Casto AM, Stout SC, Selvarangan R, Freeman AF, Newell BD, Stahl ED, Ahmed AA, Greninger AL, Yin DE. Evaluation of Genotypic Antiviral Resistance Testing as an Alternative to Phenotypic Testing in a Patient with DOCK8 Deficiency and Severe HSV-1 Disease. J Infect Dis 2021; 221:2035-2042. [PMID: 31970398 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiviral resistance frequently complicates the treatment of herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections in immunocompromised patients. Here we present the case of an adolescent boy with dedicator of cytokinesis 8 (DOCK8) deficiency, who experienced recurrent infections with resistant HSV-1. We used both phenotypic and genotypic methodologies to characterize the resistance profile of HSV-1 in the patient and conclude that genotypic testing outperformed phenotypic testing. We also present the first analysis of intrahost HSV-1 evolution in an immunocompromised patient. While HSV-1 can remain static in an immunocompetent individual for decades, the virus from this patient rapidly acquired genetic changes throughout its genome. Finally, we document a likely case of transmitted resistance in HSV-1 between the patient and his brother, who also has DOCK8 deficiency. This event demonstrates that resistant HSV-1 is transmissible among immunocompromised persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Casto
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sean C Stout
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Rangaraj Selvarangan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Mercy, Kansas City, Missouri, USA.,School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Alexandra F Freeman
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Brandon D Newell
- School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA.,Division of Dermatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Erin D Stahl
- School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA.,Section of Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, Children's Mercy, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Atif A Ahmed
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Mercy, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Alexander L Greninger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Dwight E Yin
- School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy, Kansas City, Missouri, USA.,Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutic Innovation, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
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57
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Wang S, Hou F, Yao YF, Pan D. Efficient establishment of reactivatable latency by an acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex virus 1 thymidine kinase substitution mutant with reduced neuronal replication. Virology 2021; 556:140-148. [PMID: 33631413 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 causes recurrent diseases by reactivating from latency, which requires the viral thymidine kinase (TK) gene. An acyclovir-resistant mutation in TK, V204G, was previously repeatedly identified in a patient with recurrent herpetic keratitis. We found that compared with its parental strain KOS, a laboratory-derived V204G mutant virus was impaired in replication in cultured neurons despite little defect in non-neuronal cells. After corneal inoculation of mice, V204G exhibited defects in ocular replication that were modest over the first three days but severe afterward. Acute replication of V204G in trigeminal ganglia was significantly impaired. However, V204G established latency with viral loads as high as KOS and reactivated with high frequency albeit reduced kinetics. Acyclovir treatment that drastically decreased ocular and ganglionic replication of KOS had little effect on V204G. Thus, despite reduced neuronal replication due to impaired TK activity, this clinically relevant drug-resistant mutant can efficiently establish reactivatable latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaishuai Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China; Key Laboratory for Corneal Diseases Research of Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Fujun Hou
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, and Department of Infectious Diseases of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Yu-Feng Yao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China; Key Laboratory for Corneal Diseases Research of Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Dongli Pan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, and Department of Infectious Diseases of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.
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58
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Haase R, Seliger G, Baier J. [Herpes Simplex Virus Infection in Two Premature Infants - Diagnostic and Therapeutic Management]. Z Geburtshilfe Neonatol 2021; 225:441-444. [PMID: 33530114 DOI: 10.1055/a-1345-9835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 or 2 (HSV 1/2)-related infections in neonates are rare but associated with high morbidity and mortality, especially if specific treatment is delayed. Due to immaturity of the immunological system, premature infants are particularly at risk. In addition, symptoms of neonatal HSV infections may imitate prematurity-related problems, such as sepsis. So, a thorough patient's history and appropriate diagnostic measures are important to confirm the diagnosis. We present 2 premature infants with systemic HSV infections and discuss diagnostic and therapeutic management. Both were treated with intravenous acyclovir followed by enteral aciclovir suppressive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Haase
- Abteilung für Neonatologie und Pädiatrische Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Halle (Saale), Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Deutschland.,Klinik für Neonatologie und Kinderintensivmedizin, St. Elisabeth & St. Barbara Krankenhaus, Halle (Saale), Deutschland
| | - Gregor Seliger
- Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Geburtshilfe und Pränatalmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Halle (Saale), Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Deutschland
| | - Jan Baier
- Abteilung für Neonatologie und Pädiatrische Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Halle (Saale), Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Deutschland
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59
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Šudomová M, Hassan STS. Nutraceutical Curcumin with Promising Protection against Herpesvirus Infections and Their Associated Inflammation: Mechanisms and Pathways. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9020292. [PMID: 33572685 PMCID: PMC7912164 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses are DNA viruses that infect humans and animals with the ability to induce latent and lytic infections in their hosts, causing critical health complications. The enrolment of nutraceutical anti-herpesvirus drugs in clinical investigations with promising levels of reduced resistance, free or minimal cellular toxicity, and diverse mechanisms of action might be an effective way to defeat challenges that hurdle the progress of anti-herpesvirus drug development, including the problems with drug resistance and recurrent infections. Therefore, in this review, we aim to hunt down all investigations that feature the curative properties of curcumin, a principal bioactive phenolic compound of the spice turmeric, in regard to various human and animal herpesvirus infections and inflammation connected with these diseases. Curcumin was explored with potent antiherpetic actions against herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2, human cytomegalovirus, Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, Epstein–Barr virus, bovine herpesvirus 1, and pseudorabies virus. The mechanisms and pathways by which curcumin inhibits anti-herpesvirus activities by targeting multiple steps in herpesvirus life/infectious cycle are emphasized. Improved strategies to overcome bioavailability challenges that limit its use in clinical practice, along with approaches and new directions to enhance the anti-herpesvirus efficacy of this compound, are also reviewed. According to the reviewed studies, this paper presents curcumin as a promising natural drug for the prevention and treatment of herpesvirus infections and their associated inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslava Šudomová
- Museum of Literature in Moravia, Klášter 1, 66461 Rajhrad, Czech Republic;
| | - Sherif T. S. Hassan
- Department of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 6-Suchdol, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-774-630-604
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60
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Bhutta MS, Shechter O, Gallo ES, Martin SD, Jones E, Doncel GF, Borenstein R. Ginkgolic Acid Inhibits Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Skin Infection and Prevents Zosteriform Spread in Mice. Viruses 2021; 13:v13010086. [PMID: 33435520 PMCID: PMC7826900 DOI: 10.3390/v13010086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) causes a lifelong latent infection with an estimated global prevalence of 66%. Primary and recurrent HSV infections are characterized by a tingling sensation, followed by an eruption of vesicles, which can cause painful erosions. Commonly used antiviral drugs against HSV infection are nucleoside analogues including acyclovir (ACV), famciclovir, and valacyclovir. Although these nucleoside analogues reduce morbidity and mortality in immunocompetent individuals, ACV-resistant HSV strains (ACVR-HSV) have been isolated from immunocompromised patients. Thus, ACVR-HSV infection poses a critical emerging public health concern. Recently, we reported that ginkgolic acid (GA) inhibits HSV-1 by disrupting viral structure, blocking fusion, and inhibiting viral protein synthesis. Additionally, we showed GA affords a broad spectrum of fusion inhibition of all three classes of fusion proteins, including those of HIV, Ebola, influenza A and Epstein Barr viruses. Here we report GA’s antiviral activity against HSV-1 skin infection in BALB/cJ mice. GA-treated mice demonstrated a significantly reduced mortality rate and decreased infection scores compared to controls treated with dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)-vehicle. Furthermore, GA efficiently inhibited ACVR-HSV-1 strain 17+ in vitro and in vivo. Since GA’s mechanism of action includes virucidal activity and fusion inhibition, it is expected to work alone or synergistically with other anti-viral drugs, and we anticipate it to be effective against additional cutaneous and potentially systemic viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maimoona S. Bhutta
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA; (M.S.B.); (O.S.); (S.D.M.); (E.J.)
| | - Oren Shechter
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA; (M.S.B.); (O.S.); (S.D.M.); (E.J.)
| | - Elisa S. Gallo
- Board-Certified Dermatologist and Independent Researcher, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA;
| | - Stephen D. Martin
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA; (M.S.B.); (O.S.); (S.D.M.); (E.J.)
| | - Esther Jones
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA; (M.S.B.); (O.S.); (S.D.M.); (E.J.)
| | - Gustavo F. Doncel
- CONRAD, Arlington, VA 22209, USA;
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA
| | - Ronen Borenstein
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA; (M.S.B.); (O.S.); (S.D.M.); (E.J.)
- Correspondence:
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61
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Ana P, Nathalie B, Gilles B, Daniel R, Tomás MS, Yolanda FP. Anti-Herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) activity and antioxidant capacity of carrageenan-rich enzymatic extracts from Solieria filiformis (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta). Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 168:322-330. [PMID: 33310095 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.12.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Solieria filiformis has been reported to have molecules with various biological activities. In this study we used environmentally friendly extraction methods, such as enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE), as a first step to obtain bioactive compounds from this species. Five combinations of protease (PRO) and carbohydrase (AMG) were utilized (1:0, 0:1, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2 PRO:AMG) to obtain Water Soluble Enzymatic Hydrolysates (WSEHs). Extraction yields, biochemical and structural characterization, as well as in vitro activity against Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and antioxidant capacities were determined. All PRO:AMG combinations significantly improved yields. EAE yielded heterogeneous extracts rich in iota-carrageenan and phenols, as confirmed by FTIR spectra. The highest antiherpetic activity (EC50 4.5 ± 0.4 μg mL-1) was found in the WSEHs obtained under 2:1 PRO:AMG. At this combination high antioxidant capacity was also obtained for ABTS (2,2'-Azino-Bis-3-ethylbenzoThiazoline-6-Sulfonic acid) radical scavenging activity and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP). These could probably play a synergistic role associated to the strong antiviral activity obtained. These results suggest that 2:1 PRO:AMG could be effective in promoting the hydrolytic breakdown of high MW polysaccharides, contributing to the improvement of WSEHs bioactivity. Although Solieria filiformis WSEHs showed promising results, further research, including separation and purification techniques are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peñuela Ana
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Unidad Mérida, AP 73, Cordemex, 97310 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Bourgougnon Nathalie
- Biotechnologie et Chimie Marine, Université Bretagne Sud, EA3884, UBS, IUEM, F-56000 Vannes, France
| | - Bedoux Gilles
- Biotechnologie et Chimie Marine, Université Bretagne Sud, EA3884, UBS, IUEM, F-56000 Vannes, France
| | - Robledo Daniel
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Unidad Mérida, AP 73, Cordemex, 97310 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Madera-Santana Tomás
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Freile-Pelegrín Yolanda
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Unidad Mérida, AP 73, Cordemex, 97310 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
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62
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Phylogenomic Analysis of Global Isolates of Canid Alphaherpesvirus 1. Viruses 2020; 12:v12121421. [PMID: 33322040 PMCID: PMC7764265 DOI: 10.3390/v12121421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Canid alphaherpesvirus 1 (CHV-1) is a widespread pathogen of dogs with multiple associated clinical signs. There has been limited prior investigation into the genomics and phylogeny of this virus using whole viral genome analysis. Fifteen CHV-1 isolates were collected from animals with ocular disease based in the USA. Viral DNA was extracted for Illumina MiSeq full genome sequencing from each isolate. These data were combined with genomes of previously sequenced CHV-1 isolates obtained from hosts in the UK, Australia and Brazil. Genomic, recombinational and phylogenetic analysis were performed using multiple programs. Two isolates were separated into a clade apart from the remaining isolates and accounted for the majority of genomic distance (0.09%): one was obtained in 2019 from a USA-based host (ELAL-1) and the other in 2012 from a host in Brazil (BTU-1). ELAL-1 was found to contain variants previously reported in BTU-1 but also novel variants in the V57 gene region. Multiple non-synonymous variants were found in USA-based isolates in regions associated with antiviral resistance. Evidence of recombination was detected between ELAL-1 and BTU-1. Collectively, this represents evidence of trans-boundary transmission of a novel form of CHV-1, which highlights the importance of surveillance for this pathogen in domestic dog populations.
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63
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Shah S, Shelburne S. Skin and Soft Tissue Infections in Non-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Immunocompromised Hosts. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2020; 35:199-217. [PMID: 33303336 DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2020.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Skin and soft tissue infections among the non-human immunodeficiency virus infected immunosuppressed population are a serious and growing concern. Many pathogens can cause cutaneous infections in these patients owing to the highly varied and profound immune deficits. Although patients can be infected by typical organisms, the diversity and antimicrobial-resistant nature of the organisms causing these infections result in significant morbidity and mortality. The diagnostic approach to these infections in immunocompromised hosts can differ dramatically depending on the potential causative organisms. An understanding of new immunosuppressive treatments and evolving antimicrobial resistance patterns are required to optimally manage these difficult cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivan Shah
- Department of Infectious Diseases, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Box 1460, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Samuel Shelburne
- Department of Infectious Diseases, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Box 1460, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Andreu S, Ripa I, Bello-Morales R, López-Guerrero JA. Valproic Acid and Its Amidic Derivatives as New Antivirals against Alphaherpesviruses. Viruses 2020; 12:v12121356. [PMID: 33256172 PMCID: PMC7760627 DOI: 10.3390/v12121356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) are neurotropic viruses with broad host range whose infections cause considerable health problems in both animals and humans. In fact, 67% of the global population under the age of 50 are infected with HSV-1 and 13% have clinically recurrent HSV-2 infections. The most prescribed antiherpetics are nucleoside analogues such as acyclovir, but the emergence of mutants resistant to these drugs and the lack of available vaccines against human HSVs has led to an imminent need for new antivirals. Valproic acid (VPA) is a branched short-chain fatty acid clinically used as a broad-spectrum antiepileptic drug in the treatment of neurological disorders, which has shown promising antiviral activity against some herpesviruses. Moreover, its amidic derivatives valpromide and valnoctamide also share this antiherpetic activity. This review summarizes the current research on the use of VPA and its amidic derivatives as alternatives to traditional antiherpetics in the fight against HSV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Andreu
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (I.R.); (R.B.-M.); (J.A.L.-G.)
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Spanish National Research Council—Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Inés Ripa
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (I.R.); (R.B.-M.); (J.A.L.-G.)
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Spanish National Research Council—Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Bello-Morales
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (I.R.); (R.B.-M.); (J.A.L.-G.)
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Spanish National Research Council—Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Antonio López-Guerrero
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (I.R.); (R.B.-M.); (J.A.L.-G.)
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Spanish National Research Council—Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Inhibition of the Super Elongation Complex Suppresses Herpes Simplex Virus Immediate Early Gene Expression, Lytic Infection, and Reactivation from Latency. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.01216-20. [PMID: 32518191 PMCID: PMC7373197 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01216-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
HSV infections can cause pathologies ranging from recurrent lesions to significant ocular disease. Initiation of lytic infection and reactivation from latency in sensory neurons are dependent on the induced expression of the viral immediate early genes. Transcription of these genes is controlled at multiple levels, including modulation of the chromatin state of the viral genome and appropriate recruitment of transcription factors and coactivators. Following initiation of transcription, IE genes are subject to a key regulatory stage in which transcriptional elongation rates are controlled by the activity of the super elongation complex. Inhibition of the SEC blocks both lytic infection and reactivation from latency in sensory neurons. In addition to providing insights into the mechanisms controlling viral infection and reactivation, inhibitors of critical components such as the SEC may represent novel antivirals. Induction of herpes simplex virus (HSV) immediate early (IE) gene transcription promotes the initiation of lytic infection and reactivation from latency in sensory neurons. IE genes are transcribed by the cellular RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) and regulated by multiple transcription factors and coactivators. The HCF-1 cellular coactivator plays a central role in driving IE expression at multiple stages through interactions with transcription factors, chromatin modulation complexes, and transcription elongation components, including the active super elongation complex/P-TEFb (SEC-P-TEFb). Here, we demonstrate that the SEC occupies the promoters of HSV IE genes during the initiation of lytic infection and during reactivation from latency. Specific inhibitors of the SEC suppress viral IE expression and block the spread of HSV infection. Significantly, these inhibitors also block the initiation of viral reactivation from latency in sensory ganglia. The potent suppression of IE gene expression by SEC inhibitors indicates that transcriptional elongation represents a determining rate-limiting stage in HSV IE gene transcription and that the SEC plays a critical role in driving productive elongation during both phases of the viral life cycle. Most importantly, this supports the model that signal-mediated induction of SEC-P-TEFb levels can promote reactivation of a population of poised latent genomes.
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Gross GE, Eisert L, Doerr HW, Fickenscher H, Knuf M, Maier P, Maschke M, Müller R, Pleyer U, Schäfer M, Sunderkötter C, Werner RN, Wutzler P, Nast A. [S2k guideline for the diagnosis and therapy of zoster and post-zoster neuralgia]. GMS INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020; 8:Doc01. [PMID: 32373426 PMCID: PMC7187398 DOI: 10.3205/id000045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Diese Leitlinie richtet sich an Dermatologen, Ophthalmologen, HNO-Ärzte, Pädiater, Neurologen, Virologen sowie Infektiologen, Anästhesisten und Allgemeinmediziner in Klinik und Praxis und dient zur Information für andere medizinische Fachrichtungen, die an der Behandlung des Zoster beteiligt sind. Darüber hinaus soll die Leitlinie Kostenträgern und politischen Entscheidungsträgern zur Orientierung dienen. Die Leitlinie wurde im formellen Konsensusverfahren (S2k) von Dermatologen, Virologen/Infektiologen, Ophthalmologen, HNO-Ärzten, Neurologen, Pädiatern und Anästhesisten/Schmerzmedizinern erstellt. Die Leitlinie stellt einen Überblick über die klinische und molekulare Diagnostik sowie den Antigennachweis, die Antikörperkultur und Viruskultur dar. Diagnostisch besondere Situationen und komplizierte Verläufe der Erkrankung finden ebenfalls Berücksichtigung. Die antivirale Therapie des Zoster und der Postzosterneuralgie wird im Allgemeinen und für besondere Situationen dargelegt. Detaillierte Angaben zur Schmerzbehandlung finden Erwähnung und sind in einer Übersicht dargestellt. Ebenso werden die lokaltherapeutischen Maßnahmen thematisiert.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerd E. Gross
- Universitätsmedizin Rostock, Universitätsklinik für Dermatologie und Venerologie, Rostock, Deutschland
| | - Lisa Eisert
- Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Klinik für Dermatologie und Venerologie, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Hans Wilhelm Doerr
- Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Institut für Medizinische Virologie, Frankfurt (Main), Deutschland
| | - Helmut Fickenscher
- Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel und Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Institut für Infektionsmedizin, Kiel, Deutschland
| | - Markus Knuf
- Helios Dr. Horst Schmidt Kliniken Wiesbaden, Kinder- und Jugendklinik, Wiesbaden, Deutschland
| | - Philip Maier
- Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Freiburg, Deutschland
| | - Matthias Maschke
- Krankenhaus der Barmherzigen Brüder Trier, Klinik für Neurologie, Neurophysiologie und neurologische Frührehabilitation, Trier, Deutschland
| | - Rainer Müller
- Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus der Technischen Universität Dresden, Klinik und Poliklinik für Hals-, Nasen- und Ohrenheilkunde, Dresden, Deutschland
| | - Uwe Pleyer
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Augenklinik, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Michael Schäfer
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Klinik für Anästhesiologie und operative Intensivmedizin, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Cord Sunderkötter
- Universitätsklinikum Halle (Saale), Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie und Venerologie, Halle (Saale), Deutschland
| | - Ricardo N. Werner
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergy, Division of Evidence-based Medicine (dEBM), Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Peter Wutzler
- Universitätsklinikum Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Virologie, Jena, Deutschland
| | - Alexander Nast
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergy, Division of Evidence-based Medicine (dEBM), Berlin, Deutschland,*To whom correspondence should be addressed: Alexander Nast, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin Department of Dermatology, Venereology und Allergy Division of Evidence-based Medicine (dEBM), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Deutschland, Tel.: +49(0)30-450618313, Fax: +49(0)30-4507518977, E-mail:
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Caliaro O, Barbani MT, Klenja S, Morfin F, Frobert E, Gorgievski M, Steinlin-Schopfer J, Suter-Riniker F. Phenotypic testing of patient herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 isolates for acyclovir resistance by a novel method based on real-time cell analysis. J Clin Virol 2020; 125:104303. [PMID: 32163870 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acyclovir (ACV) is the most commonly used drug for herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection therapy. Prolonged antiviral therapy or prophylaxis in immunocompromised patients may promote the development of drug-resistant strains. Due to the high polymorphism in genes involved in drug resistance, phenotypic methods, although work-intensive, are still required to test drug susceptibility. Real-time cell analysis (RTCA) based methods could offer a rapid and less labor-intensive alternative for phenotypic testing of ACV resistance. OBJECTIVE To investigate the utility of a new RTCA based assay (RTCAA) to test acyclovir susceptibility of HSV clinical isolates. STUDY DESIGN Four reference strains and 93 clinical isolates (60 HSV-1 and 33 HSV-2) were tested by RTCAA. In the presence of ACV concentrations from 2.2 to 140.8 μM, Vero cells were infected with different virus dilutions. IC50 values were calculated by dose-response curve (DRC) with area-under-curve (AUC) method. The reference strains and 22 clinical isolates were additionally tested by dye-uptake assay, and IC50 values of both methods were compared. RESULTS IC50 values from RTCAA and dye-uptake assays were positively correlated (Spearman's rho = 0.897, p < 0.001) and quantitatively agreed (Bland-Altman plot). Based on a cut-off of 4 μM for HSV-1 and 13 μM for HSV-2, 87 isolates were classified as ACV-sensitive and 6 isolates as ACV-resistant. The reference strains showed the expected results of ACV susceptibility. CONCLUSION RTCAA agrees well with the dye-uptake assay. Compared with other phenotypic methods, RTCAA requires less manipulation, reduces the workload and the turnaround time, and appears to be an objective and reliable method to test ACV susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Caliaro
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Maria Teresa Barbani
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, 3001 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Shkipe Klenja
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Florence Morfin
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Institut des Agents Infectieux, Centre de Biologie et Pathologie Nord, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Laboratoire Virpath, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI) (INSERM U1111 CNRS UMR 5308, ENS, Université de Lyon), Lyon, France
| | - Emilie Frobert
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Institut des Agents Infectieux, Centre de Biologie et Pathologie Nord, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France; Laboratoire Virpath, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI) (INSERM U1111 CNRS UMR 5308, ENS, Université de Lyon), Lyon, France
| | - Meri Gorgievski
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Franziska Suter-Riniker
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
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Dailey PJ, Elbeik T, Holodniy M. Companion and complementary diagnostics for infectious diseases. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2020; 20:619-636. [PMID: 32031431 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2020.1724784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Companion diagnostics (CDx) are important in oncology therapeutic decision-making, but specific regulatory-approved CDx for infectious disease treatment are officially lacking. While not approved as CDx, several ID diagnostics are used as CDx. The diagnostics community, manufacturers, and regulatory agencies have made major efforts to ensure that diagnostics for new antimicrobials are available at or near release of new agents. AREAS COVERED This review highlights the status of Complementary and companion diagnostic (c/CDx) in the infectious disease literature, with a focus on genotypic antimicrobial resistance testing against pathogens as a class of diagnostic tests. EXPERT OPINION CRISPR, sepsis markers, and narrow spectrum antimicrobials, in addition to current and emerging technologies, present opportunities for infectious disease c/CDx. Challenges include slow guideline revision, high costs for regulatory approval, lengthy buy in by agencies, discordant pharmaceutical/diagnostic partnerships, and higher treatment costs. The number of patients and available medications used to treat different infectious diseases is well suited to support competing diagnostic tests. However, newer approaches to treatment (for example, narrow spectrum antibiotics), may be well suited for a small number of patients, i.e. a niche market in support of a CDx. The current emphasis is rapid and point-of-care (POC) diagnostic platforms as well as changes in treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Dailey
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley, CA, USA.,The Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND) , Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tarek Elbeik
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs , Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Mark Holodniy
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs , Palo Alto, CA, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University , Stanford, CA, USA
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Liao XY, Deng QQ, Han L, Wu ZT, Peng ZL, Xie Y, Wang GJ, Aa JY, Pan GY. Leflunomide increased the renal exposure of acyclovir by inhibiting OAT1/3 and MRP2. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2020; 41:129-137. [PMID: 31341258 PMCID: PMC7470779 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-019-0283-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis patients can be prescribed a combination of immunosuppressive drug leflunomide (LEF) and the antiviral drug acyclovir to reduce the high risk of infection. Acyclovir is a substrate of organic anion transporter (OAT) 1/3 and multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) 2. Considering the extraordinarily long half-life of LEF's active metabolite teriflunomide (TER) and the kidney injury risk of acyclovir, it is necessary to elucidate the potential impact of LEF on the disposition of acyclovir. Here we used a specific MRP inhibitor MK571 and probenecid (OAT1/3 and MRP2 inhibitor) to assess the effects of MRP2 and OAT1/3 on the pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of acyclovir in rats. We showed that LEF and probenecid, but not MK571 significantly increased the plasma concentration of acyclovir. However, kidney and liver exposures of acyclovir were increased when coadministered with LEF, probenecid or MK571. The kidney/plasma ratio of acyclovir was increased to approximately 2-fold by LEF or probenecid, whereas it was increased to as much as 14.5-fold by MK571. Consistently, these drugs markedly decreased the urinary excretion of acyclovir. TER (0.5-100 μmol/L) dose-dependently increased the accumulation of acyclovir in MRP2-MDCK cells with an IC50 value of 4.91 μmol/L. TER (5 μmol/L) significantly inhibited the uptake of acyclovir in hOAT1/3-HEK293 cells. These results suggest that LEF/TER increased the kidney accumulation of acyclovir by inhibiting the efflux transporter MRP2, which increased its kidney/plasma ratio and renal injury risk. However, the inhibitory effects of LEF/TER on OAT1/3 reduced the tubular cells' uptake of acyclovir and increased the plasma concentration.
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Michaelis M, Kleinschmidt MC, Bojkova D, Rabenau HF, Wass MN, Cinatl J. Omeprazole Increases the Efficacy of Acyclovir Against Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 and 2. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2790. [PMID: 31849920 PMCID: PMC6901432 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Omeprazole was shown to improve the anti-cancer effects of the nucleoside analogue 5-fluorouracil. Here, we combined omeprazole with the antiviral nucleoside analogues ribavirin and acyclovir. Omeprazole did not affect the antiviral effects of ribavirin in non-toxic concentrations up to 80 μg/mL but increased the acyclovir-mediated effects on herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and -2) replication in a dose-dependent manner. Omeprazole alone reduced HSV-1 and -2 titers [but not HSV-induced formation of cytopathogenic effects (CPE)] at concentrations ≥40 μg/mL. However, it exerted substantially stronger effects on acyclovir activity and also increased acyclovir activity at lower concentrations that did not directly interfere with HSV replication. Omeprazole 80 μg/mL caused a 10.8-fold (Vero cells) and 47.7-fold (HaCaT cells) decrease of the acyclovir concentrations that reduced HSV-1-induced CPE formation by 50% (IC50). In HSV-2-infected cells, omeprazole 80 μg/mL reduced the acyclovir IC50 by 7.3- (Vero cells) and 12.9-fold (HaCaT cells). In HaCaT cells, omeprazole 80 μg/mL reduced the HSV-1 titer in the presence of acyclovir 1 μg/mL by 1.6 × 105-fold and the HSV-2 titer in the presence of acyclovir 2 μg/mL by 9.2 × 103-fold. The proton pump inhibitors pantoprazole, rabeprazole, lansoprazole, and dexlansoprazole increased the antiviral effects of acyclovir in a similar fashion as omeprazole, indicating this to be a drug class effect. In conclusion, proton pump inhibitors increase the anti-HSV activity of acyclovir and are candidates for antiviral therapies in combination with acyclovir, in particular for topical preparations for the treatment of immunocompromised individuals who are more likely to suffer from severe complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Michaelis
- Industrial Biotechnology Centre, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Malte C Kleinschmidt
- Institut für Medizinische Virologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Denisa Bojkova
- Institut für Medizinische Virologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Holger F Rabenau
- Institut für Medizinische Virologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Mark N Wass
- Industrial Biotechnology Centre, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Jindrich Cinatl
- Institut für Medizinische Virologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Abstract
Herpesviridae is a vast family of enveloped DNA viruses that includes eight distinct human pathogens, responsible for diseases that range from almost asymptomatic to severe and life-threatening. Epstein-Barr virus infects B-cells and epithelial cells, causing infectious mononucleosis, as well as a number of cancers. Epstein-Barr infection cannot be cured since neither vaccine nor antiviral drug treatments are available. All herpesviruses contain a linear double-stranded DNA genome, enclosed within an icosahedral capsid. Viral portal protein plays a key role in the procapsid assembly and DNA packaging. The portal is the entrance and exit pore for the viral genome, making it an attractive pharmacological target for the development of new antivirals. Here we present the atomic structure of the portal protein of Epstein-Barr virus, solved by cryo-electron microscopy at 3.5 Å resolution. The detailed architecture of this protein suggests that it plays a functional role in DNA retention during packaging. The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a dangerous human pathogen responsible for mononucleosis and several types of cancers. Here the authors describe a high-resolution atomic structure of the EBV portal, which serves as the entrance and exit pore for the viral genome and is a potential pharmacological target for the development of antivirals.
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Labrunie T, Ducastelle S, Domenech C, Ader F, Morfin F, Frobert E. UL23, UL30, and UL5 characterization of HSV1 clinical strains isolated from hematology department patients. Antiviral Res 2019; 168:114-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Robinet-Perrin A, Tumiotto C, Cornut T, Santoni A, Touboul D, Goupil-Gouyette T, Garrigue I, Boutolleau D, Burrel S. Input of recombinant phenotyping for the characterization of a novel acyclovir-resistance mutation identified in a patient with recurrent herpetic keratitis. Antiviral Res 2019; 168:183-186. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Brunner M, Somerville T, Corless CE, Myneni J, Rajhbeharrysingh T, Tiew S, Neal T, Kaye SB. Use of a corneal impression membrane and PCR for the detection of herpes simplex virus type-1. J Med Microbiol 2019; 68:1324-1329. [PMID: 31355739 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose. To investigate the use of a corneal impression membrane (CIM) for the detection of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) in suspected herpes simplex keratitis (HSK).Methodology. In the laboratory study, swabs and CIMs made from polytetrafluoroethylene were spiked with different concentrations of HSV-1. DNA was extracted and real-time PCR undertaken using two sets of primers. In the clinical study, consecutive patients presenting with suspected HSK were included. For each patient, samples were collected from corneal lesions with a swab and a CIM in random order. Clinical details were collected using a standardized clinical form and patients were categorized into probable, presumed and possible HSK.Results. There was no difference in the performance of both primer sets for all HSV-1 dilutions (P=0.83) using a CIM or between a CIM and a swab (P=0.18). In total, 110 patients were included. Overall, 73 patients (66.4 %) had probable, 20 patients (18.2 %) presumed and 17 patients (15.5 %) possible HSV-1 keratitis. The HSV-1 detection rate was significantly higher using a CIM (40/110, 36.4 %) than a swab (28/110, 25.5 %) (P=0.004). In the probable HSV keratitis group, the detection rate using a CIM was 43.8 % compared to 27.4 % for a swab (P=0.004). The cycle threshold values obtained for the conjunctival swabs were higher than those obtained for the CIMs (P<0.001).Conclusions. In suspected HSK, a CIM is a useful alternative to a swab and more likely to detect the presence of HSV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Brunner
- Department of Corneal and External Eye Diseases, Royal Liverpool University, Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - Tobi Somerville
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Department of Corneal and External Eye Diseases, Royal Liverpool University, Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - Caroline E Corless
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Liverpool Clinical Laboratories, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jayavani Myneni
- Department of Corneal and External Eye Diseases, Royal Liverpool University, Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - Tara Rajhbeharrysingh
- Department of Corneal and External Eye Diseases, Royal Liverpool University, Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - Stephanie Tiew
- Department of Corneal and External Eye Diseases, Royal Liverpool University, Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - Timothy Neal
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Liverpool Clinical Laboratories, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - Stephen B Kaye
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Department of Corneal and External Eye Diseases, Royal Liverpool University, Hospital, Liverpool, UK
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Shrivastava SR, Shrivastava PS, Ramasamy J. Rising trends of herpes simplex virus - 1: A global public health concern. Indian J Sex Transm Dis AIDS 2019; 40:77-78. [PMID: 31143867 PMCID: PMC6532485 DOI: 10.4103/ijstd.ijstd_121_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh RamBihariLal Shrivastava
- Vice Principal Curriculum, Department of Community Medicine, Member of the Medical Education Unit and Institute Research Council, Shri Sathya Sai Medical College and Research Institute, Kancheepuram, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth, India
| | - Prateek Saurabh Shrivastava
- Department of Community Medicine, Shri Sathya Sai Medical College and Research Institute, Kancheepuram, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth, India
| | - Jegadeesh Ramasamy
- Department of Community Medicine, Shri Sathya Sai Medical College and Research Institute, Kancheepuram, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth, India
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Fajfr M, Pliskova L, Bolehovská R, Uhlířová Z, Vrbacký F. Herpes simplex virus resistant to acyclovir: A single-centre experience from the Czech Republic. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2019; 19:269-273. [PMID: 31100505 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND AIM Infections caused by herpes simplex viruses (HSV) are frequent in the human population. Because of the widespread use of long-term treatment or prophylaxis by anti-herpetic antivirals in various specific medical contexts (immunosuppression, recurrent infections), the level of antiviral resistance is increasing. According to previous studies, there is a low resistance level in immunocompetent populations but a relatively high level in populations with immunodeficiency. However, there has been no study from the Czech Republic. This study presents results of a single-centre retrospective study from the Czech Republic. MATERIALS AND METHODS Deep frozen DNA from patients with suspected clinical antiviral failure over a long time period (2009-2016) - a total of 15 isolates of HSV1 and seven of HSV2 - were examined for the presence of mutations associated with antiviral resistance. Sequence analysis was performed using an ABI PRISM 3500xL Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems®). RESULTS There were no mutations associated with resistance to antivirals inside the UL23 gene in HSV1 isolates. However, resistant mutation D672N (nucleotide change G2014A) was found inside the UL30 gene in seven of the isolates. One mutation associated with resistance to acyclovir (M183stop) was found inside the UL23 gene in one HSV2 isolate. Resistant mutation E678G (nucleotide change A2033G) was identified inside the UL30 gene in six of the HSV2 isolates. CONCLUSIONS This study confirmed the presence of resistance mutations within the Czech population, but it will be necessary to examine a higher number of isolates for further conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Fajfr
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Lenka Pliskova
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Radka Bolehovská
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Uhlířová
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Vrbacký
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine - Haematology, Charles University, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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Report of Resistant Varicella Zoster Infection Treated With Donor Lymphocyte Infusion in a Pediatric Oncology Patient. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2019; 38:513-515. [PMID: 30461572 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000002252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We report an 8-year-old boy with disseminated, life-threatening, drug treatment-resistant varicella zoster infection occurring during standard treatment for neuroblastoma in whom viral clearance and cure was effected by donor Lymphocyte infusion from his HLA (Human leukocyte antigen)-identical twin sibling.
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78
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Lee DH, Zuckerman RA. Herpes simplex virus infections in solid organ transplantation: Guidelines from the American Society of Transplantation Infectious Diseases Community of Practice. Clin Transplant 2019; 33:e13526. [PMID: 30859647 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.13526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
These updated guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Community of Practice of the American Society of Transplantation review the diagnosis, prevention, and management of HSV in the pre- and post-transplant period. A majority of transplant recipients are seropositive for HSV-1 or 2. Compared with immunocompetent persons, SOT recipients shed HSV more frequently, have more severe clinical manifestations, and are slower to respond to therapy. Most HSV infection is diagnosed on clinical grounds, but patients may present with atypical lesions and/or other clinical manifestations. Acquisition from the donor is rare. Polymerase chain reaction is the preferred diagnostic test unless culture is needed for resistance testing. For limited mucocutaneous lesions, oral therapy can be used; however, in severe, disseminated, visceral or CNS involvement, acyclovir doses of up to 10 mg/kg every 8 hours intravenously should be initiated. Acyclovir-resistant HSV is less common in SOT patients than in HSCT and can be treated with foscarnet, though other novel therapies are currently under investigation. HSV-specific prophylaxis should be considered for all HSV-1 and HSV-2-seropositive organ recipients who are not receiving antiviral medication for CMV prevention that has activity against HSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong H Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Richard A Zuckerman
- Infectious Disease Service for Transplant and Immunocompromised Hosts, Section of Infectious Disease and International Health, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
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79
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Du Q, Gu Z, Leneva I, Jiang H, Li R, Deng L, Yang Z. The antiviral activity of arbidol hydrochloride against herpes simplex virus type II (HSV-2) in a mouse model of vaginitis. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 68:58-67. [PMID: 30612085 PMCID: PMC7106079 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Objective HSV-2 infection has increased significantly in recent years, which is closely associated with cervical cancer and HIV infection. The lack of success in vaccine development and the emergence of drug resistance to commonly used drugs emphasize the urgent need for alternative antivirals against HSV-2 infection. Arbidol (ARB) has been demonstrated to be a broad spectrum antiviral drug that exhibits immunomodulatory properties that affect the HSV-2 life cycle. This study investigated the efficacy and mechanism of ARB against HSV-2 in vivo and in vitro to further explore the clinical application of ARB. Methods The efficacy of ARB on HSV-2 infection in vitro was examined by CPE and MTT assays. A vaginitis model was established to monitor changes in histopathology and inflammatory cytokine (IL-2, IL-4, TNF-α and TGF-β) expression by H&E staining and ELISA, respectively, and the efficacy of ARB was evaluated accordingly. Furthermore, flow cytometry was used to determine the ratio of CD4+/CD8+ T cells in the peripheral blood of the vaginitis animals. Considering the balance of efficacy and pharmacokinetics, ARB ointment was strictly prepared to observe formulation efficacy differences compared to the oral dosing form. Results The results showed that, in vitro, the TC50 and IC50 of ARB were 32.32 μg/mL and 4.77 μg/mL (SI = 6.82), respectively, indicating that ARB presents effective activity against HSV-2 in a dose-dependent manner. The results of the time-course assay suggested that 25 μg/mL ARB affected the late stage of HSV-2 replication. However, ARB did not inhibit viral attachment or cell penetration. The in vivo results showed that ARB ointment can improve the survival rate, prolong the survival time and reduce the reproductive tract injury in mice infected with HSV-2, regulate cytokine expression; and balance the CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte ratio in the peripheral blood to participate in the regulation of immune response. Conclusion ARB showed anti-HSV-2 activity in vitro in a dose-dependent manner and played a role in inhibiting the late replication cycle of the virus. The vaginitis model was successfully established, according to immunomodulation outcomes, responded better to ARB in ointment form than in oral form. ARB showed anti-HSV-2 activity in vitro in a dose-dependent manner. ARB inhibited the late replication cycle of HSV-2. ARB ointment participated in the regulation of immune response to reduce the reproductive tract injury. ARB in ointment form responded to vaginitis better than in oral form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuling Du
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, PR China
| | - Zhen Gu
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, PR China; Luke Medical Center, Rua de Joao de Almeida No 10 LJB RC, Macau SAR, PR China
| | - Irina Leneva
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "I. Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera", Moscow, Russia
| | - Haiming Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, PR China
| | - Runfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, PR China
| | - Liehua Deng
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, PR China.
| | - Zifeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, PR China; Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau SAR, PR China.
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80
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Katsumata K, Chono K, Suzuki H. Antiviral efficacy of the helicase-primase inhibitor amenamevir in murine models of severe herpesvirus infection. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 158:201-206. [PMID: 30365949 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Existing treatments have limited efficacy against severe infection associated with herpes simplex virus (HSV) and herpes zoster virus (VZV), particularly in immunocompromized patients and those with multidermatomal infection. This issue, along with issues regarding drug resistance, support the need for improved therapeutic options. To investigate the antiviral effect of amenamevir, a VZV and HSV helicase-primase inhibitor, in severe infection conditions, mouse models of severe HSV-1 infection were developed by immunosuppression or multidermatomal infection. Mice with cyclosporin-induced immunosuppression and HSV-1 infection via inoculation of a dorsolateral area of skin were orally treated with amenamevir (10-100 mg/kg/day) for different durations (2-5 days). Immunosuppressed mice maintained high skin HSV-1 titers in the absence of treatment. Amenamevir successfully reduced HSV-1 titers at all tested doses in immunosuppressed mice, but required a longer treatment period to avoid a rebound in viral titers due to immunosuppression. To compare the efficacy of amenamevir and valacyclovir, a murine model of multidermatomal HSV-1 infection was generated by scarifying the dorsolateral area of skin in a line and inoculating broadly with HSV-1. The mice were treated with amenamevir or valacyclovir starting on Day 3, 4, or 5 post-infection for 5 days. Although both drugs similarly reduced disease scores when treatment was started on Day 3, amenamevir also reduced disease severity when treatment was initiated on Day 4, whereas valacyclovir did not. Amenamevir was not affected by the host's immune status in terms of effective oral doses and was more efficacious in treating severe cutaneous infection even when treatment initiation was delayed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyomitsu Katsumata
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Koji Chono
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Suzuki
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan.
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81
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The HIV Integrase Inhibitor Raltegravir Inhibits Felid Alphaherpesvirus 1 Replication by Targeting both DNA Replication and Late Gene Expression. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00994-18. [PMID: 30045987 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00994-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alphaherpesvirus-associated ocular infections in humans caused by human alphaherpesvirus 1 (HHV-1) remain challenging to treat due to the frequency of drug application required and the potential for the selection of drug-resistant viruses. Repurposing on-the-market drugs is a viable strategy to accelerate the pace of drug development. It has been reported that the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) integrase inhibitor raltegravir inhibits HHV-1 replication by targeting the DNA polymerase accessory factor and limits terminase-mediated genome cleavage of human betaherpesvirus 5 (HHV-5). We have previously shown, both in vitro and in vivo, that raltegravir can also inhibit the replication of felid alphaherpesvirus 1 (FeHV-1), a common ocular pathogen of cats with a pathogenesis similar to that of HHV-1 ocular disease. In contrast to what was reported for HHV-1, we were unable to select for a raltegravir-resistant FeHV-1 strain in order to define any basis for drug action. A candidate-based approach to explore the mode of action of raltegravir against FeHV-1 showed that raltegravir did not impact FeHV-1 terminase function, as described for HHV-5. Instead, raltegravir inhibited DNA replication, similarly to HHV-1, but by targeting the initiation of viral DNA replication rather than elongation. In addition, we found that raltegravir specifically repressed late gene expression independently of DNA replication, and both activities are consistent with inhibition of ICP8. Taken together, these results suggest that raltegravir could be a valuable therapeutic agent against herpesviruses.IMPORTANCE The rise of drug-resistant herpesviruses is a longstanding concern, particularly among immunocompromised patients. Therefore, therapies targeting viral proteins other than the DNA polymerase that may be less likely to lead to drug-resistant viruses are urgently needed. Using FeHV-1, an alphaherpesvirus closely related to HHV-1 that similarly causes ocular herpes in its natural host, we found that the HIV integrase inhibitor raltegravir targets different stages of the virus life cycle beyond DNA replication and that it does so without developing drug resistance under the conditions tested. This shows that the drug could provide a viable strategy for the treatment of herpesvirus infections.
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82
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Britt WJ, Prichard MN. New therapies for human cytomegalovirus infections. Antiviral Res 2018; 159:153-174. [PMID: 30227153 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The recent approval of letermovir marks a new era of therapy for human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infections, particularly for the prevention of HCMV disease in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. For almost 30 years ganciclovir has been the therapy of choice for these infections and by today's standards this drug exhibits only modest antiviral activity that is often insufficient to completely suppress viral replication, and drives the selection of drug-resistant variants that continue to replicate and contribute to disease. While ganciclovir remains the therapy of choice, additional drugs that inhibit novel molecular targets, such as letermovir, will be required as highly effective combination therapies are developed not only for the treatment of immunocompromised hosts, but also for congenitally infected infants. Sustained efforts, largely in the biotech industry and academia, have identified additional highly active lead compounds that have progressed into clinical studies with varying levels of success and at least two have the potential to be approved in the near future. Some of the new drugs in the pipeline inhibit new molecular targets, remain effective against isolates that have developed resistance to existing therapies, and promise to augment existing therapeutic regimens. Here, we will describe some of the unique features of HCMV biology and discuss their effect on therapeutic needs. Existing drugs will also be discussed and some of the more promising candidates will be reviewed with an emphasis on those progressing through clinical studies. The in vitro and in vivo antiviral activity, spectrum of antiviral activity, and mechanism of action of new compounds will be reviewed to provide an update on potential new therapies for HCMV infections that have progressed significantly in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Britt
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham AL 35233-1711, USA
| | - Mark N Prichard
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham AL 35233-1711, USA.
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83
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review recent advancements in the management of herpes simplex virus (HSV) epithelial keratitis. RECENT FINDINGS Trifluridine eye drop, acyclovir (ACV) ointment, ganciclovir gel, and oral ACV are still the main therapeutic agents. Cryopreserved amniotic membrane has been recently used as an adjuvant treatment. Resistance to ACV has become a concerning issue. The animal models of HSV vaccine are able to reduce HSV keratitis. New antivirals are under development. SUMMARY Current cases of HSV epithelial keratitis are manageable with available medications, but new advancements are required to decrease disease burden in the future. HSV vaccine can be revolutionary.
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84
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Kornfeind EM, Visalli RJ. Human herpesvirus portal proteins: Structure, function, and antiviral prospects. Rev Med Virol 2018; 28:e1972. [PMID: 29573302 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Herpesviruses (Herpesvirales) and tailed bacteriophages (Caudovirales) package their dsDNA genomes through an evolutionarily conserved mechanism. Much is known about the biochemistry and structural biology of phage portal proteins and the DNA encapsidation (viral genome cleavage and packaging) process. Although not at the same level of detail, studies on HSV-1, CMV, VZV, and HHV-8 have revealed important information on the function and structure of herpesvirus portal proteins. During dsDNA phage and herpesviral genome replication, concatamers of viral dsDNA are cleaved into single length units by a virus-encoded terminase and packaged into preformed procapsids through a channel located at a single capsid vertex (portal). Oligomeric portals are formed by the interaction of identical portal protein monomers. Comparing portal protein primary aa sequences between phage and herpesviruses reveals little to no sequence similarity. In contrast, the secondary and tertiary structures of known portals are remarkable. In all cases, function is highly conserved in that portals are essential for DNA packaging and also play a role in releasing viral genomic DNA during infection. Preclinical studies have described small molecules that target the HSV-1 and VZV portals and prevent viral replication by inhibiting encapsidation. This review summarizes what is known concerning the structure and function of herpesvirus portal proteins primarily based on their conserved bacteriophage counterparts and the potential to develop novel portal-specific DNA encapsidation inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellyn M Kornfeind
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, GA, USA
| | - Robert J Visalli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, GA, USA
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85
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Ariza-Heredia EJ, Chemaly RF, Shahani LR, Jang Y, Champlin RE, Mulanovich VE. Delay of alternative antiviral therapy and poor outcomes of acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex virus infections in recipients of allogeneic stem cell transplant - a retrospective study. Transpl Int 2018; 31:639-648. [PMID: 29464765 DOI: 10.1111/tri.13142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Acyclovir is commonly used to prevent and treat herpes simplex virus (HSV) reactivation after hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT), and only few reports have been published on acyclovir-resistant HSV in HCT recipients. We reviewed the medical records of patients with a microbiologic diagnosis of acyclovir-resistant HSV by plaque reduction test who received an HCT from 2002 through 2014. A total of 4 028 HCTs were performed during the study period, and 18 of the recipients met the diagnostic criteria for acyclovir-resistant HSV. All cases had undergone allogeneic HCTs. Most patients were in the pre-engraftment period or on systemic corticosteroid therapy for graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). The median time between diagnosis and susceptibility testing was 15 days, and antiviral therapy was changed at a median of 27 days. Patients required prolonged therapy (~80 days), and many had serious complications including renal failure and hospitalization. In conclusion, acyclovir-resistant HSV infection is more likely during the period of profound deficit in T-cell-mediated immunity and is associated with significant morbidities. Higher doses of acyclovir prophylaxis might be needed for patients with history of HSV during pre-engraftment or GVHD treatment. In patients who do not respond or progress after 1 week of acyclovir therapy, testing for drug-resistant HSV, and early switch to an alternative antiviral should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella J Ariza-Heredia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control, and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Roy F Chemaly
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control, and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lokesh R Shahani
- McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ying Jang
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Richard E Champlin
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Victor E Mulanovich
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control, and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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86
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Neagu IA, Olejarz J, Freeman M, Rosenbloom DI, Nowak MA, Hill AL. Life cycle synchronization is a viral drug resistance mechanism. PLoS Comput Biol 2018; 14:e1005947. [PMID: 29447150 PMCID: PMC5813899 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections are one of the major causes of death worldwide, with HIV infection alone resulting in over 1.2 million casualties per year. Antiviral drugs are now being administered for a variety of viral infections, including HIV, hepatitis B and C, and influenza. These therapies target a specific phase of the virus's life cycle, yet their ultimate success depends on a variety of factors, such as adherence to a prescribed regimen and the emergence of viral drug resistance. The epidemiology and evolution of drug resistance have been extensively characterized, and it is generally assumed that drug resistance arises from mutations that alter the virus's susceptibility to the direct action of the drug. In this paper, we consider the possibility that a virus population can evolve towards synchronizing its life cycle with the pattern of drug therapy. The periodicity of the drug treatment could then allow for a virus strain whose life cycle length is a multiple of the dosing interval to replicate only when the concentration of the drug is lowest. This process, referred to as "drug tolerance by synchronization", could allow the virus population to maximize its overall fitness without having to alter drug binding or complete its life cycle in the drug's presence. We use mathematical models and stochastic simulations to show that life cycle synchronization can indeed be a mechanism of viral drug tolerance. We show that this effect is more likely to occur when the variability in both viral life cycle and drug dose timing are low. More generally, we find that in the presence of periodic drug levels, time-averaged calculations of viral fitness do not accurately predict drug levels needed to eradicate infection, even if there is no synchronization. We derive an analytical expression for viral fitness that is sufficient to explain the drug-pattern-dependent survival of strains with any life cycle length. We discuss the implications of these findings for clinically relevant antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iulia A. Neagu
- Program for Evolutionary Dynamics, Department of Mathematics and Department of Organismic & Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jason Olejarz
- Program for Evolutionary Dynamics, Department of Mathematics and Department of Organismic & Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mark Freeman
- Program for Evolutionary Dynamics, Department of Mathematics and Department of Organismic & Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Daniel I.S. Rosenbloom
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Martin A. Nowak
- Program for Evolutionary Dynamics, Department of Mathematics and Department of Organismic & Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alison L. Hill
- Program for Evolutionary Dynamics, Department of Mathematics and Department of Organismic & Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Quenelle DC, Birkmann A, Goldner T, Pfaff T, Zimmermann H, Bonsmann S, Collins DJ, Rice TL, Prichard MN. Efficacy of pritelivir and acyclovir in the treatment of herpes simplex virus infections in a mouse model of herpes simplex encephalitis. Antiviral Res 2018; 149:1-6. [PMID: 29113740 PMCID: PMC5743594 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Pritelivir, a helicase-primase inhibitor, has excellent in vitro and in vivo activity against human herpes simplex virus (HSV). Mice lethally infected with HSV type 1 or 2, including acyclovir-resistant strains, were treated 72 h after infection for 7 days with pritelivir or acyclovir. Both drugs were administered orally twice daily either alone or in combination. Dosages of pritelivir from 0.3 to 30 mg/kg reduced mortality (P < 0.001) against HSV-1, E-377. With an acyclovir resistant HSV-1, 11360, pritelivir at 1 and 3 mg/kg increased survival (P < 0.005). With HSV-2, MS infected mice, all dosages higher than the 0.3 mg/kg dose of pritelivir were effective (P < 0.005). For acyclovir resistant HSV-2, strain 12247, pritelivir dosages of 1-3 mg/kg significantly improved survival (P < 0.0001). Combination therapies of pritelivir at 0.1 or 0.3 mg/kg/dose with acyclovir (10 mg/kg/dose) were protective (P < 0.0001) when compared to the vehicle treated group against HSV-2, strain MS (in line with previous data using HSV-1). An increased mean days to death (P < 0.05) was also observed and was indicative of a potential synergy. Pharmacokinetic studies were performed to determine pritelivir concentrations and a dose dependent relationship was found in both plasma and brain samples regardless of infection status or time of initiation of dosing. In summary, pritelivir was shown to be active when treatment was delayed to 72 h post viral inoculation and appeared to synergistically inhibit mortality in this model in combination with acyclovir. We conclude pritelivir has potent and resistance-breaking antiviral efficacy with potential for the treatment of potentially life-threatening HSV type 1 and 2 infections, including herpes simplex encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra C Quenelle
- The University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | | | - Tamara Pfaff
- AiCuris Anti-Infective Cures GmbH, Wuppertal, Germany
| | | | | | - Deborah J Collins
- The University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Terri L Rice
- The University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Mark N Prichard
- The University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
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88
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Hoffmann A, Döring K, Seeger NT, Bühler M, Schacke M, Krumbholz A, Sauerbrei A. Genetic polymorphism of thymidine kinase (TK) and DNA polymerase (pol) of clinical varicella-zoster virus (VZV) isolates collected over three decades. J Clin Virol 2017; 95:61-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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89
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Choi JG, Lee H, Hwang YH, Lee JS, Cho WK, Ma JY. Eupatorium fortunei and Its Components Increase Antiviral Immune Responses against RNA Viruses. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:511. [PMID: 28824435 PMCID: PMC5541272 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Eupatorium fortunei (EF) has long been used as herbal medicine in Korea, China, and Asian countries to treat a variety of diseases. Recent studies have reported that EF has anti-metastatic, anti-angiogenic, anti-bacterial, and anti-oxidant activities, as well as activities against malignant metastatic human cancers. The effect of EF and its components on viruses has not been reported. In the present study, the antiviral activity and mechanism of action of an aqueous extract of EF (WEF) and its components were evaluated in vitro. We found that pretreatment with WEF markedly reduced viral replication, as evaluated using a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged virus (influenza A virus, Newcastle disease virus, and vesicular stomatitis virus) in murine RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. We demonstrated that WEF induces the production of type I IFN including pro-inflammatory cytokines. Additionally, we identified the active anti-viral components of WEF as quercetin, psoralen, and quercitrin. Thus, WEF and its active components are immunomodulators of the innate immune response in murine macrophages, a finding that is potentially useful to developing prophylactic or therapeutic treatments against a range of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jang-Gi Choi
- Korean Medicine Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental MedicineDaegu, South Korea
| | - Heeeun Lee
- Korean Medicine Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental MedicineDaegu, South Korea
| | - Youn-Hwan Hwang
- Korean Medicine Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental MedicineDaegu, South Korea
| | - Jong-Soo Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National UniversityDaejeon, South Korea
| | - Won-Kyung Cho
- Korean Medicine Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental MedicineDaegu, South Korea
| | - Jin Yeul Ma
- Korean Medicine Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental MedicineDaegu, South Korea
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