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Pan H, Epstein J, Silbersweig DA, Stern E. New and emerging imaging techniques for mapping brain circuitry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 67:226-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2011.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Revised: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Abstract
There is a large literature on the neuroanatomy of late-life depression that continues to grow with the discovery of novel structural imaging techniques along with innovative methods to analyze the images. Such advances have helped identify specific areas, characteristic lesions, and changes in the chemical composition in these regions that might be important in the pathophysiology of this complex disease. This article reviews relevant findings by each structural neuroimaging technique. When validated across many studies, such findings can serve as neuroanatomic markers that can help generate rational hypotheses for future studies to further understanding of geriatric depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophiya Benjamin
- Department of Psychiatry, Duke University Medical Center, DHSP, Box 3837, Durham- 27710, NC, USA
| | - David C Steffens
- Department of Psychiatry, Duke University Medical Center, DHSP, Box 3837, Durham- 27710, NC, USA,Duke Neuropsychiatric Imaging Research Laboratory, 2200 West Main Street, Suite B210, Durham, NC 27705
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Anagnostou E, Taylor MJ. Review of neuroimaging in autism spectrum disorders: what have we learned and where we go from here. Mol Autism 2011; 2:4. [PMID: 21501488 PMCID: PMC3102613 DOI: 10.1186/2040-2392-2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) refers to a syndrome of social communication deficits and repetitive behaviors or restrictive interests. It remains a behaviorally defined syndrome with no reliable biological markers. The goal of this review is to summarize the available neuroimaging data and examine their implication for our understanding of the neurobiology of ASD.Although there is variability in the literature on structural magnetic resonance literature (MRI), there is evidence of volume abnormalities in both grey and white matter, with a suggestion of some region-specific differences. Early brain overgrowth is probably the most replicated finding in a subgroup of people with ASD, and new techniques, such as cortical-thickness measurements and surface morphometry have begun to elucidate in more detail the patterns of abnormalities as they evolve with age, and are implicating specific neuroanatomical or neurodevelopmental processes. Functional MRI and diffusion tensor imaging techniques suggest that such volume abnormalities are associated with atypical functional and structural connectivity in the brain, and researchers have begun to use magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) techniques to explore the neurochemical substrate of such abnormalities. The data from multiple imaging methods suggests that ASD is associated with an atypically connected brain. We now need to further clarify such atypicalities, and start interpreting them in the context of what we already know about typical neurodevelopmental processes including migration and organization of the cortex. Such an approach will allow us to relate imaging findings not only to behavior, but also to genes and their expression, which may be related to such processes, and to further our understanding of the nature of neurobiologic abnormalities in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evdokia Anagnostou
- Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, 150 Kilgour Rd,, Toronto, ON, M4G 1R8, Canada.
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54
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Metabonomic studies of schizophrenia and psychotropic medications: focus on alterations in CNS energy homeostasis. Bioanalysis 2011; 1:1615-26. [PMID: 21083107 DOI: 10.4155/bio.09.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a severe neuropsychiatric disorder with a poorly understood etiology and progression. We and other research groups have found that energy metabolic pathways in the CNS are perturbed in many subjects with this disorder. Antipsychotic drugs that generally target neurotransmission are currently used for clinical management of the disorder, although these can also have marked effects on energy metabolism in the CNS and periphery. Recent proteomic and metabonomic studies have shown that molecular pathways associated with brain energy metabolism are altered in both the disorder and by antipsychotic treatments. This review focuses on discussion of these molecular alterations. Increased knowledge in this area could facilitate biomarker identification and drug discovery based on improving brain energy metabolism in this debilitating disorder.
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Abstract
The mitochondrial dysfunction hypothesis was proposed to integrate various findings in bipolar disorder (BPD). This hypothesis is supported by possible roles of maternal inheritance, comorbidity with mitochondrial diseases, the mechanism of action of mood stabilizers, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, mitochondrial DNA mutations, gene expression analysis, and phenotypes of animal models. Mitochondrial dysfunction is not specific to BPD but is common to many neurodegenerative disorders. It would be reasonable to assume that neurons regulating mood are progressively impaired during the course of BPD. Further studies are needed to clarify which neural systems are impaired by mitochondrial dysfunction in BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadafumi Kato
- Laboratory for Molecular Dynamics of Mental Disorders, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan,
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Dramsdahl M, Ersland L, Plessen KJ, Haavik J, Hugdahl K, Specht K. Adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder - a brain magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Front Psychiatry 2011; 2:65. [PMID: 22131979 PMCID: PMC3222884 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2011.00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impaired cognitive control in individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may be related to a prefrontal cortical glutamatergic deficit. We assessed the glutamate level in the left and the right midfrontal region including the anterior cingulate cortex in adults with ADHD and healthy controls. METHODS Twenty-nine adults with ADHD and 38 healthy controls were included. We used Proton Magnetic Resonance Imaging with single voxel point-resolved spectroscopy to measure the ratio of glutamate to creatine (Glu/Cre) in the left and the right midfrontal region in the two groups. RESULTS The ADHD group showed a significant reduction of Glu/Cre in the left midfrontal region compared to the controls. CONCLUSION The reduction of Glu/Cre in the left midfrontal region in the ADHD group may reflect a glutamatergic deficit in prefrontal neuronal circuitry in adults with ADHD, resulting in problems with cognitive control.
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Van der Schot A, Kahn R, Ramsey N, Nolen W, Vink M. Trait and state dependent functional impairments in bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Res 2010; 184:135-42. [PMID: 21050725 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2010.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2009] [Revised: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) is characterized by abnormalities in emotion processing. Specifically, the processing of affective faces appears to be impaired. This study explored functional abnormalities in the neural network underlying the processing of facial affect in three different mood states (euthymic, depressed, and manic) associated with BD. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data were acquired from 18 healthy controls and 18 euthymic, 12 depressed, and 12 manic BD patients while viewing affective or neutral faces. Compared with controls, BD patients in all mood states showed reduced activation in the bilateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), indicating that activation in this region is independent of mood state. Activation in the amygdala, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), and right temporal pole depended on mood state. Whereas activation levels of depressed patients were not significantly different from those of controls, activation levels in both euthymic and manic patients were significantly reduced compared with activation levels of both controls and depressed patients. However in the right DLPFC euthymic patients showed an increased level of activation compared with manic patients. These results add to the evidence for functional deficits in the affective network in BD patients, of which reduced bilateral OFC activation was found to be the most pronounced deficit across all mood states.
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Kondo DG, Hellem TL, Sung YH, Kim N, Jeong EK, DelMastro KK, Shi X, Renshaw PF. Review: magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies of pediatric major depressive disorder. DEPRESSION RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2010; 2011:650450. [PMID: 21197097 PMCID: PMC3003951 DOI: 10.1155/2011/650450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction. This paper focuses on the application of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) to the study of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) in children and adolescents. Method. A literature search using the National Institutes of Health's PubMed database was conducted to identify indexed peer-reviewed MRS studies in pediatric patients with MDD. Results. The literature search yielded 18 articles reporting original MRS data in pediatric MDD. Neurochemical alterations in Choline, Glutamate, and N-Acetyl Aspartate are associated with pediatric MDD, suggesting pathophysiologic continuity with adult MDD. Conclusions. The MRS literature in pediatric MDD is modest but growing. In studies that are methodologically comparable, the results have been consistent. Because it offers a noninvasive and repeatable measurement of relevant in vivo brain chemistry, MRS has the potential to provide insights into the pathophysiology of MDD as well as the mediators and moderators of treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas G. Kondo
- The Brain Institute at the University of Utah, 383 Colorow Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84108-1201, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, 30 N. 1900 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Tracy L. Hellem
- The Brain Institute at the University of Utah, 383 Colorow Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84108-1201, USA
| | - Young-Hoon Sung
- The Brain Institute at the University of Utah, 383 Colorow Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84108-1201, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, 30 N. 1900 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Namkug Kim
- The Brain Institute at the University of Utah, 383 Colorow Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84108-1201, USA
| | - Eun-Kee Jeong
- Department of Radiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 30 N. 1900 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Kristen K. DelMastro
- The Brain Institute at the University of Utah, 383 Colorow Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84108-1201, USA
| | - Xianfeng Shi
- The Brain Institute at the University of Utah, 383 Colorow Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84108-1201, USA
| | - Perry F. Renshaw
- The Brain Institute at the University of Utah, 383 Colorow Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84108-1201, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, 30 N. 1900 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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Dager SR. The vexing role of baseline: Implications for neuroimaging studies of panic disorder. Int J Psychophysiol 2010; 78:20-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2010.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2009] [Revised: 01/09/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
Neuropsychiatry is the subspecialty of psychiatry that deals with disorders at the intersection of neurology and psychiatry. Neuropsychiatric disorders are complex and incompletely understood. Neuroscience research is beginning to elucidate the biological underpinnings of many of these disorders. These advances have the potential to improve diagnosis, inform treatment selection, and facilitate development of new and better interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine H Taber
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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61
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Corrigan NM, Richards TL, Friedman SD, Petropoulos H, Dager SR. Improving 1H MRSI measurement of cerebral lactate for clinical applications. Psychiatry Res 2010; 182:40-7. [PMID: 20236806 PMCID: PMC2846981 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2009.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2009] [Revised: 11/10/2009] [Accepted: 11/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Accurate measurement of cerebral lactate is critical to the understanding of brain function for psychiatric disorders such as panic disorder and bipolar disorder as well as mitochondrial dysfunction. Proton magnetic spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) techniques can be used to study lactate in vivo; however, accurate measurement of cerebral lactate, which is normally at low basal abundance, can be challenging. In this study, regional lactate measurements obtained with two different MRSI analytic approaches were evaluated using proton echo-planar spectroscopic imaging (PEPSI) data from 18 healthy adults participating in an in vivo sodium lactate infusion study. The results demonstrate that averaging data within a region of interest (ROI) before spectral fitting with LCModel results in significantly improved lactate measurement as compared to averaging chemical concentrations derived from the fitting of individual voxels in the ROI. Simulation results that confirm this finding are also presented. This study additionally outlines an atlas-based approach for the systematic computation of regional distributions of chemical concentrations in large MRSI data sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neva M. Corrigan
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA,Contact, Neva M. Corrigan, Ph.D., Neuroimaging Research Group, Department of Radiology, University of Washington, 1100 NE 45th St. Suite 555, Seattle, WA, 98105, , Telephone: 206-685-8404, Fax: 206-616-7791
| | - Todd L. Richards
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | | | | | - Stephen R. Dager
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
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BDNF Val66Met polymorphism and protein levels in amniotic fluid. BMC Neurosci 2010; 11:16. [PMID: 20141627 PMCID: PMC2831906 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-11-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2009] [Accepted: 02/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) is a neurotrophin which plays survival- and growth-promoting activity in neuronal cells and it is involved in cellular plasticity mechanisms as it controls activity dependent synaptic transmission. A functional polymorphism (Val66Met) in the pro-region of BDNF, which affects the intracellular trafficking of proBDNF has been associated with memory and cognitive deficits as well as to an increased susceptibility for several psychiatric disorders especially those with a neurodevelopmental origin. To date, no study has evaluated the influence of the Val66Met polymorphism on BDNF levels in a peripheral system that may reflect fetal neurodevelopment. Therefore we investigated in amniotic fluids (AF) obtained from 139 healthy women during 15-17 week of pregnancy, BDNF protein levels in correlation with the Val66Met polymorphism. Results Interestingly we found a significant BDNF protein levels reduction in 55 Met carriers (Val/Met and Met/Met) (p = 0.002) as compared to 84 non carriers (Val/Val), and no effect of fetus gender, maternal age or gestation week on BDNF levels has been observed. Conclusion These results, although explorative, indicate that during fetal life the Val66Met genotype might influences BDNF protein levels in AF supporting the involvement of this polymorphism in behavioral and functional brain individual differences in the adulthood.
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