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Näslund J. Unreplicable state‐dependent effects on start‐box emergence latency in wild‐origin sticklebacks. Ethology 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.13169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joacim Näslund
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
- Department of Aquatic Resources Institute of Freshwater Research Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Drottningholm Sweden
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52
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Sol D, Lapiedra O, González-Lagos C, de Cáceres M. Resource preferences and the emergence of individual niche specialization within populations. Behav Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arab086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Growing evidence that individuals of many generalist animals behave as resource specialists have attracted substantial research interest for its ecological and evolutionary implications. Variation in resource preferences is considered to be critical for developing a general theory of individual specialization. However, it remains to be shown whether diverging preferences can arise among individuals sharing a similar environment, and whether these preferences are sufficiently stable over time to be ecologically relevant. We addressed these issues by means of common garden experiments in feral pigeons (Columba livia), a species known to exhibit among-individual resource specialization in the wild. Food-choice experiments on wild-caught pigeons and their captive-bred cross-fostered descendants showed that short-term variation in food preferences can easily arise within a population, and that this variation may represent a substantial fraction of the population foraging niche. However, the experiments also showed that, rather than being limited by genetic or vertical cultural inheritance, food preferences exhibited high plasticity and tended to converge in the long-term. Although our results challenge the notion that variation in food preferences is a major driver of resource specialization, early differences in preferences could pave the way to specializations when combined with neophobic responses and/or positive feedbacks that reinforce niche conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sol
- CREAF, Centre for Ecological Research and Applied Forestries, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia 08193, Spain
- CSIC, Spanish National Research Council, CREAF-UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia 08193, Spain
| | - Oriol Lapiedra
- CREAF, Centre for Ecological Research and Applied Forestries, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia 08193, Spain
| | - Cesar González-Lagos
- Centro de Investigación en Recursos Naturales y Sustentabilidad (CIRENYS), Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Av. Viel 1497, Santiago 8370993, Chile
- Centre of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Av. Libertador Bernardo O´Higgins 340, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Miquel de Cáceres
- CREAF, Centre for Ecological Research and Applied Forestries, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia 08193, Spain
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Boone SR, Brehm AM, Mortelliti A. Seed predation and dispersal by small mammals in a landscape of fear: effects of personality, predation risk and land‐use change. OIKOS 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara R. Boone
- Dept of Wildlife, Fisheries and Conservation Biology, Univ. of Maine Orono ME USA
| | - Allison M. Brehm
- Dept of Wildlife, Fisheries and Conservation Biology, Univ. of Maine Orono ME USA
| | - Alessio Mortelliti
- Dept of Wildlife, Fisheries and Conservation Biology, Univ. of Maine Orono ME USA
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Payne E, Sinn D, Spiegel O, Leu S, Gardner M, Godfrey S, Wohlfeil C, Sih A. Consistent after all: behavioural repeatability in a long-lived lizard across a 6-year field study. Anim Behav 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2021.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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56
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Suppression of personality variation in boldness during foraging in three-spined sticklebacks. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-021-03007-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Consistent inter-individual variation in behaviour within a population, widely referred to as personality variation, can be affected by environmental context. Feedbacks between an individual’s behaviour and state can strengthen (positive feedback) or weaken (negative feedback) individual differences when experiences such as predator encounters or winning contests are dependent on behavioural type. We examined the influence of foraging on individual-level consistency in refuge use (a measure of risk-taking, i.e. boldness) in three-spined sticklebacks, Gasterosteus aculeatus, and particularly whether changes in refuge use depended on boldness measured under control conditions. In the control treatment trials with no food, individuals were repeatable in refuge use across repeated trials, and this behavioural consistency did not differ between the start and end of these trials. In contrast, when food was available, individuals showed a higher degree of consistency in refuge use at the start of the trials versus controls but this consistency significantly reduced by the end of the trials. The effect of the opportunity to forage was dependent on behavioural type, with bolder fish varying more in their refuge use between the start and the end of the feeding trials than shyer fish, and boldness positively predicted the likelihood of feeding at the start but not at the end of the trials. This suggests a state-behaviour feedback, but there was no overall trend in how bolder individuals changed their behaviour. Our study shows that personality variation can be suppressed in foraging contexts and a potential but unpredictable role of feedbacks between state and behaviour.
Significance statement
In this experimental study, we examined how foraging influences consistency in risk-taking in individual three-spined sticklebacks. We show that bolder individuals become less consistent in their risk-taking behaviour than shyer individuals during foraging. Some bolder individuals reinforce their risk-taking behaviour, suggesting a positive feedback between state and behaviour, while others converge on the behaviour of shyer individuals, suggesting a negative feedback. In support of a role of satiation in driving negative feedback effects, we found that bolder individuals were more likely to feed at the start but not at the end of the trials. Overall, our findings suggest that foraging can influence personality variation in risk-taking behaviour; however, the role of feedbacks may be unpredictable.
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57
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Martinig AR, Mathot KJ, Lane JE, Dantzer B, Boutin S. Selective disappearance does not underlie age-related changes in trait repeatability in red squirrels. Behav Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/araa136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Understanding the causes and consequences of repeatable among-individual differences in behavior (i.e., animal personality) is a major area of research in behavioral and evolutionary ecology. Recently, attention has turned to understanding the processes behind changes in repeatability through ontogeny because of their implications for populations. We evaluated the relative importance of selective disappearance (i.e., differential mortality), an among-individual mechanism, in generating age-related changes in the repeatability of aggression and activity in juvenile North American red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus). We observed age-related decreases in the repeatability of aggression across ages, arising from lower among-individual variance. Although we found evidence for directional selection on aggressiveness, it was insufficient to erode among-individual variance. Thus, ontogenetic decreases in the repeatability of aggression do not appear to be due to selective disappearance. In contrast, the repeatability of activity was higher across ages due to higher among-individual variance in activity, but there was no support for selective disappearance based on activity. Taken together, our results suggest that age-related changes in trait repeatability in red squirrels are not the result of selective disappearance and instead may be the result of within-individual developmental processes, such as individual differences in developmental trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kimberley J Mathot
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jeffrey E Lane
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Science Pl, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Ben Dantzer
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Stan Boutin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Dingemanse NJ. Personality and pace-of-life: Ecological lessons learnt from free-ranging lemon sharks. J Anim Ecol 2021; 90:314-316. [PMID: 33538347 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In Focus: Dhellemmes, F., Finger J.S., Smukall M.J., Gruber S.H., Guttridge T.L., Laskowski K.L., & J. Krause. (2020) Personality-driven life-history trade-offs differ in two subpopulations of free-ranging predators. Journal of Animal Ecology, 90, 260-272. Life-history theory predicts that explorative individuals live-fast-but-die-young as they take risks to rapidly accumulate resources. Dhellemmes et al. (2020) show that fast-exploring sharks forage in risky habitats, where they grow-fast-but-die-young. In higher risk environments, however, this personality-related pace-of-life-syndrome does not exist because neither fast- nor slow-exploring types venture out into risky areas. The study thereby reveals the key role of ecology as a mediator of personality-related pace-of-life-syndromes in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels J Dingemanse
- Behavioural Ecology, Department of Biology, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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59
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Favati A, Løvlie H, Leimar O. Effects of social experience, aggressiveness and comb size on contest success in male domestic fowl. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:201213. [PMID: 33972851 PMCID: PMC8074635 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.201213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The ability to dominate conspecifics and thereby gain access to resources depends on a number of traits and skills. Experience of dominance relationships during development is a potential source of learning such skills. We here study the importance of social experience, aggressiveness and morphological traits for competitiveness in social interactions (contest success) in male domestic fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus). We let males grow up either as a single (dominant) male or as an intermediately ranked male in a group of males, and measured their success in duels against different opponents. We found that single-raised males had lower contest success than group-raised males, and that aggression and comb size correlated positively with contest success. This indicates that experience of dominance interactions with other males increases future success in duels. We similarly studied the consequences of growing up as a dominant or subordinate in a pair of males, finding no statistically significant effect of the dominance position on contest success. Finally, we found that males were consistent over time in contest success. We conclude that social experience increases contest success in male domestic fowl, but that certain behavioural and morphological characteristics have an equal or even stronger covariation with contest success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Favati
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hanne Løvlie
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, IFM Biology, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Olof Leimar
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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60
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Berry AD, Rypstra AL. Detection of web builder size via chemical cues present on silk by web-invading cellar spiders (Araneae: Pholcidae). Anim Behav 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2020.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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61
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Personality and behavioral syndromes in two Peromyscus species: presence, lack of state dependence, and lack of association with home range size. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-020-02951-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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62
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Developmental conditions promote individual differentiation of endocrine axes and behavior in a tropical pinniped. Oecologia 2020; 195:25-35. [PMID: 33340345 PMCID: PMC7882553 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04815-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Between-individual variation in behavior can emerge through complex interactions between state-related mechanisms, which include internal physiological constraints or feedback derived from the external environment. State-related conditions can be especially influential during early life, when parental effort and exposure to social stress may canalize consistent differences in offspring hormonal profiles and foster specific behavioral strategies. Here, we unravel how relevant state variables, including sex, somatic condition, local population density, and maternal traits, contribute to within-cohort differences in stress, sex, and thyroid hormone axes in dependent Galapagos sea lions with the primary goal of understanding downstream effects on boldness, docility, habitat use, and activity. Pups within denser natal sites had higher levels of cortisol and thyroid T4, a prohormone and proxy for metabolic reserves, likely as an adaptive physiological response after exposure to increased numbers of conspecific interactions. Furthermore, considering maternal effects, mothers in better body condition produced pups with higher testosterone yet downregulated basal cortisol and thyroid T4. This hormonal profile was correlated with increased boldness toward novel objects and attenuated stress responsiveness during capture. Intriguingly, pups with increased thyroid T3, the biologically active form, maintained faster somatic growth and were observed to have increased activity and extensively explored surrounding habitats. Collectively, these findings provide comprehensive evidence for several links to hormone-mediated behavioral strategies, highlighted by variation in socio-environmental and maternally derived input during a foundational life stage.
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64
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Integrating Behavior in Life-History Theory: Allocation versus Acquisition? Trends Ecol Evol 2020; 36:132-138. [PMID: 33203522 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2020.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Central theories explaining the maintenance of individual differences in behavior build on the assumption that behavior mediates life-history trade-offs between current and future reproduction. However, current empirical evidence does not robustly support this assumption. This mismatch might be because current theory is not clear about the role of behavior in individual allocation versus acquisition of resources, hindering empirical testing. The relative importance of allocation compared to acquisition is a key feature of classic life-history theory, but appears to have been lost in translation in recent developments of life-history theory involving behavior. We argue that determining the relative balance between variation in resource allocation and acquisition, and the role of behavior in this process, will help to build more robust and precise predictions.
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65
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Eccard JA, Liesenjohann T, Dammhahn M. Among-individual differences in foraging modulate resource exploitation under perceived predation risk. Oecologia 2020; 194:621-634. [PMID: 33141325 PMCID: PMC7683444 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04773-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Foraging is risky and involves balancing the benefits of resource acquisition with costs of predation. Optimal foraging theory predicts where, when and how long to forage in a given spatiotemporal distribution of risks and resources. However, significant variation in foraging behaviour and resource exploitation remain unexplained. Using single foragers in artificial landscapes of perceived risks and resources with diminishing returns, we aimed to test whether foraging behaviour and resource exploitation are adjusted to risk level, vary with risk during different components of foraging, and (co)vary among individuals. We quantified foraging behaviour and resource exploitation for 21 common voles (Microtus arvalis). By manipulating ground cover, we created simple landscapes of two food patches varying in perceived risk during feeding in a patch and/or while travelling between patches. Foraging of individuals was variable and adjusted to risk level and type. High risk during feeding reduced feeding duration and food consumption more strongly than risk while travelling. Risk during travelling modified the risk effects of feeding for changes between patches and resulting evenness of resource exploitation. Across risk conditions individuals differed consistently in when and how long they exploited resources and exposed themselves to risk. These among-individual differences in foraging behaviour were associated with consistent patterns of resource exploitation. Thus, different strategies in foraging-under-risk ultimately lead to unequal payoffs and might affect lower trophic levels in food webs. Inter-individual differences in foraging behaviour, i.e. foraging personalities, are an integral part of foraging behaviour and need to be fully integrated into optimal foraging theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana A Eccard
- Animal Ecology, Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Maulbeerallee 1, 14469, Potsdam, Germany. .,Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Königin-Luise-Str. 2-4, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Thilo Liesenjohann
- Animal Ecology, Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Maulbeerallee 1, 14469, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Melanie Dammhahn
- Animal Ecology, Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Maulbeerallee 1, 14469, Potsdam, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Königin-Luise-Str. 2-4, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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66
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Horváth G, Martín J, López P, Herczeg G. Ain’t going down without a fight: state-and environment-dependence of antipredator defensive aggressive personalities in Carpetan rock lizard. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-020-02922-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Aggression is one of the most frequently studied behavioural traits across a wide range of taxa; however, most studies evaluate aggressive behaviour in a social context, in which aggressive interactions between conspecifics are motivated by resource control (offensive or social aggression). However, in an antipredator context, the primary role of aggression is defence (defensive or antipredator aggression). Although the neuroendocrinology of antipredator aggression is often studied in domesticated and laboratory animals, how environment and individual state affect this behavioural trait in the wild is largely unknown. Here, by conducting a manipulative experiment, we tested whether (i) consistent between-individual differences (i.e. animal personality) are present in antipredator aggression in adult male Carpetan rock lizards (Iberolacerta cyreni) and (ii) short-term environmental changes (presence vs. absence of predator cues) and differences in individual state (body length, head size, hind limb length) affect individual mean behaviour (i.e. behavioural type). We found moderate-high repeatability in antipredator aggression (willingness to bite a human), indicating the presence of animal personality in this behavioural trait. Lizards were on average more defensive in the presence of predator cues; furthermore, short-legged males showed higher antipredator aggression than long-legged males in the presence of predator cues, probably as an attempt to balance their decreased escape speed. Larger (~ older) males were more defensive than smaller ones, probably due to their increased fighting ability. We conclude that antipredator aggression is an important part of an individual’s behavioural repertoire and its expression is driven by both environmental situation and individual state.
Significance statement
Antipredator/defensive aggression is not the primary antipredatory response; however, when other ways of escape are not possible, actually hurting the predator could be the only way of survival. While this behaviour obviously has substantial effects on fitness, it is severely understudied compared to social/offensive aggression. In a manipulative experiment, we found that there are consistent between-individual differences in antipredator aggression (i.e. willingness to bite during handling) of adult male Carpetan rock lizards (Iberolacerta cyreni), supporting the presence of animal personality and suggesting that this behavioural trait might respond to natural selection. Furthermore, short-term environmental variation (i.e. presence vs. absence of predator cues) in interaction with individual state affected antipredator aggression of individuals, emphasising the ecological and evolutionary relevance of this behaviour.
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Moran NP, Sánchez‐Tójar A, Schielzeth H, Reinhold K. Poor nutritional condition promotes high‐risk behaviours: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 96:269-288. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P. Moran
- Evolutionary Biology Bielefeld University Morgenbreede 45 Bielefeld 33615 Germany
- Centre for Ocean Life DTU‐Aqua Technical University of Denmark Building 201, Kemitorvet Kgs. Lyngby 2800 Denmark
| | | | - Holger Schielzeth
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution Friedrich Schiller University Jena Dornburger Straße 159 Jena 07743 Germany
| | - Klaus Reinhold
- Evolutionary Biology Bielefeld University Morgenbreede 45 Bielefeld 33615 Germany
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68
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Blazevic SA, Glogoski M, Nikolic B, Hews DK, Lisicic D, Hranilovic D. Differences in cautiousness between mainland and island Podarcis siculus populations are paralleled by differences in brain noradrenaline/adrenaline concentrations. Physiol Behav 2020; 224:113072. [PMID: 32659392 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive behavior is shaped by the type and intensity of selection pressures coming from the environment, such as predation risk and resource availability, and can be modulated by individual's neuroendocrine profile involving steroid hormones and the brain-stem monoaminergic circuits projecting to forebrain structures. Boldness when faced with a predator and exploration/activity when confronted with a new environment reflect the degree of cautiousness and/or "risk-taking" of an individual. In this study we have explored to which extent two populations of Podarcis siculus occupying different ecological niches: mainland (ML) and an islet (ISL) differ in the level of cautiousness and whether these differences are paralleled by differences in their monoaminergic profiles. Boldness was tested in the field as antipredator behavior, while novel space and object explorations were tested in a laboratory setting in an open field apparatus. Finally, serotonin, dopamine, noradrenaline (NA) and adrenaline (ADR) concentrations were measured in whole brain samples by ELISA. Lizards from ML population spent significantly more time hiding after a predator encounter in the field, displayed lower intensity of novel space exploration in a laboratory setting, and contained significantly higher whole-brain concentrations of NA and ADR than their ISL counterparts. Parallelism between the level of risk-taking behavior and concentrations of neurotransmitters mediating alertness and reaction to stress suggests that the differing environmental factors on ML and ISL may have shaped the degree of cautiousness in the residing lizard populations by affecting the activity of NA/ADR neural circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Ana Blazevic
- Division of Animal Physiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Roosveltov trg 6, HR, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marko Glogoski
- Division of Animal Physiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Roosveltov trg 6, HR, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Barbara Nikolic
- Division of Animal Physiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Roosveltov trg 6, HR, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Diana K Hews
- Department of Biology, Indiana State University, 600 North Chestnut Street, Terre Haute, IN 47809, USA
| | - Duje Lisicic
- Division of Animal Physiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Roosveltov trg 6, HR, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dubravka Hranilovic
- Division of Animal Physiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Roosveltov trg 6, HR, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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69
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Physiological Stress Integrates Resistance to Rattlesnake Venom and the Onset of Risky Foraging in California Ground Squirrels. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12100617. [PMID: 32992585 PMCID: PMC7601495 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12100617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Using venom for predation often leads to the evolution of resistance in prey. Understanding individual variation in venom resistance is key to unlocking basic mechanisms by which antagonistic coevolution can sustain variation in traits under selection. For prey, the opposing challenges of predator avoidance and resource acquisition often lead to correlated levels of risk and reward, which in turn can favor suites of integrated morphological, physiological and behavioral traits. We investigate the relationship between risk-sensitive behaviors, physiological resistance to rattlesnake venom, and stress in a population of California ground squirrels. For the same individuals, we quantified foraging decisions in the presence of snake predators, fecal corticosterone metabolites (a measure of “stress”), and blood serum inhibition of venom enzymatic activity (a measure of venom resistance). Individual responses to snakes were repeatable for three measures of risk-sensitive behavior, indicating that some individuals were consistently risk-averse whereas others were risk tolerant. Venom resistance was lower in squirrels with higher glucocorticoid levels and poorer body condition. Whereas resistance failed to predict proximity to and interactions with snake predators, individuals with higher glucocorticoid levels and in lower body condition waited the longest to feed when near a snake. We compared alternative structural equation models to evaluate alternative hypotheses for the relationships among stress, venom resistance, and behavior. We found support for stress as a shared physiological correlate that independently lowers venom resistance and leads to squirrels that wait longer to feed in the presence of a snake, whereas we did not find evidence that resistance directly facilitates latency to forage. Our findings suggest that stress may help less-resistant squirrels avoid a deadly snakebite, but also reduces feeding opportunities. The combined lethal and non-lethal effects of stressors in predator–prey interactions simultaneously impact multiple key traits in this system, making environmental stress a potential contributor to geographic variation in trait expression of toxic predators and resistant prey.
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70
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Horváth G, Jiménez‐Robles O, Martín J, López P, De la Riva I, Herczeg G. Linking behavioral thermoregulation, boldness, and individual state in male Carpetan rock lizards. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:10230-10241. [PMID: 33005378 PMCID: PMC7520217 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms affecting consistent interindividual behavioral variation (i.e., animal personality) are of wide scientific interest. In poikilotherms, ambient temperature is one of the most important environmental factors with a direct link to a variety of fitness-related traits. Recent empirical evidence suggests that individual differences in boldness are linked to behavioral thermoregulation strategy in heliothermic species, as individuals are regularly exposed to predators during basking. Here, we tested for links between behavioral thermoregulation strategy, boldness, and individual state in adult males of the high-mountain Carpetan rock lizard (Iberolacerta cyreni). Principal component analysis revealed the following latent links in our data: (i) a positive relationship of activity with relative limb length and color brightness (PC1, 23% variation explained), (ii) a negative relationship of thermoregulatory precision with parasite load and risk-taking (PC2, 20.98% variation explained), and (iii) a negative relationship between preferred body temperature and relative limb length (PC3, 19.23% variation explained). We conclude that differences in boldness and behavioral thermoregulatory strategy could be explained by both stable and labile state variables. The moderate link between behavioral thermoregulatory strategy and risk-taking personality in our system is plausibly the result of differences in reproductive state of individuals or variation in ecological conditions during the breeding season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergely Horváth
- Behavioural Ecology GroupDepartment of Systematic Zoology and EcologyEötvös Loránd UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - Octavio Jiménez‐Robles
- Department of Ecology and EvolutionResearch School of BiologyAustralian National UniversityCanberraAustralia
- Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary BiologyMuseo Nacional de Ciencias NaturalesCSICMadridSpain
| | - José Martín
- Department of Evolutionary EcologyMuseo Nacional de Ciencias NaturalesCSICMadridSpain
| | - Pilar López
- Department of Evolutionary EcologyMuseo Nacional de Ciencias NaturalesCSICMadridSpain
| | - Ignacio De la Riva
- Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary BiologyMuseo Nacional de Ciencias NaturalesCSICMadridSpain
| | - Gábor Herczeg
- Behavioural Ecology GroupDepartment of Systematic Zoology and EcologyEötvös Loránd UniversityBudapestHungary
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71
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Moya-Laraño J, Rabaneda-Bueno R, Morrison E, Crowley PH. Model and Data Concur and Explain the Coexistence of Two Very Distinct Animal Behavioral Types. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9090241. [PMID: 32825577 PMCID: PMC7564360 DOI: 10.3390/biology9090241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Behaviors may enhance fitness in some situations while being detrimental in others. Linked behaviors (behavioral syndromes) may be central to understanding the maintenance of behavioral variability in natural populations. The spillover hypothesis of premating sexual cannibalism by females explains genetically determined female aggression towards both prey and males: growth to a larger size translates into higher fecundity, but at the risk of insufficient sperm acquisition. Here, we use an individual-based model to determine the ecological scenarios under which this spillover strategy is more likely to evolve over a strategy in which females attack approaching males only once the female has previously secured sperm. We found that a classic spillover strategy could never prevail. However, a more realistic early-spillover strategy, in which females become adults earlier in addition to reaching a larger size, could be maintained in some ecological scenarios and even invade a population of females following the other strategy. We also found under some ecological scenarios that both behavioral types coexist through frequency-dependent selection. Additionally, using data from the spider Lycosa hispanica, we provide strong support for the prediction that the two strategies may coexist in the wild. Our results clarify how animal personalities evolve and are maintained in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Moya-Laraño
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZA-CSIC), Carrera de Sacramento s/n, 04120 Almería, Spain;
- Correspondence:
| | - Rubén Rabaneda-Bueno
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZA-CSIC), Carrera de Sacramento s/n, 04120 Almería, Spain;
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Emily Morrison
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0225, USA; (E.M.); (P.H.C.)
| | - Philip H. Crowley
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0225, USA; (E.M.); (P.H.C.)
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72
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Dhellemmes F, Finger JS, Smukall MJ, Gruber SH, Guttridge TL, Laskowski KL, Krause J. Personality-driven life history trade-offs differ in two subpopulations of free-ranging predators. J Anim Ecol 2020; 90:260-272. [PMID: 32720305 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Consistent individual differences in behaviour (i.e. personality) can be explained in an evolutionary context if they are favoured by life history trade-offs as conceptualized in the pace-of-life syndrome (POLS) hypothesis. Theory predicts that faster-growing individuals suffer higher mortality and that this trade-off is mediated through exploration/risk-taking personality, but empirical support for this remains limited and ambiguous. Equivocal support to the POLS hypothesis suggests that the link between life history and personality may only emerge under certain circumstances. Understanding personality-driven trade-offs would be facilitated by long-term studies in wild populations experiencing different ecological conditions. Here, we tested whether personality measured in semi-captivity was associated with a growth-mortality trade-off via risk-taking in the wild in two subpopulations of juvenile lemon sharks Negaprion brevirostris known to differ in their predator abundance. We expected stronger personality-driven trade-offs in the predator-rich environment as compared to the predator-poor environment. Sharks were captured yearly from 1995 onwards allowing us to obtain long-term data on growth and apparent survival in each subpopulation. We then used a novel open-field assay to test sharks for exploration personality yearly from 2012 to 2017. A subset of the tested sharks was monitored in the field using telemetry to document risk-taking behaviours. We tested (a) if fast explorers in captivity took more risks and grew faster in the wild and (b) if natural selection acted against more explorative, faster-growing sharks. In the subpopulation with fewer predators, more explorative sharks in captivity took more risks in the wild and grew faster. In turn, larger, fast-growing sharks had lower apparent survival. In the predator-rich subpopulation, despite finding selection on fast growth, we found no link between exploration personality and the growth-mortality trade-off. Our study demonstrates that the association between personality and life history is favoured in some ecological contexts but not in others. We identify predator and resource abundance as two main potential drivers of the personality-mediated trade-off and emphasize that future work on the POLS hypothesis would benefit from an approach integrating behaviour and life history across ecological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félicie Dhellemmes
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany.,Faculty of Life Sciences, Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Bimini Biological Field Station Foundation, South Bimini, Bahamas
| | | | - Matthew J Smukall
- Bimini Biological Field Station Foundation, South Bimini, Bahamas.,College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Samuel H Gruber
- Bimini Biological Field Station Foundation, South Bimini, Bahamas
| | - Tristan L Guttridge
- Bimini Biological Field Station Foundation, South Bimini, Bahamas.,Saving the Blue, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Kate L Laskowski
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jens Krause
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany.,Faculty of Life Sciences, Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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73
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Polivka CM. Habitat affinity and density‐dependent movement as indicators of fish habitat restoration efficacy. Ecosphere 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M. Polivka
- Pacific Northwest Research Station USDA Forest Service Wenatchee Washington98801USA
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74
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Okuyama T. State-dependent mortality can enhance behavioral unpredictability. BMC Ecol 2020; 20:34. [PMID: 32586382 PMCID: PMC7315534 DOI: 10.1186/s12898-020-00303-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although behavioral unpredictability is widely described within-individual variability in behavior, its adaptive significance is little understood. Using a dynamic state variable model, this study investigated the conditions under which behavioral unpredictability (a component of within-individual variability) in foraging behavior is advantageous. The model considers a situation in which a forager forages for a fixed period, represented by discrete time steps. The outcome of foraging may change the level of a state (e.g., size and fat storage) of the forager at each time step, and variability in the foraging outcome is assumed to be positively correlated with behavioral unpredictability. The probability of death at each time step is influenced by the state at the same time step. Reproduction occurs after all the foraging steps and is influenced by the state level of a forager at the time of reproduction. According to the expected utility hypothesis, the relationship (e.g., curvature) between the state and fitness will determine the role of behavioral unpredictability. In the model, the relationship was obtained by using the backward iteration method for each foraging time step. Results State-dependent mortality adds curvature to the relationship between the state and fitness, which makes the effect of behavioral unpredictability on fitness either positive or negative. This conclusion holds for any state-dependent mortality (i.e., as long as mortality is not independent of the state factor). Given that state-dependent mortality is commonly described, conditions that benefit behavioral unpredictability are likely also common. Conclusions When mortality depends on a state that is influenced by behavior, conditions that favor behavioral unpredictability may become common. How behavioral unpredictability influences the variability of behavioral outcomes is as important as how it influences the expectation of behavioral outcomes when studying the adaptive significance of behavioral unpredictability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshinori Okuyama
- Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei, 106, Taiwan.
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75
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Sheriff MJ, Orrock JL, Ferrari MCO, Karban R, Preisser EL, Sih A, Thaler JS. Proportional fitness loss and the timing of defensive investment: a cohesive framework across animals and plants. Oecologia 2020; 193:273-283. [PMID: 32542471 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04681-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The risk of consumption is a pervasive aspect of ecology and recent work has focused on synthesis of consumer-resource interactions (e.g., enemy-victim ecology). Despite this, theories pertaining to the timing and magnitude of defenses in animals and plants have largely developed independently. However, both animals and plants share the common dilemma of uncertainty of attack, can gather information from the environment to predict future attacks and alter their defensive investment accordingly. Here, we present a novel, unifying framework based on the way an organism's ability to defend itself during an attack can shape their pre-attack investment in defense. This framework provides a useful perspective on the nature of information use and variation in defensive investment across the sequence of attack-related events, both within and among species. It predicts that organisms with greater proportional fitness loss if attacked will gather and respond to risk information earlier in the attack sequence, while those that have lower proportional fitness loss may wait until attack is underway. This framework offers a common platform to compare and discuss consumer effects and provides novel insights into the way risk information can propagate through populations, communities, and ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Sheriff
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Dartmouth, MA, USA.
| | - John L Orrock
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Maud C O Ferrari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, WCVM, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Richard Karban
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Evan L Preisser
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Andrew Sih
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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76
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Goodchild CG, Schmidt LM, DuRant SE. Evidence for the ‘behavioural character’ hypothesis: does boldness programme disparate antipredator strategies? Anim Behav 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2020.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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77
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Heuschele J, Lode T, Andersen T, Titelman J. The Hidden Dimension: Context-Dependent Expression of Repeatable Behavior in Copepods. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2020; 39:1017-1026. [PMID: 32072680 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In ecotoxicology and aquatic ecology, we often ignore responses of individuals and focus on average responses. However, both terrestrial and aquatic animals display consistent behavioral differences between individuals. The distribution of behavioral differences within a population contains vital information for predicting population responses to novel environmental challenges. Currently, individual data for behavioral and physiological traits of small marine invertebrates are few, partly because such variation is lost within published group means and assumed normality. We tested the combined effects of an inorganic contaminant (copper) and a biological stressor (i.e., chemical cues of a fish predator) on activity in a marine copepod. Although direct stress effects were weak, individuals behaved consistently differently, depending on the context. Individual differences in behavior were only expressed under the influence of kairomones, but not by copper exposure alone. This finding indicates that copepods express repeatable and context-dependent behavior. We also demonstrate how large variations in behavioral data can hide consistent differences between individuals. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:1017-1026. © 2020 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Heuschele
- Section for Aquatic Biology and Toxicology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Torben Lode
- Section for Aquatic Biology and Toxicology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tom Andersen
- Section for Aquatic Biology and Toxicology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Josefin Titelman
- Section for Aquatic Biology and Toxicology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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78
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Ofstad EG, Markussen SS, Sæther B, Solberg EJ, Heim M, Haanes H, Røed KH, Herfindal I. Opposing fitness consequences of habitat use in a harvested moose population. J Anim Ecol 2020; 89:1701-1710. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Endre Grüner Ofstad
- Department of Biology Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway
| | - Stine S. Markussen
- Department of Biology Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway
| | - Bernt‐Erik Sæther
- Department of Biology Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway
| | | | - Morten Heim
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA) Trondheim Norway
| | | | - Knut H. Røed
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine Norwegian University of Life Sciences Oslo Norway
| | - Ivar Herfindal
- Department of Biology Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway
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79
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Sheriff MJ, Peacor SD, Hawlena D, Thaker M. Non-consumptive predator effects on prey population size: A dearth of evidence. J Anim Ecol 2020; 89:1302-1316. [PMID: 32215909 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There is a large and growing interest in non-consumptive effects (NCEs) of predators. Diverse and extensive evidence shows that predation risk directly influences prey traits, such as behaviour, morphology and physiology, which in turn, may cause a reduction in prey fitness components (i.e. growth rate, survival and reproduction). An intuitive expectation is that NCEs that reduce prey fitness will extend to alter population growth rate and therefore population size. However, our intensive literature search yielded only 10 studies that examined how predator-induced changes in prey traits translate to changes in prey population size. Further, the scant evidence for risk-induced changes on prey population size have been generated from studies that were performed in very controlled systems (mesocosm and laboratory), which do not have the complexity and feedbacks of natural settings. Thus, although likely that predation risk alone can alter prey population size, there is little direct empirical evidence that demonstrates that it does. There are also clear reasons that risk effects on population size may be much smaller than the responses on phenotype and fitness components that are typically measured, magnifying the need to show, rather than infer, effects on population size. Herein we break down the process of how predation risk influences prey population size into a chain of events (predation risk affects prey traits, which affect prey fitness components and population growth rate, which affect prey population size), and highlight the complexity of each transition. We illustrate how the outcomes of these transitions are not straightforward, and how environmental context strongly dictates the direction and magnitude of effects. Indeed, the high variance in prey responses is reflected in the variance of results reported in the few studies that have empirically quantified risk effects on population size. It is therefore a major challenge to predict population effects given the complexity of how environmental context interacts with predation risk and prey responses. We highlight the critical need to appreciate risk effects at each level in the chain of events, and that changes at one level cannot be assumed to translate into changes in the next because of the interplay between risk, prey responses, and the environment. The gaps in knowledge we illuminate underscore the need for more evidence to substantiate the claim that predation risk effects extend to prey population size. The lacunae we identify should inspire future studies on the impact of predation risk on population-level responses in free-living animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Sheriff
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Dartmouth, MA, USA
| | - Scott D Peacor
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Dror Hawlena
- Risk Management Ecology Laboratory, Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Maria Thaker
- Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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80
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Do different food amounts gradually promote personality variation throughout the life stage in a clonal gecko species? Anim Behav 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2020.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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81
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Međedović J, Kovačević U. Personality as a state-dependent behavior: Do childhood poverty and pregnancy planning moderate the link between personality and fitness? PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2019.109625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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82
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Fisher DN, Lichtenstein JLL, Costa-Pereira R, Yeager J, Pruitt JN. Assessing the repeatability, robustness to disturbance, and parent-offspring colony resemblance of collective behavior. J Evol Biol 2019; 33:410-421. [PMID: 31821669 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Groups of animals possess phenotypes such as collective behaviour, which may determine the fitness of group members. However, the stability and robustness to perturbations of collective phenotypes in natural conditions is not established. Furthermore, whether group phenotypes are transmitted from parent to offspring groups with fidelity is required for understanding how selection on group phenotypes contributes to evolution, but parent-offspring resemblance at the group level is rarely estimated. We evaluated the repeatability, robustness to perturbation and parent-offspring resemblance of collective foraging aggressiveness in colonies of the social spider Anelosimus eximius. Among-colony differences in foraging aggressiveness were consistent over time but changed if the colony was perturbed through the removal of individuals or via individuals' removal and subsequent return. Offspring and parent colony behaviour were correlated at the phenotypic level, but only once the offspring colony had settled after being translocated, and the correlation overlapped with zero at the among-colony level. The parent-offspring resemblance was not driven by a shared elevation but could be due to other environmental factors. The behaviour of offspring colonies in a common garden laboratory setting was not correlated with the behaviour of the parent colony nor with the same colony's behaviour once it was returned to the field. The phenotypes of groups represent a potentially important tier of biological organization, and assessing the stability and heritability of such phenotypes helps us better understand their role in evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N Fisher
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - James L L Lichtenstein
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California - Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Raul Costa-Pereira
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Justin Yeager
- Biodiversidad Medio Ambiente y Salud (BIOMAS), Direccion General de Investigacion, Universidad de las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Jonathan N Pruitt
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California - Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
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83
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Horváth G, Rodríguez‐Ruiz G, Martín J, López P, Herczeg G. Maternal diet affects juvenile Carpetan rock lizard performance and personality. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:14476-14488. [PMID: 31938534 PMCID: PMC6953655 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Differences in both stable and labile state variables are known to affect the emergence and maintenance of consistent interindividual behavioral variation (animal personality or behavioral syndrome), especially when experienced early in life. Variation in environmental conditions experienced by gestating mothers (viz. nongenetic maternal effects) is known to have significant impact on offspring condition and behavior; yet, their effect on behavioral consistency is not clear. Here, by applying an orthogonal experimental design, we aimed to study whether increased vitamin D3 content in maternal diet during gestation (vitamin-supplemented vs. vitamin control treatments) combined with corticosterone treatment (corticosterone-treated vs. corticosterone control treatments) applied on freshly hatched juveniles had an effect on individual state and behavioral consistency of juvenile Carpetan rock lizards (Iberolacerta cyreni). We tested the effect of our treatments on (a) climbing speed and the following levels of behavioral variation, (b) strength of animal personality (behavioral repeatability), (c) behavioral type (individual mean behavior), and (d) behavioral predictability (within-individual behavioral variation unrelated to environmental change). We found higher locomotor performance of juveniles from the vitamin-supplemented group (42.4% increase), irrespective of corticosterone treatment. While activity personality was present in all treatments, shelter use personality was present only in the vitamin-supplemented × corticosterone-treated treatment and risk-taking personality was present in corticosterone control treatments. Contrary to our expectations, behavioral type was not affected by our treatments, indicating that individual quality can affect behavioral strategies without affecting group-level mean behavior. Behavioral predictability decreased in individuals with low climbing speed, which could be interpreted as a form of antipredator strategy. Our results clearly demonstrate that maternal diet and corticosterone treatment have the potential to induce or hamper between-individual variation in different components of boldness, often in interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergely Horváth
- Behavioural Ecology GroupDepartment of Systematic Zoology and EcologyEötvös Loránd UniversityBudapestHungary
| | | | - José Martín
- Department of Evolutionary EcologyMuseo Nacional de Ciencias NaturalesCSICMadridSpain
| | - Pilar López
- Department of Evolutionary EcologyMuseo Nacional de Ciencias NaturalesCSICMadridSpain
| | - Gábor Herczeg
- Behavioural Ecology GroupDepartment of Systematic Zoology and EcologyEötvös Loránd UniversityBudapestHungary
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84
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Pearish S, Bensky MK, Bell AM, Woese CR. Social environment determines the effect of boldness and activity on survival. Ethology 2019; 125:855-862. [PMID: 36590873 PMCID: PMC9798931 DOI: 10.1111/eth.12939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Populations of animals are composed of individuals that differ in ecologically relevant behaviors. Building evidence also suggests that individuals occupy different social niches. Here, in a mark-recapture experiment, we show evidence of an interacting effect of behavior and social niche on survival in the wild: bold individuals had higher survival if they were initially captured in groups while shy, inactive individuals had higher survival if they were initially captured when alone. These findings provide support for the hypothesis that behavioral type-environment correlations can be favored by natural selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Pearish
- Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois, 505 S. Goodwin Ave., Urbana, IL
| | - Miles K. Bensky
- Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois, 505 S. Goodwin Ave., Urbana, IL
| | - Alison M. Bell
- Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois, 505 S. Goodwin Ave., Urbana, IL
| | - Carl R. Woese
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, 1206 W Gregory Dr., Urbana, IL
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85
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Herdegen‐Radwan M. Does inbreeding affect personality traits? Ecol Evol 2019; 9:10929-10937. [PMID: 31641446 PMCID: PMC6802067 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The question of why variation is maintained in personality traits is an evolutionary puzzle. According to the condition-dependence hypothesis, such traits depend on condition, which limits the behavioral choices available to individuals. Because condition is affected by many genes, it can effectively be manipulated by inbreeding, which exposes the effects of deleterious recessive mutations. Here, I compared two personality traits, boldness and tendency to explore, of male guppies (Poecilia reticulata) from first-generation inbred and outbred treatments. Boldness in guppies is associated with increased sexual attractiveness and is thus expected to affect fitness. Therefore, I hypothesized that the personality traits would be negatively affected by inbreeding. However, the results indicated that inbred guppies did not differ in either personality trait from their outbred counterparts. This finding suggests that mechanisms other than condition dependence are maintaining personality variation in the guppy.
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86
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Kok EMA, Burant JB, Dekinga A, Manche P, Saintonge D, Piersma T, Mathot KJ. Within-Individual Canalization Contributes to Age-Related Increases in Trait Repeatability: A Longitudinal Experiment in Red Knots. Am Nat 2019; 194:455-469. [DOI: 10.1086/704593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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87
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88
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Fisher DN, Rodríguez-Muñoz R, Tregenza T. Dynamic networks of fighting and mating in a wild cricket population. Anim Behav 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2019.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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89
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Qu J, Réale D, Fletcher QE, Zhang Y. Among-population divergence in personality is linked to altitude in plateau pikas ( Ochotona curzoniae ). Front Zool 2019; 16:26. [PMID: 31320918 PMCID: PMC6615196 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-019-0329-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animals inhabiting high altitudes consistently show slow life-histories. The pace-of-life syndrome (POLS) hypothesis posits behavioural, physiological and/or morphological traits that mediate the trade-off between current and future reproduction or survival, which have coevolved along a slow-fast life history continuum. Previous studies have shown that the life histories of plateau pikas varied across altitude, high-altitude individuals showed slow pace of life which were characterized by few litters per year with small litter sizes. Thus, we hypothesized that pikas populations at higher altitudes would also express personalities characteristic associated with slow life history, such as high sociability, low activity or aggressiveness. We tested this hypothesis by comparing the activity and docility of three plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae) populations distributed along an altitudinal gradient of the Tibetan Plateau. We predicted that high-altitude pika would be more docile and less active. RESULTS The behaviour of 556 pikas, from which 120 individuals were measured at least twice, was quantified. We observed that plateau pikas at high altitudes were less active and more docile than pika at lower altitudes. Activity and docility were significantly and negatively correlated in populations from high altitudes but not in populations from low altitudes. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the POLS hypothesis, highlight the existence of personality variation among populations distributed along an altitudinal gradient and emphasise the importance of environmental selection on personality divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiapeng Qu
- Key laboratory of adaptation and evolution of plateau biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qinghai, 810008 China
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems SKLGAE, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000 China
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Qinghai, 810008 China
| | - Denis Réale
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC H3P 3P8 Canada
| | - Quinn E. Fletcher
- Department of Biology and Centre for Forest Interdisciplinary Research (C-FIR), University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB R3B 2E9 Canada
| | - Yanming Zhang
- Key laboratory of adaptation and evolution of plateau biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qinghai, 810008 China
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90
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Santostefano F, Fanson KV, Endler JA, Biro PA. Behavioral, energetic, and color trait integration in male guppies: testing the melanocortin hypothesis. Behav Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arz109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Individuals of the same population differ consistently from each other in the average expression of behavioral and physiological traits. Often, such traits are integrated and thus correlated with each other. However, the underlying proximate mechanisms generating and maintaining this among-individual covariation are still poorly understood. The melanocortin hypothesis suggests that the melanocortin pathways can have pleiotropic effects linking the expression of melanin-based coloration with physiological and behavioral traits. In the present study, we test this hypothesis in adult male guppies (Poecilia reticulata), by estimating among individual correlations between behaviors (activity, feeding, boldness, display, and chase during courtship), stress response (peak metabolic rate), and coloration (black spot, fuzzy black, and orange). The lack of correlation of any behavior or metabolism with black coloration indicates that the melanocortin hypothesis is not supported in this species. However, we observed covariation among coloration traits, as well as among behavioral traits. Our findings suggest that, although there appear to be constraints within sets of related traits, coloration, physiology, and behaviors can potentially evolve as independent modules in response to selection in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Santostefano
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Pavillon des sciences biologiques, du Président-Kennedy, Montréal, Canada
| | - Kerry V Fanson
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia
| | - John A Endler
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter A Biro
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia
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91
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Gassen J, Hill SE. Why inflammation and the activities of the immune system matter for social and personality psychology (and not only for those who study health). SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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92
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Han CS, Jablonski PG. Alternative reproductive tactics shape within-species variation in behavioral syndromes. Behav Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arz068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractMultiple behaviors can correlate with each other at the individual level (behavioral syndrome), and behavioral syndromes can vary in their direction between populations within a species. Within-species variation in behavioral syndromes is predicted to be associated with alternative reproductive tactics (ARTs), which evolve under different selection regimes. Here, we tested this using a water strider species, Gerris gracilicornis, in which males employ 2 ARTs that are fixed for life: signaling males (producing courtship ripples) versus nonsignaling males (producing no courtship ripples). We measured multiple behaviors in males with both of these ARTs and compared behavioral syndromes between them. Our results showed that signaling males were more active and attempted to mate more frequently than nonsignaling males. This shaped an overall behavioral syndrome between activities in mating and nonmating contexts when we pooled both ARTs. In addition, the behavioral syndromes between cautiousness and mating activity differed significantly between ARTs. In signaling males, the syndrome was significantly negative: signaling males more eager to mate tended to leave their refuges more rapidly. However, mating activity and cautiousness were not correlated in nonsignaling males. This might be because active males, in the context of predation risk and mating, were favored during the evolution and maintenance of the unique intimidating courtship tactic of G. gracilicornis males. Thus, our findings suggest that ARTs facilitate behavioral divergence and also contribute to the evolution of tactic-specific behavioral syndromes. We also show that research on ARTs and behavioral syndromes can be harmonized to study behavioral variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang S Han
- Department of Biology, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-Gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Piotr G Jablonski
- Laboratory of Behavioral Ecology and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
- Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wilcza, Warsaw, Poland
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93
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Petelle MB, Martin JG, Blumstein DT. Mixed support for state maintaining risky personality traits in yellow-bellied marmots. Anim Behav 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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94
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Old dog, new tricks: Age differences in dog personality traits, associations with human personality traits, and links to important outcomes. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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95
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Međedović J. Harsh environment facilitates psychopathy's involvement in mating-parenting trade-off. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2018.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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96
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Horváth G, Garamszegi LZ, Bereczki J, Urszán TJ, Balázs G, Herczeg G. Roll with the fear: environment and state dependence of pill bug (Armadillidium vulgare) personalities. Naturwissenschaften 2019; 106:7. [PMID: 30729319 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-019-1602-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Most studies on animal personality evaluate individual mean behaviour to describe individual behavioural strategy, while often neglecting behavioural variability on the within-individual level. However, within-individual behavioural plasticity (variation induced by environment) and within-individual residual variation (regulatory behavioural precision) are recognized as biologically valid components of individual behaviour, but the evolutionary ecology of these components is still less understood. Here, we tested whether behaviour of common pill bugs (Armadillidium vulgare) differs on the among- and within-individual level and whether it is affected by various individual specific state-related traits (sex, size and Wolbachia infection). To this aim, we assayed risk-taking in familiar vs. unfamiliar environments 30 times along 38 days and applied double modelling statistical technique to handle the complex hierarchical structure for both individual-specific trait means and variances. We found that there are significant among-individual differences not only in mean risk-taking behaviour but also in environment- and time-induced behavioural plasticity and residual variation. Wolbachia-infected individuals took less risk than healthy conspecifics; in addition, individuals became more risk-averse with time. Residual variation decreased with time, and individuals expressed higher residual variation in the unfamiliar environment. Further, sensitization was stronger in females and in larger individuals in general. Our results suggest that among-individual variation, behavioural plasticity and residual variation are all (i) biologically relevant components of an individual's behavioural strategy and (ii) responsive to changes in environment or labile state variables. We propose pill bugs as promising models for personality research due to the relative ease of getting repeated behavioural measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergely Horváth
- Behavioural Ecology Group, Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter Sétány 1/c, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary.
| | - László Zsolt Garamszegi
- Behavioural Ecology Group, Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter Sétány 1/c, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary.,Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Estación Biológica de Donaña-CSIC, c/ Americo Vespucio, 26, 41092, Seville, Spain.,MTA-ELTE, Theoretical Biology and Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, Department of Plant Systematics, Ecology and Theoretical Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter Sétány 1/c, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
| | - Judit Bereczki
- Department of Evolutionary Zoology and Human Biology, Institute of Biology and Ecology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary
| | - Tamás János Urszán
- Behavioural Ecology Group, Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter Sétány 1/c, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
| | - Gergely Balázs
- Behavioural Ecology Group, Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter Sétány 1/c, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
| | - Gábor Herczeg
- Behavioural Ecology Group, Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter Sétány 1/c, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
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97
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Wright J, Bolstad GH, Araya-Ajoy YG, Dingemanse NJ. Life-history evolution under fluctuating density-dependent selection and the adaptive alignment of pace-of-life syndromes. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 94:230-247. [PMID: 30019372 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel perspective on life-history evolution that combines recent theoretical advances in fluctuating density-dependent selection with the notion of pace-of-life syndromes (POLSs) in behavioural ecology. These ideas posit phenotypic co-variation in life-history, physiological, morphological and behavioural traits as a continuum from the highly fecund, short-lived, bold, aggressive and highly dispersive 'fast' types at one end of the POLS to the less fecund, long-lived, cautious, shy, plastic and socially responsive 'slow' types at the other. We propose that such variation in life histories and the associated individual differences in behaviour can be explained through their eco-evolutionary dynamics with population density - a single and ubiquitous selective factor that is present in all biological systems. Contrasting regimes of environmental stochasticity are expected to affect population density in time and space and create differing patterns of fluctuating density-dependent selection, which generates variation in fast versus slow life histories within and among populations. We therefore predict that a major axis of phenotypic co-variation in life-history, physiological, morphological and behavioural traits (i.e. the POLS) should align with these stochastic fluctuations in the multivariate fitness landscape created by variation in density-dependent selection. Phenotypic plasticity and/or genetic (co-)variation oriented along this major POLS axis are thus expected to facilitate rapid and adaptively integrated changes in various aspects of life histories within and among populations and/or species. The fluctuating density-dependent selection POLS framework presented here therefore provides a series of clear testable predictions, the investigation of which should further our fundamental understanding of life-history evolution and thus our ability to predict natural population dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Wright
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics (CBD), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Geir H Bolstad
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), N-7485 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Yimen G Araya-Ajoy
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics (CBD), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Niels J Dingemanse
- Behavioural Ecology, Department of Biology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU), 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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98
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Laskowski KL, Doran C, Bierbach D, Krause J, Wolf M. Naturally clonal vertebrates are an untapped resource in ecology and evolution research. Nat Ecol Evol 2019; 3:161-169. [PMID: 30692622 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-018-0775-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Science requires replication. The development of many cloned or isogenic model organisms is a testament to this. But researchers are reluctant to use these traditional animal model systems for certain questions in evolution or ecology research, because of concerns over relevance or inbreeding. It has largely been overlooked that there are a substantial number of vertebrate species that reproduce clonally in nature. Here we highlight how use of these naturally evolved, phenotypically complex animals can push the boundaries of traditional experimental design and contribute to answering fundamental questions in the fields of ecology and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate L Laskowski
- Department of Biology & Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology & Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Carolina Doran
- Department of Biology & Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology & Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany
| | - David Bierbach
- Department of Biology & Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology & Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Krause
- Department of Biology & Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology & Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany.,Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Max Wolf
- Department of Biology & Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology & Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany
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99
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Life History in a Postconflict Society. HUMAN NATURE-AN INTERDISCIPLINARY BIOSOCIAL PERSPECTIVE 2019; 30:59-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s12110-018-09336-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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100
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Cornwell TO, McCarthy ID, Snyder CRA, Biro PA. The influence of environmental gradients on individual behaviour: Individual plasticity is consistent across risk and temperature gradients. J Anim Ecol 2019; 88:511-520. [PMID: 30516829 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The expression of individual behaviour as a function of environmental variation (behavioural plasticity) is recognized as a means for animals to modify their phenotypes in response to changing conditions. Plasticity has been studied extensively in recent years, leading to an accumulation of evidence for behavioural plasticity within natural populations. Despite the recent attention given to studying individual variation in behavioural plasticity, there is still a lack of consensus regarding its causes and constraints. One pressing question related to this is whether individual plasticity carries over across temporal and environmental gradients. That is, are some individuals more plastic (responsive) than others in general? Here, we examined the influence of temporal and environmental gradients on individual behavioural responses in a marine gastropod, Littoraria irrorata. We measured individual boldness repeatedly over time and in response to tidal cycle (high vs. low, an index of risk) and daily temperature fluctuations (known to affect metabolism), in a controlled field experiment. On average, boldness increased from high to low tide and with increasing temperature but decreased marginally over time. Individuals also differed in their responses to variation in tide and temperature, but not over time. Those which were relatively bold at high tide (when predation risk is greater) were similarly bold at low tide, whereas shy individuals became much more "bold" at low tide. Most notably, individuals that were more responsive to tide (and thus risk) were also more responsive to temperature changes, indicating that plasticity was correlated across contexts (r = 0.57) and that bolder individuals were least plastic overall. This study provides a rare and possibly first example of consistency of individual behavioural plasticity across contexts, suggesting underlying physiology as a common mechanism, and raises the possibility of correlational selection on plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas O Cornwell
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey, UK
| | - Ian D McCarthy
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey, UK
| | - C Richard A Snyder
- Eastern Shore Laboratory, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary, Wachapreague, Virginia
| | - Peter A Biro
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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