51
|
Chaves LSM, Conn JE, López RVM, Sallum MAM. Abundance of impacted forest patches less than 5 km 2 is a key driver of the incidence of malaria in Amazonian Brazil. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7077. [PMID: 29728637 PMCID: PMC5935754 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25344-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The precise role that deforestation for agricultural settlements and commercial forest products plays in promoting or inhibiting malaria incidence in Amazonian Brazil is controversial. Using publically available databases, we analyzed temporal malaria incidence (2009–2015) in municipalities of nine Amazonian states in relation to ecologically defined variables: (i) deforestation (rate of forest clearing over time); (ii) degraded forest (degree of human disturbance and openness of forest canopy for logging) and (iii) impacted forest (sum of deforested and degraded forest patches). We found that areas affected by one kilometer square of deforestation produced 27 new malaria cases (r² = 0.78; F1,10 = 35.81; P < 0.001). Unexpectedly, we found both a highly significant positive correlation between number of impacted forest patches less than 5 km2 and malaria cases, and that these patch sizes accounted for greater than ~95% of all patches in the study area. There was a significantly negative correlation between extraction forestry economic indices and malaria cases. Our results emphasize not only that deforestation promotes malaria incidence, but also that it directly or indirectly results in a low Human Development Index, and favors environmental conditions that promote malaria vector proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jan E Conn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany (State University of New York), Albany, NY, USA.,Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | | | - Maria Anice Mureb Sallum
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Coutinho PEG, Candido LA, Tadei WP, da Silva Junior UL, Correa HKM. An analysis of the influence of the local effects of climatic and hydrological factors affecting new malaria cases in riverine areas along the Rio Negro and surrounding Puraquequara Lake, Amazonas, Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2018; 190:311. [PMID: 29700629 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-018-6677-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A study was conducted at three sampling regions along the Rio Negro and surrounding Puraquequara Lake, Amazonas, Brazil. The aim was to determine the influence of the local effects of climatic and hydrological variables on new malaria cases. Data was gathered on the river level, precipitation, air temperature, and the number of new cases of autochthonous malaria between January 2003 and December 2013. Monthly averages, time series decompositions, cross-correlations, and multiple regressions revealed different relationships at each location. The sampling region in the upper Rio Negro indicated no statistically significant results. However, monthly averages suggest that precipitation and air temperature correlate positively with the occurrence of new cases of malaria. In the mid Rio Negro and Puraquequara Lake, the river level positively correlated, and temperature negatively correlated with new transmissions, while precipitation correlated negatively in the mid Rio Negro and positively on the lake. Overall, the river level is a key variable affecting the formation of breeding sites, while precipitation may either develop or damage them. A negative temperature correlation is associated with the occurrence of new annual post-peak cases of malaria, when the monthly average exceeds 28.5 °C. This suggests that several factors contribute to the occurrence of new malaria cases as higher temperatures are reached at the same time as precipitation and the river levels are lowest. Differences between signals and correlation lags indicate that local characteristics have an impact on how different variables influence the disease vector's life cycle, pathogens, and consequently, new cases of malaria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Eduardo Guzzo Coutinho
- Nucleus of Research Support in Para (Núcleo de Apoio à Pesquisa no Pará (INPA/Nappa/Santarém)), National Institute of Amazon Researches (Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia), Rua 24 de outubro, 3289, Salé, Santarém, Pará, 68040-010, Brazil.
| | - Luiz Antonio Candido
- INPA/CAMPUS 2 (INPA/CAMPUS 2), National Institute of Amazon Researches (Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia), Prédio LBA, sala da Coordenação de Dinâmica Ambiental Av. André Araújo, 2936, Aleixo, Manaus, Amazonas, 69060-001, Brazil
| | - Wanderli Pedro Tadei
- INPA/CAMPUS 1 - Malaria and Dengue Laboratory (INPA/CAMPUS 1 - Laboratório de Malária e Dengue), National Institute of Amazon Researches (Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia), Av. André Araújo, 2936, Aleixo, Manaus, Amazonas, 69060-001, Brazil
| | - Urbano Lopes da Silva Junior
- National Center for Research and Conservation of Amazonian Biodiversity (Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação da Biodiversidade Amazônica (Cepam/ICMBio)), Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation (Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade), UFAM, Campus Universitário Arthur Virgílio Filho setor sul, Av. Gal Rodrigo Otávio Jordão Ramos, 6200, Coroado, Manaus, 69077-000, Brazil
| | - Honorly Katia Mestre Correa
- Institute of Educational Science (Instituto de Ciências da Educação (ICED/UFOPA)), Federal University of Western Para (Universidade Federal do Oeste do Prá), Av. Marechal Rondon, s/n, Caranazal, Santarem, Para, 68040-070, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Kilpatrick AM, Salkeld DJ, Titcomb G, Hahn MB. Conservation of biodiversity as a strategy for improving human health and well-being. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 372:rstb.2016.0131. [PMID: 28438920 PMCID: PMC5413879 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Earth's ecosystems have been altered by anthropogenic processes, including land use, harvesting populations, species introductions and climate change. These anthropogenic processes greatly alter plant and animal communities, thereby changing transmission of the zoonotic pathogens they carry. Biodiversity conservation may be a potential win-win strategy for maintaining ecosystem health and protecting public health, yet the causal evidence to support this strategy is limited. Evaluating conservation as a viable public health intervention requires answering four questions: (i) Is there a general and causal relationship between biodiversity and pathogen transmission, and if so, which direction is it in? (ii) Does increased pathogen diversity with increased host biodiversity result in an increase in total disease burden? (iii) Do the net benefits of biodiversity conservation to human well-being outweigh the benefits that biodiversity-degrading activities, such as agriculture and resource utilization, provide? (iv) Are biodiversity conservation interventions cost-effective when compared to other options employed in standard public health approaches? Here, we summarize current knowledge on biodiversity-zoonotic disease relationships and outline a research plan to address the gaps in our understanding for each of these four questions. Developing practical and self-sustaining biodiversity conservation interventions will require significant investment in disease ecology research to determine when and where they will be effective.This article is part of the themed issue 'Conservation, biodiversity and infectious disease: scientific evidence and policy implications'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Marm Kilpatrick
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz 95064, USA
| | - Daniel J Salkeld
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Georgia Titcomb
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Micah B Hahn
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Young HS, McCauley DJ, Dirzo R, Nunn CL, Campana MG, Agwanda B, Otarola-Castillo ER, Castillo ER, Pringle RM, Veblen KE, Salkeld DJ, Stewardson K, Fleischer R, Lambin EF, Palmer TM, Helgen KM. Interacting effects of land use and climate on rodent-borne pathogens in central Kenya. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 372:rstb.2016.0116. [PMID: 28438909 PMCID: PMC5413868 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the effects of anthropogenic disturbance on zoonotic disease risk is both a critical conservation objective and a public health priority. Here, we evaluate the effects of multiple forms of anthropogenic disturbance across a precipitation gradient on the abundance of pathogen-infected small mammal hosts in a multi-host, multi-pathogen system in central Kenya. Our results suggest that conversion to cropland and wildlife loss alone drive systematic increases in rodent-borne pathogen prevalence, but that pastoral conversion has no such systematic effects. The effects are most likely explained both by changes in total small mammal abundance, and by changes in relative abundance of a few high-competence species, although changes in vector assemblages may also be involved. Several pathogens responded to interactions between disturbance type and climatic conditions, suggesting the potential for synergistic effects of anthropogenic disturbance and climate change on the distribution of disease risk. Overall, these results indicate that conservation can be an effective tool for reducing abundance of rodent-borne pathogens in some contexts (e.g. wildlife loss alone); however, given the strong variation in effects across disturbance types, pathogen taxa and environmental conditions, the use of conservation as public health interventions will need to be carefully tailored to specific pathogens and human contexts. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Conservation, biodiversity and infectious disease: scientific evidence and policy implications’.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hillary S Young
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA .,Mpala Research Centre, Box 555, Nanyuki, Kenya
| | - Douglas J McCauley
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.,Mpala Research Centre, Box 555, Nanyuki, Kenya
| | - Rodolfo Dirzo
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Charles L Nunn
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.,Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Michael G Campana
- Center for Conservation Genomics, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC 20008, USA
| | | | | | - Eric R Castillo
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Robert M Pringle
- Mpala Research Centre, Box 555, Nanyuki, Kenya.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Kari E Veblen
- Mpala Research Centre, Box 555, Nanyuki, Kenya.,Department of Wildland Resources and Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Daniel J Salkeld
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Kristin Stewardson
- Center for Conservation Genomics, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC 20008, USA
| | - Robert Fleischer
- Center for Conservation Genomics, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC 20008, USA
| | - Eric F Lambin
- Department of Earth System Science and Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Todd M Palmer
- Mpala Research Centre, Box 555, Nanyuki, Kenya.,Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Kristofer M Helgen
- Division of Mammals, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| |
Collapse
|