A regulator of a G protein signalling (RGS) gene, cag8, from the insect-pathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae is involved in conidiation, virulence and hydrophobin synthesis

Mitogen-activated protein kinase hog1 in the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana regulates environmental stress responses and virulence to insects

Beauveria bassiana is an economically important insect-pathogenic fungus which is widely used as a biocontrol agent to control a variety of insect pests. However, its insecticide efficacy in the field is often influenced by adverse environmental factors. Thus, understanding the genetic regulatory processes involved in the response to environmental stress would facilitate engineering and production of a more efficient biocontrol agent. Here, a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-encoding gene, Bbhog1, was isolated from B. bassiana and shown to encode a functional homolog of yeast HIGH-OSMOLARITY GLYCEROL 1 (HOG1). A Bbhog1 null mutation was generated in B. bassiana by targeted gene replacement, and the resulting mutants were more sensitive to hyperosmotic stress, high temperature, and oxidative stress than the wild-type controls. These results demonstrate the conserved function of HOG1 MAPKs in the regulation of abiotic stress responses. Interestingly, DeltaBbhog1 mutants exhibited greatly reduced pathogenicity, most likely due to a decrease in spore viability, a reduced ability to attach to insect cuticle, and a reduction in appressorium formation. The transcript levels of two hydrophobin-encoding genes, hyd1 and hyd2, were dramatically decreased in a DeltaBbhog1 mutant, suggesting that Bbhog1 may regulate the expression of the gene associated with hydrophobicity or adherence.

Identification of genes that are preferentially expressed in conidiogenous cell development of Metarhizium anisopliae by suppression subtractive hybridization

The insect pathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae is widely used as an insect biocontrol agent. The M. anisopliae conidium plays an important role in pathogenesis and disease transmission. The aim of this study was to identify genes whose expression is up-regulated during conidiogenous cell development. This is a powerful strategy for obtaining insight into the molecular events that regulate conidiation. We isolated genes that are preferentially expressed in the developing conidiophores of the common fungal locust pathogen M. anisopliae CQMa102 using suppression subtractive hybridization. Based on the results of cDNA array dot blotting, we identified 109 unique expressed sequence tags (ESTs) that were up-regulated more than fivefold during conidiophore formation. Among these 109 ESTs were 45 (41.3%) with significant similarity to NCBI annotated hypothetical proteins, 35 (32.1%) with low similarity to known or predicted genes that might represent novel genes, and 29 (26.6%) with significant similarity to known proteins involved in various cell and molecular processes, such as ell structure and function, cell metabolism, protein metabolism, stress response, nucleic acid metabolism, and cell cycle and growth. We confirmed the up-regulation of 11 randomly selected genes with real-time reverse transcriptase-PCR analysis. The results of this study provide a preliminary description of genes that may be involved in the molecular regulation of fungal conidiogenesis.

Insight into the molecular requirements for pathogenicity of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici through large-scale insertional mutagenesis

BACKGROUND

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici is the causal agent of vascular wilt disease in tomato. In order to gain more insight into the molecular processes in F. oxysporum necessary for pathogenesis and to uncover the genes involved, we used Agrobacterium-mediated insertional mutagenesis to generate 10,290 transformants and screened the transformants for loss or reduction of pathogenicity.

RESULTS

This led to the identification of 106 pathogenicity mutants. Southern analysis revealed that the average T-DNA insertion is 1.4 and that 66% of the mutants carry a single T-DNA. Using TAIL-PCR, chromosomal T-DNA flanking regions were isolated and 111 potential pathogenicity genes were identified.

CONCLUSIONS

Functional categorization of the potential pathogenicity genes indicates that certain cellular processes, such as amino acid and lipid metabolism, cell wall remodeling, protein translocation and protein degradation, seem to be important for full pathogenicity of F. oxysporum. Several known pathogenicity genes were identified, such as those encoding chitin synthase V, developmental regulator FlbA and phosphomannose isomerase. In addition, complementation and gene knock-out experiments confirmed that a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein, thought to be involved in cell wall integrity, a transcriptional regulator, a protein with unknown function and peroxisome biogenesis are required for full pathogenicity of F. oxysporum.

Magnificent seven: roles of G protein-coupled receptors in extracellular sensing in fungi

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent the largest family of transmembrane receptors and are responsible for transducing extracellular signals into intracellular responses that involve complex intracellular-signaling networks. This review highlights recent research advances in fungal GPCRs, including classification, extracellular sensing, and G protein-signaling regulation. The involvement of GPCRs in pheromone and nutrient sensing has been studied extensively over the past decade. Following recent advances in fungal genome sequencing projects, a panoply of GPCR candidates has been revealed and some have been documented to play key roles sensing diverse extracellular signals, such as pheromones, sugars, amino acids, nitrogen sources, and even photons. Identification and deorphanization of additional putative GPCRs may require the development of new research tools. Here, we compare research on GPCRs in fungi with information derived from mammalian systems to provide a useful road map on how to better understand ligand-GPCR-G protein interactions in general. We also emphasize the utility of yeast as a discovery tool for systemic studies of GPCRs from other organisms.

Implication of a regulator of G protein signalling (BbRGS1) in conidiation and conidial thermotolerance of the insect pathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana

Beauveria bassiana is an insect pathogenic fungus widely used as a biocontrol agent to infect and control insect pests. The conidium initiates pathogenesis and mediates disease transmission, however, little is known about genetic elements that control conidiation. Here, the cloning and characterization of a regulatory G protein-signalling (RGS) gene Bbrgs1 from B. bassiana is reported. Phylogenetic analysis showed that BbRGS1 was orthologous to the RGS protein, FlbA from Aspergillus nidulans. The disruption of Bbrgs1 resulted in significantly reduced conidial production on agar plates or from infected insects. The DeltaBbrgs1 conidia also demonstrated reduced thermotolerance and conidial viability but germinated significantly faster than the wild type. Although hydrophobins have been implicated in conidial thermal sensitivity, the amount of hydrophobin on the conidial surface and the level of transcription of the hydrophobin-like protein gene hl were unaltered. Virulence toward insects was similar to that of the wild-type or reverse complementation transformants, and the mRNA levels of virulence factor genes for chitinase (Bbchit) and subtilisin-like protease (cdep1), were unchanged in DeltaBbrgs1. Characterization of a single RGS gene Bbrgs1 of B. bassiana suggests that it functions differently than RGS proteins in other fungi. However, there may be additional RGS proteins and signalling pathways that control colony development in B. bassiana.